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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1184–1193

Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet’19)

Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet’19)
A Multi-Temporal Landsat Data Analysis for Land-use/Land-cover
A Change
Multi-Temporal Landsat
in Haridwar Data
Region Analysis
using Remote forSensing
Land-use/Land-cover
Techniques
Change in Haridwar
SaurabhRegion
Kumar ,using
a* Remote
Shwetankb
, KamalSensing
Jain c Techniques
a* Saurabh Kumara*, Shwetankb, Kamal Jainc
Research scholar, DCS, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India
b
Assistant Professor, DCS, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India
a*
Researchc scholar, DCS, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
b
Assistant Professor, DCS, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India
c
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Abstract
LU/LC (land-use and land-cover) change detection information is essential for monitoring, planning, decision making, and socio-
economic development. In the current study, multispectral Landsat-8 OLI, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Landsat-5 TM satellite imagery
LU/LC
data has(land-use
used in theand land-cover)
Haridwar regionchange detection information
for investigating the utility andis essential
possibilityforofmonitoring,
remote sensing planning,
(RS) indecision making,assessment.
LU/LC change and socio-
economic
After development.
ensuring In the current
a ground survey with GPS,study, multispectral
discussions Landsat-8
with the OLI, and
individuals, Landsat-7 ETM+,
satisfactory and Landsat-5 itTM
literature-review, hassatellite
been foundimagery
that
data has used in the Haridwar region for investigating the utility and possibility of remote sensing (RS) in
RS can play a vital character in assessing the timely temporary changes in LU/LC of the Haridwar region. The satellite data of the LU/LC change assessment.
After ensuring
different years a1996,
ground survey
2003, 2010with
andGPS,
2017discussions
downloadedwith fromtheUSGS
individuals, and satisfactory
Earth Explorer. literature-review,
The satellite images of theitselected
has beenstudy
foundareas
that
RS can play a vital character in assessing the timely temporary changes in LU/LC of the Haridwar region. The
are categorized into seven different land use classes, viz. orchards, vegetation, agricultural land, rangeland, urban land, water bodies, satellite data of the
different years 1996,
and watershed. 2003, 2010 supervised
The pixel-based and 2017 downloaded
classificationfrom USGShas
method Earth Explorer.
performed The satellite
81.55%, 86.86%, images of the
80.67%, selected
and 93.00% study areas
accuracy
are categorized
using the Maximum into seven different
Likelihood land use(MLC).
Classifier classes,The
viz. result
orchards, vegetation,
of change agricultural
detection land, rangeland,
of the LU/LC urban
proved that theland, waterarea
orchards bodies,
has
and watershed.
been decreased veryThe pixel-based supervised
rapidly by 11806.65 ha classification method has
(9.82%) and converted performed in
permanently 81.55%,
urban and86.86%, 80.67%,
agricultural anddue
land 93.00% accuracy
to urbanization
using the Maximum in
and industrialization Likelihood
HaridwarClassifier
region from (MLC).
1996 toThe result
2017 year.ofWhile
changethedetection
remaining of area
the LU/LC proved
of land use suchthat the orchards
as urban area has
land, rangeland,
been decreased very rapidly by 11806.65 ha (9.82%) and converted permanently in urban and agricultural
and watershed have increased up to 3022.11 ha (2.51%), 10088.82 ha (8.39%), and 5191.47 ha (4.32%). The vegetation land and land due to urbanization
and
waterindustrialization
body have been in decreasing
Haridwar region
since from
1996 1996
up toto12856.41
2017 year. haWhile the remaining
(10.70%) and 802.63 area
ha of land userespectively
(0.66%) such as urban land,
in 21 rangeland,
years (1996-
and watershed
2017). haveresults
The overall increased up to by
presented 3022.11 ha (2.51%),
this research may be 10088.82 ha orchard
useful for (8.39%),monitoring
and 5191.47 andhasocio-economic
(4.32%). The vegetation
development land
of and
the
water
Haridwarbody have been decreasing since 1996 up to 12856.41 ha (10.70%) and 802.63 ha (0.66%) respectively in 21 years (1996-
region.
2017).
© 2020The Theoverall
Authors. results presented
Published by this research
by Elsevier B.V. may be useful for orchard monitoring and socio-economic development of the
Haridwar region.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
© 2020 The under
Peer-review Authors. Published by
responsibility of Elsevier
the B.V. committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
scientific
© 2020
This is The
an Authors.
open access Published
article by
under Elsevier
the CC B.V.
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Communications
This is an open (CoCoNet’19)
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
Communications (CoCoNet’19)
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
Keywords: LU/LC, Change detection, RS, Orchards, MLC;

Keywords: LU/LC, Change detection, RS, Orchards, MLC;

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-7983074685.

