: --re · :-- _, Grammar .t , .

· ··-~ L..,~
1

- Bank __ 3
Reported speech
Present simple Past simple
Direct speech is the exact words someone said. We She said (that) she liked hot
use quotation marks in direct speech. "I like hot weather." weather.
Reported speech is the exact meaning of what
Present continuous Past continuous
someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use
quotation marks in reported speech . The word that "It's raining." He said (that) it was raining.
can either be used or omitted after the introductory Present perfect Past perfect
verb (say, tell, etc). " They have evacuated She said (that) they had
Say- Tell the city." evacuated the city.
• say + no personal object Past simple Past simple or Past perfect
Sarah said (that) she was afraid of thunderstorms. " We saw the They said (that) they saw/had
• say+ to + personal object landslide. " seen the landslide.
Sarah said to me (that) she was afraid of Past continuous Past continuous or
thunderstorms. Past Perfect continuous
• tell+ personal object She said (that) she was driving/
Sarah told me (that) she was afraid of " I was driving the had been driving the rescue
thunderstorms. rescue vehicle. " vehicle.
• We use say + to-infinitive but never say about. We Would
use tell sb, speak/ talk about.
"I will donate some He said (that) he would
Our teacher said to recycle our empty bottles.
money. " donate some money.
She told us/spoke/ talked about helping endangered
species. • Certain words and time expressions change
according to the meaning as follows :
hello, good morning/afternoon, etc. now then, immediately
something/nothing, so, a few words, no today that day
more, for certain/sure, sorry, etc. yesterday the day before, the previous day
the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the tomorrow the next/following day
time, the difference, one from another, this week that week
somebody one's name, somebody the way, last week the week before, the previous week
someaody so, someone's fortune, etc. next week the week after, the following week
a question, a favour, the price, about somebody, ago before
the time, around, for something/somebody, etc. here there
• Verb tenses change in reported speech when we
consider what the speaker said to be untrue.
Reported statements A snake is a mammal. --> He said that a snake was a
• In reported speech, personal/ possessive pronouns mammal. (We know it is not.)
and possessive adjectives change according to the • Verb tenses can either change or remain the same
meaning of the sentence. in reported speech when reporting a general truth
Kyle said, " I've dropped my coat. " (direct statement) or law of nature.
Kyle said (that) he had dropped his coat. (reported The professor said, "The sun is a star. " __. The professor
said (that) the sun is/ was a star.
statement)
• We can report someone's words either a long time • Verb tenses remain the same in reported speech:
after they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a a) when the introductory verb is in the present,
short time after they were said (up-to-date future or present perfect.
Debbie has (often) said, " I love
reporting).
Debbie has (often) said that she loves animals.
Up-to-date reporting b) in type 2 and 3 conditionals.
The tenses can either change or remain the same in "If I were you, I would walk to school," she said to
reported speech. me. --> She told me (that) if she were me, she
Direct speech: Emily said, "I watched the volcano would walk to school.
erupt. "
Reported speech: Emily said that she watched/ had
watched the volcano erupt.
Out-of-date reporting
The introductory verb is in the past simple and the
tenses change as follows:
128
 Grammar · ..
3
=-- . ____ _B..an ) ·· .;
I
Fill in say, tell or ask in the correct form. II Turn the following sentences into reported

1 They can 't say for sure that there won't be speech.
another aftershock. 1 "Earthquakes are common in Japan, " Jim said.
2 The reporter •·· ••••••••.... .. ... that there were Jim said that earthquakes are/were common
no casualties.
in Japan .
3 She ... ....... for information about survivors. 2 "I studied environmental science at
4 They ..... .... ..... ... .. . us to leave the building university," she told us.
immediately. She told us that ... ... ... .. .. :... .... ... .... ..... ...... ·
5 The police ... ..... .. ..... ....... the witness some 3 "They have fined the factory own.e rs for
questions. polluting the nearby river, " he said .
6 I can't ... ..... .......... the difference between He said that .. ...... ....... ..... .... ••••· ··· ··· ··.. · .. · .. ·
a tornado anp a hurricane. 4 "The volcano has stopped erupting," they
told us.

