database:

papers
flat files
database

sql:
data manipulation language(dml)
update
delete
insert
merge
data defintion language(ddl)
create
alter
drop
truncate
rename
data query language(dql)
select
transaction control language(tcl)
commit
rollback
savepoint
data control language(dcl)
grant
revoke

data types:
number
char
date

char:
it used to store fixed length laphanumeric data
in bytes maximum limit upto 2000 bytes
syntax:
columnname char(maximum size);

SQL> create table arun2(name char(10));

Table created.

SQL> desc arun2;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
NAME CHAR(10)

note:
when we are try to store less no of bytes comapared
to allocated,then oracle server server automatically
adding blank spaces in place of remaining bytes
to overcome this probelm we are using varchar2 data type