mesenchyme cells are a amoeboid sponge is called cells SONY with ely like character eo 24 fF reproduction, The middle layer of the x are pproximately acteristics, Hexactinela, ang 9,000 Gauias jae, NES OF Porferans belonging to three classes: Calcarea, caldum carbonate, smegen Mae calcareous spon Clase Hag rns MAY have needle shape a Mexactineliida are class Class emespongize Bare brightly colored sponges with siliceous spicules of spongin fibers. Freshwater sponges belong to this class. It sey includes the bath sponges. 1. Draw the different representative animal writing the taxonomic classification Family, Genus, Species, Scientific N \ges that have spicules that are composed of Shape or have three to four rays. Ponges that have spicules that composed of sia and six 's belonging to Phylum Portfera, Follow the proper way of with the following levels (not limited to): Phylum, Class, Order, lame ‘Taxonomic dassification Phyjom: Fortera f Class? Hexactinenida St Ky iS Genus: euplectetia FOS. species: asgengitom I y} Scieritic name: WAS Evplectetla aspergillom common name: Venus Slower pasKet Taxonomic classification, Prylom? Poritera Class? Demosponaiae Genv: Nodermatiom Species: pfeiferae Scientific name: Lelodermatium pSeife cae Common name: Elephant ear sponge. Figure 14.2. Telodermatium, elephant €ar sponge ee “Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-es i 6 eS — Phalems Porifera rene Genes; Spangia Species: ofticinalts Scien fic name: Sponqia of6icinonis Common names Common warn spange Figure 14.3. Spongia, common bath sponge Phylum Cnidaria ave rane i Chiara (Ck nie, net) ices the cra, Jelies and seo anemones. The body symmetry with oral and aboral ends. Two individual body forms are present: polyp and medusa. Polyps are asexual and sessile with cylindrical body and the mouth surrounded tentacles. Medusae are free swimming and shaped like an inverted bowl with tentacles dangle from its margins. Cnidarians are diploblastic organism with tissue-level of body organization. The body possess three layers: the outer epidermis, the inner gastrodermis and the gelatinous mesoglea layer in between epidermis and gastrodermis. Cnidarians possess specialized cells called cnidocytes used in feeding, defense and attachment. Cnidocytes have organelles called cnidae, Cnidae possess a long tube that may be discharged to penetrate the prey and discharge toxins. There are about 30 types of cnidae that are identified; the most common type are the nematocysts for feeding and defense. Class Hydrozoa. Cnidocytes present in the epidermis; gametes produced epidermally and always released to the outside - palsee is largely acellular; medusae usually with ‘ are colonial. Hydra, velum; many PoP zoe. Medusa is prominent in the Me isto; pop smell; gametes are Nanna in origin and released into the gastrovasular cavity. Chidocytes present in the Gastrodermis and epidermis. Soyphozpans are marine, Aurea crs Cabozba. Mesa is prominent In theif history; POWyp Is smal; Medus is cuboidal in shape with tentacles that hang from each comer of te Dell Chironex Class Anthoz03 Colonial or solitary polyps; medusae absent; cnidocytes present in the iar cavity Is divided into mesenteries that bear nematocysts. Mesoglea is aes endering mesenchyme cell. Tentades are sold. All species are marine, Anemone and corals. “Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-76 ‘Taxonomic classification Phalem: Cniaaria Class: Hydrozoa Genes? gare Species: $9. Scientific name + hydra sp. Common name: Solitary feesmwater hydroid “Taxonomic classification Phys Cnidaria Class: Aydrocoa Genus: Overta Species: sp ‘ScienviFic rame:7 ‘Taxonomic classification Phylum; Cnidaria