Green Computing & Its Impacts

1. Green Computing: The New Paradigm

The users of IT are growing exponentially per year, it has now become compulsory for IT stake
holders to pay attention on the power consumption by IT resources and come up with innovative ideas
and methods for reducing the energy consumption by using software approaches, hardware
manufacturing and people's green practice and awareness. Latest researches have proved that even a
single click of mouse on a web page hitting the server consumes energy and dissipate heat in the
environment. Earth is already facing problem of global warming & green gas emission because of
development of small, medium and large scale industries all over the world.

After the conclusion of various research of energy consumption by IT resources, new paradigm called
"Green Computing" coined. Green Computing can be defined as "Innovative approach to
manufacture eco friendly hardware devices & components, innovative techniques for developing
energy saving software(s) and set of practices to support the critical mission 'Saving Earth'".

In the article Harnessing Green IT : Principle and Practices , San Murungesan defines the field of
green computing as “the study and practice of designing, manufacturing using and disposing of
computers, servers and associated subsystems such as monitors, printers, storage devices and
networking and communication systems efficiently effectively with minimal or no impact on the
environment”[13].

In today's scenario data volumes are going to double after every 18 months, and every one want to
keep their data online. For keeping huge data the hardware infrastructure need improvement in data
center which is responsible for the heating and CO2 emission. Table 1 shows the percentage of
consumption by various equipments of data centers.

Equipments used in Cloud Percentage consumption

Data Center
Cooling Device (Chiller, 42%
Computer Room Air
Conditioning (CRAC))
IT Equipment 30%
Electrical Equipments (UPS, 28%
Power Distribution Units
(PDUs), lighting)

Table 1. Shows Percent of Power Consumption by Data Center Device[8].

Green Computing is the environmental saving computing paradigm under the research and
development. The systematic approach of this subject is required so as to attract more researchers and
scientists to contribute their ideas so that commercial productions of eco friendly hardware and
software can be speed up.
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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

Environment Regulations

Looking for high impact of green computing to save the life on the earth, government & corporate
sectors also impose regulations and acts. European standards specially focused and imposed to control
hazardous material used in manufacture.

 WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations 2013) in UK- It

imposes responsibility on equipment manufactures to take back the e-waste equipment free of
cost.
 ROHS(Restriction of Hazardous Substances)- It restricted on usage of six hazardous
materials like lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, poly brominated biphenyls and
polybrominated diphenyl ethers. It was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union.
 EPEAT(Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool)- Tools created to check the
efficiency of desktop monitors and notebook on 23 required and 34 optional environmental
criteria. It is supervised by the Green Electronics Council, which itself a programme of
the International Sustainability Development Foundation (ISDF).
 Energy star- Energy performance is regulated by standard developed for external and
internal power supplies, idle, sleep and stand by modes. It is a U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) voluntary program that assist to save money and environment through superior
energy efficiency.

2. Why Green Computing ?

Green Computing is motivating us to rethink on current trends of hardware, software and people who
are obstacle in the way of the mission 'Saving Earth'. This can be achieved by manufacturing of eco
friendly hardware, design & development of power saving optimized software & information system
for energy saving, eco friendly process & practices adapted by IT stack holders. There is need of
techniques & methods to design and manufacture environmental friendly devices, optimization of
coding in such a way to reduce energy consumption & reduce heat dissipation, education to create
best IT practitioner supporting mission 'Green Earth' and enforcement of National and International
Standards for Green IT. Intelligent distributed computing for sharing information on the network may
also reduce energy for flow of data. Unwanted flow of data through the web application is also one of
the big issue responsible for energy consumption.

To endorse green computing at all feasible levels, the following approaches came into existence.

 Green use: Use computer and peripheral devices in an eco-friendly mode.

 Green disposal: Recycling or disposal of e-waste in proper manner.
 Green design: Try to design equipment with low emission power and heating.
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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

 Green manufacturing: Try to use more easily disposal elements at the time of
manufacturing.
 Material recycling: Parts from outdated systems can be recycled to make its green.
 Telecommunication- Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies are also innovative
methods used for discussing and data transfer, which is also a green computing initiatives.

