A Seminar Report

On
AUTO PILOT MODE TECHNOLOGY
Submitted to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the
Award of Degree Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY

V. HARITHA NAYANA
(188H1A0487)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
S. NAGESWARARAO, M. Tech Asst Prof

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

M.V.R College of Engineering & Technology

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada
Approved by AICTE, Recognized by Govt. of AP)
Paritala, Krishna Dist., PIN – 521180, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2021-2022

1
 DECLARATION
The Technical Seminar Report entitled “AUTO PILOT
MODE TECHNOLOGY”is a record of bondifide work of V.
HARITHA NAYANA submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of
B. Tech in Electronics and Communications Engineering to the
MVR College of Engineering & Technology. The results embodied in
this report have not been copied from any other
departments/University/Institute.

V. HARITHA NAYANA
(188H1A0487)

2
 MVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
PARITALA-521180.

Certificate
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar Report entitled AUTO PILOT
MODE TECHNOLOGY and recorded in this journal is the bondifide work done by
Mr./Miss/Mrs. V. HARITHA NAYANA registered No(188H1A0487) of Bachelor of
technology for year 2022 semester IV-II in the branch of Electronics and
Communications Engineering during the academic year 2021-2022.

Internal guide Head of the Department

External Guide

3
 Acknowledgement
I extend my sincere thanks to MR. K. SRINIVASA RAO M. TECH, M. I.
S.T.E Head of the Department for providing me with the guidance and facilities for
the Seminar.

I express my sincere gratitude to S. NAGESWARARAO, M. TECH ASST.

PROF guidance for preparing and presenting this seminar.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGNEERING department and my
friends for their support and encouragement.

V. HARITHA NAYANA

(188H1A0487)

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 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1

CHAPTER 1
1 Introduction 2
CHAPTER 2:
2.0 Components of auto mode technology in
Vehicles 3
2.1 Radars 3
2.2 sensors 6
6
2.3 Global Positioning system
8
2.4 Position sensor 8
2.5 Cameras 8

CHAPTER 3:
3.0 Working principle of auto piolet mode 10
technology in vehicle
3.1 Block diagram of auto pilot made technology in 10
vehicles 17
CHAPTER 4:
4.1 Application of auto pilot made technology In 11
vehicles 11
4.2 Military Applications 11
4.3 Transportations in the hazardous place 11
4.4 Shipping 11
4.5 Taxi Services 12
4.6 Public transportation 12

CHAPTER 5:
5.0 Advantages of auto pilot mode technology in
vehicles 14

5.1 Safety 14
5.2 Impact on traffic
14
5.3 Fuel economy 15
5.4 Time costs 15
15
CHAPTER 6:
6.0 Disadvantages of auto pilot mode technology in 16
vehicles

CHAPTER 7:
7.0 Implementation of auto pilot mode technology in
vehicles 17

7.1 How it works 17

7.2 What tesla plans to do with the auto pilote 18
19
CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 9 : REFERENCES 20

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 6 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

ABSTRACT

The main control circuit is based upon Node Mcu microcontroller. Programming of this device is
done in the manner that the LDR sensor, in accordance with the detection of the sun rays, will
provide direction to the DC Motor that in which way the solar panel is going to revolve. Through
this, the solar panel is positioned in such a manner that the maximum amount of sun rays could be
received. In comparison with the other motors, DC motor is the simplest and the suave one, the
torque of which is high and speed of which is slow enough. We can program it for changing the
direction notwithstanding the fact that it rotates only in one direction subject to exception as far as
programming is concerned. 1985, first time ever it was witnessed for production of the silicon solar
cells with an efficiency of 20%. Though a hike in the efficiency of the solar panel had a handsome
increase still perfection was a far-fetched goal for it. Below 40%, most of the panels still hover to
operate. Consequently, peoples are compelled to purchase a number of panels in order to meet their
energy demands or purchase single systems with large outputs. Availability of the solar cells types
with higher efficiencies is on provided they are too costly to purchase. Ways to be accessed for
increasing solar panel efficiencies are a plethora in number still one of the ways to be availed for
accomplishing the said purpose while reducing costs, is tracking. Tracking helps in the wider
projection of the panel to the Sun with increased power output. It could be dual or single axis tracker.