Class: Ansnotoa Genus: Verrvcena Species: sp- Scientitic: name + Verrvsena sp. Common name 5eq fan Figure 14.7. Verucelia, sea fan Taxonomic dassification Phylum: Cnidaria Class; An¥roroa Genus: Isis Species: Se | Scientific nomer Tis se: \ Common name: Stony, vlack coral Taxonomic classification US Phytom? Cnidacia Class: AnYrezea Genes: Actinia Species: sp fe) {| HE Common name} Sea anemone Figure 14.9. Metridium, sea anemone “Taxonomic classification Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-Phylum? Cnidaria, Class 2 Antrotoa Genes: Fngia Species! sp Scien¢ic name: Fengia sp: Common name: HUShroom coral “Taxonomic classification Prim? Cnidaria class? An*ot0 Genus? Acropora Species? St Scien Hic rome: Acropora se: Common nam,19 ‘Taxonomic classification Cnidaria Armoxea Cobohge tom Species: sp. Scientific nome: " Lovonypton sp: [ Common name: Figure 14.13, Lobophyton, soft coal Soft coral (finger ike) Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Platyhelminthes (Gk. platys, flat; helmins, worm) are flatworms with more than 34,000 species. They are triploblastic, acoelomate and dorsoventral flattened worms. They may be free living or parasitic. Muscle layers are present and dlassified into circular longitudinal and oblique muscle layers. Platyhelminths have incomplete digestive system. The nervous system is composed of anterior ganglia and nerve cords running throughout the body. Excretory organs are called protonephridia. Reproduction is either asexual or sexual with most forms that are dioecious. lass Turbeliaria Mostly free living and aquatic; external surface usualy ciliated; predaceous; possess thabdites, protrusible proboscis, frontal glands, and many mucous glands; mostly hermaphrodiic. Duoesia ‘Class Monogenea Monogenetic flukes; mostly ectoparasites on vertebrates (usually fishes); one life cyde form in only one host. They bear opisthaptor. Gyrodactylus, Polystoma Gass Trematoda ; “The trematodes are all parasitic; several holdfasts are present. Have complicated life cydes involving both asexual and sexual reproduction. Subdass Aspidogastreans are mostly parasites of moluses lacking oral sucker. Subdass Digenea are adult endoparasites of vertebrates, ‘They have two different life cycle forms in two or more hosts, nea ‘parasitic with no digestive tracts. Have great reproductive potential. Includes the tapeworms, Subclass Cestodara have about 15 spedes only with body not subdivided ito relotides. Subdass Eucestodo are the ue tapeworms with body ded ini sole. neck and strobila, The strobila is composed of many proglotids, Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-80 ‘Taxonomic classification Prylems Platynetminthes Class; Terbettacia Genus: flanaria Species: sp. Scientific name; Planaria sp. Common name: Free-living flatworm | Figure 14.15. Planaris free living faty ‘Taxonomic classification Phylum? Platyhelminthes Class tremerteda Genus: Fasciola Species: gigantea Scientific nome? Fasciola gigontica, Common name: ver ftene Figure 14.16. Fasciola, liverfiuke ‘Taxonomic dassification Phylum? Platgnelmintnes Class: Cesteda Genus; Taenia } species t solfem Scien¥ific name: Joenia sollum } common nome Pork tapeworm Figure 14.17. Taenia, pork tapeworm scolex -Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-81 Taxonomic classification Phylum + Platyhelmintnes Class: cestoda Genus: Toenia Species: saginata Scientific name: Taenig saginata Common name + Bee? ropeworm Figure 14.18. Taeniarhynchus, beef tapeworm progiotid Phylum Nematoda Phylum Nematoda (Gk. nema, thread; eidos, form) is composed of the roundworms. The body is bilaterally symmetrical and covering is made of cuticle. Most of the