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Hardy-type inequalities quantum calculus
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DOCTOR A L T H E S I S
Serikbol Shaimardan
Mathematics
Serikbol Shaimardan
Luleå University of Technology

Department of Engeneering Sciences and Mathematics
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 35B27, 76D08
Key words and phrases. Inequalities, Hardy-type inequalities,
Riemann-Liouville operator, Integral operator, q-analysis,
q-analog, weights, h-calculus, h-integral, discrete fractional
calculus
Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2018
ISSN 1402-1544
ISBN 978-91-7790-240-9 (print)
ISBN 978-91-7790-241-6 (pdf)
Luleå 2018
www.ltu.se
Abstract
This PhD thesis deals with fractional Hardy-type inequalities

and some new Hardy-type inequalities for the Hardy operator and
Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator and fractional Hardy-
type inequalities in quantum calculus, which are given in the frame
of q-calculus and h-calculus.
The thesis contains five papers (papers A, B, C, D and E) and
an introduction , which put these papers into a more general frame.
In particular, in this introduction we give a brief history of quantum
calculus and a short description as basis for the rest of the quantum
calculus.
In paper A we study some q-analogs of Hardy-type inequalities
for the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order n ∈
N and find necessary and sufficient conditions of the validity of
these inequalities for all non-negative real functions.
In paper B we define the q-analog of the classical Hardy operator
and we characterize the q-analog of the weighted Hardy inequalities
for all possible values of the parameters p and r in q-calculus. We
also study the corresponding dual results.
In paper C we consider a q-analog of the operator I defined by
Zx
x f (s)
If (x) := ln ds,
x−s s
0
which is called the fractional integral operator of infinitesimal order.

Moreover, we characterize the q-analog of the following Hardy-type
iii
iv ABSTRACT
integral inequality:
∞  x r  1r
Z Z
x
(1)  ur (x)  tγ−1 ln f (t)dt dx
x−t
0 0
  p1
Z∞
≤C f p (x)dx , ∀f (·) ≥ 0,
0
where u(.) is a weight i.e. a measurable function, which is positive

a.e. in (0, ∞). In fact, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions
for the validity of the q-analog of the inequality (1) in q-analysis for
the case 1 1p . We also consider the problem
to find the best constant in the q-analog of inequality (1).
In paper D we consider that the first power weighted version of
Hardy’s inequality which can be rewritten as
 p
Z∞ Zx p Z∞
x 1  dx ≤ p
α−1
f (t)dt f p (x)dx,
tα p−α−1
0 0 0
p
p
for f ≥ 0, p ≥ 1 and α < p−1, where the constant C = p−α−1 is
sharp. In this paper we prove and discuss some discrete analogues of
Hardy-type inequalities in fractional h-discrete calculus. Moreover,
we prove that the corresponding constants are sharp.
In paper E we consider the fractional order Hardy-type inequal-
ity in the following form:
∞ ∞ p ∞ p
Z Z p Z
|f (x) − f (y)| p
 dxdy  ≤ C  |f 0 (x)| x(1−α)p dx ,
|x − y|1+pα
0 0 0
for 0 < α < 1 and 1 < p < ∞ in fractional h-discrete calculus,
1
2 p α−1
where C = 1 . A discrete analogue of this inequality, namely
(p−pα) p
a new fractional order Hardy inequality in h-discrete calculus, is
proved and discussed. Moreover, we prove that the same constant
is sharp also in this case.
Preface
The main part of this PhD thesis consists of five papers (pa-
pers A, B, C, D and E), which deal with a new fractional Hardy
inequality and also some new Hardy-type inequalities in quantum
calculus. The thesis also contains an introduction, which put these
papers to a more general frame.
[A] L. E. Persson and S. Shaimardan, Some new Hardy-type
inequalities for Riemann-Liouville fractional q -integral op-
erator, J. Inequal. Appl. (2015), 2015:296, 17pp.
[B] A. O. Baiarystanov, L. E. Persson, S. Shaimardan and A.
Temirkhanova, Some new Hardy-type inequalities in q -
analysis, J. Math. Inequal. 10(2016), no. 3, 761-781.
[C] S. Shaimardan, A Hardy-type inequality for the fractional
integral operator in q-analysis, Eurasian Math. J., 7 (2016),
no. 1, 5-16.
[D] L. E. Persson, R. Oinarov and S. Shaimardan, Hardy-type
inequalities in fractional h-discrete calculus, J. Inequal.
Appl. (2018), 2018:73, 14pp.
[E] S. Shaimardan, Fractional order Hardy-type inequality in
fractional h-discrete calculus, Research Report, Depart-
ment of Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 2018
(submitted)
Remark. Paper [E] is a slightly improved version of the original
Report 1 from 2018.
v
Acknowledgment
First of all I want to express my deep gratitude to my scien-

tific supervisors Professor Lars-Erik Persson (Department of Engi-
neering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology,
Sweden) and Professor Ryskul Oinarov (Eurasian National Univer-
sity, Kazakhstan) for their valuable remarks and attention to my
work and their constant support.
Moreover, I thank my other supervisor Professor Peter Wall
(Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå Uni-
versity of Technology, Sweden), which has given me the possibility
to work in this international PhD program and provided me with
necessary invitations and related support. My sincere thanks also
to Professor Natasha Samko, who has given me several generous
and valuable remarks on my introduction and helped me with my
Russian-English translations.
I also thank PhD Ainur Temirkhanova for helping me with many
practical things.
Moreover, I thank Luleå University of Technology and L. N. Gu-
milyov Eurasian National University for giving me an opportunity
to participate in their partnership program in research and post-
graduate education in mathematics. I also thank both universities
for financial support which made my studies possible.
Furthermore, I would like to thank everyone at the Department
of Mathematics at Luleå University of Technology for helping me
in different ways and for the warm and friendly atmosphere.
Finally, and most important, I want to express my deepest grat-
itude to my wife Aigerim Edenova for all support and understand-
ing.
vii
Introduction
”The calculus was the first achievement of modern mathemat-

ics and it is difficult to overestimate its importance. I think it de-
fines more unequivocally than anything else the inception of modern
mathematics, and the system of mathematical analysis, which is its
logical development, still constitutes the greatest technical advance
in exact thinking.” - John von Neumann.
Calculus or infinitesimal calculus has a fascinating history. In
the 17th century, I. Newton and G. Leibniz independently invented
calculus based on the concept of limit (but elements of it have al-
ready appeared in ancient Greece). The usual meaning of limit im-
plies that space and time are continuous, and we have maintained
that all natural processes happen continuously on smooth curves
and surfaces. However, the atomic theory in physics and chemistry
in the 19th century paved that the nature process of dividing it
into ever smaller parts will terminate in an indivisible or an atom,
a part which, lacking proper parts itself, cannot be further divided.
In a word, continua are divisible without limit or infinitely divisi-
ble. This becomes the origin of developing another type of calculus
based on finite difference principle, or calculus without limit which
is quantum calculus (the calculus of finite differences was developed
at the same time).
In mathematics, the quantum calculus is equivalent to usual
infinitesimal calculus without the concept of limits or the investi-
gation of calculus without limits (quantum is from the Latin word
”quantus” and literally it means how much, in Swedish ”Kvant”).
It has two major branches, q-calculus and the h-calculus. And both
of them were worked out by P. Cheung and V. Kac [36] in the early
twentieth century.
1
2 INTRODUCTION
1. Background and further development

h-calculus: One of the popular quantum calculus is h-calculus.
This calculus is the study of the definitions, properties, and ap-
plications of related concepts, the fractional calculus and discrete
fractional calculus. However, the investigation for fractional calcu-
lus was studied already by G. Leibniz after that G. L’Hospital in
1695 asked him: ” what would be the one-half derivative of x?” (see
[74]). In 1772, J.L. Lagrange introduced the differential operators
of integer order and wrote (see [72]):
dm dn dn+m
m n
y = n+m y.
dx dx dx
In 1819, S.F. Lacroix developed a more mathematical generaliz-
ing from a case of integer order [73]. Namely he presented the nth
derivative in the following form:
dn m!
D n xm = (xm ) = xm−n ,
dxn (n + m)!
with y = xm and m, n ∈ Z such that m ≥ n. Replacing the factorial
symbol by the Gamma function, he developed the formula for the
fractional derivative of a power function:
Γ (β + 1)
D α xβ = xβ−α .
Γ (β − α + 1)
where α and β are fractional numbers. Then he gave the example
that the derivative of order 12 for y = x is as follows:
1 √
d2 x 2 x
1 = √ .
dx 2 π
Note that this interesting result of S.F. Lacroix is the same as
the Riemann-Liouville definition of a fractional derivative.
However, this above authors did not define derivatives of arbi-
trary order and they gave no applications or examples. The first
application was presented by N.H. Abel [2] in 1823. He applied the
fractional calculus in the solution of an integral equation. Abel’s so-
lution was so elegant that it attracted the attention of J. Liouville.
In 1832 he took the first step to solve differential equations involv-
ing fractional operators (see [75]). Moreover, he gave his definition
INTRODUCTION 3
of a fractional derivative:
(−1)α Γ (a + α) −a−α
D α xa = x , a > 0,
Γ (a)
for α ∈ R. He was successful in applying this definition to prob-
lems in potential theory. One of the most useful advances in the
development of fractional calculus was due to a paper written by
B. Riemann during his student days. Seeking to generalize a Tay-
lor series in 1853, he derived a different definition that involved the
definite integral in the following form [116]:
Zx
1
Dα f (x) = (x − t)α−1 f (t)dt + ψ(x), a > 0.
Γ (α)
c
Because of the ambiguity in the lower limit of integration c, he

added to his definition a complementary function ψ(x).
In the period 1900-1970 a modest amount of published works
appeared on the subject of fractional calculus. Some of the con-
tributors were G.H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood [56], M. Riesz [108],
S. Samko [110] and H. Weyl [90].
The theory of discrete fractional calculus is far less developed.
It seems as no significant work appeared in this area until some
ones primarily devoted to applications of the fractional calculus
to ordinary and partial differential equations appeared, with the
majority of interest shown only within the past thirty years. In
1974, J.B. Diaz and T. J. Osler [38] introduced a discrete fractional
difference operator defined as an infinite series, a generalization of
the binomial formula for the N th-order difference operator ∆N in
the following form:
X∞
N
∆α f (x) = (−1) f (x + α + k),
k=0
k
More results concerning the process to develop the analogous

theory for fractional finite differences was proved by K.S. Miller
and B. Ross [87]. In particulary, they presented more rules for
composing fractional sums. In 2007, this direction was studied by
F.M. Atici and P.W. Eloe, which in [20] discussed some of the
4 INTRODUCTION
properties of this factorial function in the following form:

Γ (t + 1)
t(α) = ,
Γ (t + 1 − α)
for α ∈ R, which is generalization of factorial polynomial:
n−1
Y Γ (t + 1)
t(n) = (t − j) = ,
j=0
Γ (t + 1 − n)
where Γ denotes the special gamma function and if t + 1 − j = 0

for some j, then we assume the product to be zero. We shall use
the convention that division at a pole yields zero.
During the last two decades, the h-calculus has been successfully
applied to several fields within mathematics, see e.g. [3], [4], [37],
[71], [83], [96], [104] and [109] the references therein. Finally, we
mention that h- calculus is also important in applied fields such as
economics, engineering and physics (see, e.g. [8], [9], [77], [79], [82],
[97]).
q-calculus: The most common language of quantum calculus
is based on the q-calculus, but this kind of calculus had already
been represented by L. Euler [44] in the 18th century. The study of
q-calculus started in 1748 when L. Euler [44] considered the infinite
Q
∞
1
product (q; q)−1∞ = 1−q k+1
, |q| < 1, as a generating function for
k=0
p(n) (the partition function p(n) is the number of ways to write
n as a sum of integers). Furthermore, he discovered the first two
q-exponential functions, a prelude to the q-binomial theorem (see
[42]). One hundred years later the progress of investigation contin-
ued under E. Heine, who in 1846 considered a generalization of the
hypergeometric (q-hypergeometric) series (see [46]), given by the
formula
X∞
(a; q)n (b; q)n n
(2) φ
2 1 = z , | z |< 1,
n=0
(q; q)n (c; q)n
where the q-shifted factorial is defined by

 1, n = 0,
(a; q)n = Q
n−1
 (1 − aq m ), n ∈ N,
m=0
INTRODUCTION 5
and the series (2) converges absolutely for 0 <| q |< 1. When q → 1
we get the Gauss’ series.
The q-analog of the gamma function was obtained by J. Thomae
[127] and later by F.H. Jackson [58] in the following form:
(q; q)∞
Γq (x) = (1 − q)1−x , 0 < q < 1,
(q x ; q)∞
for x ∈ R \ {0, −1, −2, · · · }.
In 1908 F.H. Jackson [59] (see also [36]) reintroduced the Euler-
Jackson q-difference operator
f (x) − f (qx)
Dq f (x) = , x ∈ (0, b), q ∈ C \ {1},
(1 − q)x
for f : [0, b) −→ R, 0 ≤ b < ∞. It is clear that if f (x) is differen-
tiable, then lim Dq f (x) = f 0 (x). The q-derivative is a discretiza-
q−→1
tion of the ordinary derivative and therefore has immediate appli-
cations in numerical analysis. At the same time the investigation of
the q-difference equations theory considered in intensive works es-
pecially by C.R. Adams [1], R.D. Carmichael [35] and F.H. Jackson
[61] and others.
Moreover, in 1910 F.H. Jackson [60] gave the more general q-
integral definition
Zx ∞
X
(3) f (t)dq t = (1 − q)x q k f (q k x), x ∈ (0, ∞),
0 k=0
and the improper q-integral of a function f (x) : [0, ∞) → R, by the

formula
Z∞ X∞
(4) f (t)dq t = (1 − q) q k f (q k ).
0 k=−∞
for 0 < |q| < 1. Note that the series on the right hand sides of (3)
and (4) converge absolutely.
The study the q-fractional calculus started from the works of
R.P. Agarwal [5], [6] , W.A. Al-Salam [11], [12], W.A. Al-Salam and
Verma [14]. They introduced several types of fractional q-integral
operators and fractional q-derivatives and here in particular was
6 INTRODUCTION
defined the fractional q-integral of the Riemann-Liouville type Iq,α

defined by
Zx
xα−1
(5) Iq,α f (x) := (qs/x; q)α−1 f (s)dq s, x > 0,
Γq (α)
0
with q ∈ C \ {1}, where (qs/x; q)α = (q(qs/x;q) ∞

α qs/x;q)
∞
, α ∈ R+ .
In 1987, the applications of q-calculus in the area of approxi-
mation theory was initiated by A. Lupas [76], who first introduced
q-Bernstein polynomials and the development of this direction has
been remarkable, and the most important things can be found in the
book [19]. We also mention the work of T. Ernst [42], where he pre-
sented applications of the q-calculus in many subjects, like umbral
calculus, oscillations in q-calculus, interpolation theory, quantum
groups, quantum algebras, hypergeometric series, complex analysis
and particle physics.
Today the interest in this subject has exploded and the q-
calculus has in the last twenty years served as a bridge between
mathematics and physics. The q-calculus has numerous applica-
tions in various fields of mathematics e.g dynamical systems, num-
ber theory, combinatorics, special functions, fractals and also for
scientific problems in some applied areas such as computer sci-
ence, quantum mechanics and quantum physics (see e.g. [18], [23],
[42], [43], [45]). Most of the additional information can be found
in the work of G. Gasper and M. Rahman [46], where was given
simpler proofs of many results (for example: q-Clausen’s formula,
q-orthogonal polynomials, q-analogues of various product formu-
las, etc.) and important applications to other fields (for exam-
ple: modern algebra, real and complex variables, number theory,
etc.). Moreover, for the further development and recent results in
q-calculus we refer to the books [18], [19], [36] and [42] and the
references given therein.
The first results concerning integral inequalities in q-calculus
were proved in 2004 by H. Gauchman [47] (for example: Stef-
fensen’s, Hermite-Hadamard’s, Iyengar’s and Chebyshev’s inequal-
ities). Later on some further q-analogs of the classical inequali-
ties have been proved in the papers [68], [86] and [123]. We also
INTRODUCTION 7
pronounce the recent book [15] by G.A. Anastassiou, where many

important q-inequalities are proved and discussed.
An essential part of this PhD thesis is devoted to obtain nec-
essary and sufficient conditions for the validity of Hardy-type in-
equalities in q-calculus. So we focus now our interest on the history
and references concerning weighted Hardy-type inequalities.
The theory of Hardy-type inequalities is a wonderful mathemat-
ical subject with a proud history and it is very applicable both in
mathematics and to problems in many areas outside the mathemat-
ical scienes. The investigation of Hardy-type inequalities began in
1915 with the work of G.H. Hardy. In 1925 he proved the following
results (see [52]):
Theorem 0.1. Let p > 1 and {an }∞ n=1 be a sequence of non-
P∞
negative real numbers, such that the series apn converges. Then
n=1
the inequality
∞ n
!p p X
∞
X 1X p
(6) ak ≤ apn ,
n=1
n k=1 p−1 n=1
holds.
Theorem 0.2. Let p > 1 and f is a non-negative p-integrable
function on (0, ∞). Then f is integrable over the interval (0, x)
for all x > 0 and the inequality
 x p
Z∞ Z p Z∞
1 p
(7)  f (t)dt dx ≤ f p (x)dx,
x p−1
0 0 0
holds.
In fact, by applying Theorem 0.2 with step functions we find
that Theorem 0.2 implies Theorem 0.1.
The inequalities (6) and (7) are called the discrete Hardy in-
equality and the continuous
p Hardy inequality, respectively. More-
p
over, the constant in both inequalities (6) and (7) is sharp
p−1
in the sense that it can not be replaced by any smaller number.
Nowadays, a lot of books and articles have been dedicated to
the investigation and generalization of Hardy inequalities. The first
8 INTRODUCTION
book on the Hardy inequality was the book of G.H. Hardy, J.E.
Littlewood and G. Pólya [55] in 1934. The first book which was
completely devoted to the Hardy inequality, was published in 1990
by B. Opic and A. Kufner [95]. We also mention here the recent
book of A. Kufner, L.-E. Persson and N. Samko [69], which is de-
voted to give a basic overview of weighted Hardy-type inequalities
including the most recent developments and open questions (see
also [98]). A description of the most important steps in the devel-
opment of Hardy-type inequalities has been described by A. Kufner,
L. Maligranda and L.-E. Persson [70].
In 1928 G.H. Hardy [53] proved the first weighted form of in-
equality (7) as follows:
Theorem 0.3. Let p > 1, α < p − 1. Then the inequality
 x p
Z∞ Z p Z∞
 1  α p
(8) f (t)dt x dx ≤ f p (x)xα dx
x p−α−1
o 0 0
holds for all measurable
p non-negative functions f . Moreover, the
p
constant is the best possible.
p−α−1
It was later on discovered that Theorem 0.3 is not a genuine
generalization of Theorem 0.2. In fact, both inequalities (7) and
(8) can equivalently be transformed to the same basic Hardy-type
inequality (which in turn follows easily from Jensen’s inequality, see
[99]).
During the recent decades the inequalities (6) and (7) have been
developed to the following forms:
r ! 1 ! p1
X∞ Xn r X∞

(9) un ak ≤C |an |p vn ,
n=1
n=1
k=1
 r  r1  b  p1
Zb Zx Z

(10) f (t)dt u(x)dx ≤ C  |f (x)|p v(x)dx ,

a a a
respectively, which are called weighted Hardy-type inequalities.
In 1930 G.H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood [54] studied inequality
(10) with parameters p and r, 1 < p < r < ∞. More exactly, for
INTRODUCTION 9
the interval (0, ∞), they considered the weight functions v(x) ≡ 1,
u(x) = xs−r with s = r−p p
and obtained inequality (10). Moreover,
G.A. Bliss found the best constant in this case [31]. Since this
result by Bliss from 1930 it has been an open question to find
the best constant for other power weights than v(x) = 1. This
problem was recently solved by L.E. Persson and S. Samko [100].
The investigation of (10) started for the case p = q in the papers of
P.R. Beesack [25], [26], J. Kadlec and A. Kufner [63], V.R. Portnov
[106], V.N. Sedov [111], F.A. Sysoeva [124] and others.
It should be noted that in 1969 G. Talenti [125] and G.A.
Tomaselli [128] obtained that the condition
∞  p1  t  10
Z Z p
0
sup  u(x)dx   v 1−p
(y)dy  < ∞,
t>0
t 0
is necessary and sufficient for the validity of inequality (10) in the

p
case p = r, where p0 = p−1 . Nowadays this condition is called the
Muckenhoupt condition in honour of B. Muckenhoupt, who in 1972
presented a very nice proof of this result in [89] even in a more
general form with 1 ≤ p = r < ∞.
The study of the case with different parameters p and r was
started by J. S. Bradley in [32]. He considered inequality (10) on
(0, ∞) and proved that the condition
∞  1r  t  10
Z Z p
0
sup  u(x)dx   v 1−p
(y)dy  < ∞,
t>0
t 0
is necessary for (10) to hold for all 1 ≤ p, r ≤ ∞ and that it is also

sufficient for 1 ≤ p ≤ r < ∞.
In thelast century weighted Hardy-type inequalities have been
intensively studied by several authors e.g. K.F. Andersen and
B. Muckenhoupt [16], G. Bennett [29], R.K. Juberg [62], V.M. Kok-
ilashvili [67], V.G. Maz’ya [84], L.-E. Persson and V.D. Stepanov
[103], G. Sinnamon [112], [113], G. Sinnamon and V.D. Stepanov
[114], V.D. Stepanov [118] and others. Moreover, for more infor-
mation we refer to the books [30],[55], [69], [70], [88], [95] and to
the PhD theses of Z. Abdikalikova [13], A. Abylayeva [10], S. Barza
10 INTRODUCTION
[24], M. Nassyrova [91], C. A. Okpoti [94], O. Popova [105], D.V.