E-mail address: saurabhpathakkanpur@gmail.com
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-7983074685.
1877-0509 © 2020saurabhpathakkanpur@gmail.com
E-mail address: The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
1877-0509
Peer-review©under
2020responsibility
The Authors. ofPublished by Elsevier
the scientific B.V. of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications
committee
(CoCoNet’19)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications
(CoCoNet’19)

1877-0509 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.127
 Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1184–1193 1185
2 Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

1. Introduction

The objective of this research study is to explore the change in LU/LC of the Haridwar region due to the increasing
population and development of industrialization and analyze the impact of these changes on horticulture and vegetation
land. The use of RS with satellite imagery data is the most efficient way to perform LC/LC change assessments for
large geographical areas and produce accurate LU/LC maps to show a significant role in orchards erosion control and
watershed management. It helps in choosing what kind of terrains are fit for supporting horticulture [1, 2].
RS is a very convenient technique for change detection in the entire earth without coming into physical contact and
produces spatial information (in the form of imagery data). The spatial information of LU/LC can be beneficial to
urban planning, decision making policy, and monitoring [3].
The observation of LC/LU changes is necessary to understand the overall dynamics. The satellite imagery data with
RS techniques can show a vital role in the classification and assessment of changes in large-area LU/LC. The variety
of satellite sensors can be used to gather imagery data of the study area, each with unique properties (spatial, spectral,
and temporal resolution) [4].
RS innovation has demonstrated its extraordinary abilities to solve numerous earth resources problems. The basic
idea of using satellite imagery in change assessment in LU/LC is that it can classify changes between different periods,
which is different from regular changes.
GIS techniques are work as a decision support system (DSS) that can show a vital role in monitoring and planning.
The utilization of GIS tool has turned out to be very pervasive inside the field of horticulture and urban planning
research. Some researchers used the GIS model in urban sprawl for understanding the impacts of urban sprawl on
nature [5]. GIS can be utilized to identify patterns of urban development and future prediction of land-use changes [6].
The objective of this research is to use the potential of RS to explore urban sprawl and growth and its impact on
vegetation and orchards. Numerous investigators had used the multi-spectral Landsat-8 OLI, Landsat-7 ETM+, and
Landsat-5 TM satellite data to monitoring and identify changes in LU/LC [7-10]. The multi-spectral Landsat satellite
imagery data have a lot of potential for monitoring, mapping and change detection in the numerous field vegetation
[11], agriculture [12], horticulture [13], forestry [14], urbanization [15-16] and disaster management [17].
1.2 Objective
The key objective of the proposed study is to explore changes in orchards, agricultural land, urban land and its impacts
using RS techniques. The subsequent features are necessary to achieve the key objectives.
 Determine the rate of changes in 21 years (1996-2017) i.e. from 1996 to 2017 in study areas.
 Analysis of LC and changes in existing LU.
 Analysis of the impact of urbanization on LU/LC.
2. Study Area
3.

b. Uttarakhand map
c. study region map
a. source: survey of India

Fig. 1. Study area territory map.

The study area maps are prepared using QGIS 2.18 tool show in fig.1. Haridwar district in the south-western part of
Uttarakhand state of India, situated between 29.58º N latitude and 78.13º E longitude on the bank of river Ganga, at a
height of 314 m from the ocean level, undulating in the northern section and smoother near the south topography. The
1186 Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1184–1193

Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

weather of Haridwar region in summers approximately: 25ºC - 44ºC and winters: -2ºC - 24ºC, the average yearly
rainfall 1174.3 mm. Haridwar district has covered an area 2,360 km², distributed into three tehsils viz. Haridwar,
Roorkee and Laksar. It has six administrative blocks and 610 villages, with a total population of 18, 90, 422 according
to the 2011 census. In the present study, Haridwar and Laksar tehsil is selected as a study area. It has only two blocks
Bahadarabad and Laksar, contained total area 1, 20,136.05 ha. Haridwar and Laksar tehsil (subdivision of Haridwar
district) are important place for horticulture and agriculture cultivation in Uttarakhand state. The most common
commercial horticulture crops are mango, litchi, citrus, guava, papaya, banana, and bael in Haridwar district.