There are various important reasons to adopt green computing -

o It promotes usage of disposable products.

o Adopting green can also reduce cost and therefore, beneficiary for an enterprise.
o It also reduces risk of using chemical which may cause danger for the human being.
o It also reduces noise pollution
o Energy conservation save energy for future use.

3. Holistic Approach of Green Computing

Various electronics equipments and IT business have environmental impact which is one of the
reason of global warming and improper management of energy consumption.

Figure 1: Holistic Approaches of Green Computing

Green computing is the proven solution for this problem and can be achieved by various holistic
approaches as given in the Figure 1. There are basically four approaches namely hardware

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

manufacturer, software developers, enforcement policy and people which directly impact the green
computing.

Green computing is being supported by many vendors by designed and manufacturing power efficient
hardware devices like CPU, display devices, network switches, storage devices etc. Recycling old
devices and replacement of existing power consuming electronics parts also play an important for
green revolution. Green storage also used for making the computing green. Green efficient devices
should be designed well and tested before manufacture in mass level with power metrics
measurement. Another approach of green computing is software approach which is helpful to make
computing green through use of virtualization, load balancing, green search engine, power efficient
algorithm and various computing techniques like cloud computing, bio computing and nano
computing etc. Standard and policies are imposed by government and corporate sectors of various
country to make computing green. WEEE,ROHS, EPEAT and Energy star are some of them
effectively being used to enhance and implement green practices among hardware manufacturer and
software developers. People should be aware about the need of green computing for survival of their
descendants. Performing best green practices in day to day life will also help everyone to support
Green Computing.
Following sections 4 and 5 are elaborating various holistic approaches for achieving green computing
environment evolved to develop energy conserving technologies.

4. Green Hardware & Software Techniques

There are two approaches which are obliging to make computing green.

4.1 Hardware Design & Manufacturing

Computer and peripherals emit significant amount of energy in sleep and standby modes. A single PC
release more heat than a 100 watt light bulb. With careless use of electrical devices, we are also
contributing for CO2 emission. Manufactures do not provide proper power off in many devices like
DVD players, DVD recorder, printer etc.

Many companies take initiative to design hardware, which not only consumes less energy but also
reduce overall cost of hardware.

Display – LCD uses cathode fluorescent bulb for light display. A 21” CRT requires 120W more than
double the power of 22” LCD. Modern LED devices uses an array of light emitting diodes which
actually minimize the electricity consumption.
Fit PC– Fit PC can draw only 5 watts which is less as compared to normal PC which consumes 5
watts in 1 hour only. This device support windows and linux operating system.

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

Zonbu Computers- This computer consumes only one third powers as consumed by a light bulb. It
also support linux operating system.

Sunray Thin Client- Sunray thin client are designed to consume less electricity than frequently used
desktops. It only consumes 4 to 8 watts of power, it cannot do heavy computation, because that types
of computation can be done by server.

Asus Eee PC- These are small size of PC with compact screen as compared to other conventional
desktop. It only used flash memory for storage purpose.

Uninterruptible Power Supplies- To provide emergency power to many devices Uninterruptible

Power Supplies (UPS) is used. It temporarily provides megawatt of power for the proper functioning
of the equipment in the data centres. Energy star certified UPS need less energy as compared to other
UPS.

Terminal Servers - Terminal servers are used in virtual labs where actual computing is done on the
server, but users have an illusion that operating system is on the terminal. So terminal computers are
also used in green computing which support Linux as well as windows operating system.

Energy Star Small Network Equipment- ENERGY STAR certified small network equipment
(SNE) is also available in the market which is used to reduce energy consumption. A large variety of
products are available as per the SNE specification:
 Cable and DSL modems
 Optical Network Devices
 Cable and DSL integrated access devices
 Routers
 Switches
 Access points

It also promotes recycling of disposal product and electronic waste (e-waste). After recycling
computing equipments some harmful material like lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium are keeping
out of landfills. Computer parts are also a major source of toxins and carcinogens. During recycling
lead from CRTs, mercury from fluorescent, cadmium from rechargeable batteries are also harmful for
us.