Prokhorov [107], A. Temirkhanova [126], E. Ushakova [129] and A.
Wedestig [130].
A more general version of the inequality (10) with non-negative
kernel K(·, ·) have been studied by many authors e.g. F. Martin-
Reyes and E. Sawyer [81], R. Oinarov [92], [93], L.-E. Persson and
V.D. Stepanov [103], D.V. Prokhorov [107], V.D. Stepanov [119]
and [121]. In the papers [120] and [122] V.D. Stepanov studied the
inequality (10) for the Riemann-Liouville integral operator. These
works have given an impulse for further development of such Hardy-
type inequalities also in q-calculus.
The first result related to inequality (9) belongs to K.F. An-
dersen and H.P. Heinig ([17], Theorem 4.1). In 1985 H.P. Heinig
[57] obtained a sufficient condition for the validity of inequality
(9). In 1987-1991 G. Bennett [27], [28] and [29] gave a full char-
acterization of the weighted inequality (9), except for the case
0 < r < 1 < p < ∞. The remaining case was characterized by
M.S. Braverman and V.D. Stepanov [33] in 1994. C.A. Okpoti [94]
in his PhD thesis proved that for the case 1 < p ≤ r < ∞ there are
even infinite many conditions characterizing (9).
In 2014, the first Hardy-type inequality in q-calculus was ob-
tained by L. Maligranda, R. Oinarov and L.-E. Persson [78]. They
proved that the q-analog of Theorem 0.3 is the following:
Theorem 0.4. Let α < p−1 p
. If either 1 ≤ p < ∞ and f ≥ 0 or
p < 0 and f > 0, then the inequality
 x p
Z∞ Z Z∞
p(α−1)  −α 
(11) x t f (t)dq t dq x ≤ C f p (x)dq x,
0 0 0
holds with constant

1
C= ,
[ p−1
p
− α]pq
α
where [α]q = 1−q
1−q
, α ∈ R.
In the case when 0 0 holds
in the reverse direction with the same constant C. Moreover, in all
the three cases the constant C is the best possible.
INTRODUCTION 11
Remark 0.5. The constant in the inequality (11) is smaller

than the one in (8). In fact, if α < 1 − 1/p with p > 1 or p < 0,
then
1 1
(12) < ,
[(p − 1)/p − α]q p − pα − 1
for α > − p1 . Inequality (12) is reversed if α < − 1p . For α = − 1p
both sides in (12) are equal to 1.
Estimate (12) means that (1−q)/(1−q (1−p)/p−α ) < p/(p−pα−1)
for any 0 < q < 1, which is true since the function h(q) := p(1 −
q (p−1)/p−α )/(p−pα−1)+q −1 has the derivative h0 (q) = −q −1/p−α +
1 < 0 for α > −1/p, and so h(q) > h(1) = 0.
Remark 0.6. From Theorem 0.4 with α = 0 we obtain the
q-analog of the inequality (7)
 x p
Z∞ Z Z∞
 1  1
(13) f (t)dq t dq x ≤ f p (x)dq x, f ≥ 0,
x [(p − 1)/p]pq
0 0 0
1
if p > 1 or p < 0 and f > 0. Moreover, the constant [(p−1)/p]pq
is
p
1 p
best possible and [(p−1)/p] p <
q p−1
.
Moreover, the following generalization of the inequality (14)

with the operator (5) involved was also obtained in [78]:
Theorem 0.7. Let p > 1 and α > 0. Then the inequality
 x p
Z∞ Z Z∞
1  (x − qt)q f (t)dq t dq x ≤ C f p (x)dq x,
α−1
xα Γ(α)
0 0 0
holds with best constant

" #p
Γq (1 − 1p )
C= ,
Γq (α + 1 − 1p )
where
(x − qt)α−1
q = xα−1 (qt/x; q)α−1 ,
(qt/x; q)∞
(b/a; q)α−1 = , α ∈ R.
(q α−1 b/a; q)∞
12 INTRODUCTION
Remark 0.8. Up to now there is no sharp discrete analogue

of the inequality (8). For examples, the following two inequalities
were claimed to hold by G. Bennett([27, p. 40-41]; see also [28, p.
407]):
∞
" n
#p
X 1 X
α−1 α−1
k − (k − 1) ak ≤
n=1
n1−α k=0
p X
∞
1−α
apn , an ≥ 0,
p − αp − 1 n=1
and
 p
∞
X n
X p X
∞
 1  1−α

Pn k −α ak 
 ≤ apn , an ≥ 0,
p − αp − 1
n=1 i−α k=1 n=1
i=1
whenever α > 0, p > 1, αp > 1. Both the inequalities were proved

independently by P. Gao [49, Corollary 3.1-3.2]( see also [50, Theo-
rem 1.1] and [51, Theorem 6.1]) for p ≥ 1 and some special cases of
α (This means that there are still some regions of parameters with
no proof of (8)). Moreover, in [78, Theorems 2.1 and 2.3] was got
proved an other sharp discrete analogue of the inequality (8) in the
following form:
∞
" n
#p ∞
X 1 X kλ 1 X
nλ
q a k ≤ λ )p
apn , an ≥ 0,
n=−∞
q k=0
(1 − q n=−∞
and
∞
" n
#p ∞
X 1 X kλ 1 X
q ak ≤ p ap , an ≥ 0,
n=1
q nλ k=0 (1 − q λ ) n=1 n
for 0 < q < 1, p ≥ 1 and α < 1 − 1/p, where λ := 1 − 1/p − α.
Remark 0.9. For p ≥ 1 and α < 1 − 1/p we establish the

h-analogue of inequality (8) in fractional h-discrete calculus with
INTRODUCTION 13
sharp constant in the following form (see [101, Theorem 3.1]):

 δZ
h (x)
p
Z∞
x(α−1) f (t)dh t 
(14) h (α)
dh x
th
0 0
p Z∞
p
≤ f p (x)dh x, f ≥ 0,
p − αp − 1
0
which is an other discrete analogue of the inequality (8). By using

definitions of h-integral and factorial function in (14) we find that
∞ n
!p p X∞
X X ak p
n(α−1)
(α)
≤ apk , ak ≥ 0.
n=0 k=0
k p − αp − 1 n=0
(α)
Hence, by lim nh = nα , we have that the discrete analogue of
h→0
the inequality (8) which is the more suitable variant other discrete
analogue above.
There have been of great interest recently on difference equa-
tions in quantum calculus. It is caused by the development of the
theory of q-calculus and h-calculus and also by its applications,
see [1], [7], [19], [20], [22], [71], [104], [109]. Moreover, quantum
calculus play increasingly important roles in the modeling of some
engineering and science problems, as shown in [34], [36], [38], [40],
[42], [43], [48], [65], [66], [85], [110]. It has been established that, in
many situations, these models in quantum calculus are more suit-
able than the analogous models with integer derivatives and limit.
See [39], for details. Since the integral inequalities, with explicit
estimates of the sharp constants are so important in the study of
properties of solutions of differential and integral equations, their
finite difference (or discrete) analogues are also useful in the study
of properties of solutions of finite difference and fractional difference
equations equations in quantum calculus. One of the best known
and widely used inequalities in the study of difference equations is
Hardy-type inequalities, see e.g [52] and [53]. In this connection we
refer to [69] and [70].
14 INTRODUCTION
2. A short description of the main contributions in this

PhD thesis.
In paper A (see also [102])we study an operator Iq,n of the fol-
lowing form:
Z∞
1
Iq,n f (x) = X(0,x] (s)Kn−1 (x, s)f (s)ds, ,
Γq (n)
0
where n ∈ N and Kn−1 (x, s) = (x−qs)n−1

q . The conjugate operator
∗
Iq,n is defined by
Z∞
∗ 1
Iq,n f (s) := X[s,∞) (x)Kn−1 (x, s)f (x)dx.
Γq (n)
0
Let 1 < r, p ≤ ∞. Then the q-analog of the Hardy-type in-

equality for the operator Iq,n is of the following form:
∞  1r ∞  p1
Z Z
(15)  ur (x) (Iq,n f (x))r dq x ≤ C  v p (x)f p (x)dq x .
0 0
The dual inequality of the inequality (15) reads:

∞  1r ∞  p1
Z Z
r
(16)  ur (x) Iq,n
∗
f (x) dq x ≤ C ∗  v p (x)f p (x)dq x .
0 0
For 0 ≤ m ≤ n − 1, m+1, n ∈ N, we use the following notations:

   p(r−1)

 Z∞ Z∞ p−r
0 0
Qm n−1
=  p −p
X(0,z] (s)Km (z, s)v (s)dq s 


0 0
∞  p−r
p
Z
×  X[z,∞) (x)Kn−m−1
r
(x, z)ur (x)dq x
0
∞  p−r
Z  pr
p0 0
× Dq  X(0,z] (s)Km (z, s)v −p (s)dq s ,

0
INTRODUCTION 15
   p−r
r

 Z∞ Z∞
n−1
Qm =  X(0,z] (s)Km
r
(z, s)ur (s)dq s


0 0
∞  r(p−1)
Z p−r
−p 0 0
×  X[z,∞) (x)Kn−m−1 (z, x)v −p (x)dq x
0
∞  p−r
Z  pr
× Dq  r r
X(0,z] (s)Km (z, s)u (x)dq s  ,

0
∞  1r
Z
n−1
Hm = sup  X[z,∞) (x)Kn−m−1
r
(x, z)ur (x)dq x
z>0
0
∞  10
Z p
0 0
 X(0,z] (s)Km (z, s)v (s)dq s ,
p −p
∞  1r
Z
n−1
Hm = sup  X(0,z] (x)Km
r
(z, x)ur (x)dq x
z>0
0
∞  10
Z p
p0
 X[z,∞) (s)Kn−m−1 0
(s, z)v −p (s)dq s ,
0
 ∞  r0  r1
Z∞ Z p
 p0 0 
A+ (z) =  X[z,∞) (x)ur (x)  X(0,z] (t)Kn−1 (x, t)v −p (t)dq t dq x ,
0 0
  10
∞  pr0 p
Z∞ Z
 0 
A− (z) =  −p
 X(0,z] (t)v (t)
 X[z,∞) (x)Kn−1
r
(x, t)ur (x)dq x dq t
 ,
0 0
16 INTRODUCTION
  10
∞  pr0 p
Z∞ Z
 −p0

A+ (z) = 
 X[z,∞) (t)v (t)
 X(0,z] (x)Kn−1
r
(t, x)ur (x)dq x dq t
 ,
0 0
 ∞  r0  r1
Z∞ Z p
 p0 0 
A− (z) =  X(0,z] (x)ur (x)  X[z,∞) (t)Kn−1 (t, x)v −p (t)dq t dq x ,
0 0
Hn−1 = max Hkn−1 , Hn−1 = max Hkn−1 , A+ +

q = sup A (z),
0≤k≤n−1 0≤k≤n−1 z>0
A− − + + − −
q = sup A (z), Aq = sup A (z), Aq = sup A (z),
z>0 z>0 z>0
Qn−1 = max Qn−1

k and Qn−1 = max Qn−1
k .
0≤k≤n−1 0≤k≤n−1
Our main results read:
Theorem 0.10. (i) Let 1 < r < p < ∞. Then the inequality
(15) holds if and only if Qn−1 < ∞. Moreover, Qn−1 ≈ C, where C
is the best constant in (15).
(ii) Let 1 < p ≤ r < ∞. Then the inequality (15) holds if and
only if at least one of the conditions Hn−1 < ∞ or A+ q < ∞ or
A−q < ∞ holds. Moreover, Hn−1 ≈ A +
q ≈ A −
q ≈ C, where C is the
best constant in (15).
Theorem 0.11. (i) Let 1 < r < p < ∞. Then the inequality
(16) holds if and only if Qn−1 < ∞. Moreover, Qn−1 ≈ C ∗ , where
C ∗ is the best constant in (16) .
(ii) Let 1 < p ≤ r < ∞. Then the inequality (16) holds if and
only if at least one of the conditions Hn−1 < ∞ or A+ q < ∞ or
A− + −
q < ∞ holds. Moreover, Hn−1 ≈ Aq ≈ Aq ≈ C, where C is the
best constant in (16).
INTRODUCTION 17
In paper B (see also [21]) we consider the inequality of the fol-

lowing form:
  r  1r
Z∞ Z∞
(17)  u(x) X(0,x] (t)v(t)f (t)dq t dq x
0 0
  p1
Z∞
≤C f p (x)dq x ,
0
and derive necessary and sufficient conditions (of Muckenhoupt-

Bradley type) for the validity of the inequality (17) with all possible
positive values of the parameters r and p. Here
Z∞ X
X(0,x] (t)f (t)dq t = (1 − q) q i f (q i ).
0 q i ≤x
One main result reads:
Theorem 0.12. Let 1 0
0 0
or
∞ − p1
Z
0
D2 = sup  X(0,z] (t)v p (t)dq t
z>0
0
∞ ∞ r  1r
Z Z
0
 X(0,z] (x)ur (x)  X(0,z] (t)v p (t)dq t dq x < ∞
0 0
18 INTRODUCTION
or
∞ − 10
Z r
D3 = sup  r
X[z,∞) (x)u (x)dq x 
z>0
0
 ∞ p0  p10
Z∞ Z
 p0 
 X[z,∞) (t)v (t)  X[z,∞) (x)u (x)dq x dq t < ∞.
r
0 0
Moreover, for the sharp constant in (17) we have that C ≈ D1 ≈

D2 ≈ D3 .
We also study the dual inequality of the inequality (17) as fol-

lows:
(18)
  p0  p10 ∞  10
Z∞ Z∞ Z r
     r 0

 v(t) X[x,∞) (x)u(x)g(x)dq x dq t ≤ C g (t)dq t ,
0 0 0
where
Z∞ X
X[x,∞) (t)f (t)dq t = (1 − q) q i f (q i ).
0 q i ≥x
In this case our main result is the following:
Theorem 0.13. Let 1 0
0 0
INTRODUCTION 19
or
∞ − p1
Z
0
D2∗ = sup  X[z,∞) (t)v p (t)dq t
z>0
0
∞ ∞ r  1r
Z Z
0
 X[z,∞) (x)ur (x)  X[z,∞) (t)v p (t)dq t dq x < ∞
0 0
or
∞ − 10
Z r
D3∗ = sup  X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x

z>0
0
 ∞ p0  p10
Z∞ Z
 0 
 X(0,z] (t)v p (t)  X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x dq t < ∞.
0 0
Moreover, for the sharp constant in (18) we have that C ≈ D1∗ ≈

D2∗ ≈ D3∗ .
Concerning other possible parameters of p and r we have the

following complement of Theorem 0.10 (Theorem 0.11):
Theorem 0.14. (i). Let 0 0
0 0
20 INTRODUCTION
(ii). Let 1 < p < ∞, 0 < r < p. Then the inequality (17) holds if
and only if
   r(p−1)
Z∞ Z∞ p−r
  p0 
D5 =  X(0,z] (t)v (t)dq t
0 0
  p−r
r
 p−r
pr
Z∞
 
X[z,∞) (x)ur (x)dq x ur (z)dq z  < ∞.
0
(iii). Let 0 < r < p = 1. Then the inequality (17) is satisfied if and
only if
 ∞  1−r
r
Z∞ Z
 v(t)
D6 =  sup  X(qy,y] (t) dq t
y<z (1 − q)t
0 0
  1−r
r
 1−r
r
Z∞
 
 X[z,∞) (x)u (x)dq x
r r
u (z)dq z  < ∞.
0
In all cases (i)-(iii), for the best constant in (17) it yields that
C ≈ Di , i = 4, 5, 6, respectively.
Theorem 0.15. (i). Let 0 0
0 0
INTRODUCTION 21
(ii). Let 1 < p < ∞, 0 < r < p. Then the inequality (18) holds if
and only if
   p−r
r
Z∞ Z∞

D5∗ =   X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x
0 0
  r(p−1) 
Z∞ p−r
 0  p−r
X[z,∞) (t)v p (t)dq t ur (z)dq z ) pr < ∞.
0
(iii). Let 0 < r < p = 1. Then the inequality (18) holds if and only
if
 ∞  1−r
r
Z∞ Z
 v(t)
D6∗ =  sup  X[y,q−1 y) (t) dq t
y≥z (1 − q)t
0 0
∞  1−r
r
 1−r
r
Z
 X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x 
ur (z)dq z  < ∞.
0
In all cases (i)-(iii), for the best constant in (18) it yields that
C ≈ Di∗ , i = 4, 5, 6, respectively.
In paper C (see also [115]) we investigate the inequality of the
following form:
∞  x r  1r
Z Z
x
(19)  ur (x)  sγ−1 lnq f (s)dq s dq x ≤
x − qs
0 0
  p1
Z∞
≤C f p (s)dq s , ∀f (·) ≥ 0,
0
where ∞
x X ( s )j
x
lnq := .
x−s j=1
[j]q
and C is a positive finite constant independent of f .
22 INTRODUCTION
Our main results for the inequality (19) read as follows:

Theorem 0.16. Let 1 1p . Then the inequal-
ity (19) holds if and only if B1 < ∞, where
∞  r1
Z r
γ+ 1 u (t)
B1 := sup x p0  X[x,∞) (t) r dq t ,
x>0 t
0
Moreover, B1 ≈ C , where C is best constant in (19).

Theorem 0.17. Let 0 < r 1p . Then
the inequality (19) holds if and only if B2 < ∞, where
   p−r
∞  r1  p−r
pr
pr
Z∞ Z
  γ+ 10 u r
(t)  
B2 :=  x
p  X[x,∞) (t) r dq t  dq x
 .
t
0 0
Moreover, B2 ≈ C , where C is best constant in (19).

Remark 0.18. The only q-analogs of Hardy-type inequalities so
far are that in Theorem A and those presented in this PhD thesis.
Hence, it remains a great number of open questions.
In paper D (see also [101]) we consider the first power weighted

version of Hardy’s inequality (see (8)) in slightly rewritten form.
Our first main result is the following h-integral analogue of the
inequality (8) reads for 1 ≤ p < ∞:
Theorem 0.19. Let α < p−1 p
and 1 ≤ p < ∞. Then the in-
equality
 δZ
h (x)
p
Z∞
(α−1)
xh f (t)d h t  dh x
(20) (α)
th
0 0
p Z∞
p
≤ f p (x)dh x,
p − αp − 1
0
h ip
p
holds for all f ≥ 0. Moreover, the constant p−αp−1 is the best
possible in (20).
INTRODUCTION 23
Our second main result is the following h-integral analogue of

the reversed form of (7) for 0 < p < 1.
p−1
Theorem 0.20. Let α < p
and 0 < p < 1 . Then the in-
equality
Z∞
(21) f p (x)dh x ≤
0
 p
p Z∞ δZ
h (x)
p − pα − 1 x(α−1) f (t)dh t 
h (α)
dh x,
p th
0 0
h ip
p−pα−1
holds for all f ≥ 0. Moreover, the constant p
is the best
possible in (21).
Remark 0.21. The only h-analogs of Hardy-type inequalities

so far are that in Theorem A and those presented in this PhD thesis.
Hence, it remains a great number of open questions.
I the paper E (see also [117]) we consider the fractional order

Hardy-type inequality in the following form:
 p ∞ p
Z∞ Z∞ Z
|f (x) − f (y)|p p
 dxdy  ≤ C  |f 0 (x)| x(1−α)p dx
|x − y|1+pα
0 0 0
for 0 < α < 1 and 1 < p < ∞ in fractional h-discrete calculus,

1
2 p α−1
where C = 1 .
(p−pα) p
Concerning this inequality and similar ones we refer to Chapter
5 of the book [69] by A. Kufner, L.-E. Persson and N. Samko. In
this case our main result read:
24 INTRODUCTION
Theorem 0.22. Let 1 < p < ∞, 0 < α < 1 and f (x) =

Dh F (x). Then the following inequality
(22)
  p1
∞  p1
Z∞ Z∞ Z p
 |F (x) − F (y)|p
d h xd h y  |f (x)| dh x

 p 
 ≤ C
 h ip  ,
( p1 +α) (α−1)
0 0 (|x − y| + 3h)h 0
(x + h) h
1
2 p α−1
holds with constant C = 1 . Moreover, this constant sharp.
(p−pα) p
Remark 0.23. The inequality (22) is the only fractional order

Hardy inequality in h-calculus in the literature so also have these
are many open questions for further research (s.g. Chapter 5 of the
book [69]).
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Paper A
Persson and Shaimardan Journal of Inequalities and Applications ( 2015) 2015:296
DOI 10.1186/s13660-015-0816-z
RESEARCH Open Access
Some new Hardy-type inequalities for

Riemann-Liouville fractional q-integral
operator
Lars-Erik Persson1,2* and Serikbol Shaimardan3
*
Correspondence: larserik@ltu.se
1
Luleå University of Technology, Abstract
Luleå, 971 87, Sweden
2
Narvik University College, P.O. Box We consider the q-analog of the Riemann-Liouville fractional q-integral operator of
385, Narvik, 8505, Norway order n ∈ N. Some new Hardy-type inequalities for this operator are proved and
Full list of author information is discussed.
available at the end of the article
MSC: Primary 26D10; 26D15; secondary 33D05; 39A13
Keywords: inequalities; Hardy-type inequalities; Riemann-Liouville operator; integral
operator; q-calculus; q-integral
1 Introduction
In  FH Jackson defined q-derivative and definite q-integral [] (see also []). It was the
starting point of q-analysis. Today the interest in the subject has exploded. The q-analysis
has numerous applications in various fields of mathematics, e.g., dynamical systems, num-
ber theory, combinatorics, special functions, fractals and also for scientific problems in
some applied areas such as computer science, quantum mechanics and quantum physics
(see, e.g., [–]). For further development and recent results in q-analysis, we refer to the
books [, ] and [] and the references given therein. The first results concerning integral
inequalities in q-analysis were proved in  by Gauchman []. Later on some further
q-analogs of the classical inequalities have been proved (see [–]). Moreover, in 
Maligranda et al. [] derived a q-analog of the classical Hardy inequality. Further devel-
opment of Hardy’s original inequality from  (see [] and []) has been enormous.
Some of the most important results and applications have been presented and discussed
in the books [, ] and []. Hence, it seems to be a huge new research area to investigate
which of these so-called Hardy-type inequalities have their q-analogs.
The aim of this paper is to obtain some q-analogs of Hardy-type inequalities for the
Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order n ∈ N and to find necessary and
sufficient conditions of the validity of these inequalities for all non-negative real functions
(see Theorems . and .).
The paper is organized as follows. In order not to disturb our discussions later on, some
preliminaries are presented in Section . The main results can be found in Section , while
the detailed proofs are given in Section .
© 2015 Persson and Shaimardan. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Interna-
tional License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons
license, and indicate if changes were made.
Persson and Shaimardan Journal of Inequalities and Applications ( 2015) 2015:296 Page 2 of 17
2 Preliminaries
First we recall some definitions and notations in q-analysis from the recent books [, ]
and [].
Let q ∈ (, ). Then a q-real number [α]q is defined by
 – qα
[α]q := , α ∈ R,
–q
α
where limq→ –q
–q
= α.
The q-analog of the binomial coefficients is defined by

 if n = , n [n]q !
[n]q ! := := .
[]q × []q × · · · × [n]q if n ∈ N, k [n – k]q ![k]q !
q
We introduce the q-analog of a polynomial in the following way:

 if n = ,
(x – a)nq := ()
(x – a)(x – qa) · · · (x – qn– a) if n ∈ N,
m n

(x – a)n+m
q = (x – a)m
q x – q a q, n, m = , , , . . . . ()
The q-gamma function Ŵq is defined by
Ŵq (n + ) := [n]q !, n ∈ N.
For f : [, b) → R,  < b ≤ ∞, we define the q-derivative as follows:
f (x) – f (qx)
Dq f (x) := , x ∈ [, b).
( – q)x
Clearly, if the function f (x) is differentiable at a point x ∈ (, ), then limq→ Dq f (x) = f ′ (x).
Let  < a ≤ b < ∞. The definite q-integral (also called the q-Jackson integral) of a func-
tion f (x) is defined by the formulas
a ∞

f (x) dq x := ( – q)a qk f qk a . ()
 k=
Moreover, the improper q-integral of a function f (x) is defined by
∞ ∞

f (x) dq x := ( – q) qk f qk , ()
 k=–∞
provided that the series on the right-hand sides of () and () converge absolutely.
Suppose that f (x) and g(x) are two functions which are defined on (, ∞). Then
∞
∞
f (x)Dq g(x) = f qj g qj – g qj+ . ()
 j=
Let be a subset of (, ∞) and X (t) denote the characteristic function of . For all z:
 < z < ∞, we have that
∞
X(,z] (t)f (t) dq t = ( – q) qi f qi ()

qi ≤z
and
∞
X[z,∞) (t)f (t) dq t = ( – q) qi f qi . ()

qi ≥z
Al-Salam (see [] and also []) introduced the fractional q-integral of the Riemann-
Liouville operator Iq,n of order n ∈ N by
x

Iq,n f (x) := Kn– (x, s)f (s) dq s,
Ŵq (n) 
where Kn– (x, s) = (x – qs)n–

q .
Next we will present a lemma (Lemma .) concerning discrete Hardy-type inequalities
which are proved in []. In this paper all authors studied inequalities of the form
∞

r ∞

p
r p p
urj (Sn f )j ≤C vi fi , ∀f ≥  ()
j= i=
for the n-multiple discrete Hardy operator with weights of the form
∞ k k kn– kn– ∞

(Sn f )j = ω,k ω,k ω,k · · · ωn–,kn– fi = An– (i, j)fi ,
k =j k = k = kn– = i= i=j
where u = {ui }∞ ∞ ∞
i= , v = {vi }i= , ωi = {ωi,k }k= are positive sequences of real numbers (i.e.,
weight sequences). She also studied inequality () for the operator Sn∗ defined by
i

Sn∗ f i
:= fi An–, (i, j),
j=
which is the conjugate to the operator Sn , where An–, (i, j) ≡  for n =  and
i
i
i

An–, (i, j) = ωn–,kn– ωn–,kn– · · · ω,k
kn– =j kn– =kn– k =k
for n ≥ .
We consider the following Hardy-type inequalities:
∞

r ∞

p
r p p
urj (Sn f )j ≤C vi fi ()
j=–∞ i=–∞
and
∞

r ∞

p
r p p
uri Sn∗ f i ≤C ∗
vi fi . ()
i=–∞ i=–∞
In the sequel, for any p > , the conjugate number p′ is defined by p′ := p/(p – ), and
the considered functions are assumed to be non-negative. Moreover, the symbol M ≪ K
means that there exists α >  such that M ≤ αK , where α is a constant which may depend
only on parameters such as p, q, r. Similarly, the case K ≪ M. If M ≪ K ≪ M, then we
write M ≈ K .
Lemma .
(i) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞ and n ≥ . Then inequality () holds if and only if
A(n) = max≤m≤n– Am (n) < ∞, where
∞

′ k

r
p′ –p′
p
Am (n) = sup Am, (j, k)vj Arn–,m+ (k, i)uri , n ∈ N.
k∈Z j=k i=–∞
Moreover, A(n) ≈ C, where C is the best constant in ().