3. Materials and Method

The dataset is used to determine changes in the study area LU/LC. In this research work have used two types of
data collection; primary data and secondary data.
The primary data has collected by field survey. In this survey, the hand-held GPS device Garmin 60 has used to
collect the GCP (Ground Control Points) points at the beginning level of the study. The topographic map provided by
the survey of India at the scale of 1/25000 is used as reference data to determine the LU/LC deviation. Despite the fact
that the entire study has depended on secondary information, a field survey of the study area has led for appropriate
approval of information. A short meeting of the local farmer/people was organize to comprehend their view in patterns
of Land cover. Which is helpful to determine the changes in the study area.
The essential satellite data (Landsat-8 OLI, Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-5 TM) for assessment of LU/LC changes
in Haridwar and Laksar region is acquired from the USGS earth explorer (on the official website
earthexplorer.usgs.gov). The Landsat-5 TM & Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery data have contain spectral wavelength 0.45-
0.52 (B1-Blue), 0.52-0.60 (B2-Green), 0.63-0.69 (B3-Red), 0.77-0.90 (B4-NIR), 1.55-1.75 (B5-SWIR), 10.40-12.50
(B6-TIR) and 2.09-2.35 (B7-SWIR), 30 meter resolution. The Landsat-8 OLI imagery data have spectral wavelength
0.435-0.451 (B1-Coastal Aerosol), 0.452-0.512 (B2-Blue), 0.533-0.590 (B3-Green), 0.636-0.673 (B4-Red), 0.851-
0.879 (B5-NIR), 1.566-1.651 (B6-SWIR1) and 2.107-2.294 (B7-SWIR2), 30 meter resolution. In this study, the
satellite imagery data have minimum (less than 5.7%) land cloud cover and scene cloud over. Satellite imagery data
having minimum cloud cover could increase the classification accuracy. All information about acquired Landsat
satellite imagery data is described in table 1.
Table 1: Detailed Information of acquired Landsat satellite imagery data used.

Name of Source Acquirement Data download WRS Path Spatial Land / Band UTM Zone/
dataset of data date date (P)/Row (R) resolution Scene Cloud Cover Datum

Landsat-
USGS 30/05/1996 04/01/2019 146/039 30 5/5 B1-B7 44/WGS84
5 TM
Landsat-
USGS 07/03/2003 16/01/2019 146/039 30 5/5 B1-B8 44/WGS84
7 ETM+
Landsat-
USGS 21/05/2010 03/01/2019 146/039 30 2/2 B1-B7 44/WGS84
5 TM
Landsat-
USGS 08/05/2017 22/12/2018 146/039 30 5.7/5.7 B1-B11 44/WGS84
8 OLI

3.1 Methodology
3.1.1 Pre-processing
Pre-processing of imagery data is the branch of digital image processing (DIP). It is a technique that enhances raw
images receiving from camera sensors placed on satellites, space probes, and aircraft, or images taken in normal daily
life for various applications [18]. In this study, the pre-processing is performed by using two type methods; Geometric
correction and Atmospheric correction in ENVI 4.8
Geometric correction method is essential to preprocess the satellite imagery data and eliminate the geometric
distortion [19]. Since four different satellite images are used for the multi-temporal study (1996 to 2017), they should
first be registered by the GCP points. The 2017 Landsat-8 image (P 146, R 39) is considered to be a reference image
based on images registered in 2010, 2003 and 1996. Six uniformly distributed GCP points are used to register three
datasets by the polynomial method (1996, 2003 and 2010).
Atmospheric correction method is an essential process in quantitative RS to reduce atmospheric disturbance. The
objective of atmospheric correction is to recover surface reflectance from RS satellite images by eliminating
atmospheric effects [20]. The FLAASH (Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes)
 Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1184–1193 1187

4 Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

atmospheric correction method is used to solve atmospheric disturbance problems (eliminate scattering generated by
molecules and aerosols, and also eliminate absorption generated by CO2, O2, O3 and water vapour effects) in the
atmosphere. The atmospheric correction is particularly significant when extracting information based on primarily
spectral characteristics of imagery data acquired under dissimilar conditions, such as change detection or vegetation
mapping using large regions of multitemporal Landsat imagery data.
The whole assessment procedure is described in following flowchart (Fig. 2)