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 7 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

CHAPTER:-1
INTRODUCTION
This Auto pilot mode Technology is a research project. By implementing this technology in
vehicles enables it to self-drive in the highway roads without the control of the humans. This
technology creates a new revolution in the Automobile and transport field. It helps the user to save
their valuable time which is wasted while driving and it is not necessary for the drivers to be always
seated in the driver seat except the places, where the signals and road counters present. Many
accidents are occurred due to the carelessness of the drivers. This can be avoided by implementing
this Autopilot mode technology. In this technology many advanced equipment’s are going to be
used to make a safe journey. This Autopilot mode technology is going to be created by the
combination of various departments in Engineering. But among these departments of Engineering
four departments are going to play a major role.They are Mechanical, Electronics, Information
Technology and Computer science departments. Mechanical department is going to take care of all
the mechanical movements of the vehicle. Electronics department take care of the fetching of
programs made by the programmers in the controlling unit and for its proper functioning.
Information technology and computer science departments are going to be the back bone of this
technology. Programs made by the programmers are going to be responsible for the working
conditions of the control unit.[1]

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 8 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

CHAPTER:-2
COMPONENTS OF AUTOPILOT MODE TECHNOLOGY IN VEHICLES

This technology contains five major components. They are,

RADARS:
Radar is an object detection system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather
formations, and terrain. The term RADAR is defined as radio detection and ranging. A radar
system has a transmitter that emits radio waves. When they come into contact with an object they are
scattered in all directions. The signal is thus partly reflected back and it has a slight change of
wavelength (and thus frequency) if the target is moving. The optimal range can be fixed as
50m.The receiver is usually, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the signal returned is
usually very weak, the signal can be amplified through use of electronic techniques in the receiver
and in the antenna configuration. This enables radar to detect objects at ranges where other emissions
from the target object, such as sound or visible light, would be too weak to detect.

Fig. 2.1: RADAR Electromagnetic Waves

From the above picture it has been observed that the radar signals are transmitted and readings of
the detected object is received by the reflected signals from it in front of the car. By the radar
readings the control unit automatically accelerates and de-accelerates the car. In case object in
front of the car moving slowly means then the control unit will go for the “overtaking” mode.

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 9 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

Fig. 2.2: Overtaking

Before overtaking it is necessary to analyses what might go wrong while overtaking. This mode
will find the possible direction and space to overtake the object in the front to move ahead. How
this process works means; at first the signal from the front radar is obtained that, object is present
in the front of the car. Now the radar will analyze whether it is possible to overtake. If it is possible
means the vehicle will try to overtake.

Fig. 2.3: Before Overtaking

There is a possibility for the vehicle to hit the object while steering left during overtakes. A
constant signal of 90 degree is obtained from the front radar detecting that an object is present in
left.

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 10 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

Fig. 2.4: Steering Left During Overtakes

After the front radar crossed the vehicle, readings will start to come from the rear radar.
This will indicate that the object is still present and now cannot steer left. A constant reading will
be taken from the rear radar as 90 degree. This will not change until the rear radar crosses the
object.When the back radar crossed the object the angle 90 degree will start to increase. This
detects that the car had crossed the object. A particular degree is denoted in the program, when the
vehicle has to steer. 110 degree is enough to steer the vehicle safely.

