MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY

CULTURE MEDIA

COMPOSITION AND USES OF SOME COMMON LIQUID MEDIA

TABLE (4-2) COMPOSITION AND USES OF SOME COMMON SOLID MEDIA

TABLE (4-3) SOME SELECTIVE MEDIA USED IN ROUTINE MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORIES

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PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE AND HOW TO SET IT UP

PARTS:

o Head – This is also known as the body; it carries the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope.

o Base – It acts as microscopes support. It also carries microscopic illuminators.

o Arms – This is the part connecting the base and to the head and the eyepiece tube to the base of the microscope. It
gives support to the head of the microscope and it is also used when carrying the microscope. Some high-quality
microscopes have an articulated arm with more than one joint allowing more movement of the microscopic head for
better viewing.

 Eyepiece – also known as the ocular. this is the part used to look through the microscope. Its found at the top of the
microscope. Its standard magnification is 10x with an optional eyepiece having magnifications from 5X – 30X.

 Eyepiece tube – it’s the eyepiece holder. It carries the eyepiece just above the objective lens. In some microscopes
such as the binoculars, the eyepiece tube is flexible and can be rotated for maximum visualization, for variance in
distance. For monocular microscopes, they are none flexible.

 Objective lenses – These are the major lenses used for specimen visualization. They have a magnification power of
40x-100X. There are about 1- 4 objective lenses placed on one microscope, in that some are rare facing and others
face forward. Each lens has its own magnification power.

 Nose piece – also known as the revolving turret. It holds the objective lenses. It is movable hence it can revolve the
objective lenses depending on the magnification power of the lens.

 The Adjustment knobs – These are knobs that are used to focus the microscope. There are two types of adjustment
knobs i.e fine adjustment knobs and coarse adjustment knobs

 Stage – This is the section on which the specimen is placed for viewing. They have stage clips that hold the specimen
slides in place. The most common stage is a mechanical stage, which allows the control of the slides by moving the
slides using the mechanical knobs on the stage instead of moving it manually.
 Aperture – This is a hole on the microscope stage, through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the
stage.

 Microscopic illuminator – This is the microscopes light source, located at the base. It is used instead of a mirror. it
captures light from an external source of a low voltage of about 100v.

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 Condenser – These are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen. They are
found under the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope. They play a major role in ensuring clear sharp images
are produced with a high magnification of 400X and above. The higher the magnification of the condenser, the more
the image clarity. More sophisticated microscopes come with an Abbe condenser that has a high magnification of about
1000X.

 Diaphragm – it’s also known as the iris. Its found under the stage of the microscope and its primary role is to control
the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It’s an adjustable apparatus, hence controlling the light intensity and the
size of the beam of light that gets to the specimen. For high-quality microscopes, the diaphragm comes attached with
an Abbe condenser, and combined they are able to control the light focus and light intensity that reaches the specimen.

 Condenser focus knob – this is a knob that moves the condenser up or down thus controlling the focus of light on the
specimen.

 Abbe Condenser – this is a condenser specially designed on high-quality microscopes, which makes the condenser
to be movable and allows very high magnification of above 400X. High-quality microscopes normally have a high
numerical aperture than objective lenses.

 The rack stop – It controls how far the stages should go preventing the objective lens from getting too close to the
specimen slide which may damage the specimen. It is responsible for preventing the specimen slide from coming too
far up and hit the objective lens.

SETTING UP A MICROSCROPE:

1. Turn on the power switch at the back of the microscope and turn up light using dial.

2. Align eyepieces while looking through them, to line-up the two bright circles until they overlap

3. Place slide flat on platform and clip into place using this arm mechanism

4. Turn turret to select a low power objective: this will lock into position

5. Move platform using dials to place slide specimen directly under objective

6. Focus on specimen using wheels on either side; if this is not possible. continue to step 7

7. Close aperture while looking through the eyepieces.

8. if a bright circle is not being visible in exact center of view, use dials 8a and 8b to align this centrally.

9. Focus the circle of light seen through the eyepieces using this dial, then open aperture 7 until the edges of this circle are outside
your field of view

10. Open this aperture fully. then close down by a quarter turn to increase contrast.

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY LEC

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MULTIPLE CHOICE 1-50

1. Microorganism that invades or lives in the surface or inside of another organism.

 ANSWER: PARASITE

2. The microbiologist who discovers Bacillus Anthracis also known as Anthrax.

 ANSWER: ROBERT KOCH

3. First to demonstrate the existence of microorganisms

 ANSWER: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.