(ii) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞ and n ≥ . Then inequality () holds if and only if
A∗ (n) = max≤m≤n– A∗ m (n) < ∞, where
∞

r k

′
p′ –p′
p
A∗ m (n) = sup Arm, (i, k)uri An–,m+ (k, j)vj , n ∈ N.
k∈Z i=k j=–∞
Moreover, A∗ (n) ≈ C, where C is the best constant in ().
We also need the corresponding result for the case  < r < p < ∞, which was proved in
[].
Lemma .
(i) Let  < r < p < ∞ and n ≥ . Then inequality () holds if and only if
B(n) = max≤m≤n– Bm (n) < ∞, where
∞
∞
p(r–) i

p–r
p
p′ –p′
p–r
Bm (n) = Am, (j, i)vj Arn–,m+ (i, k)urk
i=–∞ j=i k=–∞
∞

p–r
p′ –p′
pr
× △+ Am, (j, i)vj , △+ Ei,j = Ei,j – Ei,j+ , n ∈ N.
j=i
Moreover, B(n) ≈ C, where C is the best constant in ().

(ii) Let  < r < p < ∞ and n ≥ . Then inequality () holds if and only if
B∗ (n) = max≤m≤n– B∗ m (n) < ∞, where
∞
∞ r

p–r i

r(p–)
p′ –p′
p–r
B∗ m (n) = Arm, (j, i)urj An–,m+ (i, k)vk

i=–∞ j=i k=–∞
∞

p–r
pr
× △+ Arm, (j, i)urj , △+ Ei,j = Ei,j – Ei,j+ , ∀n ∈ N.
j=i
Moreover, B∗ (n) ≈ C ∗ , where C ∗ is the best constant in ().

Let (a(n)
i,j ) be a matrix whose elements are non-negative and non-increasing in the second
index for all i, j: ∞ > i ≥ j > –∞, and the entries of the matrix a(n)
i,j satisfy the following (so-
called discrete Oinarov condition):
n
(γ ) n,γ
a(n)
i,j ≈ ai,k dk,j , γ = , , . . . , n – , n ∈ N ()
γ =
for all ∞ > i ≥ k ≥ j > –∞.
γ ,m
Remark . Note that the matrices (dk,j ), γ = , , . . . , m, m ≥ , are arbitrary non-
negative matrices which satisfy () (see []).
Moreover, in [] necessary and sufficient conditions for inequalities () and () were
proved for matrix operators with a matrix (a(n)
i,j ) which satisfies (). For our purposes we
need such characterization on the following form.
Lemma .
(i) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞ and the entries of the matrix (a(n) i,j ) satisfy condition (). Then
(n)
inequality () for the operator (A– f )j := ∞i=j i,j i , j ∈ Z, holds if and only if at least
a f
one of the conditions B+ < ∞ or B– < ∞ holds, where
∞
k

pr′
′
–p′
r r p
B– = sup vi a(n)
i,j uj ,
k∈Z i=k j=–∞
k
∞

r′
r
p′ –p′ p
+
B = sup urj a(n)
i,j vi .
k∈Z j=–∞ i=k
Moreover, B+ ≈ B– ≈ C, where C is the best constant in ().

(ii) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞. Let the entries of the matrix (a(n)
i,j ) satisfy condition (). Then

inequality () for the operator (A+ f )i := ij=–∞ a(n)
i,j fj , i ∈ Z, holds if and only if at
least one of the conditions A+ < ∞ or A– < ∞ holds, where
∞
k

r′
r
(n) p′ –p′ p
–
A = sup uri ai,j vj ,
k∈Z i=k j=–∞
k
∞

pr′
′
–p′
r r p
+
A = sup vj a(n)
i,j ui .
k∈Z j=–∞ i=k
Moreover, A+ ≈ A– ≈ C, where C is the best constant in ().
3 The main results

Let  < r, p ≤ ∞. Then the q-analog of the two-weighted inequality for the operator Iq,n
of the form
∞ r ∞ p
r
ur (x) Iq,n f (x) dq x ≤C vp (x)f p (x) dq x ()
 
has several applications in various fields of science. In the classical analysis two-weighted
estimates for the Riemann-Liouville fractional operator were derived by Stepanov for the
case with parameters greater than one (see [, ]).
We consider the operator Iq,n of the following form:
∞

Iq,n f (x) = X(,x] (s)Kn– (x, s)f (s) dq s,
Ŵq (n) 
which is defined for all x > . Although it does not coincide with the operator Iq,n (they
coincide at the points x = qk , k ∈ Z), we have the equality
∞ ∞
r r
ur (x) Iq,n f (x) dq x = ur (x) Iq,n f (x) dq x.
 
Therefore, inequality () can be rewritten as
∞ r ∞ p
r
ur (x) Iq,n f (x) dq x ≤C vp (x)f p (x) dq x . ()
 
∗
Its conjugate operator Iq,n can be defined by
∞
∗ 
Iq,n f (s) := X[s,∞) (x)Kn– (x, s)f (x) dq x,
Ŵq (n) 
with the same kernel. The dual inequality of inequality () reads as follows:
∞ r ∞ p
∗ r
ur (x) Iq,n f (x) dq x ≤ C∗ vp (x)f p (x) dq x , ()
 
where C and C ∗ are positive constants independent of f and u(·), v(·) are positive real-
valued functions on (, ∞), i.e., weight functions. In what follows we investigate inequal-
ities () and ().
Let N = N ∪ {}. Then, for  ≤ m ≤ n – , m, n ∈ N , we use the following notations:
∞ ∞ p(r–)
p–r
′ ′
Qn–
m = X(,z] (s)Kmp (z, s)v–p (s) dq s
 
∞ p–r
p
r
× X[z,∞) (x)Kn–m– (x, z)ur (x) dq x

∞ p–r
′ ′ pr
× Dq X(,z] (s)Kmp (z, s)v–p (s) dq s ,

∞ ∞ p–r
r
Qn–
m = X(,z] (s)Kmr (z, s)ur (s) dq s
 
∞ r(p–)
p–r
–p′ ′
× X[z,∞) (x)Kn–m– (z, x)v–p (x) dq x

∞ p–r
pr
× Dq X(,z] (s)Kmr (z, s)ur (x) dq s ,

∞ r ∞ ′
′ ′ p
n–
Hm = sup r
X[z,∞) (x)Kn–m– (x, z)ur (x) dq x X(,z] (s)Kmp (z, s)v–p (s) dq s ,
z>  
∞ r ∞ ′
p′ ′ p
n–
Hm = sup X(,z] (x)Kmr (z, x)ur (x) dq x X[z,∞) (s)Kn–m– (s, z)v–p (s) dq s ,
z>  
∞ ∞ r 
p′ ′ p′ r
A+ (z) = X[z,∞) (x)ur (x) X(,z] (t)Kn– (x, t)v–p (t) dq t dq x ,
 
∞ ∞ pr′ ′
p
– –p′ r
A (z) = X(,z] (t)v (t) X[z,∞) (x)Kn– (x, t)ur (x) dq x dq t .
 
p′ ′
∞ ∞ r p
′
A+ (z) = X[z,∞) (t)v–p (t) r
X(,z] (x)Kn– (t, x)ur (x) dq x dq t ,
 
∞ ∞ r′ r
p′ ′ p
A– (z) = X(,z] (x)ur (x) X[z,∞) (t)Kn– (t, x)v–p (t) dq t dq x ,
 
Hn– = max Hkn– , Hn– = max Hkn– ,

≤k≤n– ≤k≤n–
A+q = sup A (z),+

A–q = sup A (z), –
A+q = sup A+ (z), A–q = sup A– (z),
z> z> z> z>
Qn– = max Qn–

k and Qn– = max Qn–
k .
≤k≤n– ≤k≤n–
Our main results read as follows.
Theorem .
(i) Let  < r < p < ∞. Then inequality () holds if and only if Qn– < ∞. Moreover,
Qn– ≈ C, where C is the best constant in ().
(ii) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞. Then inequality () holds if and only if at least one of the
conditions Hn– < ∞ or A+q < ∞ or A–q < ∞ holds. Moreover, Hn– ≈ A+q ≈ A–q ≈ C,
where C is the best constant in ().
Theorem .
(i) Let  < r < p < ∞. Then inequality () holds if and only if Qn– < ∞. Moreover,
Qn– ≈ C ∗ , where C ∗ is the best constant in ().
(ii) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞. Then inequality () holds if and only if at least one of the
conditions Hn– < ∞ or A+q < ∞, or A–q < ∞ holds. Moreover, Hn– ≈ A+q ≈ A–q ≈ C,
where C is the best constant in ().
For the proofs of these results, we need the following lemmata of independent interest.
Lemma . Let x, t, s:  < s ≤ t ≤ x < ∞. Then

n–

n–
max Kn–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) ≤ Kn– (x, s) ≤ Kn–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) ()
≤m≤n–
m=
m
q
for m:  ≤ m ≤ n – , n, m –  ∈ N and where Kn– (x, s) = (x – qs)n–

q .
Lemma . Let f and g be non-negative functions on (, ∞), α, β ∈ R and

∞ α ∞ β
I(z) := X(,z] (t)f (t) dq t X[z,∞) (x)g(x) dq x .
 
Then
∞

α k

β

sup I(z) = ( – q)α+β sup qj f qj qi g qi , ()
z> k∈Z i=–∞
j=k
where at least one of α and β is non-negative.
This result was proved in [], but for the readers’ convenience we will include in Sec-
tion  a proof which is slightly simpler than that in the Russian version given in [].
Lemma . Let α, β ∈ R+ , K(·, ·) be a non-negative function and

∞ ∞ α β
I + (z) := X[z,∞) (x)g(x) X(,z] (t)K(x, t)f (t) dq t dq x ,
 
∞ ∞ α β
I – (z) := X(,z] (t)f (t) X[z,∞) (x)K(x, t)g(x) dq x dq t .
 
Then
k
∞

α
β
j j i i
+ j i
sup I (z) = sup ( – q) q g q ( – q) q K q ,q f q ()
z> k∈Z j=–∞ i=k
and
∞
k

α
β
j j i j
– j j
sup I (z) = sup ( – q) q f q ( – q) q K q ,q g q . ()
z> k∈Z j=–∞
j=k
Lemma . Let Qn– n–

m , Qm < ∞ for  < m ≤ n – . Then
∞
∞

p(r–)
′ ′ p–r
Qn–
m = ( – q) qt Kmp qi , qt v–p qt
i=–∞ t=i
i

p–r
p
j i r j
× ( – q) qj Kn–m–
r
q ,q u q
j=–∞
∞

p–r
′ pr
× △+ ( – q)qn Kmr qi , qn v–p qn
n=i
and
∞
∞

p–r
r

Qn–
m = ( – q) qt Kmr qi , qt ur qt
i=–∞ t=i
i

r(p–)
p′ ′ p–r
× ( – q) qj Kn–m– qj , qi v–p qj
j=–∞
∞

p–r
pr
× △+ ( – q)qn Kmr qi , qn ur qn ,
n=i
where △+ En,i = En,i – En,i+ .

4 Proofs
Proof of Lemma . Let  < s ≤ t ≤ x < ∞. First we prove the lower estimate. By using ()
we find that
Kn–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) = (x – qt)n–m–

q (t – qs)m
q
≤ (x – qs)n–m–
q (x – qs)m
q
n–m–

n–m m
≤ (x – qs)q x–q s q
= (x – qs)n–
q = Kn– (x, s)
for  < s ≤ t ≤ x < ∞ and  ≤ m ≤ n – , m – , n ∈ N. Hence,
max Kn–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) ≤ Kn– (x, s),

≤m≤n–
and the lower estimate in () is proved.

According to () we get that K (x, t)K (t, s) = K (x, s) ≡  for n = . Moreover, we have
that
K (x, s) = (x – qs)q < (x – qt)q + (t – qs)q




= K–m– (x, t)Km (t, s)
m=
m
q
for n = .
This means that the inequality
n–

n–
Kn– (x, s) < Kn–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) ()
m=
m
q
holds for n = . Our aim is now to use induction, and we assume that () holds for n = l – ,
l ≥ , and we will prove that it then holds also for n = l.
We use our induction assumption, make some calculations and obvious estimates and
find that

Kl– (x, s) = Kl– (x, s) x – ql– s
l–
l–
< Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) x – ql– s
m=
m
q
l–

l–
< Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) x – ql–m– t + ql–m– t – ql– s
m=
m
q
l–

l–
= Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) x – ql–m– t
m=
m
q
l–

l–
+ Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s)ql–m– t – qm+ s
m=
m
q
l–

l– l–
= Kl– (x, t)K (t, s) + Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s)
 m=
m
q q
l–

l–m– l –  l–
+ q Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s) + K (x, t)Kl– (t, s)
m=
m– l–
q q

l–
= Kl– (x, t)K (t, s)

q
l–

l–m– l –  l–
+ q + Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s)
m=
m– m
q q

l–
+ K (x, t)Kl (t, s).
l–
q
l– l –  l – 
Since, for any m ≥  (ql–m– m– q + m q
= m q
), we get that
l–

l–
Kl– (x, s) < Kl–m– (x, t)Km (t, s).
m=
m
q
Hence, () holds also with n = l which, by the induction axiom, means that also the
upper estimate in () is proved. The proof is complete.
Proof of Lemma . From () and () it follows that

α
β
I(z) = ( – q)α+β qj f qj qi g qi .
qj ≤z qi ≥z
If z = qk , then, for k ∈ Z,
∞

α k

β
i
I(z) = ( – q) α+β
q f qj
j
qg qi
.
j=k i=–∞
If qk < z < qk– , then, for k ∈ Z,

∞

α k–

β
i
I(z) = ( – q) α+β
q f qj
j
qg qi
.
j=k i=–∞
Hence, for k ∈ Z and β > , we find that

∞

α k

β

sup I(z) = ( – q)α+β qj f qj qi g qi .
qk ≤z<qk– j=k i=–∞
Therefore
sup I(z) = sup sup I(z)

z> k∈Z qk ≤z<qk–
∞

α k
β

= ( – q)α+β sup qj f qj qi g qi . ()
k∈Z j=k i=–∞
We have proved that () holds wherever β > .

Next we assume that α > . Let qk+ < z < qk , k ∈ Z. Then we get that
∞

α k

β

I(z) = ( – q)α+β sup qj f qj qi g qi ,
k∈Z j=k+ i=–∞
and analogously as above we find that

∞

α k

β

sup I(z) = ( – q)α+β qj f qj qi g qi ,
qk+ <z≤qk j=k i=–∞
and () holds also for the case α > . The proof is complete.
Proof of Lemma . Let z = qk , k ∈ Z. By using () and () we have that
k
∞

α
β

I + (z) = ( – q) qj g qj ( – q) qi K qj , qi f qi .
j=–∞ i=k
For the cases qk+ < z < qk , k ∈ Z and qk < z < qk– , k ∈ Z, we find that
k
∞

α
β
j j i i
+ j i
I (z) = ( – q) q g q ( – q) q K q ,q f q
j=–∞ i=k+
and
k–
∞

α
β
j j i i
+ j i
I (z) = ( – q) q g q ( – q) q K q ,q f q ,
j=–∞ i=k
respectively.
Hence, we conclude that
k
∞

α
β
j j i i
+ j i
sup I (z) = ( – q) q g q ( – q) q K q ,q f q .
qk+ <z<qk– j=–∞ i=k
Since supz> I + (z) = supk∈Z supqk+ <z<qk– I + (z), we find that () holds. The identity ()
can be proved in a similar way as (). The proof is complete.
Proof of Lemma . Without loss of generality we may assume that Qn–
m < ∞. By using
(), () and () we can deduce that
∞ p(r–)
∞
′ ′ p–r
Qn–
m = X(,qi ] (s)Kmp qi , s v–p (s) dq s
i=–∞ 
∞ p–r
p
r
i r
× X[qi ,∞) (x)Kn–m– x, q u (x) dq x

∞
′ ′
× X(,qi ] (s)Kmp qi , s v–p (s) dq s

∞ p–r
′ ′ pr
– X(,qi+ ] (s)Kmp qi+ , s v–p (s) dq s

∞
∞

p(r–)
′ ′ p–r
= ( – q) q t
Kmp q , q v–p qt
i t
i=–∞ t=i
i

p–r
p

j r
× ( – q) q Kn–m– q , q ur qj
j i
j=–∞
∞

p–r
′ pr
× △+ ( – q)qn Kmr qi , qn v–p qn ,
n=i
and the first equality in Lemma . is proved.

The second inequality can be proved in a similar way, so we leave out the details. The
proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem . By using formulas () and () we find that inequality () can be
rewritten as
∞
∞
r
r

( – q)r+ qj ur qj qi f qi Kn– qj , qi
j=–∞ i=j
∞

p

≤C i p
( – q)q f qi vp qi . ()
i=–∞
Let

urj = ( – q)r+ qj ur qj , fi = qi f qi ,
()
p
vi = ( – q)qi(–p) vp qi , W (n) (i, j) = Kn– qj , qi .
Then we get that inequality () can be rewritten as the discrete weighted Hardy-type
inequality (see, e.g., [])
∞
∞

r
r ∞

p
p p
urj W (n) (i, j)fi ≤C vi ai . ()
j=–∞ i=j i=–∞
Hence, inequality () is equivalent to inequality (), where (W (n) (i, j)) is the non-
negative triangular matrix which has entries W (n) (i, j) ≥  for j ≤ i and W (n) (i, j) ≡  for
j > i and is non-decreasing in the first index for all i ≥ j > –∞.
First we will prove that, for n ∈ N ,
i
i
i

( – q)n– [n – ]q qkn– [n – ]q qkn– · · · []q qk = W (n) (i, j). ()
kn– =j kn– =kn– k =k
We will use induction and first we note that W () (i, j) = (qj – qi )q ≡  for n = . If n = ,
then
i
i

( – q) q k = []q qk – qk + = qj – qi+ q = W () (i, j).
k =j k =j
Assume now that formula () holds for n –  ∈ N , i.e., that
i
i
i

( – q)n– [n – ]q qkn– [n – ]q qkn– · · · []q qk = W (n–) (i, j).
kn– =j kn– =kn– k =k
By using this induction assumption we find that
i
i
i

( – q)n– [n – ]q qkn– [n – ]q qkn– · · · []q qk
kn– =j kn– =kn– k =k
i

= ( – q)[n – ]q qkn– W (n–) (i, j)
kn– =j
i
n–
=  – qn– qkn– qkn– – qi+ q .
kn– =j
kn– +
Since (qkn– – qi+ )n–
q – (q – qi+ )n–
q = ( – q
n– kn– kn–
)q (q – qi+ )n–
q , we get that ()
holds also for n. Hence, by the induction axiom, we conclude that () holds for each
n ∈ N.
Let wm,k = [m]q (qkm – qkm + ), m = , , , . . . , n – . Then, by using (), we have that
i
i
i

W (n) (i, j) = wn–,kn– wn–,kn– · · · w,k . ()
kn– =j kn– =kn– k =k
Therefore, we see that the matrix operator in (), defined by
∞

(
Sf )j := W (n) (i, j)fi , j ∈ Z,
i=j
is an n-multiple discrete Hardy operator with weights (see ()).

Therefore, Lemma . and Lemma . can be used.
(i) Let  < r < p < ∞. Then, based on Lemma ., it follows that inequality () holds if
and only if Qn– = max≤m≤n– Qn–
m < ∞, where
∞
∞
p(r–)
p′ –p′
p–r

Qn–
m = W (m+) (j, i) vj
i=–∞ j=i
i

p–r
p
r
(n–m)
× W (i, k) urk
k=–∞
∞

p–r
(m+) p′ –p′
pr
+
×△ W (j, i)vj .
j=i
Since inequality () is equivalent to inequality (), we conclude that the condition

Qn– < ∞ is a necessary and sufficient condition for the validity of inequality (). More-
over,
Qn– ≈ C.
By using the definitions () in

Qn–
m , we get that
∞
∞

p(r–)
′ j p–r
–p′
Qn–
m = ( – q) q j
Kmp i
q ,q v j
q
i=–∞ j=i
i

p
k i r k p–r
× ( – q) qk Kn–m–
r
q ,q u q
k=–∞
∞

p–r
′ ′ pr
× △+ ( – q)qj Kmp qi , qj v–p qj .
j=i
By using Lemma ., we find that
∞ ∞ p(r–)
p–r
′ ′

Qn–
m = X(;z] (s)Kmp (z, s)v–p (s) dq s
 
∞ p–r
p
r
× X[z,∞) (x)Kn–m– (x, z)ur (x) dq x

∞ p–r
′ ′ pr
× Dq X(;z] (s)Kmp (z, s)v–p (s) dq s ,

i.e., that
Qn– = Qn– . Then we find that inequality () holds if and only if Qn– < ∞. More-
over, Qn– ≈ C, where C is the best constant in (). Thus the proof of the statement (i) of
Theorem . is complete.
(ii) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞. Then from Lemma . it follows that inequality () holds if and
only if Hn– = max≤m≤n– H mn–
< ∞ holds, where
∞

′
p′ –p′
p
m
H n–
= sup W (m+) (i, k) vi
k∈Z i=k
k

r
(n–m) r
× W (k, j) urj , n ∈ N.
j=–∞
If x = qj , s = qi , t = qk , for j ≤ k ≤ i, then, by Lemma . and (), we obtain that (recall

that W (n) (i, j) = Kn– (qj , qi ))
n–

n–
W (n) (i, j) ≤ W (n–m) (k, j)W (m+) (i, k). ()
m=
m
q
Since, again by Lemma ., max≤m≤n– W (m+) (i, k)W (n–m) (k, j) ≤ W (n) (i, j), it follows
that
n–

n–
W (n) (i, j) ≥ h(n) W (m+) (i, k)W (n–m) (k, j), ()
m=
m
q
n– n –  –
where h(n) = m= m q
.
According to () and () we have that
n–

W (n) (i, j) ≈ W (m) (i, k)W (n,m) (k, j),
m=

where W (n,m) (k, j) = nm–  q W (n–m–) (k, j).
Therefore, we have proved that the matrix (W (n) (i, j)) in () satisfies the Oinarov con-
dition () and Lemma . can be used.
Hence, we have the following necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of in-
equality ():
k ∞
r

p′ –p′ p′ r
+
A = sup r
uj (n)
W (i, j) vi <∞
k∈Z j=–∞ i=k
or
∞
k

pr′
′
–p′
(n) r p
–
A = sup vi W (i, j) urj < ∞.
k∈Z i=k j=–∞
Since, again by Lemma ., max≤m≤n– W (m+) (i, k)W (n–m) (k, j) ≤ W (n) (i, j), we get that
∞

r′
r
k
p′ –p′
p
n– = sup
H uj max W (n–m)
(k, j)W (m+)
(i, k) vi
k∈Z ≤m≤n–
j=–∞ i=k
k
∞

r′
r
p′ –p′
p
≤ uj W (n) (i, j) vi =
A+ .
j=–∞ i=k
Moreover, by () we have that
k ∞ n–
p′
r′
r
n– –p′
p

A+ ≤ sup uj W (n–m) (k, j)W (m+) (i, k) vi
k∈Z j=–∞ i=k m=
m
q
n–

n–
≤ n– .
Hn– ≪ H
m=
m
q
Hence, A+ ≈ H n– . In a similar way it can be proved that Hn– ≈

A– .
Since inequality () is equivalent to inequality (), we get that inequality () holds if
and only if at least one of the conditions A+ < ∞ or n– < ∞ holds.
A– < ∞, or H
Now, using notations () in H mn–
, we obtain that
k

r
+   r j k
m
H n–
= ( – q) r p′ sup qj ur qj Kn–m– q ,q
k∈Z j=–∞
∞


i p′ k i p′
t –p′
× qv q Km q , q .
i=k
m
The parameters and functions in H n–
satisfy all the conditions of Lemma .. Therefore,
we find that
∞ r
m
H n–
= sup r
X[z,∞) (x)Kn–m– (x, z)ur (x) dq x
z> 
∞ ′
′ ′ p
× X(,z] (s)Kmp (z, s)v–p (s) dq s ,

m
i.e., that H n– n–
= Hm n– = Hn– = max≤m≤n– Hm
and H n–
< ∞.
A+ and A–q =
In a similar way as above, by using Lemma . and (), we get that A+q = A– .
Hence, we obtain that inequality () holds if and only if at least one of the conditions
Hn– < ∞ or A+q < ∞, or A–q < ∞ holds. Moreover, A+q ≈ A–q ≈ Hn– ≈ C, where C is the
best constant in (). Also the proof of the statement (ii) of Theorem . is complete.
Proof of Theorem . In a similar way as in the proof of Theorem ., by using (), () and
(), we can prove that we have the following discrete Hardy-type inequality:
∞
i

r
r ∞

p
(n)
p p
uri Wn–, (i, j)fi ≤C vi ai , ()
i=–∞ j=–∞ i=–∞
which is equivalent to inequality ().