D A small town in the mountains was hit by a

flash flood. Report what some of the
They told us that .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .... ···.. · ·.. .. ·· ·
s "We were watching TV when the earthquake
people who experienced the event said.
happened," he told us.
He told us that .. .. ... ... ... .. ...... ... · ··· .. · ·· ··· ·· ·· ·
I wasstanding on the hill 6 "The storm is heading southwards now," the
above the town when I weather forecaster said .
heard a roaring sound. I The weather forecaster said that .. ... ...... .. . .
turned and saw the water
sweeping through the town. 7 "The tsunami will hit the coast tomorrow,"
the reporter said.
The reporter said that .. .. ..... ... .. .... ........ .... .
Susan said (that) she was standing/had been
8 "Avalanches are a problem in these
standing on the hill above the town when she heard
mountains, " she said .
a roaring sound. She turned and saw the water
She said that ... ....... ...... .. ... ........ ... ... ......... .
sweeping through the town.

I' ll never forget the sight of D Turn the sentences into reported speech. In
the floodwater rushing down M which of the following sentences do the
the mountainside. It was tenses change or remain the same? Why?
snapping the trees in half as 1 " If I had more free time, I would volunteer
if they were matchsticks.
in a soup kitchen, " he said. He said (that) if
he had more time he would volunteer in a
soup kitchen. (tenses do not change : type
2 conditional)
················································································ 2 Mum often says, "You shouldn't talk to
················································································ strangers." ...... .. ... ... .... ... .. ...... ... .. .. .. .. ....... .
"'••···························································· ················· .. ....... .... .. ............. .. ... .... .... ... ... .. .. ... .. ....... ...
3 "I didn't check the weather forecast
' I can't believe something because I don't have Internet connection,"
l"k
1 .
e this has happened in our M~y said to Jill. .. ..... .. .. ....... ... .. ........ .... .... .
town . Some of my friends ..................................................................
are still missing. Rescue 4 "We're .meeting to discuss the flood
Workers have been called in protection scheme tomorrow," the manager
to help look for them . told the reporters. . .. ................ ... ..... .. .. ...... ..
·····································································
5 "Th~ ice in the polar caps is melting ," the
..............
···································································· .......... . environmentalist said . .. ... .. ........... .. ... ....... .
·························································•"· ........................... .......................................
·············································· .. • · · •• "·'" · ·••" '" • "•"··
129
 Reported questions
• Reported questions are usually introduced with the
verbs ask, inquire, wonder, or the expression want
to know.
• When the di rect question begins with a question
word (who, where, how, when, what, etc), the
reported question is introduced with the same
question word . "When did the earthquake occur?"
he asked. (direct question) He asked when the
earthquake had occurred. (reported question)
• When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be,
do, have) or a modal verb (can, may, etc), then the
I, reported question is introduced with if or whether.
I an -ing form, or a that-clause, depending on the
"Do you do any conservation work?" he asked her.
(direct question) He asked her if/ whether she did any
conservation work. (reported question)
• In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative.
The question mark and words/expressions such as
please, well, oh, etc are omitted. The verb tenses,
pronouns, possessive adjectives and time expressions
change as in statements.
" Can you tell me the weather forecast ?" she asked
him. (direct question)
She asked him if he could tell her the weather
forecast. (reported question)
Indirect questions
• Indirect questions are used to ask for advice or
information. They are introduced with: Could you
tell me .. . ?, Do you know ... ?, I wonder ... , I want to
Modal verbs in reported speech
Note how the following modal verbs change in reported speech when the reported sentence is out of date:
He said, "I'll watch the programme on climate change
later."
He said, " I can 't come to the meeting. "
He said, 11
/ can help in the soup kitchen next week. "
He said, " There may be an eruption today. "
He said, " Where shall I put the empty cans? "
He said, "Shall I go to Africa to help with the project? "
He said, "Shall I help you hand out those leaflets? "
He said, " We must reduce our carbon footprint. "
He said, " They must be the reporters. "
He said, " We had better check the weather forecast. "
He said, " You needn't take your raincoat today. "
He said, " They needn 't worry about it snowing next
week." . .
Hesa,'d, 11 v"0 u should wait until it stops raining.
130
know .. ., I doubt ...'. e~c and the_verb is in the
affirmative. If the indirect question starts With
1 want to kno~ ... , wonder ... or I doubt ... , the
question mark 1s om itted .
Direct question " What 's the temperature today)"
Indirect question Do you know what the ·
temperature is today?
suggestions/ orders
• Reported commands!r~quests/suggestions are
introduced with a special introductory verb (advise
ask, beg, suggest, etc) followed by a to-infinitive:
introductory verb.
" Stop talking! " he said. -> He told me to stop talking.
(advice)
11
" Close the door, please, he said. He asked us to
close the door. (request)
" Let 's give some money to charity, " she said. She
suggested giving some money to charity. (suggestion)
" You 'd better stay out of the midday sun, " he said. ""
He suggested that I (should) stay out of the midday
sun. (suggestion)
• To report orders or instructions, we use the verbs
order or tell+ sb + (not) to-infinitive.
" Don 't panic, " she told them. (direct order)
She told them not to panic. (reported order)
" Evacuate the building, 11 the official told us. (direct order)
The official ordered us to evacuate the building.
(reported order)
He said (that) he would watch the programme on
climate change later.
He said (that) he couldn 't come to the meeting. (present)
H_e said (that) he would be able to help in the soup
kitchen the following week. (future)
He said (that) there might be an eruption that day.
He asked me where he should put the empty cans. (information)
He asked (me) if he should go to Africa to help with the
project. (advice)
He offered to help me hand out the leaflets. (offer)
He said (that) we had to reduce our carbon footprint. (obligation)
He said (that) they must be the reporters. (deduction)
He said (that) they had better check the weather foreco5r
H~ said (that) I didn't need to/ didn 't have to take mY
raincoat that day.
.... He said (that) they wouldn't have to worry about it
11
snowing the next/ following week. (future)
__. He said (that) I should wait until it stopped raining .
d Rewrite the following sentences in reported
n
U speech.
Report the following sentences using the
. . verbs in brackets.
1 "Where is the nearest weather station? "
1 "You had better stay inside today," she said.
Peter asked. Peter asked where the nearest
(advised)
weather station was.
She advised us to stay inside tha t day.
2 "When did the volcano erupt?" she asked.
2 "Go to the underground shelter!" he told us.
············· ············· ··· ······· ············· ···· ···· ·· ···· ··· (ordered)
3 "Can I help in the beach clean-up day?"
inquired Tony ... ....... ........... .... ......... .. ....... .
3 "Let's play in the snow," she said.
·································································· (suggested)
4 "Why is the ground shaking?" Jean asked
Karen ................... .... .... ....... .. .... .. .... ..... .. ...
4 "Try to recycle more," he said. (asked)
············ ······················································
5 "How will the government help the
5 "Wear sunscreen today, " she said . (told)
homeless? " he wondered. .. ..................... .
·············· ···················································· 6 "Go inside now!" Mum said to us. (ordered)
6 "Have they announced where they will set
up the shelter?" Louise wanted to know.
······························· ·· ·· ·············· ·· ··············· 7 "Please, please take me to the park with
you," he asked his brother. (begged)
························ ·· ····································· ···