Data Collection

Primary data Secondary data

Field survey, GCP point collection, topographic Satellite data (1996, 2003, 2010 and 2017)
map, ancillary data, literature review (Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8)

Subset of study area

Geometric correction

Atmospheric correction Preprocessing

Transform
Pixel-Based supervised
classification

Accuracy assessment
Class statistics

Confusion matrix Post classification

Changes detection
Result and discussion

Fig. 2. Methodology for assessment and change detection in LU/LC.

3.1.2 Determination of LU/LC classification system

The most of area of Haridwar and Laksar regions is covered by orchards, agriculture land (wheat, rice, sugarcane,
etc.), wetland, hills land, bank land, urban land, barren land, bright land and water body (river, canals and pounds). In
this study after ground and literature survey, seven land use classes have been identified orchards, vegetation,
rangeland, agricultural land, urban land, water body and watershed with the support of primary data (Google-earth
images and field survey). The Set of classes of the training areas are generated by selecting polygons for ever y one
classes using ENVI 4.8 Tool. These land use classes are divided by their spectral characteristics and separated by their
spectral response. The ROI (region of interest) tool is used to evaluate spectral differences between defined pairs of
land use classes and shows high separability values between regions of interest. Detail of land use classes have shown
in table 2.
Table 2: Details of land cover classes for pixel-based supervised classification.

Types of Land cover

S. No. Color Description of classes
class
1. Orchards Green Numerous types of fruits spices mainly Mango and Litchi, etc.
Sea Crop land (wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc.), bare land and shrub land, Poplar plants
2. Vegetation
Green (Populus), Eucalyptus plants (Eucalyptus globulus), Wet land, Hills land and Bank land
1188 Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1184–1193

Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

3. Rangeland Cyan Woodland, shrub land, grassland, brush land and wetland
4. Agricultural land Yellow Farmland, crops land and pasture
Urban-Inhabited area, Industrial and Commercial area, Mixed build-up Inhabited area,
5. Urban land Red
Villages and roads
6. Water body Blue River, Canals and Pounds
7. Watershed White Watershed land

In this study, we develop a model for classification and assessment of changes in LU/LC of Haridwar and Laksar
subdivision using RS. The RS satellite images may be examined with the purpose of obtain desired information by the
image classification methods [8]. LU/LC features are extract from temporal multispectral Landsat satellite data using
a pixel-based supervised classification (MLC). The MLC technique is applied to classify the pre-processed satellite
images in this study.
Previous studies [5, 7, 10, 21-24] show that most of the researchers were used MLC method for pixel-based
classification and assessment of change detection in LU/LC. It is more accurate for change detection and classification
of LU/LC using multispectral satellite imagery data. The amount of changes in all land use classes (orchards,
vegetation, rangeland, agricultural land, urban land, water body and watershed) is calculated using the following
equations [21].
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑌𝑌 − 𝑋𝑋 (1)
(Y−X)∗100
C = (2)
X
Where
C = % change
X = Base year value
Y = New year value
(Fy −Iy )
The rate of change in year wise = Ny
(3)
Where
Fy = value of final year
Iy = value of the initial year
Ny = Number of year
3.1.3 Accuracy assessment
The MLC is a pixel-based classification method and capable to detect changes in LU/LC using multi-temporal and
multi-spectral imagery data with maximum accuracy. In accuracy assessment, primary data (field survey, topographic
map and ancillary data) is helpful for identification and classification of objects in the study area. The confusion matrix
is post-classification method and used for accuracy analysis of multitemporal classified LU/LC images. The
classification accuracy analysis is led through the reference of classified images of the year 1996, 2003, 2010 and 2017
and ground truth data. In MLC classification, often numerous pixels remain misclassified because of the irregular
distribution of images. Classification accuracy should be finished by ground truth data, or by field survey.
The confusion matrices method is the one most significant approach used in accuracy assessment and reduces the
error of classified image caused by the similarity of the spectral response of distributed classes. In the confusion matrix,
the row represents the category come to classified image, and the column represents the category recognized by
reference assessment. The matrix’s diagonal represents consistency of the "from-to" category of the classification and
reference values. Non-diagonal lines indicate inconsistencies in the "from-to" category, indicating errors still present
between the classification and reference data (omission and commission errors). The entire classification accuracy is
calculated using the confusion matrix method by distributing the sum of entries constituting the main diagonal by the
total no. of pixels examined [25]. Also calculate the efficiency of the Kappa efficient (Kc) by using the following
equation [26].
𝑁𝑁 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=0 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖,𝑖𝑖 − ∑𝑖𝑖=1(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 )
Kc = 𝑁𝑁 2 − ∑𝑛𝑛
(4)
𝑖𝑖=1(𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖)
Where
i = No. of class
N = Total no. of classified image values compared to reference values
mi,I =No. of values ∈ reference class i (it is also classified as class i)
Pi = total no. of predicted values ∈ class i
Ti = total no. of reference values ∈ class i
6 Saurabh Kumar et al. / ProcediaSaurabh
Computer Science
Kumar et 00
al. (2019) 000–000
/ Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1184–1193 1189