(i) Let  < r < p < ∞. By using Lemma . and Lemma ., we can in a similar way as
in the proof of Theorem .(i) derive that inequality () holds if and only if Qn– < ∞
holds. Moreover, Qn– ≈ C ∗ , where C ∗ is the best constant in (). The proof of part (i) is
complete.
(ii) Let  < p ≤ r < ∞. By using Lemma ., Lemma ., Lemma . and Lemma .,
we can, analogously as in the proof of the (ii)-part, prove that inequality () holds if and
only if at least one of the conditions Hn– < ∞ or A+q < ∞, or A–q < ∞ holds. Moreover,
Hn– ≈ A–q ≈ A+q ≈ C ∗ , where C ∗ is the best constant in (). The proof of part (ii) is
complete.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors have on equal level discussed and posed the research questions in this paper. SS is the main author
concerning the proofs of the main results and typing of the manuscript. L-EP has put the results into a more general
frame in the introduction and instructed how to write the paper in this final form. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Author details
1
Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 971 87, Sweden. 2 Narvik University College, P.O. Box 385, Narvik, 8505, Norway.
3
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Munaytpasov St. 5, Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan.
Acknowledgements
We thank both careful referees and Professor Ryskul Oinarov for generous advice, which have improved the final version
of this paper.
Received: 6 May 2015 Accepted: 7 September 2015
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Paper B
J ournal of
Mathematical
I nequalities
Volume 10, Number 3 (2016), 761–781 doi:10.7153/jmi-10-62
SOME NEW HARDY–TYPE INEQUALITIES IN q –ANALYSIS
A. O. BAIARYSTANOV, L. E. P ERSSON , S. S HAIMARDAN AND A. T EMIRKHANOVA
(Communicated by J. Pečarić)
Abstract. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions (of Muckenhoupt-Bradley type) for the
validity of q -analogs of (r, p) -weighted Hardy-type inequalities for all possible positive values
of the parameters r and p . We also point out some possibilities to further develop the theory of
Hardy-type inequalities in this new direction.
1. Introduction
G. H. Hardy announced in 1920 [17] and finally proved in 1925 [18] (also see [19,
p. 240]) his famous inequality
 p
Z∞ Zx p Z∞
1 p
 f (t)dt  dx 6 f p (x)dx, p > 1, (1.1)
x p−1
0 0 0
for all non-negative functions

fp (in the sequel we assume that all functions are non-
p
negative). The constant p−1 in (1.1) is sharp. Since then it has been an enormous
activity to develop and apply what is today known as Hardy-type inequalities, see e.g
the books [21], [23] and [24] and the references there.
One central problem in this development was to characterize the weights u(x) and
υ (x) so that the more general Hardy-type inequality
  r  1r  1
Z∞ Zx Z∞ p
p
  f (t)dt  u(x)dx 6 C  f (x)υ (x)dx (1.2)
0 0 0
holds for some constant C and various parameters p and r .

To make our introduction clear we just concentrate on the case 1 6 p 6 r < ∞. In
this case e.g the following result is well-known:
Mathematics subject classification (2010): 26D10, 26D15, 33D05, 39A13.
Keywords and phrases: Inequalities, Hardy-type inequalities, Riemann-Liouville operator, integral op-
erator, q -analysis, q -analog, weights.
c , Zagreb 761
Paper JMI-10-62
762 A. O. BAIARYSTANOV, L. E. P ERSSON , S. S HAIMARDAN AND A. T EMIRKHANOVA
P ROPOSITION A. Let 1 < p 6 r < ∞. Then the inequality (1.2) holds if and only
if
1 1
A1 := sup (U(x)) r (V (x)) p′ < ∞
0<x<∞
or
 1
Zx r
1
r
A2 := sup  u(t)V (t)dt  V − p (x) < ∞
0<x<∞
0
or
  1′
Z∞ p
1
1−p′ p′
A3 := sup  υ (t)U (t)dt  U − r′ (x) < ∞,
0<x<∞
x
R∞ Rx ′ p r
where U(x) = u(t)dt , V (x) = υ 1−p (t)dt , p′ = p−1 and r′ = r−1 . Moreover, for
x 0
the sharp constant in (1.2) we have that C ≈ A1 ≈ A2 ≈ A3 .
R EMARK 1.1. A nice proof of the condition A1 < ∞ was given in 1978 by J. S.
Bradley [9]. The case p = r was proved by B. Muckenhoupt [28] already in 1972 . The
condition A2 < ∞ was proved in 2002 by L. E. Persson and V. D. Stepanov [30], but
was for the case p = r proved by G. A. Tomaselli [34] already in 1969. The condition
A3 < ∞ is just the dual condition of the condition A2 < ∞.
In the beginning G. H. Hardy was most occupied with the discrete version of (1.1).
The discrete version of (1.2) reads:
!r ! 1r ! 1p
∞ n ∞
∑ ∑ fk un 6C ∑ fnp υn , (1.3)
n=1 k=1 n=1
where u = {un } and υ = {υn } are non-negative weight sequences and the question
is to characterize all such weight sequence so that (1.3) holds for an arbitrary non-
negative sequence f = { fn } (in the sequel we assume that the considered sequences are
non-negative).
It is interesting that the similar results as that in Proposition A for the discrete case
was independently proved by G. Bennett [6] in 1987 (see also [2], [8] and [22, Theorem
7]). It reads:
P ROPOSITION B. Let 1 < p 6 r < ∞. Then the inequality (1.3) holds if and only
if
1 1
′
B1 := sup Unr Vnp < ∞
n∈N
or
!1
n r
− 1p
B2 := sup ∑ ukVkr Vn <∞
n∈N k=1
S OME NEW H ARDY- TYPE INEQUALITIES IN q - ANALYSIS 763
or
! 1′
∞ p
′ ′ − r1′
B3 := sup ∑ υk1−p Ukp Un < ∞,
n∈N k=n
∞ n ′
where Un = ∑ uk and Vn = ∑ υk1−p .
k=n k=1
Moreover, for the sharp constant C in (1.3) it yields that C ≈ B1 ≈ B2 ≈ B3 .
For our purposes we will consider the inequality (1.3) on the following different
but equivalent form:
!r ! 1r ! 1p
∞ n ∞
∑ u n ∑ υk f k 6C ∑ fnp , (1.4)
n=1 k=1 n=1
with the obvious changes of the conditions Bi < ∞, i = 1, 2, 3.

In 1910, F. H. Jackson defined q -derivative and definite q -integral [20] (see also
[11]). It was the starting point of q -analysis. Today the interest in the subject has
exploded. The q -analysis has numerous applications in various fields of mathematics
e.g dynamical systems, number theory, combinatorics, special functions, fractals and
also for scientific problems in some applied areas such as computer science, quantum
mechanics and quantum physics (see e.g. [3], [5], [12], [13] and [14]). For the fur-
ther development and recent results in q -analysis we refer to the books [3], [11] and
[12] and the references given therein. The first results concerning integral inequalities
in q -analysis were proved in 2004 by H. Gauchman [15]. Later on some further q -
analogs of the classical inequalities have been proved (see [22], [27], [32] and [33]).
We also pronounce the recent book [1] by G.A. Anastassiou, where many important
q-inequalities are proved and discussed. Moreover, in 2014 L. Maligranda, R. Oinarov
and L.-E. Persson [26] derived a q -analog of the classical Hardy inequality (1.1) and
some related inequalities. It seems to be a huge new research area to investigate which
of these so called Hardy-type inequalities have their q -analogs.
One main aim in this paper is to prove the q -analog of the results in Propositions
A and B (see our Theorem 3.1). We will also prove the corresponding characterization
for other possible values of the parameters p and r (see our Theorem 3.3). We also
prove the corresponding dual results (see Theorem 3.2 and Theorem 3.4).
Our paper is organized as follows: The main results are stated Section 3 and proved
in Section 4. In order not to disturb our discussions there some preliminaries are given
in Section 2. In particular, we present some basic facts from q -analysis and also state
∞ ∞
Proposition B on a formally more general form namely where ∑ is replaced by ∑ (see
1 −∞
Proposition 2.2). We also state this result for other parameters which is important for
our proof of the Theorem 3.3 (see Proposition 2.3). Finally, in Section 5 we present
some remarks and in particular point out the possibility to generalize our results even
to modern forms of Propositions A and B, where these three conditions even can be
replaced by four scales of conditions (For the continuous case, see the review article
[25] and for the discrete case see [29]).
2. Preliminaries
2.1. Some basic facts in q -analysis

This subsection gives the definitions and notions of q -analysis [11] (see also [12]).
Let the function f defined on (0, b), 0 < b 6 ∞ and 0 < q < 1 . Then
f (x) − f (qx)
Dq f (x) := , x ∈ (0, b) (2.1)
(1 − q)x
is called the q -derivative of the function f . This definition was introduced by F. H.
Jackson in 1910.
Let x ∈ (0, b). Then
Zx ∞
f (t)dqt := (1 − q)x ∑ qk f (xqk ), (2.2)
0 k=0
is called q -integral or Jackson integral.

If b = ∞ the improper q -integral is defined by
Z∞ ∞
f (t)dqt := (1 − q) ∑ qk f (qk ). (2.3)
0 k=−∞
The integrals (2.2) and (2.3) are meaningful, if the series on the right hand sides
converge.
Let 0 < a < b 6 ∞. Then we have that
Zb Zb Za
f (t)dq t := f (t)dq t − f (t)dqt. (2.4)
a 0 0
We also need the following fact:
P ROPOSITION 2.1. Let k ∈ Z. Then

Z∞ k
f (t)dqt = (1 − q) ∑ q j f (q j ). (2.5)
j=−∞
qk+1
Proof of Proposition 2.1. By using (2.2), (2.3) and (2.4) with b = ∞, a = qk+1 we
have that
Z∞ Z∞ qZk+1
f (t)dqt = f (t)dqt − f (t)dqt

qk+1 0 0
∞ ∞
= (1 − q) ∑ q j f (q j ) − (1 − q) ∑ qi+k+1 f (qi+k+1 )
j=−∞ i=0
∞ ∞
= (1 − q) ∑ q j f (q j ) − (1 − q) ∑ qi f (qi )
j=−∞ i=k+1
k
= (1 − q) ∑ q j f (q j ),
j=−∞
i.e. (2.5) holds. The proof is complete.
Let Ω be a subset of (0, ∞) and XΩ (t) denote the characteristic function of the
set Ω. Let z > 0 . Then from (2.3) we can deduce that
Z∞ ∞
X(0,z] (t) f (t)dqt = (1 − q) ∑ qi X(0,z] (qi ) f (qi ) = (1 − q) ∑ qi f (qi ), (2.6)
i=−∞ qi 6z
0
and
Z∞
X[z,∞) (t) f (t)dqt = (1 − q) ∑ qi f (qi ). (2.7)
0 qi >z
Moreover,
Z∞
X(qz,z] (t) f (t)dqt = (1 − q)qk f (qk ), (2.8)
0
for qk 6z < qk−1 , k ∈ Z,

Z∞
X[z,q−1 z) (t) f (t)dqt = (1 − q)qm f (qm ), (2.9)
0
for qm+1 < z 6 qm , m ∈ Z.
2.2. An important variant of Proposition B

We consider the inequality:
!r ! 1r !1
∞ n ∞ p
∑ un ∑ υk f k 6C ∑ fnp , fn > 0. (2.10)

n=−∞ k=−∞ n=−∞
We need the following formal extension of Proposition B, of independent interest:
P ROPOSITION 2.2. Let 1 < p 6 r < ∞. Then the inequality (2.10) holds if and
only if
!1 ! 1′
∞ r n p
′
C1 = sup ∑ urk ∑ υip <∞ (2.11)
n∈Z k=n i=−∞
or
!− 1 !r ! 1r
n p n k
p′ p′
C2 = sup ∑ υi ∑ urk ∑ υi <∞ (2.12)
n∈Z i=−∞ k=−∞ i=−∞
or
!− 1′  ! p′  p1′
∞ r ∞ ∞
p′
C3 = sup
n∈Z
∑ urk ∑ υ
i ∑ urk  < ∞. (2.13)
k=n i=n k=i
Moreover, for the sharp constant C in (2.10) it yields that C ≈ C1 ≈ C2 ≈ C3 .
This proposition is even equivalent to Proposition B, which can be seen from the
proof below we give for the reader’s convenience.
Proof of Proposition 2.2. Let Z = Z ∪ {+∞} ∪ {−∞}, N = N ∪ {+∞} . The func-

tion ϕ : Z → N, given by


 +∞ n = +∞,

2n n > 0,
∀n ∈ Z : ϕ (n) =

 −2n + 3 n 6 0,

1 n = −∞,
is a bijection.
Therefore, ϕ (n) = m, m = 1, 2, · · · and ϕ (k) = j , j = 1, 2, · · · m, so that
!r ! 1r !r ! 1r
∞ n ϕ (∞) ϕ (n)
∑ un ∑ υk f k = ∑ uϕ (n) ∑ υϕ (k) fϕ (k)
n=−∞ k=−∞ ϕ (n)=ϕ (−∞) ϕ (k)=ϕ (−∞)
!r ! 1r
∞ m
= ∑ ũm ∑ υ̃ j f˜j , (2.14)
m=1 j=1
and
! 1p ! 1p ! 1p
∞ ϕ (∞) ∞
∑ fnp = ∑ fϕp(n) = ∑ f˜mp , (2.15)
n=−∞ ϕ (n)=ϕ (−∞) m=1
where f˜m = fϕ (n) , ũm = uϕ (n) , υ̃ j = υϕ (k) .

By (2.14) and (2.15), we obtain that (2.10) holds if and only if the inequality
!r ! 1r !1
∞ m ∞ p
∑ ũm ∑ υ̃ j f˜j 6C ∑ f˜mp (2.16)

m=1 j=1 m=1
holds.
Let 1 < p 6 r < ∞. By Proposition B we get that the inequality (2.16) holds if and
only if
! 1r ! 1′
∞ m ′
p
B1 = sup
m∈N
∑ ũrj ∑ υ̃ip <∞
j=m i=1
holds. Moreover, since the function ϕ −1 : N → Z is a bijection, we find that

!1 ! 1′
∞ r n p
′
B1 = sup ∑ urk ∑ υip = C1 . (2.17)
n∈Z k=n i=−∞
Hence, according to (2.14), (2.15) and (2.17), we obtain that the inequality (2.10)
holds if and only if C1 < ∞. Moreover, by Proposition B we find that C ≈ C1 , where C
is the sharp constant in (2.10).
The proofs of the facts that also C2 < ∞ and C3 < ∞ are necessary and sufficient
conditions for the characterization of (2.10), and also that C ≈ C2 ≈ C3 , are similar so
we leave out the details. The proof is complete.
We also need the corresponding result for other cases of possible parameters p
and r .
P ROPOSITION 2.3. (i). Let 0 < p 6 1, p 6 r < ∞. Then the inequality (2.10)
!1
∞ r
C4 = sup ∑ urk υn < ∞. (2.18)

n∈Z k=n
(ii). Let 1 < p < ∞, 0 < r < p . Then the inequality (2.10) holds if and only if
  p−r
! r(p−1)
p−r
! p−r
r pr
∞ n ∞
 ′ 
C5 =  ∑ ∑ υip ∑ urk urn  < ∞. (2.19)
n=−∞ i=−∞ k=n
(iii). Let 0 < r < p = 1 . Then the inequality (2.10) is satisfied if and only if
 ! r  1−r
r
∞ r ∞ 1−r
C6 =  ∑ max υi 1−r
∑ urk urn  < ∞. (2.20)
n=−∞ i6n k=n
In all cases (i)–(iii) for the best constant in (2.10) it yields that C ≈ Bi , i = 4, 5, 6 ,
respectively.
Proof of Proposition 2.3. By using well-known characterizations (see [6], [7], [8],
∞ ∞
[10], [16] and [21, p. 58]) for the cases (i)–(iii) where ∑ is replaced by ∑ , the proof
−∞ 1
can be performed exactly as the proof of Proposition 2.2. We leave out the details.
2.3. Some q -analogs of weighted Hardy-type inequalities
Let 0 < r, p 6 ∞. Then the q -analog of the discrete Hardy-type inequality of the
form (1.4) can be rewritten in the following way:
  r  1r   1p
Z∞ Zx Z∞
 u(x) v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x 6 C  f p (x)dq x . (2.21)
0 0 0
By Proposition 2.1 we find that the inequality (2.21) can be rewritten on the fol-
lowing dual form:
   p′  1′   1′
p
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ r
  r′
 v(x) u(t)g(t)dqt  dq x 6 C g (x)dq x . (2.22)
0 qx 0
We see that the (2.22) lacks some symmetry as in classical analysis.

R∞
We consider the operator (Hq f ) (x) = X(0,x] (t)v(t) f (t)dqt , which is defined for
0
Rx
all x > 0 . Although it does not coincide with the operator v(t) f (t)dq t (they coincide
0
at the points x = qk , k ∈ Z) we have the equality
 r  r
Z∞ Zx Z∞ Z∞
u(x) v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x = u(x) X(0,x] (t)v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x.
0 0 0 0
Therefore, the inequality (2.21) can be rewritten as
  r  1r   1p
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
 u(x) X(0,x] (t)v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x 6 C  f p (x)dq x , (2.23)
0 0 0
which will be called the q -integral analog of the weighted Hardy-type inequality. The
dual inequality of the inequality (2.23) (equivalent of (2.22)) reads:
   p′  1′   1′
p
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ r
  r′
 v(t) X[x,∞) (x)u(x)g(x)dq x dqt  6 C g (t)dqt  .
0 0 0
3. The main results
Our main result reads:
T HEOREM 3.1. Let 1 0
0 0
or
 − 1p
Z∞
p′
D2 = sup  X(0,z] (t)v (t)dqt 
z>0
0
  r  1r
Z∞ Z∞
′
 X(0,z] (x)ur (x)  X(0,z] (t)v p (t)dqt  dq x < ∞
0 0
or
 − 1′
Z∞ r
r
D3 = sup  X[z,∞) (x)u (x)dq x
z>0
0
   p′  1′
p
Z∞ Z∞
 p′ r 
 X[z,∞) (t)v (t)  X[z,∞) (x)u (x)dq x dqt  < ∞.
0 0
Moreover, for the sharp constant in (2.23) we have that C ≈ D1 ≈ D2 ≈ D3 .

Next, we will consider the corresponding inequality
  r  1r  1
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ p
p
 u(x) X[x,∞) (t)v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x 6 C  f (x)dq x , (3.1)
0 0 0
for the dual operator of Hq .
T HEOREM 3.2. Let 1 0
0 0
or
 − 1
Z∞ p
p′
D∗2 = sup  X[z,∞) (t)v (t)dqt 
z>0
0
  r  1r
Z∞ Z∞
′
 X[z,∞) (x)ur (x)  X[z,∞) (t)v p (t)dqt  dq x < ∞
0 0
or
 − 1′
Z∞ r
r
D∗3 = sup  X(0,z] (x)u (x)dq x
z>0
0
   p′  1′
p
Z∞ Z∞
 p′ r 
 X(0,z] (t)v (t)  X(0,z] (x)u (x)dq x dqt  < ∞.
0 0
Moreover, for the sharp constant in (3.1) we have that C ≈ D∗1 ≈ D∗2 ≈ D∗3 .
Concerning other possible parameters of p and r we have the following comple-

ment of Theorem 3.1:
T HEOREM 3.3. (i). Let 0 0
0 0

  r(p−1)
∞ ∞ p−r
Z Z p ′
D5 = 

 X(0,z] (t)v (t)dqt 
0 0
  r  p−r
pr
Z∞ p−r
 r r 
X[z,∞) (x)u (x)dq x u (z)dq z < ∞.
0
(iii). Let 0 < r < p = 1 . Then the inequality (2.23) is satisfied if and only if
   r
Z∞ Z∞ 1−r
 v(t)
D6 =  sup  X(qy,y] (t) dq t 
y<z (1 − q)t
0 0
  r  1−r
r
Z∞ 1−r
 
 X[z,∞) (x)ur (x)dq x ur (z)dq z < ∞.
0
In all cases (i)–(iii), for the best constant in (2.23) it yields that C ≈ Di , i = 4, 5, 6 ,
respectively.
Finally, the corresponding complement of Theorem 3.2 reads:
T HEOREM 3.4. (i). Let 0 0
0 0
   r
Z∞ Z∞ p−r

D∗5 =   X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x
0 0
 p−r
  r(p−1) pr
Z∞ p−r
p′

 X[z,∞) (t)v (t)dqt  ur (z)dq z
 < ∞.
0
(iii). Let 0 < r z (1 − q)t
0 0
  r  1−r
r
Z∞ 1−r
 r r 
X(0,z] (x)u (x)dq x u (z)dq z < ∞.
0
In all cases (i)–(iii), for the best constant in (3.1) it yields that C ≈ D∗i , i = 4, 5, 6 ,
respectively.
To prove these theorems, we need some Lemmas of independent interest:
L EMMA 3.5. Let f and g be nonnegative functions and

 α  β
Z∞ Z∞
I(z) :=  X(0,z] (t) f (t)dq t   X[z,∞) (x)g(x)dq x ,
0 0
for α , β ∈ R, and where at least one of the numbers α , β is positive. Then

!α !β
∞ k
sup I(z) = (1 − q)α +β sup
z>0 k∈Z
∑ q j f (q j ) ∑ qi g(qi ) . (3.2)
j=k i=−∞
L EMMA 3.6. Let α , β ∈ R+ ,

 α  β
Z∞ Z∞
I + (z) :=  X(0,z] (x) f (x)dq x  X[z,q−1 z) (t)g(t)dqt  ,
0 0
and
 α  β
Z∞ Z∞
I − (z) :=  X[z,∞) (x) f (x)dq x  X(qz,z] (t)g(t)dqt  .
0 0
Then !α
∞ β
i i
+
sup I (z) = (1 − q) α +β
sup ∑ q f (q ) qk g(qk ) , (3.3)
z>0 k∈Z i=k
and !α
k β
sup I − (z) = (1 − q)α +β sup ∑ qi f (qi ) qk g(qk ) . (3.4)
z>0 k∈Z i=−∞
L EMMA 3.7. Let f , ϕ and g be nonnegative functions. Then

 α  β
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
D≡  X[z,∞) (t) f (t)dq t   X(0,z] (x)g(x)dq x ϕ (z)dq z
0 0 0
 !α !β 
∞ k ∞
= (1 − q)α +β ∑  ∑ qi f (qi ) ∑ q j g(q j ) qk ϕ (qk ) ,
k=−∞ i=−∞ j=k
for α , β ∈ R.
L EMMA 3.8. Let k ∈ Z, α ∈ R and

 α
Z∞
F(y) :=  X[y,q−1 y) (t) f (t)dqt  .
0
Then α
sup F(y) = (1 − q)α sup qi f (qi ) . (3.5)
y>qk i6k
4. Proofs
Proof of Lemma 3.5. From (2.6) and (2.7) it follows that

!α !β
I(z) = (1 − q)α +β ∑ q j f (q j ) ∑ qi g(qi ) .
j
q 6z q >zi
If z = qk , then, for k ∈ Z,
!α !β
∞ k
k α +β j j i i
I(z) = I(q ) = (1 − q) ∑q f (q ) ∑ q g(q ) .
j=k i=−∞
If qk < z < qk−1 , then, for k ∈ Z,

!α !β
∞ k−1
α +β j j i i
I(z) = (1 − q) ∑q f (q ) ∑ q g(q ) .
j=k i=−∞
Hence, for k ∈ Z and β > 0 we find that

!α !β
∞ k
sup I(z) = I(qk ) = (1 − q)α +β ∑ q j f (q j ) ∑ qi g(qi ) .
qk 6z<qk−1 j=k i=−∞
Therefore
sup I(z) = sup sup I(z)

z>0 k∈Z qk 6z<qk−1
!α !β
∞ k
α +β j j i i
= (1 − q) sup ∑q f (q ) ∑ q g(q ) .
k∈Z j=k i=−∞
We have proved that (3.1) holds wherever β > 0 .

Next we assume that α > 0 . Let qk+1 < z < qk , k ∈ Z. Then we get that
!α !β
∞ k
α +β j j i i
I(z) = (1 − q) sup ∑ q f (q ) ∑ q g(q )
k∈Z j=k+1 i=−∞
and analogously as above we find that

!α !β
∞ k
k α +β j j i i
sup I(z) = I(q ) = (1 − q) ∑q f (q ) ∑ q g(q )
qk+1 <z6qk j=k i=−∞
and (3.1) holds also for the case α > 0. The proof is complete.
Proof of Lemma 3.6. According to (2.6) and (2.9) we have that

!α
∞ β
+ k α +β i i k k
I (q ) = (1 − q) ∑ q f (q ) q g(q ) ,
i=k
for z = qk , k ∈ Z, and
!α
∞ β
i i
+
I (z) = (1 − q) α +β
∑ q f (q ) qk g(qk ) ,
i=k+1
for qk+1 < z < qk , k ∈ Z.

