CONTENTS

1. Introduction 8. Symptoms
2. Origin 9. Diagnosis
3. Types 10. Treatment
4. Causative agents 11. Prophylaxis
5. Mode of infection
6. Incubation period
7. Risk groups
 01
INTRODUCTiON
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Inflammation is
swelling that happens when tissues of the body are
injured or infected. It can damage your liver. This swelling
and damage can affect how well your liver functions.
Hepatitis can be an acute (short-term) infection or a
chronic (long-term) infection. Some types of hepatitis
cause only acute infections. Other types can cause both
acute and chronic infections.

Approximately 1.3 million people die annually from viral

hepatitis worldwide. These deaths are predominantly
associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC) resulting from chronic infections with hepatitis B
virus and hepatitis C virus as well as hepatitis and liver
failure resulting from acute infections with hepatitis A virus
and hepatitis E virus. Worldwide, approximately 5% of
people infected with HBV are simultaneously infected with
hepatitis delta virus (HDV).
ORIGIN 02
Viral hepatitis was previously described as epidemic jaundice and has been
known to exist since ancient civilizations. The contagious nature of the illness
was suspected even in the 8th century AD. Records from major military
campaigns from the 18th to 20th centuries, including the American Civil War
and the First and Second World Wars, reported that campaign jaundice caused
significant morbidity of the troops and impacted war strategies. The first
descriptions of hepatitis (epidemic jaundice) are generally attributed to
Hippocrates.

Epidemiological observations from research in the late 19th century, including

human experimentation in the 20th century, led to the gradual identification of
an infectious hepatitis agent transmitted by oral-fecal transmission [known
later as Hepatitis A virus (HAV)] and a serum hepatitis agent transmitted by
inoculation or transfusion of serum, blood or plasma.

Not until the 1960s was one of the causative agents of serum hepatitis, the
hepatitis B virus (HBV), discovered. Further research led to the discovery of
additional hepatitis viruses (HCV, HDV, HEV, HGV).
03 Types of Hepatitis
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes hepatitis B. Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis
Hepatitis A is the result of an
This is often an ongoing, chronic condition. The C virus (HCV). HCV is among the
infection with the hepatitis A
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention most common bloodborne viral
virus (HAV). This type of
estimates that around 257 million people infections and typically presents as a
hepatitis is an acute, short-
worldwide are living with chronic hepatitis B long-term condition.
term disease.