Fig. 2.5: Front Radar Crossed the Vehicle

Thus the overtake mode is achieved successfully. This is how the process is going to work. Radars
cannot detect the road condition as it is kept at the bumper of the car. So, separate sensors are kept
near the wheel to detect the road conditions. [1]

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 11 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

Fig. 2.6: Overtake Mode Is Achieved

2.1 : SENSORS:
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instrument. Here sensors are kept near the front wheel there by
focusing the road as shown at an angle of 160 degree.The sensor will always focus the road like a
stick from the car. A constant reading will be provided from the sensor to the control unit. When the
angle changes due to any speed breaker or road damage, the sensor will automatically makes the
control unit to slow down the car. If the value crosses the critical value the car will be stopped
immediately because, there may be any hugedamage. [2]

2.2: GPS [Global Positioning System]:

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is space based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that
provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is
an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. GPS receiver calculates its position
by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellite high above the Earth. Each satellite
continually transmits messages that include• the time the message was transmitted• precise orbital
information (the ephemeris) the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the
almanac). The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message
and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances

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 12 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on
which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed,
perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be
included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated
from position changes. Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space
has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed.However, even a very
small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light — the speed at which satellite
signals propagate — results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more
satellites to solve for the receiver‟s location and time. The very accurately computed time is
effectively hidden by most GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized
GPS applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal timing,
and synchronization of cell phone base stations. Although four satellites are required for
normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a
receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may
have known elevation. [1]

Fig. 2.7: GPS [Global Positioning System]

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 13 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

2.2 : POSITION SENSOR:

A position sensor is any device that permits position measurement Here we use a
rotary encoder also called a shaft encoder, is an electro-mechanical device that converts the
angular position or motion of a shaft or axle to an analog or digital code. The output of i n cr e
ment a l encoders provides information about the motion of the shaft which is typically
further processed elsewhere into information such as speed, distance, RPM and position. The
output of absolute encoders indicates the current position of the shaft, making them angle
transducers. Rotary encoders are used in many applications that require precise shaft unlimited
rotation—including industrial controls, robotics, special purpose photographic lenses,
computer input devices (such as opto mechanical mice and trackballs), and rotating radar
platforms. [1]

Fig. 2.8: Position Sensor

2.3 : CAMERAS:
Go o gle ha s us e d t hr e e t yp e s of c ar - mou nt ed c am e r as in t he p as t to t ak e
s tre e t view p hot o gra phs . Gen er at ion 1 - 3 w er e us ed to t ake phot o gr ap hs inU
n i t ed St at e s . T he f i r s t generation was quickly superseded and images were replaced with
images taken with 2nd and 3rdgeneration cameras. Second generation cameras were used to
take photographs in Australia. The shadows caused by the 1st, 2nd and 4 t h

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 14 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

generation cameras are occasionally viewable in images taken in mornings and evenings.
The new 4th generation cameras will be used to completely replace all images taken with earlier
generation cameras. 4th generation cameras take near-HD images and deliver much better quality
than earlier cameras. [1]

Fig. 2.9: Cameras

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 15 Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

CHAPTER:-3
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AUTOPILOT MODE
TECHNOLOGY IN VEHICLES

Fig, 3.1: Block Diagram of Autopilot Mode Technology in Vehicles

This technology depends up on the components which are represented above. First the compact
map path to the place where the user wants to go is selected on the GPS maps in the display unit.
When the user starts the engine all the equipment‟s will take positioning. The readings are obtained
from the radar every second. It detects the objects at the limit of 180‟ angle and continuously feed
the control unit there by moving the vehicle in safe and proper directions. Control unit is built with
a lot of conditions that makes the vehicle to move in the possible safe directions according to the
readings from the radar, sensor and GPS maps.Here 50% of the job is done by the radar
equipment‟s and rest of the job is done by the advanced GPS mapping to make a safe journey.
Separate signals are obtained from the sensors which are kept at the bottom of the car straight to the
wheel to detect the speed breakers and road damages which help the vehicle to de-accelerate in the
speed breaker and damaged road areas. Advanced GPS mapping technology makes the car to
remain in the Indian rule of “keep left”. It synchronizes the vehicle and the road. This only helps
the vehicle to turn properly during the curves. Same set of the equipment‟s is fixed on the rear side
of the vehicle to avoid other vehicles to hit the user‟s vehicle during de-acceleration, curves and
overtaking.[3]

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CHAPTER:-4
APPLICATIONS OF AUTOPILOT MODE TECHNOLOGY IN
VEHICLES
4.1 : Intelligent transporting
Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic management systemssuch as
car navigation, traffic signal control system, container management system variable message signs,
automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor applications, suchas security CCTV
systems; and to more advanced applications that integrate live data and feedback from number of
other sources, such as parking guidance and information systems, weather information, bridge
deicing systems, and the like.Additionally, predictive techniques are being developed modeling and
comparison with historical baseline data this technology will be a revolutionary step in intelligent
transportation.