Therefore,
!α
∞ β
i i
sup +
I (z) = (1 − q) α +β
∑ q f (q ) qk g(qk ) .
qk+1 <z6qk i=k
Since supz>0 I + (z) = sup sup I + (z), we conclude that (3.3) holds.
k∈Z qk+1 <z6qk
Next, by using (2.7) and (2.8) we find that
!α
k β
k i i
−
I (q ) = (1 − q) α +β
∑ q f (q ) qk g(qk ) , (4.1)
i=−∞
for z = qk , k ∈ Z, and
!α
k−1 β
i i
−
I (z) = (1 − q) α +β
∑ q f (q ) qk g(qk ) ,
i=−∞
for qk < z < qk−1 , k ∈ Z.

Thus,
!α
k β
i i
sup −
I (z) = (1 − q) α +β
∑ q f (q ) qk g(qk ) .
qk 6z<qk−1 i=−∞
Since sup I − (z) = sup sup I − (z), we have that (3.4) holds. The proof is com-
z>0 k∈Z qk 6z<qk−1
plete.
S OME NEW H ARDY- TYPE INEQUALITIES IN q- ANALYSIS 775
Proof of Lemma 3.7. By using (2.3), (2.6) and (2.7), we have that
 α  β
∞ Z∞ Z∞
D = (1 − q) ∑ qk  X[qk ,∞) (t) f (t)dqt   X(0,qk ] (x)g(x)dq x ϕ (qk )
k=−∞ 0 0
!α !β
∞ k ∞
= (1 − q)α +β ∑ qk ∑ qi f (qi ) ∑ q j g(q j ) ϕ (qk ).
k=−∞ i=−∞ j=k
The proof is complete.
Proof of Lemma 3.8. By using (2.9), we get that

 α
Z∞ α
k
F(q ) =  X[qk ,qk−1 ) (t) f (t)dq t  = (1 − q)α qk f (qk ) , (4.2)
0
for y = qk , k ∈ Z , and
sup F(y) = sup sup F(y)
y>qk i6k qi <y6qi−1
α
= (1 − q)α sup qi−1 f (qi−1 )
i6k
α
= (1 − q) sup qi f (qi ) ,
α
(4.3)
i6k−1
for i 6 k and qi < y 6 qi−1 .

From (4.2) and (4.3) it follows that
α
sup F(y) = max{ sup F(y), F(qk )} = (1 − q)α sup qi f (qi ) .
y>qk y>qk i6k
Thus, (3.5) holds so the proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3.2. By using (2.3) and (2.7), we have that

  1p !1
Z∞ ∞ p
1
 p j p j
f (x)dq x = (1 − q) p
∑ q f (q ) , (4.4)
j=−∞
0
and
  r  1r
Z∞ Z∞
 u(x) X[x,∞) (t)v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x
0 0
  r  1r
∞ Z∞
1
= (1 − q) r  ∑ q j ur (q j )  X[q j ,∞) (t)v(t) f (t)dqt  
j=−∞
0
!r ! 1r
∞
1+ r1 j r j i i i
= (1 − q) ∑ q u (q ) ∑ q v(q ) f (q )
j=−∞ qi >q j
!r ! 1r
∞ j
1+ r1
= (1 − q) ∑ q j ur (q j ) ∑ qi v(qi ) f (qi ) . (4.5)
j=−∞ i=−∞
By now using (3.1), (4.4) and (4.5) we find that

!r ! 1r ! 1p
1 +1 ∞ j ∞
j j i i i j p j
(1 − q) p′ r
∑ q u(q ) ∑ q v(q ) f (q ) 6C ∑ q f (q ) .
j=−∞ i=−∞ j=−∞
Let
j 1 1 j
q j f p (q j ) = f jp , v j = q p′ v(q j )(1 − q) p′ , u j = (1 − q) r q r u(q j ), j ∈ Z. (4.6)
Then we see that the inequality (3.1) is equivalent to the inequality (2.10). The
best constants in inequalities (3.1) and (2.10) are the same.
Since the inequality (3.1) is equivalent to the inequality (2.10) we can use Propo-
sition 2.2 to conclude that the inequality (3.1) holds if and only if at least one of the
conditions C1 < ∞, C2 < ∞ and C3 < ∞ holds. Moreover, for the best constant C in
(3.1) it yields that C ≈ C1 ≈ C2 ≈ C3 .
Hence, according to Lemma 3.5 we have that
!1 ! 1′
∞ r n p
′
C1 = sup ∑ urk ∑ vip
n∈Z k=n i=−∞
!1 ! 1′
∞ r n p
1 1
r + p′
= (1 − q) sup
n∈Z
∑ qk ur (qk ) ∑ qi v p (qi )
k=n i=−∞
 1   1′
Z∞ r Z∞ p
r p′
= sup  X(0,z] (x)u (x)dq x  X[z,∞] (t)v (t)dqt  = D∗1 .
z>0
0 0
In particular, C ≈ D∗1 . Moreover, by arguing as above and using Lemma 3.6 we

obtain that C2 ≈ D∗2 and C3 ≈ D∗3 . Hence, for the best constant C in (3.1) it yields that
C ≈ D∗1 ≈ D∗2 ≈ D∗3 . The proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3.4. In a similarly way as in the proof of Theorem 3.2, by using
(2.3), (2.7) and (4.6), we find that the inequality (2.10) is equivalent to the inequality
(3.1).
Since the inequality (3.1) is equivalent to the inequality (2.10) we can use Propo-
sition 2.3 to conclude that the inequality (3.1) holds if and only if the conditions (2.18),
(2.19) and (2.20) hold, for considered cases 0 < p < 1 , p 6 r; 1 < p < ∞, 0 < r < p
and 0 < r < p = 1 , respectively.
S OME NEW H ARDY- TYPE INEQUALITIES IN q- ANALYSIS 777
Next, we prove that the conditions (2.18), (2.19) and (2.20) are equivalent to the
conditions D∗4 < ∞, D∗5 < ∞ and D∗6 < ∞, respectively.
By using Lemma 3.6 from (2.18) and (4.6) we obtain that
! 1r ! 1r
∞ 1+ 1 ∞ ′
1′
C4 = sup ∑ urk vn = (1 − q) r p′ sup ∑ qk ur (qk ) qn v p (qn )
p
n∈Z k=n n∈Z k=n

  1r   1′
Z∞ Z∞ p
r p′
= sup  X(0,z] (x)u (x)dq x  X[z,−q−1 z) (t)v (t)dqt  = D∗4 .
z>0
0 0
Moreover, by Lemma 3.7 we have that
! r(p−1) ! r
∞ n p−r ∞ p−r
′
C5 = ∑ ∑ vip ∑ urk urn
n=−∞ i=−∞ k=n
Z∞
! r(p−1)
p−r
! p−r
r
rp n ∞
i p′ i k r k
= (1 − q) p−r +1
∑ q v (q ) ∑ q u (q ) qn ur (qn )
n=−∞ i=−∞ k=n
  r(p−1)
p−r
  p−r
r
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
p′
=  X[z,∞) (t)v (t)dqt   X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x ur (z)dq z = D∗5
0 0 0
Now let p = 1 so that p′ = ∞. Then vi = v(qi ) in (4.6). By Lemma 3.8 we find

that
r
r
1−r i qi v(qi ) 1−r
r
max vi = (max v(q )) = (1 − q) max 1−r
i6n i6n i6n (1 − q)qi
  r   r
Z∞ 1−r Z∞ 1−r
 v(t)   v(t) 
= sup X[y,q−1 y) (t) dq t = sup X[y,q−1 y) (t) dq t .
y>qn (1−q)t y>qn (1−q)t
0 0
Therefore,
! r
∞ r ∞ 1−r
C6 = ∑ max vi 1−r
∑ urk urn
n=−∞ i6n k=n
! r
∞ r ∞ 1−r
= ∑ qn max vi 1−r
(1 − q) ∑ qk urk (qk ) ur (qn )
n=−∞ i6n
k=n
  r
Z∞ 1−r
∞
v(t)
= (1 − q) ∑ qn sup  X[y,q−1 y) (t) dq t 
n=−∞ y>qn (1 − q)t
0
  r
Z∞ 1−r
× X(0,qn ] (x)ur (x)dq x ur (qn )

0
  r   r
Z∞ Z∞ 1−r Z∞ 1−r
v(t)
= sup  X[y,q−1 y) (t) dq t   X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x ur (z)dq z
y>z (1 − q)t
0 0 0
= D∗6 .
Thus, in all cases (i)–(iii), for the best constant in (3.1) it yields that C ≈ D∗i ,
i = 4, 5, 6 , respectively. The proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3.1. As in the proof of Theorem 3.2 we get that the inequality
(2.23) is equivalent to the inequality
!r ! 1r ! 1p
∞ ∞ ∞
∑ u j ∑ vi f i 6C ∑ f jp . (4.7)
j=−∞ i= j j=−∞
By using standard dual arguments the characterizations similar to those in Propo-

sition 2.2 hold also in this situation (see e.g. [16, p. 59]). Here it is even simpler to just
put uei = u−i , vei = v−i , fei = f−i , i ∈ Z, and note that then (4.7) reads
!r ! 1r !1
∞ j ∞ p
∑ uej ∑ vei fei 6C ∑ fejp . (4.8)

j=−∞ i=−∞ j=−∞
Now use Proposition 2.2, and find that the inequality (4.8) holds if and only if one
of the conditions Cei < ∞, 1 6 i 6 3 holds. Note that here Cei , 1 6 i 6 3 , are defined by
just in the expressions for Ci inserting uej , vej , j ∈ Z. Moreover, for the best constant
C in (4.8) it yields that C ≈ Ce1 ≈ Ce2 ≈ Ce3 .
Next, by replacing uej and vej by u j and v j , j ∈ Z, in the expressions Cei , 1 6
i 6 3 , respectively, we obtain the corresponding characterizations for the validity of the
inequality (4.7). In a similar way as in the proof of Theorem 3.2, from the equivalence
of inequalities (2.23) and (4.7) and using Lemma 3.6 we find that the inequality (2.23)
holds if and only if D1 < ∞ or D2 < ∞ or D3 < ∞ holds. Moreover, for the best
constant C in (2.23) it yields that C ≈ D1 ≈ D2 ≈ D3 . The proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3.3. The equivalence between (4.7) and (4.8) holds in the case
too. Hence, by arguing exactly as in proof of Theorem 3.1 but using Proposition 2.3
instead of Proposition 2.2 the proof can be done analogously, so we leave out the details.
5. Final remarks
R EMARK 5.1. Assume that v(t) = 0 , u(t) = 0 , f (t) = 0 , t > 1 and the integrals
in the expressions Di , D∗i , 1 6 i 6 6 are replaced by the integrals from zero to one and
the sets [z, ∞), [z, q−1 z) are replaced by the sets [z, 1], [z, min{q−1z, 1}], respectively.
Then, by using Theorem 3.1, Theorem 3.2, Theorem 3.3 and Theorem 3.4, we obtain
that the corresponding characterizations for the validity of the inequalities

  r  1r  1
Z1 Z1 Z1 p
p
 u(x) X(0,x] (t)v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x 6 C  f (t)dqt  ,
0 0 0
and
  r  1r   1p
Z1 Z1 Z1
 u(x) X[x,1] (t)v(t) f (t)dqt  dq x 6 C  f p (t)dqt  ,
0 0 0
for all parameters r and p in these theorems.
R EMARK 5.2. Note that nowadays it is known that the conditions Bi < ∞, i =
1, 2, 3, in Proposition B are special cases of more general conditions. More exactly
these conditions can be replaced by infinite many conditions, namely the following
four scales of conditions (see [29] and also [17, p. 60]):
 1
! (s−1)
p
! r(p−s)
p
r
n ∞ k
′  
B1 (s) := sup ∑ vk1−p  ∑ uk ∑ vm 1−p′
 < ∞,
n∈N k=1 k=n m=1
for s satisfying 1 < s 6 p ;

  1′
! (s−1)
′
! p′ (r′′−s) r
∞ r n ∞ r
 1−p′ 
B∗1 (s) := sup ∑ uk  ∑ vk ∑ um  < ∞,
n∈N k=n k=1 m=k
for s satisfying 1 < s 6 r′ ;
!−s  !r( 1′ +s)  1r

n n k p
1−p′ ′
B2 (s) := sup ∑ vk  ∑ uk ∑ v1−p
m
 < ∞,
n∈N k=1 k=1 m=1
for s satisfying 0 < s 6 1p ;
!−s  ! p′ ( 1 +s)  p1′

∞ ∞ ∞ r
1−p′
B∗2 (s) := sup ∑ uk ∑ v
k ∑ um  < ∞,
n∈N k=n k=n m=k
for s satisfying 0 < s 6 r1′ . Note that B1 (p) = B∗1 (r′ ) = B1 , B2 ( 1p ) = B2 and B∗2 ( r1′ ) =
B3 .
Our results in Theorems 3.1 and 3.2 can be generalized in a corresponding way
namely that the three alternative conditions in these theorems can be replaced by infinite
many equivalent conditions.
R EMARK 5.3. The corresponding alternative conditions for the parameters in Pro-
position 2.3 are not known except for the continuous case r 1 where even four
scales of such alternative equivalent conditions are known (see [31]). Hence, at the mo-
ment only in this case it seems to be possible to generalize Theorems 3.3 and 3.4 in this
direction.
R EMARK 5.4. Some similar results as those in this paper can found in [4] (in
Russian). However, the results in this paper are more complete and putted to a more
general frame. The proofs are also different and more precise and clear.
Acknowledgements. This research has been done within the agreement between
Lule°a University of Technology, Sweden and L. N. Gumilyev Eurasian National Uni-
versity, Kazakhstan. We thank both these universities for financial and other support.
We also thank Professors R. Oinarov and V. D. Stepanpv for several generous advises
which has improved the final version of this paper. The third author was partially sup-
ported by project 5495/GF4 of the Scientific Committee of Ministry of Education and
Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan and project RFFI 16-31-50042.
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(Received February 17, 2015) A. O. Baiarystanov

Munaytpasov st., 5, 010008 Astana, Kazakhstan
e-mail: oskar 62@mail.ru
L. E. Persson
Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics
Lule°a University of Technology
SE-971 87, Lule°a, Sweden
and
UiT, The Artic University of Norway
P. O. Box 385, N-8505, Narvik, Norway
e-mail: larserik@ltu.se
S. Shaimardan
e-mail: serikbol-87@yandex.kz
A. Temirkhanova
e-mail: ainura-t@yandex.kz
Journal of Mathematical Inequalities

www.ele-math.com
jmi@ele-math.com
Paper C
EURASIAN MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL
ISSN 2077-9879
Volume 7, Number 1 (2016), 84 – 99
HARDY-TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR THE FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL

OPERATOR IN q-ANALYSIS
S. Shaimardan
Communicated by R. Oinarov
Key words: Hardy-type inequalities, integral operator, q-analysis, q-integral.

AMS Mathematics Subject Classification: 26D10, 26D15, 33D05, 39A13.
Abstract. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of a certian
Hardy-type inequality involving q-integrals.
1 Introduction
The q-derivative or Jackson’s derivative, is a q-analogue of the ordinary derivative.
q-differentiation is the inverse of Jackson’s q-integration. It was introduced by F. H.
Jackson [11] (see also [7]). He was the first to develop q-analysis. After that many
q-analogue of classical results and concepts were studied and their applications are
investigated.
Concerning recent results on q-analysis and its applications we also refer to the
resent book by T. Ernst [8]. Some integral inequalities were obtained by H. Gauchman
[10]. A Hardy-type inequality in q-analysis was recently obtained by L. Maligranda,
R. Oinarov and L-E. Persson [13].
In this paper we prove a new Hardy-type inequality in which the Hardy operator
is replaced by the q-analogue of the infinitesimal fractional operator (see [1] and (1.3)
below).
In classical analysis, the hypergeometric function (Gaussian function) is defined for
|z| < 1 by the power series [9]:
∞
X (α)n (β)n z n
2 F1 (α, β; γ; z) = , ∀α, β, γ ∈ C,
n=0
(γ)n n!
where (α)n is the Pochhammer symbol, which is defined by:
(α)0 = 1, (α)n = α(α + 1) · · · (α + n − 1), n > 0.
If B denotes the Beta function, then
Z1
1
2 F1 (α − 1, β; γ; z) = xβ−1 (1 − x)γ−β−1 (1 − zx)2−α dx,
B(β, γ − β)
0
Some Hardy-type inequalities for the fractional integral operator in q-analysis 85
where Re(γ) > Re(β) > 0. When β = γ we have that
2 F1 (α − 1, β; β; z) = (1 − z)α−1 .
Let α + β < γ, γ 6= 0, −1, −2, · · · . Then the following generalized fractional integral
operator was introduced in [14]:
Zx
xα−1 s
Iαγ,β f (x) = 2 F1 α − 1, β; γ; ds, (1.1)
Γ(α) x
0
where Γ(·) denotes the Gamma function. If β = γ then the operator

Zx
xα−1 s
Iα f (x) := 2 F1 α − 1, β; β; ds,
Γ(α) x
0
is called the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator. When γ = 1, β = 2, we

have that
Zx
ˆ (x) := lim Γ(α)Iα1,2 f (x) = x f (s)
If ln ds, (1.2)
α−→0 x−s s
0
which is called the infinitesimal fractional integral operator [1].

The purpose of this paper is to find a q-analogue of operator (1.2) and to prove a
q-analogue of the following Hardy-type integral inequality [1]:
  r  r1
Z∞ Zx
 x
ur (x)  tγ−1 ln f (t)dt dx
x−t
0 0
∞  p1
Z
≤ C  f p (x)dx , ∀f (·) ≥ 0, (1.3)
0
where C > 0 is independent of f and u is a positive real valued function on (0, ∞)

briefly a weight function. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity
of a q-analogue of inequality (1.3) in q-analysis for the case 1 p1 (see Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 3.2). We also consider the problem of finding
the best constant in a q-analogue of inequality (1.3).
The paper is organized as follows: We present some preliminaries in Section 2. The
main results and detailed proofs are presented in Section 3.
2 Preliminaries
First we recall definitions and notions of the theory of q-analysis, our main references
are the books [7], [8] and [9].
86 S. Shaimardan
Let 0 < q < 1 be fixed.

For a real number α ∈ R, the q-real number [α]q is defined by
1 − qα
[α]q = , α ∈ R.
1−q
1−q α
It is clear that lim = α.
q−→1 1−q
The q-analogue of the power (a − b)k is defined by
k−1
Y
(a − b)0q = 1, k ∈ N, (a − b)kq = (a − q i b), ∀ a, b ∈ R,
i=0
and
(1 − b)∞ q
(1 − b)αq := , ∀ b, α ∈ R. (2.1)
(1 − q α b)∞q
and by using well-known relations this can also be written as

1
(1 − b)αq = , ∀b, α ∈ R. (2.2)
(1 − q α b)−α
q
The q-hypergeometric function 2 Φ1 is defined by ([9]):

h qα qβ
i ∞
X (q α ; q)nq (q β ; q)nq
2 Φ1 ;q ;x := xn , |x| < 1,
qγ
n=0
(q γ ; q)nq (q; q)nq
Q
n−1
where (q α ; q)nq = (1 − q i+α ) and γ 6= 0, −1, −2, · · · . Moreover, this series converges
i=0
(q α ;q)n
absolutely and lim (1−q)nq = (a)n , so
q→1
h qα qβ
i
lim 2 Φ1 ;q ;x =2 F1 (α, β; γ; x) .
q→1 qγ
For f : [0, b) −→ R, 0 ≤ b < ∞, the q-derivative is defined by:

f (x) − f (qx)
Dq f (x) := , x ∈ (0, b), (2.3)
(1 − q)x
and Dq f (0) = f ′ (0) provided f ′ (0) exists. It is clear that if f (x) is differentiable, then
lim Dq f (x) = f ′ (x).
q−→1
Definition 1. The q-Taylor series of f (x) at x = c is defined by

∞
X (x − c)jq
f (x) := Dqj (c) ,
j=0
[j]q !
where
1, if j = 0,
[j]q ! =
[1]q × [2]q × · · · × [j]q , if j ∈ N.
The definite q-integral or the q-Jackson integral of a function f is defined by the

formula
Zx ∞
X
f (t)dq t := (1 − q)x q k f (q k x), x ∈ (0, b), (2.4)
0 k=0
and the improper q-integral of a function f (x) : [0, ∞) → R, is defined by the formula
Z∞ ∞
X
f (t)dq t := (1 − q) q k f (q k ). (2.5)
0 k=−∞
Note that the series in the right hand sides of (2.4) and (2.5) converge absolutely.
Definition 2. The function

Z∞
Γq (α) := xα−1 Eq−qx dq x, α > 0,
0
is called the q-Gamma function, where Eq−qx = (1 − (1 − q)x)∞

q .
We have that
Γq (α + 1) = [α]q Γq (α),
for any α > 0.
Definition 3. The function
Z1
Bq (α, β) := tα−1 (1 − qt)β−1
q dq t, α, β > 0,
0
is called the q-Beta function. Note that
Γq (α)Γq (β)
Bq (α, β) = ,
Γq (α + β)
for α, β > 0.
Let Ω be a subset of (0, ∞) and XΩ (t) denote the characteristic function of Ω. For
all z > 0, we have that(see [5]):
Z∞ X
X(0,z] (t)f (t)dq t = (1 − q) q i f (q i ), (2.6)
0 q i ≤z
Z∞ X
X[z,∞) (t)f (t)dq t = (1 − q) q i f (q i ). (2.7)
0 q i ≥z
88 S. Shaimardan
R.P. Agarwal and W.A. Al-Salam (see [2], [3] and [4]) introduced several types of
fractional q-integral operators and fractional q-derivatives. In particular, they defined
the q-analogue of the fractional integral operator of the Riemann-Liouville type by
Zx
xα−1 qs α−1
Iq,α f (x) = (1 − ) f (s)dq s, α ∈ R+ .
Γq (α) x q
0
Using formula (2.2), we can rewrite Iq,α as follows:

Zx
xα−1 f (s)
Iq,α f (x) = dq s, α ∈ R+ . (2.8)
Γq (α) (1 − q α xs )1−α
q
0
x
Out next goal is to define a q-analogue of ln x−s , but for this we need the following
result of independent interest.
Proposition 2.1. Let 0 < s ≤ x < ∞. Then

Z1
q 1−α q β 1 tβ−1 (1 − qt)γ−β−1
q
2 Φ1 ;q ;q α xs = dq t, (2.9)
qγ Bq (β, γ) (1 − q α t xs )1−α
q
0
for β, γ > 0, and

q 1−α q β 1
2 Φ1 ;q ;q α xs = , (2.10)
qβ (1 − q α xs )1−α
q
for β = γ.
Proof. First we consider equality (2.10). From (2.1) and (2.3), we get that

1 1 1
(1 − q xs )∞ q
Dq.s = D q,s
(1 − q α xs )1−α
q (1 − q α xs )∞ q

(1 − q 2 xs )∞
q (1 − q xs )∞
q 1
= −
(1 − q α+1 xs )∞ q (1 − q α xs )∞
q (q − 1)s

(1 − q 2 xs )∞
q (1 − q α xs ) − (1 − q xs )
=
(1 − q α xs )∞
q s(q − 1)
α 1−α
(1 − q 2 xs )∞
q q (q − 1)
=
(1 − q α xs )∞
q x(q − 1)
qα
x
[1− α]q
= .
(1 − q xs )2−α
α
q
Using this relation and induction, one can easily see that

1 jα
j
Dq,s = q [1 − α]q [2 − α]q · · · [j − α]q ,
α s 1−α
(1 − q x )q s=0 xj
for any j ≥ 1. Therefore, we have the q-Taylor expansion (see Definition 1)
X∞
1 [1 − α]q [2 − α]q · · · [j − α]q q α s j
s =
(1 − q α x )1−α
q j=0
[j]q ! x
X∞
(1 − q 1−α )jq q α s j
=
j=0
(1 − q)jq x
1−α β
q q
= 2 Φ1 ;q ;q α xs , (2.11)
qβ
and (2.10) is proved.

By using the same arguments as above we see that
X∞ α n
1 (1 − q 1−α )nq q s
= t ,
(1 − q α t xs )1−α
q n=0
(1 − q)n
q x
for x ≥ s, 0 < t ≤ 1. Therefore
Z1 X∞ Z1
tβ−1 (1 − qt)γ−β−1
q (1 − q 1−α )nq q α s n
dq t = tβ+n−1 (1 − qt)γ−β−1
q dq t
(1 − q α t xs )1−α
q n=0
(1 − q)n
q x
0 0
X∞
(1 − q 1−α )nq q α s n Γq (β + n)Γq (γ − β)
=
n=0
(1 − q)nq x Γq (γ + n)
∞ n
Γq (β)Γq (γ − β) X (1 − q 1−α )nq (1 − q β )nq q α s
=
Γq (γ) (1 − q)nq (1 − q γ )nq x
1−αn=0β
q q
= Bq (β, γ)2 Φ1 ;q ;q α xs .
qγ
and also (2.9) is proved.

