MAGNETIC STIRRER

1. A magnetic stirrer is a device widely used in

laboratories and consists of a
rotating magnet or a stationary electromagnet
that creates a rotating magnetic field.
2. This device is used to make a stir bar, immerse
in a liquid, quickly spin, or stirring or mixing a
solution

ANAEROBIC JAR
1. McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar is an
instrument used in the production of
an anaerobic environment.
2. This method of anaerobiosis as others is used
to culture bacteria which die or fail to grow in
presence of oxygen (anaerobes).

ANALYTICAL BALANCE
1. Analytical balances are highly sensitive lab
instruments designed to accurately measure
mass. Their readability has a range between
0.1mg - 0.01mg.
2. Analytical balances have a draft shield or
weighing chamber to prevent the very small
samples from being affected by air currents.

AUTOCLAVE
1. They work with a combination of steam,
pressure and time. Autoclaves operate at high
temperature and pressure in order to kill
microorganisms and spores.
BUNSEN BURNER
1. A Bunsen burner, named after
Robert Bunsen, is a common piece of
laboratory equipment that produces a single
open gas flame, which is used for heating,
sterilization, and combustion.
2. The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly
methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as
propane, butane, or a mixture of both.

COIONY COUNTER
1. A colony counter is an instrument used
to count colonies of bacteria or other
microorganisms growing on an agar plate.
Such counters are used to estimate the
number of microorganisms within a liquid or
product.

CONCAVITY SLIDE
1. Observe specimens that are too thick to
observe on standard slides with Thermo
Scientific™ Concavity Microscope Slides,
featuring between one to three depressed
wells. These slides are ground and polished
and are ideal for examining bacteria, yeast, and
other living organisms in hanging drops.

DEEP FREEZER
1. Deep freezers are the testing equipment that
are used to preserve and store food products,
medical equipment, blood samples, medicines
and injections, etc. for a long period of time.
PH METER
1. A pH meter is a scientific instrument that
measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-
based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity
expressed as pH.
2. The pH meter is used in many applications
ranging from laboratory experimentation to
quality control.

GLASS SPREADER
1. A cell spreader is a tool used in the biological
field to smoothly spread cells and bacteria on
a plate or a Petri dish. Spreaders can come in
three different shapes: the triangular shape,
the L-shape, and the T-shape.

HOT AIR OVEN

1. Hot air ovens use extremely high
temperatures over several hours to destroy
microorganisms and bacterial spores.
The ovens use conduction to sterilize items by
heating the outside surfaces of the item, which
then absorbs the heat and moves it towards
the center of the item.

INCUBATER
1. Incubator is a device used to grow and
maintain microbiological cultures or cell
cultures.
2. The incubator maintains optimal temperature,
humidity and other conditions such as the CO
(CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere
inside.
INOCULATION LOOP
1. An inoculation loop, also called a
smear loop, inoculationwand or microstreaker, is
a simple tool used mainly bymicrobiologists to
retrieve an inoculum from a culture of
microorganisms. The loop is used in the cultivation
of microbes on plates by transferring inoculum for
streaking.

LAMINAR AIR FLOW

1. Clean benches and biological safety cabinets are
common examples of laminar flow hoods. They
are laboratory enclosures designed to carefully
direct HEPA filtered air.
2. Laminar flowhoods are often used to work with
biological samples, semiconductors or other
sensitive materials.

MICRO PIPETTE
1. Micropipette is a laboratory tool, commonly used
in Quality control department (Microbiology,
Virology, Chemical).
2. The micropipette is used to transfer small amount
of liquids. After the liquid at the tip moves into the
vacuum, it can then be transported and released
into another container as needed.

MOTAR & PESTLE

1. A pestle is a tool used to crush, mash or grind
materials in a mortar. In solid state chemistry
a mortar and pestle is often used to prepare
reactants for a solid state synthesis (the ceramic
method).
2. The kind of mortar and pestle used in the
preparation of a solid state material is very
important.
PASTEUR PIPETTE
1. Pasteur pipettes are commonly used in the
medical lab because of its essential accuracy.
The design of the Pasteur pipette allows for high
effective performance in the medical lab. It
produces a constant volume of drop. This reduces
the concern of liquid remaining in the pipette.

PETRI DISH
1. The Petri dish is widely used
in microbiology for the cultivation of colonies of
microorganisms. To do this, it is filled with a layer
of nutrient medium, on which a culture of
microorganisms is sown. It is used to grow
bacteria on solid agar or gelatin.

SAMPLE COLLECTION TUBE

1. The evacuated tube system for collection of
various samples.
2. The are marked by colour tops.

WATER BATH
1. A water bath is laboratory equipment made
from a container filled with heated water. It
is used to incubate samples in water at a
constant temperature over a long period of
time.