A reporter is interviewing a woman who

liil witnessed the 2011 tsunami in Japan. Turn
the following into indirect questions.
1 "How did you feel when the first earthquake
struck?"
Could you tell me how you felt when the
II
first earthquake struck?
2 "Did your town have an evacuation plan?"
Do you know ........ .... ............... ·...._...... ·.... ..
3 "What was your first thought when you saw
the tsunami approaching?"
I wonder ....... ........... ................................. .
·········· ··· ····························· ······ ··········· ·······
4 "What did you see from the top of th e h·II?"
1 •
I want to know ....................... ·.. .. .. ........ ·.. ..
······································· ·· ······ ········· ··· ·······
5 "How has the experience affected you.?"
Can you tell me ......... ..... .... ·............ ·........ ·
····················· ··········· ··········· ············· ····
6 "Will you carry on living by t h e sea ?"
· ················ ··· ············ ···· ·············· ····· ······· ·· ···
I wonder ................................................... .
·························· ··································
7 "What advice would you give to someone
in the same situation?"
I'd like to know .... ........................... ... ...... ..
····················· ·········· ···
8 "You should always watch the weather forecast
before you go skiing," he said. (advised)
········ ··· ················ ····················· ··················
·························································· ········
Rewrite the following sentences in reported
speech.
1 "We needn't fit the snow chains on the car
tomorrow," he said.
He said that they wouldn 't have to fit the snow
chains on the car the next/following day.
2 "I can't remember what happened," she said.
·········································································
3 "She must be the doctor," he said.
... .. .............................................. ............. .
4 "You had better learn the evacuation
procedure" the teacher told us.
···················································· ····· ·· ··· ····
··································································
5 "There may be snow blizzards next week,"
said the weather forecaster.
··················· ··········· ······· ······ ·· ·····················
6 "We will rebuild the town just as it was,"
said the mayor ......................................... .
······· ·· ··························· ······ ··················· ·····
7 "He should recycle his rubbish," I said.
············ ······················································
8 "When shall we start the rescue mission? "
the volunteer asked. .. ......... .... ............ .... ..
···················································· ···· ·· ········
131
 -
,:
mar
3
1' • •