4. Result and Discussion

4.1 LU/LC Classification
The results of Haridwar and Laksar subdivision land-use map are expected to provide the following information:
(1) Aerial distribution of LU/LC classes (2) classification and assessment of LU/LC change during the last 21 years.
The LU/LC maps from multi-temporal Landsat images are shown in Fig. 3-6. The aerial distribution of several LU/LC
classes in 1996, 2003, 2010 and 2017 and their changes between multi-temporal frames are presented in tables 9 and
10, individually.

Fig. 3.Classified Landsat 5 TM image in 1996 Fig. 4. Classified Landsat 7 ETM+ image in 2003

Fig. 5. Classified Landsat 5 TM image in 2010 Fig. 6. Classified Landsat-8 OLI image in 2017
1190 Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1184–1193

Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

The LU/LC Classification is determined using supervised pixel based classification. The study area (1, 20,136.05
ha) is distributed in seven different classes (orchards, vegetation, rangeland, agricultural land, urban land, water body
and watershed) using temporal Landsat satellite data from the year 1996 to 2017. The total study area for each classified
LU/LC image from 1996 to 2017 is show in table 3.
Table 3: Distribution of LU/LC classes area from 1996 to 2017.

Land Cover Area in Land Cover Area in Land Cover Area in

S. Land Cover Area in 1996
Class type 2003 2010 2017
No.
Area (ha) Area (%) Area (ha) Area (%) Area (ha) Area (%) Area (ha) Area (%)
1. Orchards 16,357.86 13.61 8,669.61 7.21 6,255.54 5.20 4,551.21 3.78
2. Vegetation 21,999.42 18.31 8,636.13 7.18 7,406.01 6.16 9,143.01 7.61
3. Rangeland 21,954.06 18.27 36,441.81 30.33 37,271.43 31.02 32,042.88 26.67
4. Agri. land 41,804.64 34.80 44,415.00 36.97 46,178.73 38.43 49,047.93 40.82
5. Urban land 8,647.38 7.20 9,553.14 7.95 9,780.84 8.14 11,669.49 9.71
6. Water body 1,913.58 1.60 1,703.03 1.44 895.50 0.74 1,030.95 0.85
7. Watershed 7,459.11 6.21 10,717.38 8.92 12,348.63 10.27 12,650.58 10.53
Total 1,20,136.05 100 120,136.05 100 120136.86 100 1,20,136.05 100

4.2 classification accuracy assessment

The overall classification accuracy and kappa (Kc) statistics for 21 year (from 1996 to 2017) is shown in table 5-8.
The highest classification accuracy is found for 2017 supervised classification (93%) and lowest accuracy for 2010
(80.67%). The Kc is a statistical measurement technique between reference value and user identified classification
value. The Kc value is applied to check the correctness of the classification, and Kc value (0.81-1.00) represents very
nearly complete/complete match between the classification and reference value in the classification method [27-28].
The study shows that pixel-based supervised classification is a well choice for land use/land cover research and mutli-
temporal change analysis, and Kappa value is sufficient to identify the LU/LC changes in the study area.
Table 4: Accuracy assessment of LU/LC in 1996 using confusion matrix method.