LYOPHILIZER
1. Freeze drying uses a process
called lyophilization to lower the temperature of
the product to below freezing, and then a high-
pressure vacuum is applied to extract the water
in the form of vapour. The vapour collects on a
condenser, turns back to ice and is removed.
A compound microscope works on the principle that when a tiny object to be magnified is placed just
beyond the focus of its objective lens, a virtual, inverted and highly magnified image of the object is formed
at the least distance of distinct vision from the eye held close to the eye piece.

Principle. To view a specimen in dark field, an opaque disc is placed underneath the condenser lens, so
that only light that is scattered by objects on the slide can reach the eye (figure 2). Instead of coming up
through the specimen, the light is reflected by particles on the slide.

Principle: Unstained living cells absorb practically no light. ... When light passes through cells, small phase
shifts occur, which are invisible to the human eye. In a phase contrast microscope, these phase shifts
are converted into changes in amplitude, which can be observed as differences in image contrast.

The principle behind fluorescence microscopy is simple. As light leaves the arc lamp it is directed
through an exciter filter, which selects the excitation wavelength. ... The reflected light passes through the
objective where it is focused onto the fluorescent specimen.

Principle: Similar to the widefield microscope, the confocal microscope uses fluorescence optics.
Instead of illuminating the whole sample at once, laser light is focused onto a defined spot at a specific
depth within the sample. Excitation and emission light pathways in a basic confocal microscope
configuration.

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE: Principle: Electronsare made to pass through the

specimen and the image is formed on the fluorescent screen, either by using the transmitted beam or by
using the diffracted beam. ... It consists of an electron gun to produce electrons.

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans a focusedelectron beam over a surface to create an
image. The electronsin the beam interact with the sample, producing various signals that can be used to
obtain information about the surface topography and composition.

Magnification in physical terms is defined as "a measure of the ability of a lens or other optical
instruments tomagnify, expressed as the ratio of the size of the image to that of the object".
Magnification on a microscope refers to the amount or degree of visual enlargement of an observed object.
Magnification is measured by multiples, such as 2x, 4x and 10x, indicating that the object is enlarged to twice as big,
four times as big or 10 times as big, respectively.
For a standard light-based microscope, the maximum magnification extends up to 1,500x; beyond this, objects under
view become excessively fuzzy because the wavelengths of light limit the clarity of images.

Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the
specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400x and above). Microscopeswith a
stage condenser lens render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400x).

The Condenser
The function of the condenser is not to magnify light in any way, but to manipulate its direction and angles of
reflection. The condenser controls how much light from the illuminator is permitted to pass up through the aperture,
controlling the intensity of the light. It also, critically, regulates the contrast. In darkfield microscopy, it is the contrast
between different, drab-colored objects in the visual field that is most important, not their appearance per se. They
are used to tease out images that might not appear if the apparatus were simply used to bombard the slide with as
much light as the eyes above it could tolerate, leaving the viewer to hope for the best results.

Resolving power is defined as the ability of amicroscope or telescope to distinguish two close together
images as being separate.
A biological indicator provides information on whether necessary conditions were met to kill a specified
number of microorganisms for a given sterilization process, providing a level of confidence in the process.
Endospores, or bacterial spores, are the microorganisms primarily used in BIs.
Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores demonstrate a high resistance towards steam and vaporized
hydrogen peroxide and are therefore used in BIs that monitor these sterilization processes.

Physical Indicators. Monitoring physical indicators involves observing the gauges or displays on the
sterilizer and recording the time, temperature, and pressure associated with each sterilization cycle for
each load. Some sterilizers have recording devices that print out these parameters.
Physical Indicators
Monitoring physical indicators involves observing the gauges or displays on the sterilizer and recording the time,
temperature, and pressure associated with each sterilization cycle for each load. Some sterilizers have recording
devices that print out these parameters. Correct readings do not guaranty sterilization, but incorrect readings can be
the first indication of a problem with the sterilization cycle and suggest the load may not be sterile.

Chemical Indicators (Internal and External)

Chemical indicators (Table 4) use sensitive chemicals to assess critical variables (e.g., time, temperature, or
steam saturation) during a sterilization cycle. They are applied either to the outside or placed on the inside of
each instrument unit (e.g., packs, peel pouches, containers, etc…). They do not prove that sterilization has been
achieved, but they can provide an early indication of a problem and where in the sterilization process the
problem might exist.
Sterilization by fractional method is achieved by an interesting series of events. During the first day's
exposure, steam kills virtually all organisms except bacterial spores, and it stimulates spore to
germinate to vegetative cells. During overnight incubation, the cells multiply and are killed on the
second day. Again, the material is cooled and the few remaining spores germinate, only to be killed on
the third day. Although the method usually results in sterilization, occasions arise when several spores
fail to germinate. The method also requires the spores be in a suitable medium for germination, such as
a broth.