4. A microorganism that can cause illness

 ANSWER: PATHOGENS

5. Field of microbiology that control the spread of communicable diseases

 ANSWER: IMMUNOLOGY

6. Theory that states that there is a present of disease where there is bad odor in an area

 ANSWER: MIASMA

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

13. A disease condition that is normally found in a certain percentage of a population.

 ANSWER: ENDEMIC DISEASE

14. A systematic relationship in which both species benefit.

 ANSWER: MUTUALISM

15. Which part of the body where Normal Flora is absent

 ANSWER: LOWER RESPIRATORY

16. Stage of infection where inflammation and swelling occur

 ANSWER: PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS

17. A theory that state that there is a living organism in a non-living area.

 ANSWER: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

18. A bacteria can replicate by

 ANSWER: BINARY FISSION

19. First person to create antibiotic also known as Pencilin

 ANSWER: ALEXANDER FLEMING

20. A disease cause by Helicobacter Pylori

 ANSWER: GASTRITIS

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21. these are unicellular free-living organisms having both DNA and RNA that are capable of performing all essential processes of life,
growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

 ANSWER: BACTERIA

22. It is the time it takes for a population of bacteria to replicate to double in number.

 ANSWER: GENERATION TIME

23. A theory that states that illness came from invasion of pathogens to human body.

 ANSWER: GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

24. It is structure of bacteria which enables bacteria to move forward and backward.

 ANSWER: FLAGELLUM

25. Which is a nosocomial microorganism?

 ANSWER: STRAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

(BACILLUS ANTHRACIS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, TREPONEMA PALIDUM, AHINI)

26. How would you know if the patient has infection?

 ANSWER: PATIENT HAS A FEVER

27. How would you treat a patient with infection if there is no available medicine?

 ANSWER: GIVE THEM HEALTHY FOODS AND VITAMINS

28. Which is not a source of bacterial growth?

 ANSWER: TIME

(WARM, MOIST, TIME)

29. Bacterial phase where the cells are metabolically active and increase only in cell size?

 ANSWER: LAG PHASE

30. Treponema pallidum is cause of what disease.

 ANSWER: SYPILIS

31. Some bacteria contain an extra circle of genetic material or genes that give bacteria a survival edge

 ANSWER: PLASMID

32. Drinking a contaminated water is an example of what transmission of infection?

 ANSWER: INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

33. Peptoglycan layer is present in large quantity in?

 . ANSWER: GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

34. A disease that is easily spread from one individual to another.

 ANSWER: CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

35. A systemic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed

 ANSWER: PARASITISM

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36. Which of the following is NOT a systematic sign of infection?

A. Fever B. Fatigue C. Nausea D. Inflammation

37. A cylindrical shaped bacteria

 ANSWER: BACILLI

38. An infection that is active but does not produce a noticeable symptom is called

 ANSWER: SUBCLINICAL INFECTION / APPARENT

39. The term used By Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek is small living organisms that exist in environment.

 ANSWER: ANIMALICULE

40. Phase of bacterial growth where the size of a population of bacteria remains constant

 ANSWER: STATIONARY PHASE

41. Which of the following microorganisms is the smallest (Virus)

 ANSWER: VIRUS

42. Which among the immunoglobin has the longest life span

 ANSWER: IgG

43. Which among the immunoglobin is the most effective against parasitic infections

 ANSWER: IgE

44. Which of the following is NOT a benefit or normal flora?

 ANSWER: INCREASED WHITE BLOOD CELLS

45. Which of the following is a local sign of infection?

A. Fever B. Fatigue C. Nausea D. Inflammation

46. A infection by microorganism that are commonly found in the host’s environment of infection caused by organisms in the normal flora?

 ANSWER: OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

47. He performed the “Swan Neck Flask” experiment to demonstrate the invasion of microorganism

 ANSWER: LOUIS PASTEUR

48. It serves as the habitat and source of food of parasite.

 ANSWER: HOST

49. Part of Microbiology that studies metabolic pathways of microorganism.

 ANSWER: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

50. These are the model system of genomics.

 ANSWER:

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TRUE OR FALSE 51-60

51. Bacteria replicate by binary fission, a process by which one bacterium splits into two. (TRUE)
52. After binary fission, the DNA found in parents and offspring is exactly the same (TRUE) ???
53. Bacteria are microbes, a single-celled organism with a unique internal structure (TRUE)
54. Bacteria are prokaryotes meaning they don’t have organized nuclei, or any other membrane bound organelles. (TRUE)
55. Bacterial DNA floats freely within bacterial cells in a twisted, thread-like mass called the nucleoid. (TRUE)
56. Antibiotic only works for bacterial infection and have no effects on viruses. (TRUE)
57.Bacteria increase their numbers by geometric progression, whereby their population triples every generation time. (FALSE) double
58. Bacteria die when starved of nutrients and cannot remain viable for ling period of time. (FALSE) it can live
59. Most bacteria reproduce best at a neutral ph level of 5. (FALSE) it should be 7
60. The optimum temperature range for bacterial growth is between -2-76 degree Celsius (FALSE) 4-60 degree Celsius

ESSAY 61-80

A patient diagnosed with an infection and given 7 days antibiotic medication. On the 4th day of the medication patient was already feeling
well so he decided to skip the medication. What would you advice to the patient and what are the risks in not finishing the medication?

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