Ground Truth Data (%)

Class Orchards Vegetation Rangeland Agri. Land Urban land Water Watershed Total
body
Orchards 71.08 4.99 3.25 4.42 1.54 0.00 0.17 8.99
Vegetation 16.97 90.77 41.81 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.64
Rangeland 7.15 3.88 51.69 2.47 0.00 0.00 0.45 13.13
Agri. Land 3.63 0.35 2.44 85.25 2.36 0.00 1.81 11.08
Urban land 1.17 0.00 0.77 6.63 95.10 1.25 2.21 11.90
Water body 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.46 0.00 9.18
Watershed 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.80 1.00 2.29 95.35 17.09
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Overall accuracy 81.55
Kc Value 0.7811
Table 5: Accuracy assessment of LU/LC in 2003 using confusion matrix method.

Ground Truth Data (%)

Orchards Water
Class Vegetation Rangeland Agri. land Urban land Watershed Total
body
Orchards 85.73 7.46 0.63 3.75 0.12 0.00 0.10 8.64
Vegetation 11.50 90.37 2.12 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.35 15.43
Rangeland 0.10 1.46 87.86 10.71 0.04 0.00 1.15 17.29
Agri. land 2.18 0.71 8.17 76.69 5.77 0.00 9.72 16.66
Urban land 0.00 0.00 0.72 3.11 90.55 2.39 8.52 19.98
Water body 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 96.17 0.00 7.86
Watershed 0.00 0.00 0.50 4.53 3.52 1.44 86.17 14.15
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Overall accuracy 86.29
Kc Value 0.8378
8 Saurabh Kumar et al. / ProcediaSaurabh Kumar
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000–000 1191

Table 6: Accuracy assessment of LU/LC in 2010 using confusion matrix method.

Ground Truth Data (%)

Water
Class Orchards Vegetation Rangeland Agri. Land Urban land Watershed Total
body
Orchards 84.80 16.55 0.70 6.05 0.03 0.00 0.00 10.49
Vegetation 10.41 78.86 17.09 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.46
Rangeland 1.01 4.48 71.09 17.51 0.12 0.00 0.80 15.43
Agri. land 3.78 0.12 6.39 71.37 2.06 0.00 8.23 14.78
Urban land 0.00 0.00 1.32 0.85 89.85 0.15 11.34 24.44
Water body 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.12 0.00 4.91
Watershed 0.00 0.00 3.13 4.66 7.95 0.73 79.55 16.48
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Overall accuracy 80.67
Kc Value 0.7685

Table 7: Accuracy assessment of LU/LC in 2017 using confusion matrix method.

Ground Truth Data (%)

Water
Class Orchards Vegetation Rangeland Agri. land Urban land Watershed Total
body
Orchards 98.57 2.57 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.72
Vegetation 0.72 93.39 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.67
Rangeland 0.24 3.98 93.43 6.36 0.17 0.00 0.00 17.33
Agri. Land 0.24 0.06 4.91 88.24 4.89 0.00 6.17 12.30
Urban land 0.24 0.00 0.00 2.07 93.59 0.00 2.25 8.97
Water body 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 98.80 0.00 6.01
Watershed 0.00 0.00 0.44 3.18 1.35 1.20 91.48 25.00
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Overall accuracy 93.00
Kc Value 0.91

4.3 LU/LC change detection assessment

The change detection assessment describes and quantifies the difference between LU/LC maps (shown in fig. 3-6)
of the similar scene at the different time periods. The classified LU/LC maps of the four different time periods is used
to estimate the area of different land cover and to detect changes that occur within the data range. This assessment is
helpful in identifying the various changes that occur in different types of the land use, such as growth in urban areas
and felling in orchards cover land.
In this study explores the change detection in LU/LC of Haridwar and Laksar subdivision over the last 21 year due
to urbanization and industrialization. The post-classification method is used to detect the changes in land use classes,
viz. orchards, vegetation, rangeland, agricultural land, urban land, watershed and water body.
The change detection in LU/LC, based on classified data, is represented in table 9-10. From 1996 to 2017, the
relative changes in land use of the study area have shown some irregular patterns. That changes have shown negative
changes in two classes (orchards and vegetation).Compared with the period 1996-2003, the scenario shows a better
trend from 2003 to 2010 and 2010 to 2017. Between 1996 and 2003, about 7688.25 ha of orchards decreased, showing
a negative change (47%). Similar results found during 2003-2010 and 2010-2017, where Orchards covered area have
decreased 2414.07 ha and 1704.33 ha, showing a negative change (28% and 27%). The overall degradation in Orchards
covered area during 1996-2017 have decreased 11806.65 ha, showing a negative change (72.17%). The change in
orchard farming came very rapidly in the 21 years (1996-2017). This result shows that most of the farmers have been
adopted traditional and seasonal framing practices like Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane etc. and the rest is converted into urban
and industrial areas.
The maximum rapid change in vegetation land, i.e. 60% reduction, observed between 1996 to 2003 as compared to
2003-2010 and 2010-2017. The shows that overall area of vegetation land is decrease up to 12856.41 ha (58.43%) in
last 21 years.
The agriculture land is increased at the rate of change 373% (1996-2003) i.e. 2610.36 ha, 252% (2003-2010) i.e.
1763.73 ha, 410% (2010-2017) i.e. 2869.20 ha and 1035% (2003-2017) i.e. 10088.82 ha, showing a positive change.
Some statistical studies and reports published by the National Informatics Centre, Haridwar have shown that agriculture
area/land is increased during 2009-2017 [29].
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Saurabh Kumar et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 9