4.2 Software Techniques

Green computing has become compulsory for various embedded devices and large data centres. There
is need of energy efficient software that allows the programmer to write the energy efficient code.
There should be QoS parameters guarantee for development of the green code which will force the

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

system to use minimum energy while executing the instructions. Special compilers which will
generate the code for optimisation of loops and functions according to the requirement of the system
under quality of services. These compilers must verify and test for the green parameters functions and
prepare the program code for the target environment observable under green code monitor. Green
simulators must be used to record the impact of the function and the loops for the performance of
energy consumption of the data centres. Service level agreement for the power consumption has to be
included in cloud platform. Measurement of the software application for power management must be
independent and runtime behaviour must be measured. Resource usage of optimised code not only
reduces energy consumption but also help managers to control data centre cost. Software architect
must consider various issues like composition, factorization, functionality, dependency and scalability
in designing new software to use resources more efficiently. Green applications must be designed in
such a way where components are independent. There is dynamic power management layer in
software architecture which is responsible for scaling up and scaling down resources based on
resource demands and resource availability.

It has become the popular technique for energy efficient data centres where designer and architect to
deploy the applications which will use the resources more efficiently. Smart traffic routing algorithm
will also help us to reduce the power consumption. Micro-metrics like energy per instruction,
performance per watt, MIPS/watt and IPS/watt can be used to determine the amount of consumed
energy services run by a CPU. Energy aware layer is responsible for locating the best site where
service can be done with respect to consume energy efficiently. Mobile agent can also play an
important role when the small program has to be transferred from the server to client because of huge
amount of data available with client. Good migration policy can also help the software engineers to
develop the energy efficient software. Proper use of the loops and functions will also help the
software engineers to develop the energy efficient code. Proper utilisation of the global and local
variables garbage collections will generate the energy efficient code.

Software techniques for green computing can be broadly divided into following categories-

Algorithmic efficiency- Proper usage of computer resources depends upon how efficiently algorithm
is designed. As reported by Google that a search requires 0.2 grams of CO2.

Blackle- Google designed a new search engine called Blackle to support green computing. It is
based on the concept that when computer screen is white it only consumes 74W energy, if it is black it
consumes only 59W, so if every one switch to Blackle then it save upto 750 MW every year.

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

Figure 2: Blackle Search Engine

Load Balancing Techniques- It is a type of mechanism that is used to distribute workload evenly
throughout the nodes in the environment. The existing techniques of today in clouds consider
parameters like response time, throughput, utilization of resource, migration time etc. but to make
load balancing energy efficient also metrics like energy consumption and amount of carbon emission
must also be included for making computing green.

Resource allocation- Algorithm is designed to decide the route for data flow from data centre.
Efficient routing algorithm is helpful to reduce energy conservation upto certain extent.

Operating System Support-Some programs support operating system that allows users to adjust
manually supplies in CPU to reduce electricity consumptions. Sometimes this is also automatically
handled by the operating system.

Virtualization-Virtualization, allow a system administrator to combine several virtual machines on

one single, powerful physical system, by this means we can reduce power and cooling consumption.
Several commercial companies and open-source software packages are available to enable virtual
machine.
Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling Technique (DVFS):- Supply voltage can be regulated with
the help of operating clock given in the electronic equipments. But this method cannot save more
power as compared to other.

5. Computing Techniques for Green Computing

The computing techniques which can assist for development of Green Computing are explain as given
below-

5.1 Green Cloud Computing- Cloud computing is a new computing model to provide services
and data dynamically as per need of the users under SLA between cloud provider and end users. The
concept 'Green' is also being attached to cloud computing which indicates that cloud is also becoming
ready to support mission of the Green IT. There is strong belief that cloud is going to replace existing
web architecture hence designers are required to establish the new platform of future computing with
the support of green computing. Study of energy consumption patterns in cloud centres will help us to

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

reduce deployment & operational cost. Virtualization is an important feature of cloud computing
which is already supporting people to use single hardware machine for running different operating
system to support variety of applications thus eliminating the need of multiple hardware machines to
support multiple operating systems.

As computers and peripherals are also drawing significant amount of energy in sleep and standby
modes in the cloud environment which is responsible for CO2 emissions so, there is need for green
environment for us to survive. Cloud computing with eco-friendly energy efficient flavour is called
Green Cloud Computing[2].