By Proposition 2.1, the integral (2.8) can be rewritten as
Zx 1−α β
xα−1 q q
Iq,α f (x) = 2 Φ1 ;q ;q αs
x f (s)dq s, α ∈ R+ , β ∈ R.
Γq (α) qβ
0
More generally, we consider the q-analogue of Iαγ,β (see (1.1))

Zx 1−α β
xα−1 q q
γ,β
Iq,α f (x) = Φ
2 1 ;q ;q αs
x f (s)dq s, α, β, γ ∈ R+ .
Γq (α) qγ
0

q 1−α q
Due to uniform convergence of the series 2 Φ1 ;q ;q α xs for 0 < α < 1, we get
q2
that
q
q 1−α q s q
s
lim+ 2 Φ1 ;q ;q α xs = ;q ; xs
2 Φ1
α→0 q2 x q2 x
∞ ∞
s j+1 ∞
X 1 − q sj+1 X X ( xs )j
x
= j+1 j+1
= = ,
j=0
1−q x j=0
[j + 1]q j=1
[j]q
90 S. Shaimardan
x
which is the q-analogue of the Taylor series of the function ln x−s with s < x.
x
Definition 4. We define the q-analogue of the function ln x−s , 0 < s < x < ∞, as
follows: ∞
x X ( xs )j
lnq := .
x−s j=1
[j]q
Remark 5. We define the q-analog of (1.2) as follows:

Zqx
x f (s)
Ibq f (x) := lnq dq s, (2.12)
x−s s
0
which is called the infinitesimal q-fractional integral operator.

Observe that:
Zx
b x f (s)
lim Iq f (x) = ln ds
q→1 x−s s
0
.
Hence, from (2.12) we obtain the q-analogue of (1.3) in the following form:
  r1   p1
Z∞ r Z∞
 ur (x) Ibq f (x) dq x ≤ C  f p (t)dq t , ∀f (·) ≥ 0, (2.13)
0 0
where C > 0 independent of f .

In the q-integral we are allowed to change variables in the form x = tξ for 0 < ξ < ∞
(see [7]). So by making the substitution t = qs, and dq t = qdq s inequality (2.13)
becomes
  r  r1
Z∞ Zx
x
 ur (x)  sγ−1 lnq fe(s)dq s dq x
x − qs
0 0
  p1
Z∞
e
≤C fep (s)dq s , ∀f (·) ≥ 0. (2.14)
0
e = q γ− p1 C.
where fe(s) = f (qs), C
Since inequality (2.13) holds if and only if inequality (2.14) holds, from now on we
will investigate necessary and sufficient conditions the validity of inequality (2.14).
Notation. In the sequel, for any p > 1 the conjugate number p′ is defined by p′ :=
p/(p − 1). Moreover, the symbol M ≪ K means that there exists α > 0 such that
M ≤ αK, where α is a constant which depend only on the numerical parameters such
as p, q, r. If M ≪ K ≪ M , then we write M ≈ K.
For the proof of our main theorems we will need the following well-known discrete
weighted Hardy inequality proved by G. Bennett [6] (see also [12], p.58):
Theorem A. Let {ui }∞ ∞

i=1 and {vj }j=1 be non-negative sequences of real numbers and
1 0 independent of fi , i ∈ Z holds if and only if
n
! r1 ∞
! 1′
X X ′
p
p
B1 := sup urj vi−p < ∞, p′ = .
n∈Z
j=−∞ i=n
p−1
Moreover,B1 ≈ C, where C is the best constant in (2.15).

Theorem B. Let 0 < r < p < ∞ and 1 < p. Then inequality (2.15) holds if and only
if B2 < ∞, where
 ! p−r
p ! p(r−1)  p−r
pr
∞
X k
X ∞
X p−r
′ ′
B2 :=  vk−p uri vi−p  .
k=−∞ i=−∞ i=k
Moreover, B2 ≈ C, where C is the best constant in (2.15).

Also we need the following lemma ([5]):
Lemma A. Let f , ϕ and g be nonnegative functions. Then
 α  ∞ β
Z∞ Z∞ Z
 X[z,∞) (t)f (t)dq t  X(0,z] (x)g(x)dq x ϕ(z)dq z
0 0 0
 !α !β 
∞
X k
X ∞
X
= (1 − q)α+β  q i f (q i ) q j g(q j ) q k ϕ(q k ) ,
k=−∞ i=−∞ j=k
for α, β ∈ R.
3 Main results
Theorem 3.1. Let 1 p1 . Then the inequality
  r  r1
Z∞ Zx
 x
ur (x)  sγ−1 lnq f (s)dq s dq x
x − qs
0 0
  p1
Z∞
≤C f p (s)dq s , ∀f (·) ≥ 0, (3.1)
0
92 S. Shaimardan
with C > 0 independent of f holds if and only if B1 < ∞, where

Z∞ r1
γ+ p1′ ur (t)
B1 := sup x X[x,∞) (t) r dq t ,
x>0 t
0
Moreover, B1 ≈ C , where C is the best constant in (3.1).

Theorem 3.2. Let 0 < r p1 . Then the inequality (3.1) holds
if and only if B2 < ∞, where
   p−r
∞  r1  p−r
pr
pr
Z∞ Z
  γ+ 1 r
u (t)  
B2 := 
 x
p′  X[x,∞) (t) r dq t  dq x
 .
t
0 0
Moreover, B2 ≈ C , where C is the best constant in (3.1).

Remark 6. By using formulas (2.4) and (2.5) in (3.1) we get that
∞ ∞
!r ! r1
X X 1
j r j iγ i
(1 − q)q u (q ) (1 − q)q f (q ) lnq i−j+1
j=−∞ i=j
1 − q
∞
! P1
X
i p i
≤C (1 − q)q f (q ) .
i=−∞
Let
1+ pr′ j r 1 i 1
urj = (1 − q) q u (q j ), fi = (1 − q) p q p f (q i ), ai,j = lnq . (3.2)
1 − q i−j+1
Then we get that inequality (3.1) is equivalent to the discrete weighted Hardy-type
inequality
∞ ∞
!r ! r1 ∞
! p1
X X i(γ− p1 )
X p
r
uj q fi ai,j ≤C fi . (3.3)
j=−∞ i=j i=−∞
Note that inequality (3.1) holds if and only if inequality (3.3) holds, so we will obtain
the desired necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of inequality (3.3).
Our next Lemmas give a characterization of the discrete Hardy-type inequality
(3.3).
Lemma 3.1. Let 1 p1 . Then the inequality (3.3) holds if and only
if B1 < ∞, where
X
∞ 1′ X
k r1
′ p
B1 := sup q i(p γ+1) q −jr urj . (3.4)
k∈Z
i=k j=−∞

Proof. Necessity. Let us assume that (3.3) holds with some C > 0. From (3.2) and
Definition 4 we get that q i+1 /q j ≤ ai,j for j ≤ i. Then
∞ ∞
!r ∞ ∞
!r
X X i(γ− p1 )
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
r −jr r
uj q fi ai,j ≥q q uj q fi .
j=−∞ i=j j=−∞ i=j
Moreover,
∞ ∞
!r ! r1 ∞
! p1
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
X
q q −jr urj q fi ≤C fip .
j=−∞ i=j j=−∞
Hence, by Theorem A we obtain that
B1 ≪ C. (3.5)
The proof of the necessity is complete.

Sufficiency. Let B < ∞ and f ≥ 0 be arbitrary. We will show that inequality (3.3)
holds.
We consider two cases separately: 0 < q ≤ 12 and 21 < q < 1.
1) Let 0 < q ≤ 12 . Let j ≤ k ≤ i. Then from (3.2) and Definition 4 it follows that
1
P
∞ −n
2
aj,j = lnq 1−q ≤ lnq 2 (we note that lnq 2 := [n]q
), and
n=1
∞
X ∞
X
(qq k /q j )n (qq i /q j )n
q −k ak,j − q −i ai,j = q −k − q −i
n=1
[n]q n=1
[n]q
∞
X (q/q j )n k(n−1)
= q − q i(n−1) ≥ 0,
n=1
[n]q
i.e.
q −i ai,j ≤ q −k ak,j , (3.6)
for j ≤ k ≤ i.
Thus by (3.6) we have that
∞ ∞
!r ∞ ∞
!r
X X i(γ− p1 )
X X i(γ+ p1′ ) −i
urj q fi ai,j = urj q q ai,j fi
j=−∞ i=j j=−∞ i=j
∞ ∞
!r
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
≤ q −jr urj arj,j q fi
j=−∞ i=j
∞ ∞
!r
r
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
≤ (lnq 2) q −jr urj q fi
j=−∞ i=j
∞ ∞
!r
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
≪ q −jr urj q fi .
j=−∞ i=j
94 S. Shaimardan
Hence, by Theorem A we obtain that

∞ ∞
!r ! r1 ∞
! p1
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
X
q −jr urj q fi ≤ B1 fip ,
j=−∞ i=j j=−∞
which means that inequality (3.3) is valid and that C ≪ B1 , where C is the best
constant for which (3.3) holds.
1
2) Let S2
< q < 1. Then ∃i0 ∈ N such that i0 > 1 and q i0 ≤ 12 < q i0 −1 . We assume
that Z = [tk + 1, tk+1 ] and tk+1 − tk = t0 . Then the left hand side of (3.3) can be
k∈Z
written as
∞ ∞
!r tk+1 ∞
!r
X X i(γ− p1 )
X X X i(γ− p1 )
urj q fi ai,j = urj q fi ai,j
j=−∞ i=j k j=tk +1 i=j
tk+1 tk+2 −1
!r
X X X i(γ− p1 )
≈ urj q fi ai,j
k j=tk +1 i=j
 r
tk+1 ∞
X X X i(γ− p1 )
+ urj  q fi ai,j 
k j=tk +1 i=tk+2
= I1 + I2 . (3.7)
To estimate I1 we use Hölder’s inequality. We find that

tk+1 tk+2 −1
! pr′ tk+2 −1
! pr
X X X ip′ (γ− p1 ) p′
X
I1 ≤ urj q ai,j fip
k j=tk +1 i=j i=j
tk+1 ∞
! r′ tk+2
! pr
X X X ip′ (γ− p1 ) p′
p X
≤ urj q ai,j fip
k j=tk +1 i=j i=tk +1
tk+1 ∞
! r′ tk+2
! pr
X X jr(γ− p1 )
X ip′ (γ− p1 ) ′
p X
= urj q q api,0 fip
k j=tk +1 i=0 i=tk +1
tk+1 tk+2
! pr
r X X jr(γ+ p1′ )
X
urj q −jr q fip
′
= C0p , (3.8)
k j=tk +1 i=tk +1
P
∞ ′ 1 ′
where C0 := q ip (γ− p ) api,0 .
i=0
Since
Z1 p′
′ 1 1
M := (1 − q)C0 = xp (γ− p ) lnq dq x < ∞
1 − qx
0
and
jr(γ+ p1′ ) (tk +1)(γ+ p1′ )r −(i0 −1)(γ+ p1′ ) tk+1 r(γ+ p1′ ) r(γ+ p1′ ) tk+1 (p′ γ+1) pr′
q ≤ q = q q ≤ 2 q , (3.9)
for tk + 1 ≤ j, we get that

tk+2
! pr pr′ X
tk+1
r(γ+ p1′ ) r r X X ′
q tk+1 (p γ+1)
I1 ≤ 2 M [p γ + 1]q
p′ ′ p′
fip urj q −jr
k i=tk +1
1 − q p′ γ+1 j=−∞
tk+2
! pr pr′ X
tk+1
X X q tk+1 (p′ γ+1)
≪ fip
p′ γ+1
urj q −jr
k i=tk +1
1 − q j=−∞
 
tk+2
! pr  ∞  1′
p tk+1
! r1 r
X X p  X X 
q ir(p γ+1) 
′
= fi  urj q −jr 
k i=tk +1 i=tk+1 j=−∞
∞
! pr
X
≪ B1r fip . (3.10)
i=−∞
Let j ≤ k ≤ i. Then from (3.2) and Definition 4 it follows that

∞ n ∞ n
X q i+1 /q k X (q i+1 /q j )
k j j k
q ai,k − q ai,j ≥ q (ai,k − ai,j ) = q − qj
n=1
[n]q n=1
[n]q
∞
X q (i+1)n
= q k(1−n) − q j(1−n) ≥ 0,
n=1
[n]q
i.e.
q j ai,j ≤ q k ai,k , (3.11)
for j ≤ k ≤ i.
Using (3.6) and (3.11) we find that
1 1 1 1 1
ai,j ≤ t −t lnq = i0 lnq ≤ 2 lnq 2,
q i−j q k+1 k+2 1 − q tk+1 −tk q 1 − q i0
for j ≤ tk+1 and tk+2 ≤ i.
Therefore,
 r
tk+1 ∞
X X X i(γ− p1 )
I2 = urj  q fi ai,j 
k j=tk +1 i=tk+2
 r
tk+1 ∞
X X X i(γ+ p1′ ) 1
= q −jr urj  q ai,j fi 
k j=tk +1 i=tk+2
q i−j
 r
tk+1 ∞
r X X X i(γ+ p1′ )
≤ (2 lnq 2) p′ q −jr urj  q fi 
k j=tk +1 i=tk+2
∞ ∞
!r
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
≪ q −jr urj q fi .
j=−∞ i=j
96 S. Shaimardan
By using Theorem A we have that

∞
! pr
X
I2 ≪ B1r fip , (3.12)
i=−∞
Thus, from (3.7), (3.10) and (3.12) it follows that inequality (3.3) is valid and we
see that the best constant C in (3.3) is such that C ≪ B1 , which together with (3.5)
gives that C ≈ B1 .
Lemma 3.2. Let 0 < r < p < ∞ and 1 < p. Then inequality (3.3) holds if and only
if B2 < ∞, where
 ! p−r
p ! p(r−1)  p−r
pr
∞
X k
X ∞
X p−r
B2 :=  
′ ′
q k(p γ+1) uri q −ir q i(p γ+1) .
k=−∞ i=−∞ i=k

Proof. In a similar way as in the proof of Lemma 3.1. by Theorem B we obtain that
inequality (3.3) is valid and that C ≈ B2 . where C is the best constant for which (3.3)
holds for 0 < q ≤ 21 .
In case 21 < q < 1 the necessary part is due to Theorem B. Therefore,
B2 ≪ C. (3.13)
To prove sufficiency we proceed as follows. Applying to (3.8) Hölder’s inequality

p
with the exponents p−r and pr we obtain that
tk+2
! pr tk+1
X X t (p′ γ+1) pr′
X
I1 ≪ fip q k+1 urj q −jr
k i=tk +1 j=−∞
 p 
! p−r p−r
p ! pr
tk+1 tk+2
X r(p−1)
tk+1 (p′ γ+1) p−r
X X X
≤  q r −jr
uj q  fip
k j=−∞ k i=tk +1
∞
! pr
p−r X
e
≪ B p fip .
i=−∞
Since
∞ i
! p−r
p
X i(p′ γ+1)
r(p−1) X
e :=
B q p−r urj q −jr
i=−∞ j=−∞
∞ p(r−1) i
! p−r
p
X qi(p′ γ+1) p−r X
i(p′ γ+1)
≤ q urj q −jr
i=−∞
1 − q p′ γ+1 j=−∞
pr
p−r
= B2 ,
we have that
∞
! pr
X
I1 ≪ B2r fip (3.14)
i=−∞
From (3.12) and Theorem B it follows that

∞ ∞
!r
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
I2 ≪ q −jr urj q fi
j=−∞ i=j
∞ ∞
!r
X X i(γ+ p1′ )
≤ q −jr urj q fi
j=−∞ i=j
∞
! pr
X
≤ B2r fip . (3.15)
i=−∞
Thus, from (3.14) and (3.15) it follows that C ≪ B2 which means that the inequality
(3.3) is valid, which together with (3.13) gives B2 ≈ C.
Lemma 3.3. Let γ > p1 , and B1 < ∞. Then
∞
! 1′ k
! r1
X p X
i(p′ γ+1) j(1−r) r j
αB1 = sup q q u (q ) , (3.16)
k∈Z j=−∞
i=k
− p1′ − r1 − p1′
for r > 0, where α = [p′ γ + 1]q (1 − q) .
1
Proof. Let γ > p
. By using (2.7) we obtain that
  r1   r1
Z∞ X
γ+ p1′  1 γ+ p1′
I(x) = x X[x,∞) (t)t−r ur (t)dq t = (1 − q) x r  q (1−r)j ur (q j ) ,
0 q j ≥x
for ∀r > 0. Then

∞
! 1′ k
! r1
1
+ r1
1 X p X
i(p′ γ+1)
I(x) = (1 − q) p′ [p′ γ + 1]q p′
q q (1−r)i ur (q i ) ,
i=k j=−∞
for x = q k , ∀k ∈ Z. Moreover,
∞
! 1′ k−1
! r1
1
+ r1
1 X p X
′ p′ i(p′ γ+1) (1−r)i r i
I(x) = (1 − q) p′ [p γ + 1]q q q u (q ) ,
i=k j=−∞
for q k < x < q k−1 . Hence

∞
! 1′ k
! r1
1
+ r1
1 X p X
′ p′ i(p′ γ+1) (1−r)i r i
sup I(x) = (1 − q) p′ [p γ + 1]q q q u (q ) ,
q k <x≤q k−1 i=k j=−∞
98 S. Shaimardan
and
∞
! 1′ k
! r1
X p X
i(p′ γ+1) (1−r)i r i
αB1 = α sup sup I(x) = sup q q u (q ) .
k∈Z q k <x≤q k−1 k∈Z
i=k j=−∞
We have proved that (3.16) holds.

Next, we prove Theorem 3.1.
Proof of Theorem 3.1. First we note that inequality (3.3) is equivalent to inequality
(3.1). Moreover, by Lemma 3.1 inequality (3.1) holds if and only if B1 < ∞. From (3.2)
and Lemma 3.3 we have that B1 = αB1 . which means that B1 ≈ C and inequality
(3.1) holds if and only if B1 < ∞.
Proof of Theorem 3.2. In a similar way as in the proof of Theorem 3.1, by Lemma 3.2
we have that inequality (3.1) holds if and only if B2 < ∞. From (3.2) and Lemma A
we have that
∞ k
! p−r
p
pr X ′
X
B2p−r = (1 − q) q k(p γ+1) (1 − q) ur (q i )q −ir
k=−∞ i=−∞
∞
! p(r−1)
X ′
p−r
× (1 − q) q i(p γ+1)
i=k
  p−r
p   p(r−1)
Z∞ Z∞ r Z∞ p−r
u (t) 
xp γ+1   X(0,x] (t)sp γ dq s
′ ′
= X[x,∞) (t) dq t dq x
tr
0 0 0
 ∞  r1  p−r
pr
Z∞ Z r
 X[x,∞) (t) u (t) dq t 
pr
− p−r  γ+ p1′
= [p′ γ + 1]q x  dq x
tr
0 0
≪ B2 ,
which means that B2 ≈ C and inequality (3.1) holds if and only if B2 < ∞. The proof
is complete.
Acknowledgments
The author thank Professor Ryskul Oinarov (L.N. Gumilyev Eurasian National Uni-
versity, Kazakhstan) and Lars-Erik Persson (Department of Engineering Sciences and
Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden) for good advices which have
improved the final version of this paper.
This work was supported by Scientific Committee of Ministry of Education and Sci-
ence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, grant no. 5495/GF4. It was also supported by
the Russian Sientific Foundation (project RFFI 16-31-50042).
References
[1] A.M. Abylaeva, M.Zh. Omirbek, A weighted estimate for an integral operator with a logarithmic
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[2] R.P. Agarwal, Certain fractional q-integrals and q-derivatives, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 66 (1969),
365-370.
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(1966/1967), 135-140.
[4] M. H. Annaby, Z.S. Mansour, q-fractional calculus and equations, Springer, Heidelberg, 2012.
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analysis, Vestinik KarGU. Mathematics series. 2 (2013), no. 70, 35-45 (in Russian).
[6] G. Bennett, Some elementary inequalities, Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. 38 (1987), no. 152,
401-425.
[7] P. Cheung, V. Kac, Quantum calculus, - Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2000.
[8] T. Ernst, A comprehensive treatment of q-calculus, Birkhäuser/Springer Basel AG, Basel, 2012.
[9] G. Gasper, M. Rahman, Basic hypergeometric series, Cambridge 1990.
[10] H. Gauchman, Integral inequalities in q-calculus, Comput. Math. Appl. 47 (2004), no. 2-3, 281-
300.
[11] F.H. Jackson, On q-definite integrals, Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math. 41 (1910), 193-203.
[12] A. Kufner, L. Maligranda, L-E. Persson, The Hardy inequality. About its history and some related
results, Vydavatelský Servis, Plzeň, 2007.
[13] L. Maligranda, R. Oinarov, L-E. Persson, On Hardy q-inequalities, Czechoslovak Math. J. 64

(2014), 659-682.
[14] A.M. Nakhushev, Equations of mathematical biology, M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1995 (in Russian).
Serikbol Shaimardan
Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
2 Satpayev St,
010000 Astana, Kazakhstan
E-mail: serikbol-87@yandex.kz
Received: 20.11.2015

Paper D
Persson et al. Journal of Inequalities and Applications ( 2018) 2018:73
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-018-1662-6
RESEARCH Open Access
Hardy-type inequalities in fractional

h-discrete calculus
Lars-Erik Persson1,2* , Ryskul Oinarov3 and Serikbol Shaimardan1,3
*
Correspondence: larserik@ltu.se
1
Luleå University of Technology, Abstract
Luleå, Sweden
2
UiT The Artic University of Norway, The first power weighted version of Hardy’s inequality can be rewritten as
Narvik, Norway
Full list of author information is ∞ x p p ∞
1 p

available at the end of the article xα –1 f (t) dt dx ≤ f p (x) dx, f ≥ 0, p ≥ 1, α < p – 1,
0 0 tα p–α–1 0
where the constant C = [ p–αp –1 ]p is sharp. This inequality holds in the reversed
direction when 0 ≤ p < 1. In this paper we prove and discuss some discrete
analogues of Hardy-type inequalities in fractional h-discrete calculus. Moreover, we
prove that the corresponding constants are sharp.
MSC: Primary 39A12; secondary 49J05; 49K05
Keywords: Inequality; Integral operator; h-calculus; h-integral; Discrete Fractional
Calculus
1 Introduction
The theory of fractional h-discrete calculus is a rapidly developing area of great interest
both from a theoretical and applied point of view. Especially we refer to [1–8] and the
references therein. Concerning applications in various fields of mathematics we refer to
[9–16] and the references therein. Finally, we mention that h-discrete fractional calculus
is also important in applied fields such as economics, engineering and physics (see, e.g.
[17–22]).
Integral inequalities have always been of great importance for the development of many
branches of mathematics and its applications. One typical such example is Hardy-type
inequalities, which from the first discoveries of Hardy in the twentieth century now have
been developed and applied in an almost unbelievable way, see, e.g., monographs [23] and
[24] and the references therein. Let us just mention that in 1928 Hardy [25] proved the
following inequality:
∞ x p p ∞
1 p

xα–1 f (t) dt dx ≤ f p (x) dx, f ≥ 0, (1.1)
0 0 tα p–α–1 0
p
for 1 ≤ p < ∞ and α < p – 1 and where the constant [ p–α–1 ]p is best possible. Inequality
(1.1) is just a reformulation of the first power weighted generalization of Hardy’s original
inequality, which is just (1.1) with α = 0 (so that p > 1) (see [26] and [27]). Up to now there is
© The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, pro-
vided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made.
Persson et al. Journal of Inequalities and Applications ( 2018) 2018:73 Page 2 of 14
no sharp discrete analogue of inequality (1.1). For example, the following two inequalities
were claimed to hold by Bennett([28, p. 40–41]; see also [29, p. 407]):
∞

n
p ∞
p
1 1–α
α–1 α–1
apn ,

k – (k – 1) ak ≤ an ≥ 0,
n=1
n1–α p – αp – 1 n=1
k=0
and
∞

n
p ∞
p
1 1–α
n 1
k –α ak ≤ apn , an ≥ 0,
n=1 k=1 k –α k=1 p – αp – 1 n=1
whenever α > 0, p > 1, αp > 1. Both inequalities were proved independently by Gao [30,
Corollary 3.1–3.2] (see also [31, Theorem 1.1] and [32, Theorem 6.1]) for p ≥ 1 and some
special cases of α (this means that there are still some regions of parameters with no proof
of (1.1)). Moreover, in [33, Theorems 2.1 and 2.3] proved another sharp discrete analogue
of inequality (1.1) in the following form:
∞

n
p ∞
1 kλ 1
q ak ≤ ap , an ≥ 0,
n=–∞
qnλ (1 – qλ )p n=–∞ n
k=0
and
∞

n
p ∞
1 kλ 1
q ak ≤ ap , an ≥ 0,
n=1
q nλ (1 – q ) n=1 n
λ p
k=0
for 0 < q < 1, p ≥ 1 and α < 1 – 1/p, where λ := 1 – 1/p – α.