I· - -
-
• ank
-
• ___ _
SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY VERBS
Reported Speech
Introductory Verb
+ to-inf He agreed to go to the beach clean-up.
agree "OK, I'll go to the beach cleon-up. " ,, He demanded to talk to me about the real issues.
demand " I want to talk about the real issues! He offered to record the documentary for me,
offer "Would you like me to record the documentary
for you?" He promised to sweep up the leaves.
promise " I'll sweep up the leaves." . ,, He refused to help with our campaign.
refuse "No, I won 't help with your campaign. ,, He threatened to send me to my room if I didn 't stop
threaten "Stop shouting or I'll send you to your room.
shouting.
He claimed to have seen the avalanche from his car.
claim " I saw the avalanche from my car. "
+ sb + to-inf
advise He advised me to ask an expert.
HYou should ask an expert. "
allow He allowed me to watch the news.
"You can watch the news."
ask HP/ease, don 't buy GM foods." He asked us not to buy GM foods.
beg " Please, help me!" - • He begged me to help him. .
command "Go outside! " He commanded us to go outside.
encourage "Come on, try it. " He encouraged me to try it.
forbid HYou mustn 't leave the house." He forbade me to leave the house.
instruct "Stay out of the midday sun. " He instructed me to stay out of the midday sun.
invite sb 'Would )Oil like to eat dinner with us?" He invited me to eat dinner with them.
order HForm a queue!" He ordered us to form a queue.
permit/allow " You may go to the protest. " He permitted/ allowed me to go to the protest.
remind "Don 't forget to dress warmly." He reminded me to dress warmly.
urge "Close all the shutters. " He urged me to close all the shutters.
warn HDon 't walk too far into the forest. " He warned me not to walk too far into the forest.
want "I 'd like you to do some training." He wanted me to do some training.
+ -ingform
accuse sb of HYou cut down those trees! " He accused me of cutting/having cut down the trees.
apologise for "I'm sorry I dropped litter in the park." He apologised for dropping/having dropped litter in
the park.
admit (to) " Yes, I broke the glass." He admitted (to) breaking/having broken the glass.
boast about • I give more money to charity than you. " He boasted about giving more money to charity
than us.
complain to sb about "You never talk to me. " He complained about my never talking to him.
deny " I didn 't know they tested their products on He denied knowing they tested their products on
animals.• animals.
insist on "You must go inside now." He insisted on us/our going inside immediately
suggest + -ing form "Let's climb the mountain." He suggested climbing the mountain.
+ that-clause
agree "Yes, the plan will help the environment." He agreed that the plan would help the environment.
boast •rm a very environmentally-friendly person. " -+ He boasted that he was a very environmentally-
friendly person.
claim "I swam across the river. " -+ He claimed that he had swum across the river.
complain " You don't care about social issues." He complained that I didn't care about social issues.
deny •1 didn't use your umbrella." He denie~ that he had used my umbrella.
exclaim •n's horrific!" He exclaimed that it was horrific.
explain •rhe volcano is no longer active. " He explained that the volcano was no longer active.
inform sb " The hurricane is headed towards our town." -+
He informed me that the hurricane was headed
towards our town.
promise HJ'// wear a coat."
He promised that he would wear a coat.
suggest " You should read this article. "
He suggested that I should read that article.
explain to sb + how • rhis is how you act in an earthquake.•
He explained to me how to act in an earthquake.
wonder where/what/ why/ He asked himself, "Where is Laura?" He wondered where Laura was.
how+ clause (when the He asked himself, •why is she shouting?"
He wondered why she was shouting.
subject of the introductory He asked himself, " What is she carrying?" He wondered what she was carrying.
verb is not the same as the He asked himself, "How did she get here?" He wondered how she had got there.
subject in the reported
question)
wonder + whether + to- He asked himself, •should I ask her for help?" -+ He wondered whether to ask her for help.
inf or clause
wonder where/ what/ how He asked himself, • where should I sit?" He wondered where to sit.
+ to-inf (when the subject He asked himself, " What can I say?" He wondered what to say.
of the infinitive is the He asked himself, "How can I help?"
He wondered how to help.
same as the subject of the
introductory verb)

