Microbial Equipment

& Microscopy
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Identify the common microbial equipment and their uses.

 Identify the parts and functions of compound Microscope

 Differentiate the types of Microscope

 Explain the important principles of Microscopy

 Demonstrate the proper operation of Compound microscope.

 LEARNING CONTENT

 Common Microbial equipment

 Microscopy
 Important principles of Microscope
 Types and Parts of Microscope
 Preparation of Specimen for Compound Microscope
 Observing microorganisms through Microscope
 Using the Metric System to express the sizes of Microbes
 LIST OF COMMON MICROBIAL
EQUIPMENT

 Petri Dish  Incubator

 Erlenmeyer flask  Refrigerator
 Inoculating loop  Microscope
 Slides & Hanging drop slides  Autoclave
 Test tubes and centrifuge
 Beaker tubes
 Staining jar and rack  Stirring rod
 Spatula  Bunsen burner & Hot plate
 Droppers
 PETRI DISH
 a cylindrical, round
glass that is commonly
used in microbiology
section in laboratory.

Uses:
1. Container of agar
medium
2. Bacterial Culture
3.Antibiotic Susceptibility
Test
Source: https://www.austscientific.com.au/catalogue_items/petri-dish/
 INOCULATING NEEDLE/LOOP

 are made up of either plastic or

platinum/nichrome wire where
tips are formed in loops.
Sterilize before using to avoid
contamination.

Uses:
1. Smear of colonies to glass slide
for Gram Staining
2. Streaking of specimen to
cultured media for Bacterial
culture.
 ERLENMEYER FLASK
 is a conical shape and narrow neck container.

Uses (microbiology):

1. Container for sterilizing agar media- Autoclave.

 BEAKER

 A wide-mouthed container with

a small beak. It is used for
holding liquid or solid samples,
measuring, and mixing
laboratory process and also, for
hot bath heating.
 GRADUATED CYLINDER

 Long, slender vessels used to

measure liquid volumes in
routine experiments.

Uses:
1. Measuring volume of distilled
water needed to prepare
culture media.
 SPATULA STIRRING ROD
 Use to handle small quantities of  Use to stir mixture of products or
chemicals/chemical powders and to scrape chemicals.
small amount of samples from a specimen. Example: In mixing the agar powder and
Example: Use to measure grams of agar distilled water.
powder needed.

Source: www.indiamart.com Source:https://www.capitalanalytical.com/

 ALCOHOL LAMP
 It is used for heating and fixation,
sterilizing the inoculation loop before
cultivation of microorganisms.
Example: Heat fixing specimen smeared on a
glass slide before gram staining procedure.
Source: http://www.canfortlab.com/Glass-
alcohol-burner
HOT PLATE
 Use for heating chemicals and solutions
with no exposure to flames because it is
powered by electricity to produce heat.
Example: Heating of agar media solution to
completely dissolve the solute.
 STAINING JAR & RACK
 A container use to store stains and other
reagents used for staining procedure.
Example: Grams iodine, Crystal violet,
Safranin, Decolorizer

Figure 2: STAINING RACK

Source: https://www.fishersci.com
Figure 1: STAINING JAR
Source: https://www.auxilab.es

DROPPER
Used in staining procedures if Staining jar or
rack are not available.

Figure 3: DROPPER
Source:
http://unisciencelab.co
 AUTOCLAVE MACHINE
 Use for sterilization of laboratory
equipment. It sterilizes the materials
by heating them up to a particular
temperature for a specific period of
time.

Uses:
1. Preparation of Culture media-
Sterilization
2. Sterilization of petri dish and other
materials or products.
3. Decontamination of used media and
other equipment.
 INCUBATOR

A device maintaining a
temperature enough to protect
cells and tissues in change of
temperature, humidity, oxygen
and carbon dioxide and to avoid
contamination as well.
This is essential in laboratories
conducting cell and tissue culture.
 CENTRIFUGE
 A device use to separate components of
a mixture, biological molecules.

Examples are Blood and urine. The

centrifugal force separate denser
molecules to less molecules which rates
depend on the size and density of the
particles in the solution.
TEST TUBES WITH SCREW AND CENTRIFUGE TUBES
MICROSCOPY
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
 Microorganisms are measured in
micrometers and nanometers.
1 micrometer = 0.0000001m ( =
0.0001 mm )
1 nanometer = 0.0000000009 (
Ocular micrometer
1000 nm = 1 micrometer
0.001 micrometer = 1 nanometer
 MICROSCOPE

 A microscope is an optical instrument

that is used to observe tiny objects, of-
ten objects that cannot be seen at all
with the unaided human eye (the “naked
eye”).
 Each optical instrument has a limit as to
what can be seen using that instrument.
 This limit is referred to as the resolving
power or resolution of the instrument.
 HISTORY OF MICROSCOPY
1. Robert Hooke
2. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
3. Zacharias Janssen- invented the first
compound microscope that consists of three
tubes.
 One tube served as the outer casting
containing other tubes.
 Either ends are lenses used for magnification.
 Janssen’s design enabled scientists to adjust
the magnification by sliding the inner tubes. This
enabled scientists to enlarge the image of a
specimen three and nine times the specimen’s
actual size.
 COMMON TYPES OF MICROSCOPE

1. Light Microscopes
a. Bright field light microscope
b. Phase contrast light microscope
c. Dark-field light microscope
d. Fluorescence light microscope
2. Dissecting Microscope
3. Transmission Electron Microscope
4. Scanning Electron Microscope
5. Pocket Microscopes
 LIGHT MICROSCOPE
• Light microscopes visualize an image by using a
glass lens and magnification is determined by, the
lens’s ability to bend light and focus it on the
specimen, which forms an image.
• When a ray of light passes through one medium into
another (condenser lenses and glass slide), the ray
bends at the interface causing refraction.
• The bending of light is determined by the refractive
index, which is a measure of how great a substance
slows the speed of light. The direction and
magnitude of the bending of the light are determined
by the refractive indexes of the two mediums that
form the interface.
• Immersion oil is used to keep light from refracting
PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPES
 Any type of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimen.
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPES
MECHANICAL PARTS OF
MICROSCOPE
1. BASE
2. ARM
3. DRAW TUBE
4. DIOPTER ADJUSTMENT
5. COURSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
6. FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
7. REVOLVING NOSE PIECE
8. MECHANICAL STAGE
9. STAGE CONTROL
10. STAGE CLIP
11. STAGE APERTURE
12. DIAPHRAGM
13. BRIGHTNESS ADJUSTMENT
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPES
MAGNIFYING PARTS
1. OCULAR LENS
2. OBJECTIVE LENS
a. Scanner (10x)
b. Low Power Objective (40x)
c. High Power Objective (100x)
d. Oil immersion objective
 PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF LIGHT MICROSCOPES

ILLUMINATING PARTS

1. ILLUMINATOR/ MIRROR
2. CONDENSER
 REFERENCES

• https://blog.indigoinstruments.com/erlenmeyer-flasks/
• https://www.labsupplyoutlaws.com/lab-supplies-and-equipment-blog/
• https://microbenotes.com/centrifuge-and-centrifugation/
• www.indiamart.com
• iHeartCraftyThings.com