A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON
BLUETOOTH ENABLED BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ACCIDENT
PREVENTION
A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By

E. NIKHIL (20845A0336)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. Mazhar Nehal

Assistant Professor, Mechanical Dept

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AURORA'S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad and approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Parvathapur, Uppal, Hyderabad-500098
(2022-23)
 Aurora's Technological & Research Institute
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Parvathapur, Uppal, Hyderabad-500098
(2022-23)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled “BLUETOOTH ENABLED
BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION” that is being submitted
by (E. NIKHIL, 20845A0336) in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in (Mechanical Engineering) to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under my
guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this technical seminar report have
not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Date:

Mr. Mazhar Nehal

(Assistant professor) Mr.J.Srikanth
Internal Guide Director

Mr.B.Anil kumar
(Associate professor)
Head of the Department External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. J. Srikanth, Director, Aurora’s

Technological and Research Institute, for providing us congenial atmosphere and
encouragement.

I extend our sincere thanks to the Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department
Mr. B. Anil Kumar, for his advice and unyielding support over the year.

I am extremely thankful to my internal guide, Mr. Mazhar Nehal, Assistant Professor,

for his stimulating guidance and supervision throughout the course of work.

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude to the research coordinator

Mr.Anand Kumar, Assistant Professor, for his valuable support and encouraging us
throughout the research. I am highly obliged for providing me the opportunity to carry
out the ideas and work during our research and helping us gain successful completion
of the research.

I also thank all the lecturers and the office staff of Aurora’s Technological and Research
Institute, Uppal, for their instant help whenever required.

ENAGANDULA. NIKHIL

(20845A0336)
 INDEX
TOPICS PAGE NO’S
LIST OF FIGURES I
ABSTRACT II
CHAPTER 1
1. INRODUCTON
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Block Diagram 1-2
1.3 What Bluetooth Provides 2-3
1.4 The Bluetooth Transmission/Reception Characteristics 3-4

CHAPTER 2
2. BLUETOOTH
2.1 Bluetooth 5-6
2.2 Preference of Bluetooth Over Radar and GPS 6
2.3 Proposed Model For Automatic Braking System 6-7
2.4 RFID 7-8

CHAPTER 3
3. OPERATION
3.1 Operation 9-11
3.2 Schematic Diagram of Car 11-12

CHAPTER 4
4. AUTOMATIC BRAKE SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction 13
4.2 Automatic Braking Pump and Valves 13-14
4.3 Anti-Lock Braking System 14
4.4 Questions of Security 14

CHAPTER 5
5. REPRESENTATION OF OUR IDEA
5.1 Introduction 15
5.2 Can Other Solution Compete 16-17

CHAPTER 6
6. CONCLUSION 18
REFERENCE 19
 LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO’S
1.1 Block Diagram of the Proposed System 2
2.1 Modulation Used in Bluetooth 6
2.2 Master Slave Configuration in Bluetooth 7
2.3 User’s Car Display 7
2.4 Radio Frequency 8
2.5 Working of the System 8
3.1 Mini Computer Inside the Car 9
3.2 Master Slave and Operation 10
3.3 How does the PC Card Receives 11
3.4 Schematic Diagram of the Car 11
4.1 Automatic Braking Pumps and Valves 13
5.1 Shows what happen between when two cars comes within 10m 15

I
 ABSTRACT

In the current situation the world is trouble by accidents which are primarily due to
human errors in judgment and hence thousands of lives are lost. These accidents can be
avoided if only there was a mechanism to alert the driver of approaching danger. This
can be done by monitoring the distance between nearby cars and alerting the driver
whenever the distance becomes too short. This is precisely the aim of this topic. In this
topic I propose the use of Bluetooth Technology by which we can control the speed of
the car whenever it comes dangerously close to any other vehicle up front, thereby
saving very many lives

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Since, Bluetooth devices are capable of communicating with eight other devices
simultaneously we can monitor and check the speeds of up to eight cars simultaneously,
thus preventing accidents. Thus, if we have two Bluetooth enabled devices in two cars the
devices automatically communicate with each other when they come in the range of up to
100 meters of each other. The range is dependent on the power class of the product. Power
transmission rates vary in many Bluetooth devices depending upon the power saving
features available in a particular unit, bandwidth requirements, transmission distance. The
statistics of road accidents is tremendous and highlights the need for such a system. The
following is a statistic on the number of road accidents occurring each year.
As India sees a sharp rise in sale of personal vehicles, it is witnessing another unfortunate
rise in number of deaths in road mishaps. It’s is estimated that around 1,05,000 deaths are
reported every year due to accidents by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its report
on “Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020”. The proposed model is devised to
reduce the number of road accidents it uses Bluetooth which is a short-range radio link
intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. Its key
features are robustness, low complexity, low cost and low power requirements. At any time
instant the, Bluetooth devices can communicate with eight other similar devices hence
8 cars enabled with Bluetooth can communicate with each other within a distance of 100
meters.
1.2 Block Diagram:
Power transmission rates vary in many Bluetooth devices depending upon the power saving
features available in a particular unit, bandwidth requirements and transmission distance.
The block diagram of the proposed idea is given in fig 1.1. We can use this feature of
Bluetooth to avoid accidents, when any car comes closer to the other than the specified
distance limit, the driver will be given warning about the same and the speed of the car will