Pay per basis concept is also important for the users' perspective to use the cloud system whenever
needed which may lead the computing environment towards green cloud computing. In this type of
system, users consume resources only on requirement thus not engaging the resources at idle time.
Energy saving schedulers, CPU utilization & scaling, workload migration, VMs
activation/deactivation, intelligent power management system, dynamic configuration of VMs for
power saving, data power usage effectiveness, carbon usage effectiveness, green SLA etc. are some
important measures to develop cloud computing more energy efficient than existing one. Multi-core
processors can also help to increase computing per watt and saving energy. Green Software as a
Service (GSaaS) can be a good initiatives by the designers to promote green coding practices among
the cloud programmers. Green software and hardware can help us to reduce the cost due to which the
vendor may offer less price of cloud services.

5.2 Green Servers & Big Data Centres - Because of increasing data, day by day exponentially, it
has become compulsory to develop data centres to serve people required information on demand
without delay. Green data centres term coined in the modern IT to support green computing. These
centres are developed in such a way that minimizes the CO 2 emissions, reduces heat dissipation,
energy efficient and uses environmental friendly devices and components. Data centres include many
computing devices connecting through network cables which produces heat and hence cooling is
required in these data centres to reduce heating impact on computing devices. Data centres can be
supported by green techniques in two ways-

(a) Using green electronic devices & components

(b) Using software techniques to optimize the power consumption

Devices being used in data centres must be measured for energy consumption and intelligent
provisioning of distribution of energy to such component as per their requirement must be maintained.
Components like CPU, switches, ports, RAID(redundant array of inexpensive disks) etc should be
observed and effectiveness parameters like power usages, carbon usages, energy usages etc must be

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

observed. Power management and intelligent power supply should be helpful to solve the problem of
energy consumption during sleeping mode. CPU frequency can also be dynamically set as per
requirement of computing instructions. Sending hardware components like CPU, switches etc to zero
power mode also reduce unnecessary power consumption during sleeping mode. Inside switches
particular part can be powered off using usage metrics. Line card can also be turned off in inactive
mode. Software techniques like power optimisation coding for data searching and virtualization
promotes green solution. Application can be developed to support multiple platform to reduce number
of computing platform. Earlier we used to install different server based on operating system by
installing and fixing server to support different operating system but because of virtualization it can be
reduced. Dynamic memory allocation of virtual machine leading to utilisation of CPU properly also
provides high energy saving as compared to static allocation policy. Cooling is a big issue of data
centres but distributed architecture of cloud application can help us to develop geographically
distributed nano data centres which may reduce the energy consumed for cooling.

Several energy metrics have been proposed to improve the efficiency of data center.

1. PUE(Power Usage Effectiveness)- It is a metric which conclude the data center energy efficiency.

PUE=Total facility power/IT equipment Power.

2. Data Center infrastructure efficiency (DCIE)- It is reverse of PUE and represented in % form.

3. Data center performance efficiency (DCPE)- It is a metric calculated as :

DCPE=Useful work/Total facility power

4. Carbon Usage Effectiveness(CUE)= It is a metric calculated as :

CUE=Total CO2 emissions from DC energy/Total IT energy

5.3 Optimized Information System: The amount of information being flown through the internet
if significantly reduced may cause the less power consumption at each and every stage of data
communication links. The data to be provided to client must be as per the need of users.
Customization of web pages per user will help servers to provide specific information not general
information. Removal of unwanted hyperlinks and images can also reduce total amount of bits being
transmitted over the internet.

5.4 Green Data Storage- Data and information storage volume is increasing drastically day by day
because of the social media and digitization of everything (Internet of Things). Many approaches
being used for data storage like RAID, tiered storage and solid state disks for improving energy

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

efficiency and cutting the cost for storing the data at system level . Thin provisioning will help us to
reduce required storage space and thus use available space smartly. De-duplication process of data is
also a good approach of steeling storage resource management to reduce the power consumption buy
storage devices.