species are free-living; some are parasitic on humans, other animals and plants. Nematodes have hydrostatic skeleton and muscles in body wall running in longitudinal direction. Class Secernentea (Phasmidea). Paried glandular or sensory structures called phasmids in the tail region; similar pair of structures (amphids) poorly developed in anterior end, excretory system is present. Free-living or parasitic. (Class Adenophorea (Aphasmida). Phasmids are absent. Most are free living; some parasitic ‘Species occur. “Taxonomic classification Pr gtumt Nemortnelminthe| Class? Nemetoda Genus: asichinela Species? spiraus Scientific name? sreigninea spiralis Common name: Muscle Worm Sr ee | Fn [ure 1:19, Terme, muse NOE hena 82 i Se Oey “Taxonomic classification Phator Ascheiminthes Class: wematoda Genus: Enteropies Species: vermicuior's Scientific name: Enterowit vermicelaris Common name: Pin worm Figure 14.20. Enterobius, pin worm ‘Taxonomic classification Prglvm t Aschelmin thes Class; Nemonoda Genus? Ascorts Species? lumbricoides: Scientific names Ascaris lombricoides Common name: = Mans intestinal eel Figure 14.21. Ascaris, large intestinal worm ‘structure outer Phylum Annelida ‘are metamerically segmented wecmine iy area are rear rer Ionojtdinal muscle layers. The CWICG MRT Gos exchanges haar ond ner Oy sopaate sexes. They (WY GOES © ea rer tyaer eel hermaphrodite propane, Tre een na throug} in,Phalom : Annelida Class + Polychaeta Genus: Nereis Species: Sp. Scientific name: Nereis sp. Common name :84 Taxonomic classification Phylm: Anneliaa Cas: Hiredinea Genus: Wiredinar Species: meaictnalis Sciemigic name: Hirvdinaria medicinanis Common name: Medical eech [Figure 14.24. Hirudo, leech Phylum Mollusca Phylum Mollusca (L, molluscus, soft) includes slugs and soft-shelled animals. They are the second largest number of species next to Phylum Arthropoda. Most molluscs are marine although few are terrestrial. They are bilaterally symmetrical and unsegmented. The body structures of molluscs are provided with muscular foot for locomotion and visceral mass. The dorsal body wall forms the mantle that secretes the shell of the animal. They have complex digestive system. Gaseous exchange is through gills, lungs, mantle or body surface. Metanephridia is the excretory organ. Nervous system is composed of paired ganglia with nerve cords. ass Solenogastrea. Shell, mantle and foot lacking, worm like, ventral groove, head poorly developed surface dwellers on coral and other substrate Class Polyplacophora. Elongate, dorsoventrally flattened; head reduced in size, shell consisting of eight dorsal plates. Marine on rocky intertidal substrates Class Monoplacophora. Molluscs with a single arched shell; foot broad and flat; certain Class Gastropoda. Shell when present usually coiled; body symmetry distorted by torsion, ‘some monoecious. Class Cephalopoda. Foot modified into circle of tentacles and a siphon; shell reduced or absent; head in line with the elongated visceral mass Class Bivalvia. Body enclosed in a shell consisting of two valves; hinged dorsally, no head or ;, wedge-shaped foot ena ee cr pepore, Body encosed ina tubular shel that open at both ends; tentacles used for deposit feeding; no head. Marine. “Taxonomic classification Pryiumi Mollusca Class? Amptineura Genus? Acantno zostera, Spectes: st Scientific name > Acontnorestera 3B L Common name? Chiton Figure 14.25. Acanthazostera, chiton Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-85 ‘Taxonomic classification Prylom: Motvsca Class! seaphopeda Genus: Dentaium Species: sp. Scientitic name? Dentailum <9. Common name: Too% shew; Tosh she Figure 14.26. Dentalium, tooth shell ‘Taxonomic