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

be decreased only if the speed of the car or any other in the radius of 100 m is more than
40kmph. If the speed is less, then the driver will only be indicated about the nearby cars.

Fig 1.1 Block Diagram of the Proposed System

1.3 What Bluetooth Provides:

With “essential services” we here mean the services that ties in with traffic management
and other functions, as listed under “Requirements” . Adding these requirements to those
stated, it can be seen that the Bluetooth technology would be eminently suitable for the
tasks at hand. It so happens that the capabilities provided by Bluetooth fulfill all
requirements that we have on a well-functioning node-to-beam car Communication.
Bluetooth is expert on:
1. Having some units quickly locating other units within range
2. Dynamically establish communication sessions
3. Quickly exchange short bursts of information between moving units
4. Handling point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and broadcast communication

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

5. Handling electromagnetically noisy environments, if needed

6. Using call avoidance in place of call collision
7. Using error-correction to avoid re-transmission of garbled information.
In addition, Bluetooth has a host of other capabilities that we need not go into here.
Bluetooth has a few usage models for different kinds of use. For each usage model there
are one or more corresponding profiles, each defining protocol layers and functions to be
used. This is altogether a very complex setup, leading to a communication system that can
handle practically all communication needs between units that are not cable-connected. We
will detail further down which usage models and profiles we will use, and how they could
be used in Flyway. They are listed on Swede Tracks webpage
www.swedetrack.com/usblue4.htm.
The only environmental factors that can hamper Bluetooth performance are:
1. Loss of line-of-sight
2. Units getting out of range
3. Limits to piconet capacity
4. Electromagnetic interference.
One can note here that the first 3 items are solved by proper design. The limited piconet
capacity reflects the fact that a piconet cannot contain more than 8 active units at a time,
and the need for establishment of additional piconets in a given situation requires due
consideration. But a piconet can, in addition to these 8, have an unspecified number of so
called “parked” units. Electromagnetic interference also includes the fact that adjoining
piconets marginally can hamper each other performance and that other transmission
systems such as Pulse Amplitude Modulated UWB create interference.
1.4 The Bluetooth Transmission/Reception Characteristics:
 The frequency band is 2400 - 2483.5 MHz. (except in Japan, France and Spain).
 The nominal link range is 10 centimeters to 10 meters, but can be extended to
more than 100 meters for omni-directional transmission by increasing the transmit
power.
 Number of channels: 79 (except in Japan, France and Spain)

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

 Channel spacing is 1 MHz. In order to comply with out-of-band regulations in

each country, a guard band is used at the lower and upper band edge. These are 2
MHz and 3.5 MHz, respectively.
 Transmission speed: 1 Mbit/sec.
 Modulation: 2-level FSK
 The Modulation is GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) with a BT=0.5.
 Modulation index: 0.32 (must be between 0.28 and 0.35) +/- 160 kHz
 Frequency deviation: +/- 165 kHz
Receiver:
 RX sensitivity, -70dBm, IP 3, -16dBm, CP 1 dB, -6dBm
 Double-sided IF bandwidth,
 1.0MHz, C/I co-channel (0.1% BER),
 11dB, C/I 1MHz (0.1% BER),
 -8dB, C/I Š 2MHz (0.1% BER),
 -40dB, C/I AWGN (0.1% BER),
 18 dB, In-band image rejection, 20 dB.
Transmitter:
 TX power: nominal 0 dBm, optional range, -30 - +20 dBm
 Modulation index (no ISI) 0.28-0.35, TX carrier offset <75kHz
 Adjacent channel power (1MHz) -20 dBm
 Out of band spuriousness 50 dB
 Power control requirements: optional range -30 - +20 dB.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