The main aim of this paper is to establish the h-analogue of the classical Hardy-type
inequality (1.1) in fractional h-discrete calculus with sharp constants which is another
discrete analogue of inequality (1.1).
The paper is organized as follows: In order not to disturb our discussions later on some
preliminaries are presented in Sect. 2. The main results (see Theorem 3.1 and Theo-
rem 3.2) with the detailed proofs can be found in Sect. 3.
2 Preliminaries
We state the some preliminary results of the h-discrete fractional calculus which will be
used throughout this paper.
Let h > 0 and Ta := {a, a + h, a + 2h, . . .}, ∀a ∈ R.
Definition 2.1 (see [34]) Let f : Ta → R. Then the h-derivative of the function f = f (t) is
defined by
f (δh (t)) – f (t)

Dh f (t) := , t ∈ Ta , (2.1)
h
where δh (t) := t + h.
Let fg : Ta → R. Then the product rule for h-differentiation reads (see [34])

Dh f (x)g(x) := f (x)Dh g(x) + g(x + h)Dh f (x). (2.2)
The chain rule formula that we will use in this paper is

1 γ –1
Dh xγ (t) := γ

zx δh (t) + (1 – z)x(t) dzDh x(t), γ ∈ R, (2.3)
0
which is a simple consequence of Keller’s chain rule [35, Theorem 1.90]. The integration
by parts formula is given by (see [34]) the following.
Definition 2.2 Let f : Ta → R. Then the h-integral (h-difference sum) is given by
b–a –1
b b/h–1
h
f (x) dh x := f (kh)h = f (a + kh)h,
a k=a/h k=0
for a, b ∈ Ta , b > a.
Definition 2.3 We say that a function g : Ta −→ R, is nonincreasing (respectively, non-

decreasing) on Ta if and only if Dh g(t) ≤ 0 (respectively, Dh g(t) ≥ 0) whenever x ∈ Ta .
Let Dh F(x) = f (x). Then F(x) is called a h-antiderivative of f (x) and is denoted by

f (x) dh x. If F(x) is a h-antiderivative of f (x), for a, b ∈ Ta , b > a we have (see [36])
b
f (x) dh x := F(b) – F(a). (2.4)
a
Definition 2.4 (see [34]) Let t, α ∈ R. Then the h-fractional function th(α) is defined by
Ŵ( ht + 1)
th(α) := hα ,
Ŵ( ht + 1 – α)
where Ŵ is Euler gamma function, ht ∈/ {–1, –2, –3, . . .} and we use the convention that
division at a pole yields zero. Note that
lim th(α) = t α .
h→0
Hence, by (2.1) we find that
1 (α)
th(α–1) = D h th . (2.5)
α
Definition 2.5 The function f : (0, ∞) → R is said to be log-convex if f (ux + (1 – u)y) ≤

f u (x)f 1–u (y) holds for all x, y ∈ (0, ∞) and 0 < u < 1.
Next, we will derive some properties of the h-fractional function, which we need for the
proofs of the main results, but which are also of independent interest.
Proposition 2.6 Let t ∈ T0 . Then, for α, β ∈ R,
(α+β) (β)
th = th(α) (t – αh)h , (2.6)
(pα) p (pα)
th ≤ th(α) ≤ t + α(p – 1)h h , (2.7)
for 1 ≤ p < ∞, and
p (pα)
th(α)

≤ th , (2.8)
for 0 < p < 1.
Proof By using Definition 2.4 we get
(α+β) Ŵ( ht + 1)
th = hα+β
Ŵ( ht + 1 – α – β)
Ŵ( ht + 1) β Ŵ( ht + 1 – α) (β)
= hα h = t (α) (t – αh)h ,
Ŵ( ht + 1 – α) Ŵ( ht + 1 – α – β) h
i.e. (2.6) holds for α, β ∈ R.

It is well known that the gamma function is log-convex (see, e.g., [37], p. 21). Hence,
Ŵ( ht + 1)
p
p
th(α) = hpα

Ŵ( ht + 1 – α)
Ŵ( 1 ( t + 1 + α(p – 1)) + (1 – 1 )( t + 1 – α)) p
p h p h
= hpα
Ŵ( ht + 1 – α)
1 1
Ŵ p ( h1 + 1 + α(p – 1))Ŵ 1– p ( ht + 1 – α)
p
≤ hpα
Ŵ( ht + 1 – α)
Ŵ( ht + 1 + α(p – 1)) (pα)
= hpα = t + α(p – 1)h h
Ŵ( ht + 1 – α)
and
Ŵ( ht + 1)
p
p
th(α) = hpα

Ŵ( ht + 1 – α)
Ŵ( ht + 1)
p
= hpα 1 t 1 t
Ŵ((1 – )(
p h
+ 1) + (
p h
+ 1 – pα))
Ŵ( ht
p
+ 1)

≥ hpα 1 1
Ŵ 1– p ( ht + 1)Ŵ p ( ht + 1 – pα)
Ŵ( ht + 1) (pα)
= hpα =t ,
Ŵ( ht + 1 – pα) h
so we have proved that (2.7) holds wherever 1 ≤ p < ∞. Moreover, for 0 < p < 1,
(pα) Ŵ( ht + 1)
th = hpα
Ŵ( ht + 1 – pα)
Ŵ( ht + 1)
= hpα
Ŵ((1 – p)( ht + 1) + p( ht + 1 – α))
Ŵ( ht + 1)
≥ hpα
Ŵ (1–p) ( ht
+ 1)Ŵ p ( ht + 1 – α)
Ŵ( t + 1) p (α) p

= hα t h = th ,
Ŵ( h + 1 – α)
so we conclude that (2.8) holds for 0 < p < 1. The proof is complete.
3 Main results
Our h-integral analogue of inequality (1.1) reads as follows.
p–1
Theorem 3.1 Let α < p
and 1 ≤ p < ∞. Then the inequality
∞ δh (x) p p ∞
f (t) dh t p

x(α–1)
h dh x ≤ f p (x) dh x, f ≥ 0, (3.1)
0 0 th(α) p – αp – 1 0
p
holds. Moreover, the constant [ p–αp–1 ]p is the best possible in (3.1).
Our second main result is the following h-integral analogue of the reversed form of (1.1)
for 0 < p < 1.
p–1
Theorem 3.2 Let α < p
and 0 < p < 1. Then the inequality
∞ p ∞ δh (x) p
p – pα – 1 f (t) dh t

f p (x) dh x ≤ x(α–1)
h dh x, f ≥ 0, (3.2)
0 p 0 0 th(α)
holds. Moreover, the constant [ p–pα–1

p
]p is the best possible in (3.2).
To prove Theorem 3.1 we need the following lemma, which is of independent interest.
p–1 1 1
Lemma 3.3 Let α 1 and p
+ p′
= 1. Then the function
(– p1 ) 1′ ( 1′ ) p1
1 p 1 p
φ(x) := x– α+ h x– α– ′ h , x ∈ T0 ,
p h p h
is nonincreasing on T0 .
p–1
Proof Let α 0 for x > 0, and using Definition 2.4, we
have
(– p1 ) Ŵ( hx + p1′ – α)
1 1
x– α+ h = h– p x 1 1 >0
p h Ŵ( h + p + p′ – α)
and
( 1′ ) x 1
1 Ŵ( + 1 + ′ – α)

1 p h p
x– α– ′ h = h p′ x > 0.
p h Ŵ( h + 1 – α)
(– p1 ) ( 1′ )
Denote ξ (x) := (x – (α + p1 )h)h and η(x) := (x – (α – 1
p′
)h)hp . Then by using (2.5) we
find that
(– 1 )
(x – (α – p′
1
)h)h p
Dh η(x) = ≥0 (3.3)
p′
and
(– p1 –1)
(x – (α + p1 )h)h
Dh ξ (x) = – ≤ 0, (3.4)
p
From (2.3), (2.6), (3.3) and (3.4) it follows that
1
1

1 – p1
Dh ξ (x) p′ = ′ zξ (x + h) + (1 – z)ξ (x) dzDh ξ (x)
p 0
1 (– p1 –1)
– 1 (x – (α + p )h)h
≤ – ξ (x) p
pp′
1 (x – αh)(–1)
h
≤ – ξ (x) p′ (3.5)
pp′
and
1
1

1 – 1′
Dh η(x) p = zη(x + h) + zη(x) p dzDh η(x)
p 0
1 (– p1 )
– 1′ (x – (α – p′
)h)h
≤ η(x) p . (3.6)
pp′
By using the fact that (x + h – αh)(1) (–1)

h (x – αh)h = 1, η(x + h) ≥ η(x),
(– p1 ) –1
1
η(x) x– α– ′ h = (x + h – αh)(1)
h ,
p h
for x ∈ T0 and (2.2), (3.3), (3.4), (3.5) and (3.6) we obtain
1 1 1– 1 1
Dh φ(x) = ξ (x) p′ Dh η(x) p + η(x + h) p′ Dh ξ (x) p′
1 – 1′ (– p1 )
[ξ (x)] p′ [η(x)]

p 1
≤ x– α– ′ h – η(x)(x – αh)(–1)
h
pp′ p h
1 – 1′ (– p1 )
[ξ (x)] p′ [η(x)]

p 1
1 – (x + h – αh)(1) (–1)

= x– α– ′ h h (x – αh)h
pp′ p h
≤ 0.
Hence, we have proved that the function φ(x) is nonincreasing on T0 (see Definition 2.4)
so the proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3.1 Let p > 1. By using Lemma 3.3 and (2.6) in Proposition 2.6 we have
1′ (α–1) p1
x(α–1) = x(α–1)

p x
h h h
(– p1 ) 1′ ( 1′ ) p1
(α– 1′ ) (α– 1′ –1)

p 1 p
p 1 p
= xh x– α– ′ h xh x– α– ′ –1 h
p h p h
(α– p1′ ) 1′ (α– p1′ –1) p1

= xh p x
h
(– p1 ) 1′ ( 1′ ) p1
1 p 1 p
× x+h– α+ h x+h– α– ′ h
p h p h
(α– p1′ ) 1′ (α– p1′ –1) p1

= xh p x
h φ(x + h)
(α– p1′ ) 1′ (α– p1′ –1) p1
≤ xh p x
h φ(t), (3.7)
for t, x ∈ T0 : t ≤ x. Moreover,
φ(t) 1′ 1
= (t – αh)(–α) p (t – αh)(–α) p φ(t)

h h
th(α)
(– p1 ) 1′ ( 1′ ) p1
1 p 1 p
= (t – αh)(–α)
h t– α+ h (t – αh)(–α)
h t– α– ′ h
p h p h
(–α– p1 ) 1′ ( 1′ –α) p1
1 p 1 p
= t– α+ h t– α– ′ h . (3.8)
p h p h
According to (3.7) and (3.8) we have
∞ δh (x) p
1

L(f ) := x(α–1)
h f (t) dh t dh x
0 0 th(α)
∞ (α– 1 ) 1 (–α– p1 ) 1′
δh (x)
(α– p1′ –1) p1

1

′ p
≤ x h p p′ xh t– α+ h
0 0 p h
( 1′ –α) p1 p
1 p
× t– α– ′ h f (t) dh t dh x
p h
∞

(α– 1′ ) 1 (α– 1′ –1) p1
= h1+p (ih)h p p′ (ih)h p ×
i=0
i (–α– p1 ) 1′ ( 1′ –α) p1 p
1 p 1 p
× kh – α + h kh – α – ′ h f (kh)
p h p h
k=0
p
= I (f ).
Let N0 = N ∪ {0}, g = {gk }∞k=1 ∈ lp (N0 ), g ≥ 0, and

g
lp′ = 1. Moreover, let θ (z) be Heav-
′
iside’s unit step function (θ (z) = 1 for z ≥ 0 and θ (z) = 0 for z < 0). Then, based on the
duality principle in lp (N0 ) and the Hölder inequality, we find that
1 (α– 1′ ) 1 (α– 1′ –1) p1

h1+ p gi θ (i – k) (ih)h p p′ (ih)h p

I(f ) = sup

g
l ′ =1
p i,k
(–α– p1 ) 1′ ( 1′ –α) p1
1 p 1 p
× kh – α + h kh – α – ′ h f (kh)
p h p h
(–α– p1 ) 1′
(α– 1′ )

p′ p 1 p
≤ sup hgi θ (i – k)(ih)h kh – α + h

g
l ′ =1 p h
p i,k
( 1′ –α) p1
(α– 1′ –1)

p 1 p
× h2 θ (i – k)(ih)h kh – α – ′ h f p (kh)
p h
i,k
p′ q
= sup I1 (g)I2 (f ). (3.9)

g
l ′ =1
p
By using Definition 2.3 and combining (2.4), (2.5) and (2.6) we can conclude that
∞ i (–α– p1 )
(α– 1′ )

p′ p 1
I1 (g) = gi (ih)h h kh – α + h
i=0
p h
k=0
∞ δh (ih) (– p1 –α)

(α– 1′ )

1

p′
p
= gi (ih)h x– α+ h dh x
i=0 0 p h
∞ δh (ih) ( 1′ –α)
(α– 1′ )

1 p′ p 1 p
= 1
gi (ih)h Dh x– α+ h dh x
p′
–α i=1 0 p h
∞ ( 1′ –α)
(α– 1′ )

1 p′ p 1 p
≤ 1
gi (ih)h ih – α – ′ h
p′
–α i=1
p h
1 p′ 1
= 1

g
l ′ = 1
. (3.10)
p′
–α p
p′
–α
Furthermore,
∞ i ( 1′ –α)
(α– 1′ –1)

p 1 p
I2 (f ) = h(ih)h hf p (kh) kh – α – ′ h
i=0
p h
k=0
∞ ( 1′ –α)
∞
(α– 1′ –1)

1 p
p
= hf p (kh) kh – α – ′ h h(ih)h
p h
k=0 i=k
( 1′ –α) ∞
∞ (α– 1′ )

1 1

p
= f p (x) x – α – ′ h Dh th p dh t dh x
α – p1′ 0 p h x
( 1′ –α)
∞ (α– 1′ )

1 1

p
= 1
f p (x) x – α – ′ h xh p dh x
p′
–α 0 p h
∞
1

= 1
f p (x) dh x. (3.11)
p′
–α 0
By combining (3.9), (3.10) and (3.11) we obtain

p ∞
p
L(f ) ≤ f p (x) dh x, (3.12)
p – pα – 1 0
i.e. (3.1) holds.

p
Finally, we will prove that the constant [ p–αp–1 ]p is the best possible in inequality (3.1).
(β)
Let x, a ∈ T0 be such that a < x, and consider the test function fβ (t) = th χ[a,∞) (t), t > 0, for
β = – p1 – ε.
Then from (2.4), (2.5) and (2.7) it follows that
∞ ∞ ∞ (βp)
p (β) p
fβ (t) dh t = th dh t ≤ t + β(p – 1)h h dh t
0 a a
∞
1

(βp+1)
= Dh t + β(p – 1)h h dh t
pβ + 1 a
(pβ+1)
(a + β(p – 1)h)h
= < ∞.
|pβ + 1|
Since
δh (x) p δh (x) p
(–α+β)
(t – hα)(–α)
h fβ (t) dh t = (t – hα)h dh t
0 a
δh (x) p
1

(1–α+β)
= Dh (t – hα)h dh t
1–α+β a
(1–α+β) (1–α+β) p
(x + h – hα)h (a – hα)h
= 1– (1–α+β)
1–α+β (x + h – hα)h
(1–α+β) p (1–α+β)
(x + h – hα)h (a – hα)h
≥ 1–p (1–α+β)
,
1–α+β (x + h – hα)h
we have
p ∞
1 (1–α+β) p
L(fβ ) ≥ x(α–1)
h (x + h – hα)h dh x
1–α+β a
(1–α+β) p
∞
[xh(α–1) (x + h – hα)h

]

(1–α+β)
– p(a – hα)h (1–α+β)
dh x
a (x + h – hα)h
p ∞ ∞ (1–α+β) (β) p
1 p (a – hα)h [xh ]
= fβ (x) dh x – p (1–α+β)
dh x . (3.13)
1–α+β 0 a (x + h – hα)h
By using (2.4), (2.5), (2.6) and (2.7) we obtain
(β) (pβ)
∞
[xh ]p dh x ∞
(x + β(p – 1)h)h dh x

(1–α+β)
≤ (1–α+β)
a (x + h – hα)h a (x + h – hα)h
∞ (β(p–1)+α–1)
= x + β(p – 1)h h dh x
a
∞ (β(p–1)+α)
Dh ((x + β(p – 1)h)h
a ) dh x
=
β(p – 1) + α
1 (β(p–1)+α)
= a + β(p – 1)h h (3.14)
|β(p – 1) + α|
and
(1–α+β) (β(1–p) (pβ+1)

= (a – hα)(–α)

(a – hα)h h a – h(pβ + 1) h ah
∞
(β(1–p) (pβ+1)
= (a – hα)(–α)

h a – h(pβ + 1) h D h th dh t
a
(β(1–p)
∞
(–α) (β) p
≤ (a – hα)h a – h(pβ + 1) h
|βp + 1| th dh t. (3.15)
a
According to (2.6), (3.13), (3.14) and (3.15) we can deduce that

p ∞ ∞
1

p p
L(fβ ) ≥ fβ (x) dh x – θβ (a) fβ (x) dh x ,
1–α+β 0 0
p|βp+1| (β(p–1)) (β(1–p))

where θβ (a) := |β(p–1)+α|
(a + β(p – 1)h)h (a – h(pβ + 1))h → 0, ε → 0.
L(fβ ) 1 p
Therefore, limε→0 ∞ f p (x) d x ≥ limε→0 ( 1–α+β ) = ( p–pα–1 ) , which implies that
p p
the con-
0 β h
p p
stant [ p–αp–1 ] in (3.1) in sharp.
Let p = 1. By using Definition 2.3 and (2.5) we get
∞ δh (x) ∞ i
1

x(α–1) h(ih)(α–1) h(kh – αh)(–α)

h f (t) dh t dh x = h h f (kh)
0 0 th(α) i=0 k=0
∞ ∞
h(kh – αh)(–α) h(ih)(α–1)

= h f (kh) h
k=0 i=k
∞ ∞
= (t – αh)(–α)
h f (t) x(α–1)
h dh x dh t
0 t
∞ ∞
1

(t – αh)(–α) Dh x(α)

= h f (t) h dh x dh t
α 0 t
∞ ∞
1 1

=– f (t)(t – αh)(–α) (α)
h th dh t = – f (t) dh t,
α 0 α 0
which means that (3.1) holds even with equality in this case. The proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3.2 Let 0 < p < 1. By using (2.4), (2.5) and (2.7) we get
p p–1 (α–1)
x(α–1) = x(α–1)

h h xh
(– p1 ) p–1 ( 1′ )
(α– 1′ ) (α– 1′ –1)

1 1 p
= xh p x – α – ′ h xh p x+h– α– ′ h
p h p h
( 1′ )
(α– 1′ ) p–1 (α– 1′ –1)
p p
(x – (α – 1
p′
)h)hp
≥ xh xh
1 (– p1 )
[(x – (α – p′
)h)h ]1–p
( 1′ )
1 p
(α– 1′ ) p–1 (α– 1′ –1) (x – (α – p′
)h)h
xh p xh p

≥ 1–p
(– )
(x – (α – 1
p′
)h)h p
(α– p1′ ) p–1 (α– p1′ –1)
= xh xh
( 1′ –α) 1–p
(α– 1′ –1)

1 p
p
= x– α– ′ h xh
p h
p–1 δh (x) (–α– p1 ) 1–p
(α– 1′ –1)

1 1 p
≥ 1 t– α+ h dh t xh (3.16)
p′
– α 0 p h
and
p
1 p–1 1
= (t – αh)(–α)

h
th(α) th(α)
(–α– p1 ) p–1
( p1 )

1 1
= t– α+ h (t – αh)h
p (α– 1′ ) ( 1′ )
h p
th (t – (α – 1
p′
)h)hp
(–α– p1 ) p–1 (– 1′ )
p
1 1 (t – αh)h
= t– α+ h
p (α– 1′ ) ( p1 )
h p
[(t – αh)h ] 1–p
th
(–α– p1 ) p–1 (– 1′ )
p
1 1 (t – αh)h
≥ t– α+ h
p (α– 1′ ) 1–p
( p )
h p
th (t – αh)h
(–α– p1 ) p–1
1 1
= t– α+ h . (3.17)
p (α– 1′ )
h p
th
Moreover, by using Definition 2.3, (3.16) and (3.17), and applying the Hölder inequality
with powers 1/p and 1/(1 – p), we obtain
∞ (α– 1 –1) δh (x) (–α– p1 ) 1–p

L(f ) 1

′ p
≥ xh t– α+ h dh t
[ 1 1–α ]p–1 0 0 p h
p′
δh (x) p
1
× f (t) dh t dh x
0 th(α)
∞

k (–α– p1 ) 1–p
k
p
(α– 1′ –1)

p
1 f (ih)
= h(kh)h h ih – α + h h (α)
i=0
p h i=0 (ih)h
k=0
∞ k (–α– p1 ) 1–p
(α– 1′ –1) f (ih) p

p 1
≥ h(kh)h h ih – α + h
k=0 i=0
p h (ih)(α)
h
∞ (–α– p1 ) 1–p ∞
p
(α– 1′ –1)

1 1 p
= hf p (ih) ih – α + h h(kh) h
i=0
p h (ih)(α)
h k=i
(–α– p1 ) 1–p
∞
1 p ∞ (α– p1′ –1)

1

= f p (t) t – α + h (α)
xh dh x dh t
0 p h th t
∞ (–α– p1 ) 1–p (–α– p1 ) p–1

1 1 1

≥ 1
f p (t) t– α+ h t– α+ h
p′
–α 0 p h p h
1 ∞ (α– p1′ )

× Dh x h dh x dh t
(α– 1′ ) t
p
th
∞
1

= 1
f p (t) dd t,
p′
–α 0
i.e.
p ∞
1

–α L(f ) ≥ f p (t) dd t.
p′ 0
Therefore, we deduce that inequality (3.2) holds for all functions f ≥ 0 and the left hand
side of (3.2) is finite.
Finally, we prove that the constant [ p–1
p
– α]p in inequality (3.2) is sharp. Let x, a ∈ T0 ,
(β)
be such that a < x, and fβ (t) = th χ[a,∞) (t), where α – 1 < β < – p1 . By using (2.4), (2.5) and
(2.8) we find that
∞ ∞ ∞
(β) p (βp)
fβ (t) dh t = th dh t ≤ th dh t
0 a a
∞
1

(βp+1)
= D h th dh t
pβ + 1 a
(pβ+1)
a
= h <∞
|pβ + 1|
and
∞

i
p
(ih)(α–1) h(kh – αh)(–α)

L(fβ ) = h h h fβ (kh)
i=0 k=0
a –1 p
i

h
(ih)(α–1) h(kh – αh)(–α)

= h h h fβ (kh)
i=0 k=0
∞

i
p
h (ih)(α–1) h(kh – αh)(–α)

+ h h fβ (kh)
i= ah k=0
∞ δh (x) p
(–α+β)
= x(α–1)
h (t – αh)h dh t dh x
a 0
p ∞ δh (x) p
1

(1–α+β)
x(α–1)

= h Dh (t – αh)h dh t dh x
1–α+β a 0
p ∞
1 (1–α+β) p
≤ x(α–1)
h (x + h – αh)h dh x
1–α+β a
p ∞ p ∞
1 (β) p 1 p
= xh dh x = fβ (x) dh x. (3.18)
1–α+β a 1–α+β 0
From (3.18) its follows that

∞ p
fβ (t) dh t

0 1
sup = sup [1 – α + β]p = ′ – α ,
α–1≥β≥– p1
L(fβ ) α–1<β<– 1
p
p
and this shows that the constant [ p–1

p
– α]p in inequality (3.2) is sharp. The proof is com-
plete.
Now, let us comment which discrete analogue of Hardy inequality we are getting from
the Hardy h-inequality. Directly from the proof of Theorems 3.1 and 3.2 we obtain the
following discrete inequality, which is of independent interest.
Remark 3.4 On the basis of Definitions 2.4–2.5 we get
∞

n
p ∞
Ŵ( nh Ŵ( kh
p
+ 1) + 1 – α)

h

h p p
ak ≤ ak , ak ≥ 0,
n=0
Ŵ( nh
h
+ 2 – α) k=0
Ŵ( nh
h
+ 1) p – αp – 1 n=0
for p ≥ 1 and α < 1 – 1/p.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Scientific Committee of Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
grant no. AP05130975.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors have on equal level discussed, posed the research questions and proved the results in this paper. Moreover, all
authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript.
Author details
1
Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden. 2 UiT The Artic University of Norway, Narvik, Norway. 3 L. N. Gumilyev
Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Received: 13 December 2017 Accepted: 17 March 2018
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Paper E
Fractional order Hardy-type inequality in
fractional h-discrete calculus
S. Shaimardan