132
, Fill in t he gaps with the introductory verbs
from t he list below in their correct form.
m Complete the sentences.
1 "Leave the building !" she told us .
• offer • deny • claim • remind • warn She ordered us to leave the building .
• boast • pro mise 2 "Lava is molten rock ," the teacher told us .
"OK, I won't go alone," she said . The teacher informed .... ..... ............ •.. .. .... ..
She promised that she wouldn't go alone . .... ..... ... ... .... .... ... ......... .... ... ... .. ..... .... ..... ... .
3 "I 'll give you a fine if you continue cutting
2 "I have been struck by lightning twice, " he said.
down the trees, " the park ranger told him .
He ..... •••••••••··· ··· •.. ••••••• to have been struck
by lightning twice. The park ranger threatened .... ...... .. ........ ..
......... ..... ... ...... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..... ........ ... .
3 "I can snowboard better than any of you, "
she said . 4 "You should definitely apply for this job,"
Alice said.
She ...... .. ........ ........ .. .. about being able to
Alice encouraged ..... .. .... .. .... ... .. ... .... .. ...... .
snowboard better than any of us.
. .. .. ... .. .... .... ...... .... .... ... ... .. .. .... ... ...... .... .. ... .
4 "Don't forget to pack your hats and gloves, "
he said to us. 5 "It's beautiful I" she said.
She exclaimed .... ..... .... ......... ... ... .. .. .... .... •
He .. .... .... ............ ...... ... us to pack our hats
and gloves . 6 "You made the little boy give you all his
money," Robert told the bully.
5 "Don't go too close to the volcano," she said .
Robert accused ··· ··· ····· ··· ······· ······ ·········· ···
She .. .... ..... .... ...... .... us not to go too close
to the volcano . ········· ···· ·· ····· ······ ···· ·· ··· ·· ···· ··· ···· ·········· ·· ····.
7 "What can we all do to protect the
6 "Would you like me to help you?" she said.
environment?" he asked himself.
She .. .... ... ........ .. ... . to help me.
He wondered .. .. ... .... .. .. .. ... ..... .... ... ... .. .. .... .
7 "No, I didn't start the fire ," he said. ..... .... ....... ...... .. .. .. .. ... ..... .... .... ...... .... ........ .
He .... .... ........ .... .. . having started the fire .

m Match the sentences (1-6) to the correct

l!J Complete the sentences using the words in
bold. Use two to five words.
introductory verb (a-f). Then report the
"Yes, I think you are right to complain ," the
sentences.
man said to us. AGREED
o:::I:£J "You can go as long as you're back by The man agreed that I was right to complain.
midnight, " he said to us. 2 "Rachel never recycles anything ," Jason
[ID ''You mustn't go near the river," Dad told us. said. COMPLAINED
[ill "Let's donate some money to charity," Jason .. ..... .. .. .. .. ... ..... ..... ... .. .... .. ... .. ... ...... . .
he said . anything .
ffi "Yes, we can get solar panels for the 3 "No, I won't cut my holiday short," Ian
house," she said. said . REFUSED
@I] "You should learn more about the place Ian ... .. ... ... ......... .. ....... .. ....... .. ... .... .. ... ... .... .

rn
where you live," the teacher told us. back early from his holiday.
"Would you like to come to the beach 4 "Fire!" the sergeant said to the soldiers.
clean-up?" he asked me. COMMANDED

e invite The sergeant ... .. .. ..... ..... ......... ... ........ .... .. .
a suggest c allow fire .
b agree Id advise forbid
5 "You must wear warmer clothes . You 'll catch
He allowed us to go as long as we were a cold ," Mum said . INSISTED
back by midnight. Mum
warm~~··~j~~h~~ ·;·~· ·~~·~~~·~~·~~~~h ·~ ·~;i"d·.··
2 ··· ···· ···· ··· ··· ····· ··· ······· ·· ··· ··· ·· ·········· ··· ···· ··· ···· ·
6 "That's how you fix it," Tom said to Ben
3 ·· ········ ·· ···· ·· ·· ·· ·• •" ··•• " ·· ····· "· ·····•· " ··· ····· "· "·· EXPLAINED .
4 ....... ... ...... ... ...... .. .... ....... ...... ....... .. ... .... .. .... .
Tom ··· ···· ······ ··· ····
5 ····· ······ ···· ········· ········· ···• •"· ·· ··· ·•• "·· ··· ··· ······ " fix it. ···· ······ ······· ······ ·· ········ ·····
6 .. .. ... ...... ... .. .... .... ....... .... .. ..... .................. ... ..
133