CHAPTER – 2
BLUETOOTH

2.1 Bluetooth:
Bluetooth has been designed to operate in noisy radio frequency environments and uses a
fast acknowledgment and a frequency-hopping scheme to make the communications link
robust, communication-wise and to transmit a signal. Bluetooth radio modules avoid
interference from other signals by hopping to a new frequency after transmitting or
receiving a packet when compared with other systems operating in the same frequency
band, the Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and uses shorter packets. This is because
short packages and fast hopping limit the impact of microwave ovens and other sources of
disturbances. Use of Forwarding Error Correction (FEC) limits the impact of random noise
on long-distance links.
The communication is subjected to noise and interference, as the 2.4 GHz frequency is
shared between all the devices in piconet. By employing spectrum spreading the Bluetooth
specification the it hops among different frequencies very quickly. There are 79 hops
starting at 2.402 GHz and stopping at 2.480 GHz, each of which is displaced by 1 MHz
Bluetooth avoids interference by hopping around these 79 Frequencies 1600 times per
second. So in order to avoid it we use Bluetooth equipped car, in which each car has
Bluetooth transmitter and receiver. And every car should have minicomputer to monitor
the relative position of the car with the other car as shown in fig 2.1.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

Fig 2.1 Modulation Used in Bluetooth

At the 10 dB level, the range is 100 meters, meaning the equipment must be within 100
meters to each other (about 328 feet) to communicate using the Bluetooth standard. With
the help of this technology, we can send data to seven devices (cars). The group of eight
devices is known as piconet. Bluetooth uses master-slave configuration which is shown in
Figure 3. and Figure 4 shows the screen of the computer inside our car. Our car will monitor
seven.
2.2 Preference of Bluetooth over Radar and GPS:
The contemporary systems like radar takes at least 2 seconds to lock on, moreover large
targets closer to radar can saturate the receiver. While GPS on the other end is expensive
which is a major disadvantage. The features of GPS is limited to its instant updated in real
time models. GPS units that are not plugged into a power source, and rely on batteries,
which can drain quickly. This can increase the cost of owning a GPS unit significantly.
2.3 Proposed Model For Automatic Braking System:
The Bluetooth radio is a short distance, low power radio operating in the unlicensed
spectrum of 2.4 GHz and using a nominal antenna power of 20 dB. The modulation used
in Bluetooth is Gaussian frequency shift keying, in which zeros are represented by low
frequency and ones are represented by high frequency as shown in the figure.

6
Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

Fig 2.2 Master Slave Configuration Bluetooth

Fig 2.3 User’s Car Display

2.4 RFID:
Radio frequency identification is a technique used for tracking and identification of
obstacles using radio waves. It consists of readers & tags. Most of the RFID tags contain
an Integrated circuit for storing & processing the information and modulates and
demodulates the signal.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

Fig 2.4 Radio Frequency

There is a problem during overtaking. This can be solved as follows. In figure 5, the red
car wants to overtake the blue car. The red car driver just touches the car on the computer
that he wants to overtake. After receiving the signal, the blue car driver allows the red car
to go, after the acknowledgment signal is given by the blue car to the red car when any car
comes close together, Bluetooth device sends a warning signal to the car. Based on the type
of warning signal received, the computer sends a signal to the brake control system to slow
down the speed of the car.

Fig 2.5 Working of the System

There are various types of control signals. One type of signal controls the speed of the car
and the other type of control signal is to overtake the car which is moving forward. In
case of a signal or traffic jam, the user can just press the touch screen to let the
minicomputer know about it.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

CHAPTER - 3
OPERATION
3.1 Operation:
Because of traveling at high speeds there is a possibility of having accident. The figure 2
shows that when two cars or more come within the distance of 10 km at high speeds there
is a possibility of having accidents. The Bluetooth radio is a short distance, low power radio
operating in the unlicensed spectrum of 2.4 GHz and using a nominal antenna power of 20
dBm.

MINI COMPUTER INSIDE THE CAR

CAR
CAR
CAR

CAR CAR

CAR

CAR
CAR

Fig 3.1. Mini Computer inside the Car

At the 20 dB the range is 100 meters, meaning equipment must be Within 100 meters to
each other (about 328 feet) to communicate using the Bluetooth standard. With the help of
this technology we can send data to the eight devices. The group of eight devices is known
as piconet. Here we have a piconet and a scatternet, in the piconet M is the master and S1
to S7 are the slaves.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

M2 S2

M S1

M1/S
S S

M1
S1

S1/S3 S3

Fig 3.2 Master and Slave Operation

Radio communication is subjected to noise and interference, as the 2.4 GHz frequencies is
shared between the all device in piconet. So the Bluetooth specification has solved this
problem by employing what is called as spectrum spreading, in which the Bluetooth radio
hops among different frequencies very quickly. There are 79 hops starting at 2.402 GHz
and stopping at 2.480 GHz, each of which is displaced by 1 MHz. The Bluetooth avoids
interference by hoping around these 79 frequencies 1600 times per second. So in order to
avoid it we use bluetooth equipped car, in which each car have bluetooth transmitter and
receiver. And the every car should have mini computer to monitor the relative position of
the car with the other car. The Bluetooth radio is a short distance, low power radio operating
in the unlicensed spectrum of 2.4 GHz and using a nominal antenna power of 20 dB. The
modulation used in Bluetooth is Gaussian frequency shift keying, in which zeros are
represented by low frequency and ones are represented by high frequency as shown in the
figure.