Hepatitis D
This is a rare form of hepatitis that only occurs in
conjunction with hepatitis B infection.Globally, HDV
affects almost 5 percent of people with chronic
hepatitis B.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is a waterborne disease that results
from exposure to the hepatitis E virus (HEV).
Hepatitis E is usually acute but can be particularly
dangerous in pregnant women.
 04
CAUSATIVE
AGENTS
Hepatitis A:
It is caused by Hepatitis A
virus (HAV), which is a non-
enveloped virus, 27–32 nm
in size and contains a linear,
single-stranded, positive-
sense RNA enclosed in a
capsid. HAV belongs to the
genus Hepatovirus within the
Picornaviridae family. HAV
was first discovered in 1972.
Hepatitis B:
It is caused by Hepatitis B virus
(HBV), which has a spherical,
double-shelled structure 42 nm
in diameter. It is a species of the
genus Orthohepadnavirus and a
member of the Hepadnaviridae
family of viruses. The hepatitis B
virus was discovered in 1965 by
Dr. Baruch Blumberg who won
the Nobel Prize for his discovery.
Hepatitis C:
It is caused by HCV, which is a small,
enveloped, positive single-stranded
RNA virus that belongs to the
Flaviviridae family, genus Hepacivirus.
It is 56-65 nm in diameter. The HCV
was discovered in 1989. The credit of
discovery of HCV goes to Michael
Houghton, Harvey Alter, and Charles
Rice for which they are awarded 2020
Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Hepatitis D:
It is caused by Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
is a small 36 nm single-stranded
negative sense RNA virus that
requires the presence of hepatitis B
virus (HBV) for its assembly and
replication. It belongs to Kolmioviridae
family and genus Deltavirus. It was
discovered in 1977 by Dr. Mario
Rizzetto and associates
Hepatitis E:
It is cause by HEV, which is a small
non-enveloped virus with a size of
27–34 nm and is classified as a
Hepevirus in the family Hepeviridae.
Hepatitis E was first recognised
during an epidemic of hepatitis,
which occurred in Kashmir Valley in
1978.
 Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis D virus
05
 06
INCUBATION
PERIOD
 The incubation The incubation The
The period of the The
period for incubation
average hepatitis B virus
hepatitis C incubation
ranges from 30 to period
incubation 180 days.The virus ranges from 2 period for following
period for may be detected weeks to 6 Hepatitis D
within 30 to 60 months. exposure to
HAV is 28 days after infection Following initial super HEV ranges
days and can persist infection, infection is from 2 to 10
and develop into
(range: 15– chronic hepatitis B, approximately approximat weeks, with
50 days) especially when 80% of people ely two to an average of
transmitted in do not exhibit 5 to 6 weeks.
infancy or any symptoms. eight
childhood. weeks.
 07
RISK
GROUPS
● Blood transfusion recipients,
● Travellers,
● The military,
● Healthcare workers,
● Sewage workers,
● Drug addicts,
● Homosexuals,
● People with end-stage renal disease (including people
on dialysis),
● Pregnant women
● Prisoners,
● Infants born to mothers with hepatitis B
● Unvaccinated people
● liver transplantees, etc.
SYMPTOMS
08
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Jaundice
• Dark urine
• Clay-colored stool
• Joint pain
DIAGNOSIS 09
 HEPATITIS A
Doctors diagnose hepatitis A
based on symptoms and a
blood test.
IgM (immunoglobulin M)
antibodies. Your body makes
these when you’re first
exposed to hepatitis A. They
stay in your blood for about
3 to 6 months.
IgG (immunoglobulin G)
antibodies. These show up
after the virus has been in
your body for a while. You
may have them all your life.
They protect you against
hepatitis A. If you test
positive for them but not for
IgM antibodies, it means you
had a hepatitis A infection in
the past or had vaccinations
to protect against it.
HEPATITIS B
• Blood tests. Blood tests can
detect signs of the hepatitis
B virus in your body and tell
your doctor whether it's
acute or chronic. A simple
blood test can also
determine if you're immune
to the condition.
• Liver ultrasound. A special
ultrasound called transient
elastography can show the
amount of liver damage.
• Liver biopsy. Your doctor
might remove a small
sample of your liver for
testing (liver biopsy) to
check for liver damage.
During this test, your doctor
inserts a thin needle
through your skin and into
your liver and removes a
tissue sample for
laboratory analysis.
HEPATITIS C
• Anti-HCV antibodies test:
These are proteins your
body makes when it finds
the hep C virus in your
blood. They usually show up
about 12 weeks after
infection.
• HCV RNA test: It measures
the number of viral RNA
(genetic material from the
hepatitis virus) particles in
your blood. They usually
show up 1-2 weeks after
you’re infected.
• Liver function tests: They
measure proteins and
enzyme levels, which
usually rise 7 to 8 weeks
after you’re infected. As
your liver gets damaged,
enzymes leak into your
bloodstream.
HEPATITIS D
• Medical history: Physicians
take the patient’s past and
current medical history and
look for symptoms and
factors which can make the
patient more susceptible to
the infection.
• Physical exam: During a
physical examination, the
doctor assesses the signs of
liver damage such as
changes in skin color,
swelling in lower legs, feet,
or ankles, and tenderness
or swelling in the abdomen.
• Blood test: To make an
accurate diagnosis, the
doctor will perform a blood
test that can detect anti-
hepatitis D antibodies in the
blood. If antibodies are
found, it means the person
been exposed to the virus.
HEPATITIS E
• Because cases of hepatitis E
are not clinically
distinguishable from other
types of acute viral
hepatitis, diagnosis can be
confirmed only by testing
for the presence of antibody
against HEV or HEV RNA. The
commonly used tests for
HEV infection include
detection of IgM and IgG
anti-HEV antibodies and
detection of HEV RNA. IgM
anti-HEV antibodies can be
detected during the first
few months after HEV
infection, whereas IgG anti-
HEV antibodies represent
either recent or remote
exposure. The presence of
HEV RNA indicates current
infection, whether acute or
chronic.
 10
TREATMENT
 • No specific • There is no specific • Direct-acting • There are no known • Hepatitis E usually
HEPATITIS A

HEPATITIS B

HEPATITIS D
HEPATITIS C

HEPATITIS E
treatment exists treatment, cure, or antiviral treatments for acute resolves on its
for hepatitis A. medication for an medicines or chronic hepatitis own without
Your body will acute HBV infection. D. Unlike other treatment. There
Supportive care will
(DAAs) can cure forms of hepatitis,
clear the most cases of is no specific
depend on the current antiviral
hepatitis A virus symptoms. chronic hepatitis medications don’t antiviral therapy
on its own. In C and acute seem to be very for acute hepatitis
• For chronic HBV
most cases of infection, antiviral hepatitis C. effective in treating E. Physicians
hepatitis A, the medications such as These HDV. should offer
liver heals within entecavir, tenofovir, medications • Pegylated interferon supportive
six months with lamivudine, etc. are work by alpha is the therapy. Patients
no lasting available. generally are typically
targeting
damage. Hepatitis • Interferon injections. recommended advised to rest,
A treatment specific steps in treatment for
Interferon alfa-2b get adequate
usually focuses (Intron A): Interferon the HCV life hepatitis D virus nutrition and
on keeping alfa-2b (Intron A) is a cycle to disrupt infection. Treatment fluids, avoid
comfortable and man-made version of the reproduction should last for at alcohol, and check
controlling signs a substance of viral cells. least 48 weeks
with their
produced by the body • Liver irrespective of the
and symptoms. patient’s response. physician before
to fight infection transplantation
• Take enough rest taking any
• Liver transplant. medications that
• Avoid alcohol
can damage the
• Manage nausea
liver, especially
acetaminophen.
11
 Get Vaccinated.
 Wash your hands well after
you go to the restroom,
change diapers, or before you
eat or serve food.
 Don't share toothbrushes or
razors.
 Avoid unprotected sex.
 Avoid intravenous drug use.
 Avoid eating raw shellfish
and oysters.
 Avoid sharing needles.
 Only get tattoos and piercings
from shops which sterilize
their needles properly
Thank you