Positive changes have occurred in urban land, agricultural land, watershed and rangeland during over all research
periods. Negative change have come to in orchards farming, vegetation and water body during 1996 to 2017. Change
detection analysis for the remaining classes (rangeland, urban land, water body and watershed) is summarized well in
table 9-10.
Table 8: Change detection of land use classes over the period 1996-2017.

Changes in Land use Changes in Land use Changes in Land use

1996-2003 2003-2010 2010-2017
Class
Magnitude Change Rate of Magnitude Change Rate of Magnitude Change Rate of
Area (ha) (%) Change Area (ha) (%) Change Area (ha) (%) Change
Orchards -7688.25 -47.00 -1098.32 -2414.07 -27.84 -344.86 -1704.33 -27.24 -243.47
Vegetation -13363.29 -60.00 -1909.04 -1230.12 -14.24 -157.73 +1737.00 +23.45 +248.14
Rangeland +14487.75 +65.99 +2069.67 +829.62 +2.27 +118.51 -5228.55 -14.02 -124.48
Agri. land +2610.36 +6.24 +372.90 +1763.73 +3.97 +251.96 +2869.20 +6.21 +409.88
Urban land +905.76 +10.47 +129.39 +227.70 +2.38 +32.52 +1888.65 +19.30 +269.80
Water body -210.55 -11.00 -30.07 -807.53 -47.41 -115.36 +135.45 +15.12 +19.35
Watershed +3258.27 +43.68 +465.46 +1631.25 +15.22 +233.03 +301.95 +2.44 +43.13

Table 9: Overall Change detection of land use classes over the period 1996-2017.

S. Changes in Land use

Class type
No. Magnitude Area (ha) Change (%) Annual Rate of Change
1996-2017
1. Orchards -11806.65 -72.17 -1686.66
2. Vegetation -12856.41 -58.43 -1836.63
3. Rangeland +10088.82 +45.95 +1441.26
4. Agri. land +7243.29 +17.32 +1034.75
5. Urban land +3022.11 +34.94 +431.73
6. Water body -802.63 -46.12 -126.09
7. Watershed +5191.47 +69.59 +741.63

5. Conclusion
In this study, the results explore the potential of RS using Landsat imagery data to produce accurate trends of
changes in LU/LC of the study region. The change in LU/LC, during the year 1996, 2003, 2010 and 2017, is classified
into seven classes viz. orchards, vegetation, rangeland, agricultural land, urban land, water body, watershed and the
classification results are examined using MLC classifier in presence of primary data. The highest classification
accuracy i.e. 93%; is found for the year 2017, whereas lowest accuracy i.e. 80.67% is found for the year 2010. The
result of LU/LC change assessment shows degradation in orchards framing and vegetation plants during 21 years
(1996-2017) due to human activities. Orchards farming is very essential for economically and environmentally.
Orchards gives the fruits and also produce essential oxygen for the presence of nature and humans. Due to the growing
demand of agricultural products and infrastructure expansion, agricultural cultivation and urbanization has occupied
the orchards and vegetation land, total area of orchards land has decreased very rapidly 11806.65 ha (9.82%). Therefore,
the outcome of this study is being useful for LU/LC monitoring, decisions making, urban planning and other areas of
research and development in Haridwar region.
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