5.5 Bio-Computing- Bio-computers are computing system which are based on characteristics of
molecules structure and behaviour which can help for computation. Bio-chemical, bio-mechanical and
bio-electronic computers are some buzzwords of the future computing. Bio-chemical computers
works on changes on structure of chemical bonds and structure to represent a state of data. Bio-
mechanical computers are like bio-chemical computers in which the information can be processed by
making and breaking chemical bonds by interpreting mechanical shapes of molecules as information.
This computing system already exist in nature in non living things but the systems are not controlled
by humans. Bio-electronics system measures electricity in bio-molecules to represent the state of
information. It is clear from above facts that bio computers made of natural elements which can play
very important role for developing environmental friendly computing.

5.6 Nano Computing- Nano computing is the computing system which uses the extremely small or
nano devices which can be measured in nanometres. The size of these device could be as small as a
biological virus. Integrated circuit technologies are working on the nano devices which is the smallest
electronic devices with the possible limits. It will help the people to develop smallest devices
operating on less power per function/instruction and increase the battery life. These have potential
impact on revolutionizing the green computing sustaining the computing capacity.

6. Characteristics

As most computer system drain more power than they actually need for a normal operation to
perform. Green computing can be tried to achieve through various techniques and one of them is
virtualization. Desktop virtualization and server virtualization are initiative taken in this field.

In computer virtualization two or more logical computer system can work as one physical system. It is
helpful to reduce cooling equipments and power consumption. Some companies like Intel Corporation
and AMD have enhanced virtualization instruction set into CPU product line to support virtualized
computing. Server virtualization enhances network utilization and minimizes network equipment need
which is also helpful in reducing heating power.

Some programs also permit users to adjust manually supplies in CPU to reduce electricity
consumptions. The process is called undervolting. Some CPUs have automatically undervolting
system as workload fluctuates which is called as Speedstep.
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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

Green computing can be achieved with the following ways:

 Use software that manage PC and monitor energy settings

 Use operating system that controls the power saving aspects of hardware.
 Use computer system that can be hibernating at idle time.
 Use and buy only energy star certified devices monitors, desktops, laptops and printers.
 Laptops should put in "sleep" mode if it idle. 

7. Impacts of Green Computing

Green computing is the very important ecology solution to the IT. It has many advantages as
described below-

 It will reduce the overall cost for total consumption of energy and enhance revenue in
long term.
 It will save the sufficient energy cost of cloud data centres.
 It will minimize the impact of carbon dioxide emissions.
 It will also reduce the green house effect because of much energy consumption by
modern IT systems.
 It will help people to develop eco friendly electronic devices and components.
 It will provide balanced combination of technology and ecology.
 It will help us to reduce pollution on the earth.
 It will promote more recyclable products.
 It will enforce people to follow Earth Saving Policy.
 It will also reduce risks of using life challenging materials being used in IT.
 It will help to develop efficient Power Management System for IT.
 It will promote us to not to use form of CDs, DVDs etc which may further become the
part of e-waste.
 It will guide us to develop harmless signal transmission on wireless devices.
 It will increase performance of microprocessors and other computing devices.
 It will also provide best programming practices to develop eco friendly software.
 It will create new standards and policy to encourage Green World.

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

8. Green Awareness

The term green awareness refers to manuals and instructions for people to make the earth
Green. Adopting green technology has become compulsory for all of us to save our lives on
the Earth. Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources in an
energy efficient and eco-friendly manner.
After knowing what exactly Green Computing is, it has become necessary for everyone to
follow the best practices for the significant support and contribution on the mission 'Green
IT'.
The green awareness can be broadly divided into five group of people-
(a) Hardware Manufacturer
(b) Corporate and Public Consumers
(c) Individual Consumers
(d) Enforcement Authority
(e) Software Designer & Developers

Following points may be thought of awareness for the people who are in support of green
computing-

 Use energy star rated devices although it may be costly initially but profitable in long
term.
 Always keep PCs, Laptops or other personal electronic gadgets in sleep mode when
not in use.
 It is more better to turn personal e-gadgets switched off when not in use.
 Recycle old electronic devices but not resell them.
 Always observe the power matrix of IT system being used.
 Use power sensor smart devices to reduce the power consumption.
 Paper printing as much as possible should be reduced.
 Use operating system in power saving mode
 Never use screen savers
 Purchase auto adjustable monitors
 Communicate and share electronic documents wherever possible
 Printing (if needed) should be of both side.
 Drafting of documents should be in such a way to reduce the pages
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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