Satpayev str., 2
010008 Astana, Kazakhstan
and
Luleå University of Technology,
97187 Luleå, Sweden
1
S. Shaimardan. Fractional order Hardy-type inequality in fractional h-
discrete calculus, Luleå University of Technology, Department of Mathemat-
ical sciences, Research Report (2018).
Abstract: We investigate the power weights fractional order Hardy-type

inequality in the following form:
∞ ∞ p ∞ p
Z Z p Z
|f (x) − f (y)| p
 dxdy  ≤ C  |f 0 (x)| x(1−α)p dx
|x − y|1+pα
0 0 0
for 0 < α < 1 and 1 < p < ∞ in fractional h-discrete calculus, where
1
2 p α−1
C= 1 . For h-fractional function we prove a discrete analogue of above
(p−pα) p
inequality in fractional h-discrete calculus, is proved and discussed. More-
over, we prove that the same constant is sharp also in this case.
AMS subject classification (MSC 2010): Primary. 39A12. Secondary

49J05, 49K05.
Keywords and Phrases: Fractional Hardy type inequality, h-derivative,

integral operator, h-calculus, h-integral, discrete fractional calculus, sharp
constant.
Note: This report will be submitted for publication elsewhere.
ISSN: 1400-4003
Luleå University of Technology

Department of Mathematical sciences
SE-971 87 Luleå, SWEDEN
2
1 Introduction
Fractional h-discrete calculus has generated interest in recent years. It is a
mathematical subject that has proved to be very useful in applied fields such
as such as economics, engineering and physics (see, e.g. [4], [5], [23], [24],
[30]). Concerning applications in various fields of mathematics we refer to
[2], [3], [6], [7], [12], [13], [14], [16], [17], [18], [22], [25], [26], [27], [29], [31]
and the references therein.
It is well known that integral inequalities play important roles in the
research of qualitative as well as quantitative properties of solutions of dif-
ferential equations, difference equations and dynamic equations. One of the
examples is fractional Hardy-type inequalities. In [15], [32], [33], [34] and
[35] a series of fractional order Hardy- type inequalities have been presented.
We pronounce especially that even Chapter 5 in the new book [20] by A.
Kufner, L.-E. Persson and N. Samko is completely devoted to this subject.
In particular, it is proved here (see Theorem 5.3) that
∞ ∞ p ∞ p
Z Z p Z
|f (x) − f (y)| p
 dxdy  ≤ C  |f 0 (x)| x(1−α)p  , (1.1)
|x − y|1+pα
0 0 0
1
2 p α−1
for 0 < α < 1, 1 < p < ∞, where C = 1 is the sharp constant.
(p−pα) p
Moreover, in [1], [9], [10], [21], [28] some discrete Hardy-type inequalities
have been established, which can be used as a handy tool in the research of
solutions of difference equations. Up to now the discrete analogues of the
fractional Hardy-type inequalities are not studied. The main aim of this
paper is to establish the h-analogue of the fractional Hardy-type inequality
(1.1) in fractional h-discrete calculus with sharp constants which is a discrete
analogue of the inequality (1.1).
The paper is organized as follows: In order not to disturb our discussions
later on some preliminaries are presented in Section 2. The main result (see
Theorem 3.1) with the detailed proof can be found in Section 3.
2 Preliminaries
First we state some preliminary results of the h-discrete fractional calculus,
which will be used throughout this paper.
3
Let h > 0 and Ta = {a, a + h, a + 2h, · · · }, ∀a ∈ R.
Definition 1. Let f : Ta → R. Then the h-derivative of the function f =
f (x) is defined by
f (δ h (t)) − f (t)
Dh f (t) := , t ∈ Ta , (2.1)
h
where δ h (t) = t + h.
See e.g. [8]. The chain rule formula that we will use in this paper is
Z1
γ
Dh [x (t)] := γ [zx(δ h (t)) + (1 − z)x(t)]γ−1 dzDh x(t), γ ∈ R, (2.2)
0
which is a simple consequence of Keller’s chain rule ([[11], Theorem 1.90]).

Definition 2. Let f : Ta → R. Then the h-integral (h-difference sum) is
given by
Zb b/h−1
X
b−a
Xh
−1
f (x)dh x := f (kh)h = f (a + kh)h, (2.3)

a k=a/h k=0
for a, b ∈ Ta , b > a.
Definition 3. We say that a function g : Ta −→ R, is nonincreasing (re-
spectively, nondecreasing) on Ta if and only if Dh g(t) ≤ 0 (respectively,
Dh g(t) ≥ 0) whenever t ∈ Ta .
Let Dh FR(x) = f (x). Then F (x) is called a h-antiderivative of f (x) and is
denoted by f (x)dh x. If F (x) is a h-antiderivative of f (x), for a, b ∈ Ta , b >
a, then we have that (see [18]):
Zb
f (x)dh x = F (b) − F (a). (2.4)
a
(α)
Definition 4. Let t, α ∈ R. Then the h-fractional function th is defined by
(α) Γ( ht + 1)
th := hα ,
Γ( ht + 1 − α)
4
where Γ is Euler gamma function, ht ∈ / {−1, −2, −3, · · · } and we use the
convention that division at a pole yields zero. Note that
(α)
lim th = tα .
h→0
Hence, by (2.1) we find that

1 h i
(α−1) (α)
th = Dh th . (2.5)
α
1 h i
(α−1) (α)
(a − t − h)h = − Dh (a − t)h . (2.6)
α
" #
1 1 1
(α+1)
= − Dh (α) . (2.7)
(t + h)h α th
" #
1 1 1
(α+1)
= Dh (α)
. (2.8)
(a − t)h α (a − t)h
Definition 5. The function f : (0, ∞) → R is said to be log-convex if f (ux+

(1 − u)y) ≤ f u (x)f 1−u (y), holds for all x, y ∈ (0, ∞) and 0 < u < 1.
Next, we will derive some properties of the h-fractional function, which

we need for the proofs of the main results but which are also of independent
interest.
Proposition 2.1. Let t ∈ T0 . Then, for α, β ∈ R,

(α+β) (α) (β)
th = th (t − αh)h , (2.9)
h ip
(pα) (α) (pα)
th ≤ th ≤ (t + α(p − 1)h)h , (2.10)
for 1 ≤ p < ∞.
5
Proof. By using Definition 4 we get that
(α+β) Γ( ht + 1)
th = hα+β
Γ( ht + 1 − α − β)
Γ( t + 1) Γ( t + 1 − α) (α) (β)
= hα t h hβ t h = th (t − αh)h .
Γ( h + 1 − α) Γ( h + 1 − α − β)
Therefore, (2.9) holds for α, β ∈ R.
It’s well known that the gamma function is log-convex (see e.g [19], p 21).
Hence,
h ip p
(α) Γ( ht + 1)
th = hpα
Γ( t + 1 − α)
" h1 t #p
pα
Γ( p ( h + 1 + α(p − 1)) + (1 − 1p )( ht + 1 − α))
= h
Γ( ht + 1 − α)
" 1 #p
p 1
1− p1 t
pα Γ ( h + 1 + α(p − 1))Γ ( h + 1 − α)
≤ h
Γ( ht + 1 − α)
Γ( ht + 1 + α(p − 1))
= hpα
Γ( ht + 1 − α)
(pα)
= (t + α(p − 1)h)h ,
and
h ip p
(α) Γ( ht + 1)
th = hpα
Γ( ht + 1 − α)
" #p
pα Γ( ht + 1)
= h 1
Γ((1 − p )( h + 1) + 1p ( ht + 1 − pα))
t
" #p
pα Γ( ht + 1)
≥ h 1 1
Γ1− p ( ht + 1)Γ p ( ht + 1 − pα)
Γ( t + 1) (pα)
= hpα t h = th ,
Γ( h + 1 − pα)
so we have proved that (2.10) holds whenever 1 ≤ p < ∞.
Let 1 ≤ p ≤ q < ∞ and p1 + p10 = 1. Let f = {fi }∞ i=0 be an arbitrary
sequence of real numbers. Moreover, suppose that {ui }∞ ∞
0=1 , and {vi }i=0 are
6
weight sequences, i.e., non-negative sequences. To prove our main result
we use the following result for a standard weighted Hardy inequality, when
1 ≤ p ≤ q < ∞ (see [1], Theorem 4.1 and e.g. also [20]):
Theorem B. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ q < ∞. Then the inequality
∞ i
!q ! 1q ∞
! p1
X X X p
fj uqi ≤C (fi vi ) ,
i=1 j=1 i=1
holds for all sequences f = {fi }∞

i=0 , fi ≥ 0, i ≥ 1, with the best constant
∞ 1q ! 10
p
P q Pk
−p0
C > 0 if and only if B = sup ui vj < ∞. Moreover,
k≥1 i=k j=1
1
B ≤ C ≤ p0 q q B.
3 The main result

Theorem 3.1. Let 1 < p < ∞, 0 < α < 1 and f (x) = Dh F (x). Then the
following inequality
  p1
∞  p1
Z∞ Z∞ Z p
 |F (x) − F (y)| p
d h xd y
h   |f (x)| d h x
 p  ≤ C  h ip  , (3.1)
 ( p1 +α) (α−1)
0 0 (|x − y| + 3h)h 0
(x + h)h
1
2 p α−1
holds with constant C = 1 . Moreover, this constant sharp.
(p−pα) p
The next lemma permits to shorten the proof of our main result:
1 1
Lemma 3.1. Let 0 < α < 1, 1 < p < ∞ and p
+ p0
= 1. Then
  p1   10
p
Z∞ (α−1) Zδ(z)
 dh x   th dh t  1
B := sup 
 p 


 h

i− pp0  < . (3.2)
z∈T 0
1
( p +α)
(α) α
z (x + 3h)h 0 δ(t)h
7
Proof. Let 0 < α < 1, 1 ≤ p < ∞ and 1p + p10 = 1. Exploiting (2.1) we
h i
(α) (α−1)
find that Dh xh = αxh ≥ 0 for x ∈ T0 . Moreover, in view of Definition
(α) (α)
3 we see that xh ≤ (x0 )h for x, x0 ∈ T0 such that x ≤ x0 . Then, according
to (2.1), (2.2), (2.7), (2.8) and (2.10), we obtain that
" #p Z1 " #p−1 " #
1 z 1−z 1
Dh (α)
= p (α)
+ (α)
dzDh (α)
(x + 2h)h (x + 3h)h (x + 2h)h (x + 2h)h
0
Z1 " #p−1
1 z 1−z
= −pα (α+1) (α)
+ (α)
dz
(x + 3h)h (x + 3h)h (x + 2h)h
0
" #p−1
1 1
≤ −pα (α+1) (α)
(x + 3h)h (x + 3h)h
and
p h ip p
( 1 +α) (α) (1)
(x + 3h)hp = (x + 3h)h (x + 3h − αh)hp
h ip−1
(α) (α) (1)
≥ (x + 3h)h (x + 3h)h (x + 3h − αh)h
h ip−1
(α) (α+1)
= (x + 3h)h (x + 3h)h
i.e.
 " p #p
 1 1
 ≤ − Dh 1
( 1 +α) (α)
. (3.3)
pα (x + 2h)h
(x + 3h) p h
(α) (α)
Next we note that, by Definition 3 and (2.5), th ≤ (z + h)h , for t, z ∈ T0
such that t≤z + h and then, by applying (2.4), (2.5) and (3.3), we get that
" #p  δ(z)  pp0

Z∞ Z
1 (α) 1 (α−1)
Bp ≤ − sup (z + 2h)h Dh (α)
dh x  t h dh t
pα z∈T0 (x + 2h)h
z 0
8
" #p   pp0
Z∞ Zδ(z) h i
1 (α) 1 1 (α)
≤ sup (z + 2h)h Dh (α)
dh x  Dh th dh t
pα z∈T0 (x + 2h)h α
z 0
h ip
(α) p0
1 (z + 2h)h 1
(α)
≤ sup (z + 2h)h h ip = p ,
αp z∈T0 (z + 2h)h
(α) α
i.e. (3.2) holds so the proof is complete.
Proof of Theorem 3.1. By using (2.3) we get that

Z∞ Z∞
|F (x) − F (y)|p dh xdh y
L(F ) := p
( 1 +α)
0 0 (|x − y| + 3h)hp
∞ X
X ∞
|F (ih) − F (kh)|p
= h2 p
( 1 +α)
k=0 i=0 (|ih − kh| + 3h)hp
∞ X
X k
|F (ih) − F (kh)|p
≤ h2 p
( 1 +α)
k=0 i=0 (|ih − kh| + 3h)hp
∞ X
X ∞
|F (ih) − F (kh)|p
+ h2 p
( 1 +α)
k=0 i=k (|ih − kh| + 3h)hp
∞ X
X ∞
|F (ih) − F (kh)|p
= 2 h2 p . (3.4)
( p1 +α)
k=0 i=k (|ih − kh| + 3h)h
Let 1
hp
f˜m = h |f (mh)| , ũi = ( 1 +α)
,
(|ih − kh| + 3h)hp
1
−
h p0
ṽm = p1
h ip−1
(α−1) (α)
(mh − kh)h (δ(mh) − kh)h
9
and f (x) = Dh F (x). Then, from (2.3) and (3.4) it follows that
p
X∞ X∞
h Xi−1

L(F ) ≤ 2 h p hf (mh)
1
( p +α)
k=0 i=k (|ih − kh| + 3h) m=k
h
∞
"∞ i
!p #
X X p X
≤ 2 h ũ ˜
fm . (3.5)
i
k=0 i=k m=k
Moreover, based on Theorem B we obtain that

∞ i
!p ∞
X X X 0
ũ p
f˜mi ≤ B̃ p f˜p ṽ −p , k m m (3.6)
i=k m=k m=k
where
∞
! 1q n
! 10
X X 0
p
B̃kp := sup ũqi ṽj−p

n≥k
i=n j=k
  p1   10
p
Z∞ Zδ(z) (α−1)
 dh x   (t − dh t  kh)h

= sup  1
p 


 h

i− pp0  ≤ Bp.
n≥k ( p +α)
(α)
nh (x − kh + 3h)h nh (δ(t) − kh)h
By combining (3.5) and (3.6) we have that

∞
X ∞
X h |f (mh)|p
L(F ) ≤ 2 hB p h ip−1 . (3.7)
(α−1) (α)
k=0 m=k (mh − kh)h (δ(mh) − kh)h
Moreover, by using Definition 3 and (2.6) we obtain that

(α−1) (α−1)
(δ(mh) − t)h ≤ (mh − t)h ,
for t ∈ T0 .
Hence, in view of (2.1), (2.2) and (2.8) we get that
10
" #p Z1 " #p−1
1 z (1 − z)
Dh,t (α−1)
= p (α−1)
+ (α−1)
dz
(δ(mh) − t)h (mh − t)h (δ(mh) − t)h
0
" #
1
× Dh,t (α−1)
(δ(mh) − t)h
Z1 "
p(α − 1) z
= (α) (α−1)
(δ(mh) − t)h (mh − t)h
0
#p−1
(1 − z)
+ (α−1)
dz
(δ(mh) − t)h
" #p−1
p(α − 1) 1
≤ (α) (α−1)
.
Consequently,
" #p−1
1 1
(α) (α−1)
" #p
1 1
≤ Dh,t (α−1)
. (3.8)
p(α − 1) (δ(mh) − t)h
Thus, by now using Lemma 3.1 and (3.7) and (3.8), we obtain that
∞
X ∞
X h |f (mh)|p
L(F ) ≤ 2B p h h ip−1
(α−1) (α)
k=0 m=k (mh − kh)h (δ(mh) − kh)h
∞
X m
X h
≤ 2B p h |f (mh)|p h ip−1
(α−1) (α)
m=0 k=0 (mh − kh)h (δ(mh) − kh)h
∞
δ(mh)
Z " #p
2α−p X p 1
≤ h |f (mh)| Dh,t (α−1)
dh t
p(α − 1) m=0 (δ(mh) − t)h
0
11
∞
2α−p X |f (mh)|p
≤ hh ip
p(1 − α) m=0 (mh + h)(α−1)
h
−p Z∞ p
2α |f (x)| dh x
≤ h ip ,
p(1 − α) (x + h)h
(α−1)
0
which means that inequality (3.1) holds.

1
2 p α−1
Finally, we will show that the constant 1 in (3.1) sharp. Let x, y, a ∈
(pα−p) p
T0 such that y ≤ a ≤ x − 4h. By Definition 3 we obtain that
(1)
1 (1)
x − y + 2h − αh + 0 h ≤ (x − y + 3h − αh)h ,
p h
(1) (1)
(x − y + 2h − (α − 1)h)h ≤ (x + 4h − αh)h .
Then, by using (2.2), (2.8), (2.9) and (2.10) we find that

p h ip p
( 1 +α) (α−1) (1)
(|x − y| + 3h)hp = (x − y + 3h)h (x − y + 2h − αh)hp
h ip
(1)
× (x − y + 3h − (α − 1)h)h
h ip−1
(α−1)
≤ (x − y + 3h)h
(α−1) (1)
× (x − y + 2h)h (x − y + 2h − αh + 1/p0 h)h
h ip
(1)
× (x − y + 3h − (α − 1)h)h
h ip−1
(α−1) (α)
≤ (x − y + 3h)h (x − y + 3h)h
h ip
(1)
× (2x − a + 4h − αh)h
and
" #p Z1 " #p−1
1 z 1−z
Dh,y (α−1)
= p (α−1)
+ (α−1)
dz
(x − y + 3h)h (x − y + 2h)h (x − y + 3h)h
0
" #
1
× Dh,y (α−1)
(x − y + 3h)h
12
Z1 " #p−1
z 1−z
= (α−1)
+ (α−1)
dz
(x − y + 2h)h (x − y + 3h)h
0
p(α − 1)
× (α)
(x − y + 3h)h
" #p−1
1 p(1 − α)
≥ − (α−1) (α)
(x − y + 3h)h (x − y + 3h)h
h ip
(1)
(2x − a + 4h − αh)h
× h ip .
(1)
(x − a)h
Therefore,
 p h i−p " #p
(1)
1 (x − a)h 1
  ≥− Dh . (3.9)
( 1 +α) p(1 − α) (α−1)
(x − y + 3h)hp (x − y + 3h)h
1
2 p α−1
Assume now on the contrary that there exists a constant C < 1
(pα−p) p
such that (3.1) holds for all measurable functions where the right hand side
is finite. We now consider the test function
(α−1)
f0 := χ[a,a0 ] (t) (t − a − h + αh)h ,
for a0 ∈ T0 such that x ≤ a0 . Then, by using (2.4), (2.5) and (2.9) we can
deduce that
x p
Z

|F (x) − F (y)|p = (t − a − h + αh)h dh t
(α−1)

a
x p
Z h i
1
Dh (t − a − h + αh)h dh t
(α)
=
αp
a
1 h ip
(α)
= (x − a − h + αh)h
αp
1 h (α−1)
ip h
(1)
ip
= (x − a − h + αh) h (t − a) h , (3.10)
αp
13
(α)
where (−h + αh)h = hα Γ(α) Γ(0)
= 0 and
h ip
Z∞ Za0 (x − a − h + αh)(α−1) dh x
f0p (x)dh x h
h ip ≤ h ip < ∞.
(α−1) (1−α)
0
(x + h)h a
(x + h)h
By combining (2.3) and (3.4) we obtain that

Z∞ Zx
L(F ) := p
( 1 +α)
0 0 (|x − y| + 3h)hp
Z∞ Z∞
+ p
( 1 +α)
0 x (|x − y| + 3h)hp
:= I1 + I2 . (3.11)
From (3.9) and (3.10) it follows that
Za0 Zx
I1 ≥ p
( p1 +α)
a 0 (|x − y| + 3h)h
 a0
Z
α−p  h (α−1)
ip
≥ − (x − a − h + αh)h
p(1 − α)
a
" #p 
Z
a+4h
1
× Dh,y (α−1)
dh y  dh x
(x − y + 3h)h
0
Z∞
α−p f0p (x)dh x
≥ h ip , (3.12)
p(1 − α) (x + h)h
(1−α)
0
1 Γ(α−1)
where (α−1) = Γ(0)
= 0.
(−h)h
In the same way we can deduce that
Z∞
α−p f p (x)dh x
I2 ≥ h 0 ip . (3.13)
p(1 − α) (x + h)
(1−α)
0 h
14
By now using (3.11), (3.12) and (3.13) we obtain that
1 L(F ) 2α−p
C p ≥ R∞ = ,
h 0
f p (x)dh x
i
p(1 − α)
(α−1) p
0 (x+h)h
1
2 p α−1
which contradicts our assumption so we conclude that the constant 1
(p−pα) p
in (3.1) sharp. The proof is complete.
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Hardy-type inequalities quantum calculus

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Hardy-type inequalities quantum calculus

Luleå University of Technology

Printed by Luleå University of Technology, Graphic Production 2018

This PhD thesis deals with fractional Hardy-type inequalities

which is called the fractional integral operator of infinitesimal order.

where u(.) is a weight i.e. a measurable function, which is positive

First of all I want to express my deep gratitude to my scien-

”The calculus was the first achievement of modern mathemat-

1. Background and further development

Because of the ambiguity in the lower limit of integration c, he

More results concerning the process to develop the analogous

properties of this factorial function in the following form:

where Γ denotes the special gamma function and if t + 1 − j = 0

and the improper q-integral of a function f (x) : [0, ∞) → R, by the

defined the fractional q-integral of the Riemann-Liouville type Iq,α

with q ∈ C \ {1}, where (qs/x; q)α = (q(qs/x;q) ∞

pronounce the recent book [15] by G.A. Anastassiou, where many

is necessary and sufficient for the validity of inequality (10) in the

is necessary for (10) to hold for all 1 ≤ p, r ≤ ∞ and that it is also

[24], M. Nassyrova [91], C. A. Okpoti [94], O. Popova [105], D.V.

holds with constant

Remark 0.5. The constant in the inequality (11) is smaller

Moreover, the following generalization of the inequality (14)

holds with best constant

Remark 0.8. Up to now there is no sharp discrete analogue

whenever α > 0, p > 1, αp > 1. Both the inequalities were proved

for 0 < q < 1, p ≥ 1 and α < 1 − 1/p, where λ := 1 − 1/p − α.

Remark 0.9. For p ≥ 1 and α < 1 − 1/p we establish the

sharp constant in the following form (see [101, Theorem 3.1]):

which is an other discrete analogue of the inequality (8). By using

2. A short description of the main contributions in this

where n ∈ N and Kn−1 (x, s) = (x−qs)n−1

Let 1 < r, p ≤ ∞. Then the q-analog of the Hardy-type in-

The dual inequality of the inequality (15) reads:

For 0 ≤ m ≤ n − 1, m+1, n ∈ N, we use the following notations:

Hn−1 = max Hkn−1 , Hn−1 = max Hkn−1 , A+ +

Qn−1 = max Qn−1

Our main results read:

In paper B (see also [21]) we consider the inequality of the fol-

and derive necessary and sufficient conditions (of Muckenhoupt-

One main result reads:

Theorem 0.12. Let 1 < p ≤ r < ∞. Then the inequality (17)

Moreover, for the sharp constant in (17) we have that C ≈ D1 ≈

We also study the dual inequality of the inequality (17) as fol-

In this case our main result is the following:

Theorem 0.13. Let 1 < p ≤ r < ∞. Then the inequality (18)

D3∗ = sup  X(0,z] (x)ur (x)dq x

Moreover, for the sharp constant in (18) we have that C ≈ D1∗ ≈

Concerning other possible parameters of p and r we have the

Theorem 0.14. (i). Let 0 < p ≤ 1, p ≤ r < ∞. Then the

Theorem 0.15. (i). Let 0 < p ≤ 1, p ≤ r < ∞. Then the

Our main results for the inequality (19) read as follows:

Moreover, B1 ≈ C , where C is best constant in (19).

Moreover, B2 ≈ C , where C is best constant in (19).

In paper D (see also [101]) we consider the first power weighted

Our second main result is the following h-integral analogue of

Remark 0.21. The only h-analogs of Hardy-type inequalities

I the paper E (see also [117]) we consider the fractional order

for 0 < α < 1 and 1 < p < ∞ in fractional h-discrete calculus,

By using the deﬁnitions () in

Hence, A+ ≈ H n– . In a similar way it can be proved that Hn– ≈