4.2 : Military applications

Automated navigation system with real time decision making capability of the system makes it
more applicable in war fields and other military applications

4.3 : Transportation in the hazardous places

The complete real time decision making capability and sensor guided navigation will leadsto replace
the human drivers in hazardous place transportation

4.4 : Shipping
Autonomous vehicles will have a huge impact on the land shipping industry. One way to
transport goods on land is by freight trucks. There are thousands of freight trucks on the road
everyday driving for multiple days to reach their destination. All of these trucks are driven by a
paid employee of a trucking company. If the trucks were able to drive on their own, a person to
move the v ehicl e from one point to another is no longer needed . T he truck is also able
to drive to their destination without having to stop to sleep, eat, or anything besides more fuel.
All that is necessary is someone to load t he

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vehicle and some one to unload the vehicle . Th is would s av e t r ucking companies a very
large amount of money, but it would also put thousands of people out of jobs. These people
would have to find and learn a new profession as driving a freight truck is a full time job with little
time spent at home to learn how to do another profession. This is potentially life ruining
for many employees in this industry.

4.5: Taxi Services

Anot her business that would be strongly affected is taxi services . It is as solely on
driving someone around who does not have a car or does not want to drive. Then an
employee is dispatched to go and pick up the person and bring them to their destination.
This type of service could lower the number of vehicles on the road because not everyone
would have to own a car, people could call to request an autonomous car to bring them around.
Taxis also drive around cities and wait in busy are as for people to request a cab. A taxi
service comprised completely of autonomous vehicles could be started. A person can call in and
request to be picked up and then be brought to their destination for a fee. There could be
autonomous taxis waiting in designated areas for people to come and use them. Many taxi drivers
need the job because they are unable to perform other jobs for various reasons. The need for a
human in the service goes away almost completely. This is another example of a large amount
of people being removed from their jobs because of autonomous vehicles being able to
perform the task without the need of an extra person.

4.6:Public Transportation
Various forms of public transportation are controlled by a human operator. Whether it is on a
bus, in a train, subway, streetcar, or shuttle, there is a person sitting in the driver‟s seat and they
are controlling what the vehicle is doing. For trains and other rail-based transportation, it is a
simpler process more involved with accelerating and decelerating the train from and into
stops with no concern over keeping in a lane. However, on a bus or shuttle, a person must follow
rules, watch the actions of other drivers and pedestrians, keep the bus in lane, and make sure they
stop at every bus station. These are many tasks that one person must be able to handle and react to
and control at the same time. In the early stages of implementation,

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it would most likely keep the driver behind the wheel as a safeguard in case there is a problem
with the system. The driver would also be needed in the beginning in order for the general
public to trust it at first. As the life of the autonomous vehicle systems progresses,bus drivers
would no longer be needed as the system would be able to perform all of the required tasks. It is
a simple job of following a specific route and stopping at designated points. The problems would
arise from actions of other vehicles in the area. The most ideal situation is when the autonomous
vehicle systems have matured to the point that nearly every vehicle on the road is autonomously
driven. This would allow for information exchange between vehicles so they can know the planned
moves and choices that another vehicle in the environment will make. In the end, drivers will no
longer be needed to run the bus transit system. This would bring about a large savings for the
transit companies that employ all of the bus drivers.[4]