 Do not use multimedia images, videos whenever not compulsory

 Always correspond best practices for Green IT
 Print only final hard copies (Don't printing trial copies)
 Screen size of monitor should meet the requirement. Unwanted bigger size screen
consumes more power.
 Training professionals for Power Management Settings of a system
 Prefer thin client on office network
 Award and promote Best Green IT Users

9. Issues & Challenges Ahead

Although Green Computing has many advantages over the traditional one but critical
challenges still in front of the us to deal with and to go ahead with new paradigm of eco
computing called 'Green Computing'.

 Research cost is high.

 Eco friendly devices are costly at present.
 Less awareness among people about ecological issues of the Life on the Earth.
 Replace of existing technology with eco friendly technology is increasing
expenditure.
 Low speed production of green devices because of fast technological changes on
techniques.
 Green computing is more public issue than private issue.
 Lack of enforcement of eco friendly standard and policy.
 Lack of availability of best recycling options.
 More advancement requires on Thin Client implementation.
 More research on best programming practices and methods for energy optimized
software design and development.
 Technological enhancement to reduce redundant users data on internet servers.
 Redesign of eco friendly architecture of hardware devices.
 Development of Green Maturity Model for IT.

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

Conclusion

Extensive heat consumption is responsible and one of the reason for global warming which is a
challenge for all the researchers. Goal of green computing is to minimize the carbon emission.
Recycling of various computing equipments can also minimize harmful material from the
environment.

Green computing is an innovative approach to save environment and mankind from various
environmental hazards. Government & corporate also came in focus to make rules and regulations
regarding e-waste, energy consumption, re-use of disposable material. As cloud computing is having
its benefits; apart from this, up to certain extent, it is also responsible for CO 2 emission. So we can use
any hardware or software approach to make computing green.

Eco-friendly environment are created by manufacturer by designing green devices. Energy efficient
hardware’s are available to ensure minimum energy consumption. Search engine like Blackle also
available which claim and ensure to minimize energy consumption. Operating system features are
also updated to achieve the goal in the same direction. Software approaches are also used to minimize
energy consumption. Virtualization is also a technique that allows multiple virtual machines to run
over a single physical machine with load balancing, proper resource allocation etc. Live migration
technique is generally used for proper load balancing in the cloud environment. Live migration allows
dynamically managed the resources without disturbing the application running on a particular
machine. Its goal is to reduce down time and total migration time.

Green computing thus has deep impact on society and environment to make the earth green for
survival with technology enhancement.

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 Green Computing & Its Impacts

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Abbreviations used

 Undervolting- Some programs allow users to adjust manually supplies in CPU to reduce
electricity consumptions. The process is called undervolting.
 Speedstep- Some CPUs have automatically undervolting system as workload fluctuates
which is called as Speedstep..
 Cloud Computing - A network in which large numbers of remote servers are there to share
services and resources.

 Data Center - A data center is a center to facilitate users various services of cloud
computing.

 Green computing- Energy efficient computing is called as Green computing.

 Virtualization - Virtualization means to generate a virtual version of resource, such as

a server, storage media.
 Virtual Machine Migration- It is an approach used in virtualization for load balancing,
power saving and proper resource scheduling.
 Down Time: Time during VMs execution is stopped (service and resource is not available to
the users).
 Total Migration Time: Total time taken by migration process from start to finish the
migration process.
 Hypervisor- A virtual machine manager program that allows multiple operating system to
run on a single physical machine.
 Dirty pages- During Live migration some pages will be re-copied at the source machine that
make changes during memory copy process called dirty pages.
 Desktop virtualization- It is technology that split the desktop environment and it application
software from the physical client device that is used to access it.

 Server virtualization - It is actually the masking of server resources, from its users. 

 Hibernating - Powering down a computer while retaining its state during computing .
 Operating system- It is an interface between users and hardware.
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Green Computing & Its Impacts

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