August 14, 2023

Cell Theory
Postulates
cell is the most basic unit of life.
unicellular cell--one-celled organism (e.g bacteria, amoeba)
multicellular cell--contains one or more cells (e.g humans animals, plants)
all living organisms are composed of cells
new cells are created from pre-existing cells
Development of Cell Theory
1. HANS JANSSEN AND ZACHARIAS JANSSEN
a. they discovered that the combination of the 2 lenses in a particular
arrangement was the secret to better visualization and magnification of
objects
2. ROBERT HOOKE
a. English Father of Microscopy, used plant cells in his experiments
b. coined the term cellular (little rooms in Latin)
3. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
a. dutch maker of the microscope, the first person to see live cells in 1665
b. invented the world's first practical microscope
c. he made pioneering discoveries on protozoans, red blood cells, and the
capillary systems
4. ROBERT BROWN
a. discovered nucleus (brain of the cells) and a Scottish botanist
5. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
a. German botanist, he discovered that all plants are composed of cells
6. THEODORE SCHWANN
a. German zoologist, he discovered that all animals are composed of cells
7. LOUIS PASTEUR
a. French microbiologist who developed fermentation
b. the term 'pasteurization' was named after him, he also discovered beer
8. RUDOLF VIRCHOW
a. German physician who discovered that all cells come from pre-existing
cells
9. ROBERT KOCH
a. German physicist and microbiologist, he discovered 2 infectious bacteria
(tubercle and cholera bacili)
 August 14, 2023

Microscopy
Types of Mircoscopes
1. STEREOSCOPE MICROSCOPE
a. also called a dissecting microscope
b. a light-illuminated microscope that allows a 3D view of a specimen
c. allows 100x magnification
2. COMPOUND
a. allows a 2D view and has a magnification between 40px up to 400px
b. it is also illuminated by light and some variants have 2000x
magnification
3. CONFOCAL
a. high magnifications of specimens, it has both the advantages of a
stereoscope and a compound microscope
b. allows 3D view and is used in laboratories
c. 120 nanometers apart
4. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)
a. invented in Germany in 1931 by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska
b. created as a way to magnify objects with more than 10,000x range
5. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
a. xrays, protons, secondary electrons, used when observing viruses
b. works by scanning a sample's surface with an electron beam
Compound Microscope
MICROSCOPE--magnifier of the image of small objects
A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects too small to
be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small
objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisible
to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
Parts of a Compound Microscope
MAGNIFYING PARTS
eyepiece, ocular lense
objective lense
low power objective, LPO (zooms in, always used FIRST)
high power objective, HPO (zooms out)
oil immersion objective , IOI (clearer view than the other two)
 August 14, 2023
Parts of a Compound Microscope
ILLUMINATING PARTS
Condenser--holds the Iris
Diaphragm where the light passes
through
Mirror--there are two types: a
concave or a plane, it reflects the
light
UPPER MECHANICAL PARTS
draw tube--holds the eyepiece
body tube--holds the draw tube
coarse adjustments knob--the first
to adjust (zoom in and zooms out) and adjusts the magnification.
fine adjustment knob--part of the microscope that is used for focusing
finer details of the specimen being viewed
revolving nose piece--holds the objective lenses
arm--holds the microscope
LOWER MECHANICAL PARTS
stage--where to place the glass slides
stage clips--holds the glass slides in place
pillar--neck of the microscope
base--holds the entire microscope

Steps in using the microscope

1. place glass slide onto the stage
2. secure it with the stage clips
3. carefully look into the eyepiece
4. use the LPO first
5. adjust the coarse adjustment knob
6. then proceed on adjusting the fine adjustment knob
7. next, use the HPO
8. and lastly, the OIO