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 Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

Fig 3.3 How does the PC Card Receives

When any car comes close together Bluetooth device sends warning signal to the car. Based
on the type of warning signal received the computer sends signal to the brake control
system to slow down the speed of the car. There are two types of control signals. First type
of signal control the speed of the car and the second type of signal is to overtake the car
which is moving forward.
3.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CAR:

Fig 3.4 Schematic Diagram of Car

 DRUM BRAKES:
A drum brake is a brake that uses friction caused by a set of shoes or pads that press
outward against a rotating cylinder-shaped part called a brake drum.
The term drum brake usually means a brake in which shoes press on the inner surface of
the drum. When shoes press on the outside of the drum, it is usually called a clasp brake. Where
the drum is pinched between two shoes, similar to a conventional disc brake, it is sometimes
called a pinch drum brake, though such brakes are relatively rare. A related type called a band
brake uses a flexible belt or "band" wrapping around the outside of a drum.

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 Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

 EMERGENCY BRAKES:
The emergency brake bypasses your vehicle's hydraulic brake system to lock the wheels
in place. This mechanical system uses cables that are attached to the emergency brake lever.
When engaged on cars with drum brakes, the cables pull another lever that puts pressure on the
brake shoes to hold the vehicle.
 MASTER CYLINDER:
The master cylinder, also known as the master brake cylinder, converts the pressure on the
brake pedal to hydraulic pressure by feeding brake fluid into the brake circuit and controlling this
according to the mechanical force...

 PEDAL:
The master cylinder transmits hydraulic pressure to the slave cylinder when the pedal is
pressed. When you push the brake pedal it depresses a piston in the master cylinder , forcing fluid
along the pipe. The fluid travels to slave cylinders at each wheel and fills them, forcing pistons
out to apply the brakes.
 BOOSTER:
A brake booster, also known as a 'brake servo' or 'vacuum booster', does exactly as the
name suggests, it helps to 'boost' the performance of the brakes. A brake booster makes it easier
for the driver to brake by increasing the force exerted without the need for additional force
applied on the foot pedal.
 COMBO VALVE:
A Brake Combination Valve is exactly what it sounds like. It is a single unit that performs
multiple functions. Its job is to achieve Balanced Braking.Combination valves are often just
called “proportioning valves.” However, in reality, they do more. They are usually installed on
vehicles with front disc and rear drum brakes.

 LINES:
The brake lines play a key role in your vehicle's overall brake performance and function,
allowing your car to turn pedal pressure into stopping power. Most cars feature hydraulic brake
systems, which use fluid to transfer the pressure applied by your foot to the brake. This is where
your brake lines come into play.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

CHAPTER - 4
AUTOMATIC BRAKE SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction:
The automatic brake system is the next generation braking system for controlling the speed
of the car. On receiving the control signal from the traveling car the computer inside the
car manipulates the signal and gives control signal to the braking system.
There are four main components to an automatic braking system:
 Speed Sensors
 Pump
 Valves
 Controller

Fig 4.1 Automatic Braking Pump and Valves

4.2 Automatic Braking Pump and Valves:

The computer constantly monitors the distance between each of these cars and when it
senses that the car is getting too close it moves the hydraulic valves to increase the pressure
on the braking circuit, effectively increasing the braking force on the wheels. if the distance
between two vehicle is within the 100m the Bluetooth devices get enabled and if the
distance come closer within 10m the automatic braking system takes the control. After the
speed of the car is reduced and distance increased the hydraulic valves decreases the
pressure on the braking circuit, thus effectively decrease the braking force on the wheels.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

