1 .

MICROCENTRIFUGE

A microcentrifuge or microfuge is used to spin a small liquid sample of up to 20 ml at extremely high

speeds. It is small in size and takes up little space in the bench top. It is available in refrigerated and
non-refrigerated variants. Most microcentrifuge rotor is adjusted to spin 18ml-241.5ml 0r 20ml tubes.
several manufacturers offer different rotor adaptors that can be substituted to accommodate tubes.

2. AUTOCLAVE

Autoclaves are commonly found in laboratories and are used for sterilizing and disinfecting equipment.
They use a combination of steam and pressure to function at high temperature in order to eliminate
microorganisms and bacteria. AUTOCLAVES ARE EFFICIENT IN STERILZING media, instrument and lab
ware.

It is best to inactivate regulated medical waste that could contain bacteria, viruses and other biological
material by autoclaving before final disposal.

3 .ELECTROPHORESIS CHAMBER

It is a chamber used in gel electrophoresis that conducts electric current. It is used in separation and
analysis of macronucleus such as DNA, RNA, proteins and their fragments based on their sizes.

The equipment electrically charges molecules enabling them to drift towards an oppositely charged
electrode. It uses an electrical current to manipulate protein molecules for a range of biochemical
research, diagnostic and manufacturing purposes.

Among the most important uses of electrophoresis is the identification and study of DNA and DNA
fragments.

4. CYROTUBES

These are polypropylene tubes used in laboratories for the conservation of samples at cryogenic
temperatures. They can be safely used in freezer or liquid nitrogen vapor. When cyroflex sheath is
necessary. These laboratory tubes are non-pyrogenic and non-toxic. Some variants can be used in
temperature as low as -196 0C.

5. ANALYTICAL CENTRIFUGE

This was developed by Theodore Svedberg. A centrifuge can spin up to 15,000rmp to facilitate
separation of different phases of extraction.
In DNA extraction, it is used to move precipitated DNA to the base of tubes so that the supernatant can
be poured off without losing the extract i.e. it is used to move precipitated DNA.
*rmp - revolution per minute (speed at which a centrifuge operates).
6. UV TRENSMITTER (ULTRAVIOLENT TRANSMITTER)

It is used to view DNA or RNA that has been separated by electrophoresis.

7. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION TUBE (PCR TUBE)

They are used in polymerase chain reaction and real-time experiments. This technique allows scientists
to replicate small amounts of DNA. These DNA components are mixed with nucleotides and primers n
PCR tubes and run on thermal cycler for further procedure.

8. THERMAL CYCLER

This was developed by Kary Mullis. It can also be called Thermo cycler or polymerase chain reaction
machine or DNA amplifier.

It is used to amplify segments of DNA through polymerase chain reaction.