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CHAPTER:-5
ADVANTAGES AUTOPILOT MODE TECHNOLOGY INVEHICLES
5.1 : Safety
Safet y issue s have t he most serious impact on daily life out of all the transport at ion
problems. Traffic accidents have colossal negative effects on economy. Traveling by car is
currently the most deadly form of transportation, with over a million deaths annually
worldwide. For this reason, the majority of the research projects in the transportation sector
concentrate on developing safety systems. Implementation of autonomous vehicles can greatly
reduce the number of crashes, since 90 percent of the traffic accidents are caused by human error.
Intelligent safety systems that are currently in use have already proven their success in helping
drivers avoid accidents. According to EUROSTAT data, the number of road fatalities in the
EU has been reduced from 56,027 to28,849 people per year between the years of 1991 and
2010.5 This data indicates a reduction of about 30 percent, which reflects the better safety
performance of recent vehicles when compared to previous vehicle generations.

5.2 : Impacts on Traffic

With the introduction of a fully autonomous vehicle, traffic flow would drastically change. Traffic is
currently a nuisance to drivers all over the world. In the early stages of implementation to the
highway system there would be a combination of autonomously driven vehicles and
human controlled vehicles. This could cause some confusion and problems concerning the
reaction of motorists to the driver less vehicles and how well the autonomous vehicles can
integrate into traffic flow. The autonomous vehicles would be following all traffic laws while
human drivers have the choice to break the law. As time progresses and the autonomous car
becomes a more commonly used vehicle on the road, traffic would become far less congested.
Cars would be able to seamlessly merge into moving traffic and then exit the highway just as
easily. With the reduction of traffic, t here is a chance that there could be economic
improvements. Vehicles could be designed to optimize fuel usage at common speeds used on the
road.

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The speed limit could be increased because there is no longer any concern with human error, and
the vehicle would know how to control its situation on the road. Also, with less stop and go
traffic, average fuel economy would be improved. Vehicles are also following each other
consistently which would help with fuel usage as well.

5.3 : Fuel economy

Autonomous vehicles will eliminate ineffective speeding up and braking, operating at an
opt immune performance level in order to achieve best possible fuel efficiency. Even if the
fuel efficiency achieved by the autonomous vehicles were1 percent better, this would result in
billions of dollars of savings in the US alone. It is possible to obtain superior fuel efficiency as a
result of the implementation of autonomous safety systems . Total savings that can be
achieved by the increased fuel efficiency can be calculated by making some assumptions such as,
10% as a result of more efficient driving• 5% as a result of cars being 300 pounds lighter on
average• 10% as a result of more efficient traffic flow According to the assumptions made above,
the implementation autonomous vehicles will result into fuel savings of 25 percent, which is rough
estimate.

5.4 : Time Costs

The phrase „time is money‟ is true for most situations in modern life and the monetary value of
time is increasing every day. Using automated cars could save considerable amount of time in a
person‟s life, especially if the person resides in a busy city. Even if the time savings were
not considered as having monetary value, having more time for leisure activities
would raise our life standards . Lowering the amount of time lost will also enable
people to be on time And m o re dynamic, resulting in a significant improvement in work
efficiency. One of the biggest advantages of this technology will be the elimination of traffic
problems in cities, which are at the top of the most frustrating problems list for most people. By
enabling a smoother traffic flow, the new system will be saving a lot of time which can be used for
work or leisure.[5]

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CHAPTER:-6
DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOPILOT MODE TECHNOLOGY INVEHICLES

1. If the vehicle is in a residential area without a drawn center divider between the lanes, the
system will not be able to exceed the posted speed limit by more than five miles per hour.
The car can also decide to drive slower, if certain conditions demand it. Tesla recommends
the Autopilot for highway use, but users have shown it can operate on country roads. This
is one of the limitations of the Autopilot feature at the moment.
2. Human behavior such as hand signals are difficult for a computer to understand.
3. Reading human road signs is challenging for a robot.
4. There are problems currently with autonomous vehicles operating in certain types of
weather. Heavy rain interferes with roof-mounted laser sensors, and snow can interfere
with its cameras.
5. Truck drivers and taxi drivers will lose their jobs, as autonomous vehicles take over.[5]