The following steps show the various functions of the hydraulic valves:
 In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right
through to the brake.
 In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master
cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the
brake pedal harder.
 In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.
4.3 Anti-lock Braking System:
Since data is transferred over radio waves using Bluetooth, it is much easier for a intruder
to break into the secure wireless networks formed by the interlinking network of cars.
Thus, if this happens then anyone can tamper with the settings and this could lead to
accidents. The idea is to use encryption algorithms in order to send the data which will
provide security and act as an obstacle for hackers to tamper with the control of the car.
Data Transfer Rate is the data sent between two Bluetooth devices has a maximum transfer
speed of one megabyte per second.
4.4 QUESTIONS OF SECURITY:
Since data is transferred over radio waves using Bluetooth, it is much easier for a hacker
to break into the secure wireless networks. Thus, if this happens then anyone can tamper
with the settings and this could lead to accidents. Solution: we can use various encryption
algorithms in order to send the data which will provide security and act as an obstacle for
hackers to tamper with the control of the car. Data Transfer Rate is the data sent between
two Bluetooth devices has a maximum transfer speed of one megabyte per second. The
slow transfer speed makes Bluetooth not an ideal choice for data transfer when faster
connection methods are available. Solution: The data being transferred is approximately 1
megabyte so the speed is not a matter of concern. Moreover, the driver will be signaled at
an appropriate distance thus a delay of few seconds will not effect.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

CHAPTER - 5

REPRESENTATION OF OUR IDEA

5.1 Introduction:
In the figure, when car A and car B come within the range of 100m both the Bluetooth
devices get enabled and if any one of the car comes too fast then the bluetooth device sends
a warning signal to the other car and it processes the signal and gives it to the automatic
braking system.

Sends warning signal Receives signal and control the speed of

Within 10m

Fig 5.1 Shows the what happen when two cars comes within the 10m

As of this writing, no other known system can match Bluetooth for the task at hand. When
talking about electronic exchange of information, one can differentiate between:
a) Technology (such as cable types, antennas, etc.)
b) Transmission media (such as optical, wave-carried or electronic)
c) Communication protocols (such as TCP/IP, etc.)
These three components are of course complementary on each other. One needs at least
one component from each group to get a complete, functioning system. Bluetooth is such
a complete system, where antennas, media and protocols are clearly specified. All
components are designed to work specifically with the other components, forming an
integrated whole.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

5.2 Can Other Solution Compete:

Theoretical alternatives to Bluetooth could be:
1) Using waveguides with a slit along their length, allowing antennas on the vehicles to use
the electro-magnetic leakage field.
2) Using directional mobile and stationary antennas inside the beams.
3) VDL MODE 4 by Swedish inventor Hakim Lenz, which is now established as
international standard for guiding and keeping track of aircrafts.
4) Using the beam itself as a beam guide, with the vehicle antennas travelling inside.
5) Using Wi-Fi or UWB, which also are based on the 802.11 recommendation.
6) Using "Paulson" ́s solution, involving pulse-modulated information freely transmitted
by stationary and moving antennas inside the beams.
7) Using ordinary FM-transmitters and receivers inside the beams, mobile on the vehicles
and stationary at strategic places.
8) Using ordinary GSM, same as is used in many subway systems, with long antennas
inside the beams.
9) Using antennas mounted on the vehicle cabins and ordinary allotted mobile-telephone
frequencies entirely outside of the beams.
Advantages:
 Less Downtime. If you're used to using a mechanical brake system, we don't have
to tell you just how long the entire process takes.
 Lower Maintenance Costs.
 Control Braking Speed.
 Improve Safety.
 Increase Capabilities.
 Find Your New Braking System Today.
 It Reduces the Accident rate.
 It gives the alert to driver.
 Braking is smooth and jerks less.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

 Bluetooth is fast as compared to mechanical braking

Disadvantages:
 Every car must and should have Bluetooth to communicate with each other.
 Due to automatic barking system the throttle valve get damage.
 The automatic braking system is somewhat costlier.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

CHAPTER - 6
CONCLUSION

The Bluetooth technology is being widely adopted by the industry leaders. The possibility
for new applications is very exciting with this versatile technology. It provides a simple,
logical answer to all the Problems which is built a single common radio into every mobile
computer then neither do companies have to worry about WAN, nor do communication
companies need to worry about building external cables.
The Bluetooth communication device will thus be a small, low powered radio in a chip that
will talk to other Bluetooth enabled products. Bluetooth has been designed to solve a
number of connectivity problems experienced by the mobile workers & consumers. Thus,
this technology helps make the electronic devices more user friendly and helps address
various other problems like accidents.

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Bluetooth Enabled Braking System For Accident Prevention

REFERENCE
 Mr. S.G.Kerk (2005), “An AMR Study In An Indian Utility” (IEEE) Power
Engineering Conference, IPEC 2005 .
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system.
 Howstuffworks.com/Bluetooth.
 Theodore S. Rappaport, wireless communication Principles.
 http://www.statisticbrain.com/car-crash-fatality-statistics-2/.

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