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CHAPTER:-7
IMPLIMENTATION OF AUTOPILOT MODE TECHNOLOGYIN VEHICLES

Fig. 7.1: Tesla Model S P85D 2015

7.1 How it Works?
The Tesla Model S features 12 long-range ultrasonic sensors, arranged to “sense” everything
around the vehicle on a range of 16 feet (4.8 meters) in any direction and at any speed. The model
also comes with a forward radar, a front camera, high-precision GPS, and a system that combines
the data from all of the mentioned devices to form a virtual image of the road ahead. Since the
vehicle has a fully digital instrument cluster, the latter displays what the car “sees” in real
time.Thanks to the self-learning feature, every Tesla with the Autopilot system tells the car maker in
real time about the issues it encountered, and potential bugs get fixed before other users can be
affected by them. No automaker in the world has implemented a feature like this in its self-driving or
semi-autonomous vehicles, but Google does collect data in a similar way. Unfortunately for
Google, Tesla was first at this, and history has shown that only the first gets remembered. There is an
exception to this history rule, as the one that does something better than everyone else might be
remembered on the long term instead of the one that did it first.

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According to those who tested the Autopilot feature, the display of what the car detects helps the
human with “peace of mind,” as the operator can rest assured that the car “sees” things that are
around it and assesses potential dangers. The relaxing part does not mean you can sleep or use your
phone, because the human is still responsible for the driving part, but the vehicle can do the driving
with the person as its supervisor, ready to step in if things go wrong.[6]

7.1 : What Tesla Plans To Do With The Autopilot?

According to Elon Musk‟s statements, Tesla is three years away from offering the “Summon”
feature capable of driving a car from the West Coast to the East Coast or the other wayround. Since
this company has shown impressive progress when compared to other carmakers, we believe there is
a chance this can happen, but not necessarily in the time frame mentioned by Musk.We believe that
Tesla can provide a car able to drive coast to coast and charge itself along the way because it
already proved that it can expand its network to a degree where driving an electric car across the
United States of America in a reasonable time is no longer an incredible feat. Tesla customers can
do this now because of the carmaker‟s efforts in developing the “Supercharger” network, which is
also free to use for the owners of the higher capacity versions of the Model S.Even if Tesla does not
significantly improve its system - which it unmistakably will - the Californian Company has
developed a self-driving solution that makes life easier for those with long commutes. It also helps
when drivers are drowsy, or after a stressful day at the office.[6]

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CHAPTER:-8
CONCLUSION

By implementing this Autopilot mode technology will surely reduce the occurrences of road
accidents by a considerable value. In the future, the wide acceptance of this technology will create
an “Accident free world”.first time ever it was witnessed for production of the silicon solar cells with
an efficiency of 20%. Though a hike in the efficiency of the solar panel had a handsome increase
still perfection was a far-fetched goal for it. Below 40%, most of the panels still hover to operate.
Consequently, peoples are compelled to purchase a number of panels in order to meet their energy
demands or purchase single systems with large outputs. Availability of the solar cells types with
higher efficiencies is on provided they are too costly to purchase. Ways to be accessed for
increasing solar panel efficiencies are a plethora in number still one of the ways to be availed for
accomplishing the said purpose while reducing costs, is tracking. Tracking helps in the wider
projection of the panel to the Sun with increased power output. It could be dual or single axis tracker.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, JCE Belgaum

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CHAPTER:-9
REFERENCES

1. http://www.seminarsonly.com/mech%20&%20auto/auto-pilot-mode-technology-
in- vehicles.php
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car
3. https://www.trafficsafetystore.com/blog/autonomous-car-technology/
4. https://www.scribd.com/doc/61845742/robotic-car-seminar-report
5. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/teslas-new-autopilot-may-seem-lame-critical-reboot/

Department of Mechanical Engineering, JCE Belgaum

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, JCE Belgaum

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