classification Phytoms Melle seq Classi Gastropoda Genes: Ka llots Species: 5P Scientitic name: Rawoxis se Common name = Aoaione. Figure 14.27. Haliotis, abalone “Taxonomic classification Prytom: Hotlusea, class: Gastropoda Genvs; Twochus Species: sp Acientitiec name: Yeocmua se: Common name: Top shen Figure 14.28. Trochus, top shell Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-86 ‘Taxonomic classification f Prylum: Motusca f Class: Gastropoda / Genes: Trrirena Species: teneora Scientific name; Turritena teneerg ] Commen name: Terres spe er Ori shew Figure 14.29. Turritella, turret shell “Taxonomic classification “ Class: Gaswepeda Ve ¥ ° ‘ \ } 3 g ¢ } Common nam: j Cowry; Sigay Ly Prgium: Howesca \ Gems; Caprmeca ay Species: moneta ‘@ 6 Scientific name: fypraca moneta Figure 14.30. Cypraea, cowry ! Taxonomic classification Phglem: Rettusca + Gasteopoda Genus: Murex species: sp. Scientifie name: ures 32: Common name: Spiny sreil; Rock shen [Figure 14.31, Murex, spiny shell -Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-“Taxonomic classification Phylum: Hoiusea Class? Gastropoda Genus: Conus Species: 5? Scientigic name: Cons sp. Common name: Cone shell Figure 14.32. Conus, cone shell ‘Taxonomic dassification FJ | Prytem: Mosca, Class: Gastrereda Genes: Pio y Species: lvtonica Scientific name: Fila wrenica Commen name: Fond snail or Kuhol 7 eal Phrglem: Howsea class: Gastropoda = Genvs; Acnatina Speaes; furiea Sciensific name: Ashemina fico, Common name: Aérican giant snoil/ } Susong hapon Figure 14.34, Achatina, African giant stall “Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-“Taxonomic dassification Erato: mow sen class: Pele creed Genvs: Peerin Species: 39° Scientific name: Pectin, 3p: Common name: Scallop shell or Kone [Bore 35 Auiheabp ste sae fe [___Taxonomic classification | Pus tum + Mollusca, class: Pelecypedaeine. 89 SS eee ‘Taxonomic classification Prywem: Heuecca Glass: pelecypod Genes: Triolacng Species: gigas Scientific name Common name: Giant clam Figure 14.38. Tridacna, giant dam “Taxonomic classification Prylum: motescd Claes? Feicaypodes Genes: Papria Species: se: Sdentitic name: Foprie. sp. Commen name: Big clam or Halaan Figure 14.39. Paphia, big dam (halaan) ‘Taxonomic dassification Proj: Hellusca Class: Petecypoda Genus: Myris Species: smaragdines Scientific nome? Cammon name: Mussel or Taneng, | Roure 14.40, Mus, mussel (thong) —___ rr Laboratory Gui90 pil en es [Taxonomic dassiication _| Phyium: memser crass: Cepnalored> Genes: Novia Species: pompitivs Scienhfic mame: Bavtilia pempities Common name: Chambered nautilusa1 [Taxonomic dassiication Phuglem: rotlosea class. Cepnatepod? Genus: Oc+upes Species: s¢: Scienteic name: Setipes Common name: Cv Devil Fish or Pugite Figure 14.44, Octopus, Ga Phylum Arthropoda lum Arthropoda (Gk. arthron, joint; podos, foot) is the i y G 5, largest phylum in the Kingdom Animalia. Arthropods have jointed appendages and possess exoskeleton. The body is bilateral symmetry and consisting of hemocoel. Respiration is through gills, book lungs and body surface. ‘The excretory organ is the Malpighian tubules. The nervous system is composed of dorsal brain with nerve chain. Molluscs have separate sexes and fertilization is internal. Subphylum Trilobitomorpha. Extinct marine species that lived from Cambrian to Carboniferous periods; bodies divided into three longitudinal lobes: head, thorex and abdomen. ‘Subphylum Chelicerata. Class Merostomata. Marine, with book gills on opisthosoma. The first pair of ‘appendages piercing or pincerlike (chelicerae) and used for feeding. Class Arachnida. Mostly terrestrial with book lungs, tracheae or both. Usually with four pairs of walking legs in adults. Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites. Class Pycnogonida. Reduced abdomen; no special respiratory structures. Four to six pairs of walking legs; common in oceans. Sea spiders, Sa ‘Crustacea. Most aquatic, head with to pairs of antennae; one pair of mandibles and two pairs of maxillae; biramous appendages. sone take Remipedia, Cave-dweling crustaceans from the Cambean basin, Indian Ocean, Canary Islands and Australia. The body has approximately 30 segments that bear uniform, biramous appendages. eon eee cass Branchiopoda. Flatened., leafike appendoges sed Ih respiration, fier feskut ali son, found mosty freshwater. Falry shrimp, imp, dam. shrimp and ea Class Malacostraca. Appendages possibly modified for crawling, i obsters, shrimp, Kell. beng swimming. ira Fee head, six thoradc, and four abdominal somites plus a telson; thoracic segments variously ite be head; abdominal segments lack ty Sepang abo pe on ove! Te O20 aaa i pe] Subphylum ne srrentoges oe Pa ay oe into head and trunk; four pairs of head : i ‘Subj i ; ap | tniramous appendages. Millipedes and centipedes. . -LaboratoryTaxonomic dassification Phylum: Artrropede Class: Merostomot™ Genus: Tacnypters species: triden totes Scentitic name? Tocnypievs tridentotys i \ J eeaeee are! SS lee rob; King crab Figure 14.45. Tachypleus, horseshoe crab Arachne Genes: Treridion Species: sp“Taxonomic classification Phgiem: Acinreped Class: crestace Genvs; Balanvs Species: sp Scientific name: Boranus. sg: Commen name: Rornactes ‘Taxonomic classification Prglom: Arthropoda, “| class: Crestacea Genes: Potaemon | Species: spPryjum: Arthropoda Class: Cristo cea Genus: seyva Species: sp- Scenh@c name: Seana sp. Common name: Crate or Aimango ze a95 Prytem? Cass: Genos: Species: Scientific nome: Commen name: Figure 14.54. Harpaphe, milipede Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinodermata is composed of sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars and sea Cucumbers. Echinoderm bodies are radially symmetrical with no head or brain with few specialized ‘organs. Nervous system is made of circumoral ring and radial nerves. The endoskeleton is made of dermal calcareous ossicles. Locomotion of echinoderms are through tube feet, spines or arms. Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms and spherical in shape. Sea cucumbers lack spines and arms. Their skeletal elements are buried in their bodies. They have complete digestive system. Many echinoderms are carnivorous and feeding on bivalves. The excretory system is absent. Sexes are separate and fertilization is external. ‘Class Crinoidea. Free living or attached by an aboral stalk of ossicles. Sea ilies and feather ‘stars. Glass Asteroidea. Rays not sharply set off from central disk; ambulacral grooves with tube feet; suction disks on tube feet; pedicellariae present. Sea stars. ‘Class Ophiuroidea. Arms sharply marked off from the central disk; tube feet without suction disks. Britle stars. ‘Class Echinoidea. Globular or disk shaped; no rays; movable ‘spines; skeleton or test of closely fitting plates. Sea urchins, sand dollars ‘Class Holothuroidea. No rays; elongate along the oral-aboral axis, microscopic ossicles ‘embedded in a muscular body wall with Grcumoral tentacles. Sea cucumbers. “Taxonomic Gassification Phylvm! Echinodermata Glass: Crinoaea, Genus: Lampromesrar Species: sp Scientific nome: ~ Lampeometra sp: y Common name: i \\ Sea wy [gure 14155. Lamorometa,se0tY “Taxonomic dassiication “Laboratory Guide in General ZoologyPrylom: Echinodermata Class: Asxerciden Genvs: Arcnaster Species: typicus Scienti€ic nome: Arcnaster +yeicvs common nome: Typicay storsish ‘Texonomic classification Prylum Echmodermata Class: Narcreidcy Genws: inexia Species: laevigata Scientific name:7 Phiium: Echincaermora| Class: Echineidea Genes: Echinemena, Species: picra Scientific nome. Echinometra pict Common name: Short greenspined ea erevine “Taxonomic classification Prylum? Eoninoderm ata. Class: peninoiden Genus: Lagenvm Species: laganum Scientific name: Lagonem, 1aga numswim : : i, nerve cord, and ming snes weit ses, Encased ‘in a tunic that contains some cellulose. ; 2 ae a sessile @S adults; solitary or colonial; colony members lass Appendicularia. Planktonic; ack 5 | adults retain tail and notochord; la ilutc tunic; epithelium — a gelatinous covering ofthe body. Appendiclaria, ea ss Thaliacea. Planktonic; adults are tailless and barre! shaped; guna i: irrel j; oral and atrial 2 ue a ‘Opposite ends of the tunicate; muscular contractions of the body wall produce water Subphylum Cephalochordata. Body laterally compressed and transparent; fishike; all chordate characteristics persists throughout life. Raceney cae é ‘Subphylum Craniata, Skull surrounds the brain, olfactory organs, eyes and inner ear. Gass Petromyzontida, Fishlke, jawless, no paired appendages, cartilaginous skeleton; sucking mouth with teeth and rasping tongue. Class Chondrichthyes. Fishlike, jawed; paired appendages and cartilaginous skeleton; no swim bladder. Skates, rays, sharks. lass Actinopterygii. Bony fishes having paired fins supported by dermal rays; basal portions of paired fins not especially, muscular tail fin with approximately equal upper and lower lobes. With swim bladder. lass Sarcopterygil. Bony fishes having paired fins with muscular lobes; pneumatic sacs function as lungs; atria and ventricles are partially divided. Lungfishes, coelacanth, and tetrapods. lass Amphibia. Skin mucoid secretions; possess lungs. and or gills; moist skin serves as respiratory organ; aquatic development stages usually followed by metamorphosis to an adult. Forgs, toads, salamanders. Cass Reptilia. Dry skin epidermal scales; amniotic eggs; terrestrial embryonic development, Snakes, lizards, aligators. ‘Gass Aves. Feathers used for fight; efficiently regulate body temperature (endothermic); amniotic eggs. Birds. lass Mammalia. Bodies at least partially covered by hair; endothermic; young nursed from mammary glands; amniotic eggs. Mammals. Taxonomic dassification Prylem! Crordata Class: Leptocarait —— Genus: Brancniosioma® Species: veroneri Scenic rome: Bromenios toma betenert Common name: Lonceret or Amehioxes Figure 14.62, Branchiostoma, lancelet or amphioxus, “Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-100 Taxonomic Classification Cnordot Pnaiem: class: Genus: Nectyres Amenivia Species: macviaees Scientific name: Mectwrys maculecus Common nome: Figure 14.65. Necturus, salamander si ic Cassiication of the following vertebrates Taxonomic classification i a Thun, yellowfin tana hanosikh Phulumn: Chordata Prgiene eierasia : Class: Osteich nyes Class: Acting ie Genus: Thunnys sence ae Scientific name? Chanos chanas Species: alvacares ientiFic Name: Thunnys alvacares Scien’ Ainemes Sommon name: Hikéish on Bamgus Common nares Yellowfin tung “Laboratory Guide in General Zoology-101 “Taxonomic dassification Ophiophagus, king cobra Cyelemys, turtle Pytum: Chordata —spientific name: | Phylumicheroora —Scientiie name: Class: Reprivia (Opie ghagus class Cyclermys ambsinensis Genus: opniophages Nannah Genus: Cyetemys z Species: hannah Common name! King core) SPEOES Ombainensis_ Common nam ‘Taxonomic dassification “Texonomle classification ANY Pithecophaga, Pippin eagle = Scientific name: Gates gaitus Cornmon name: cmewen Phylum : Chordata, ass: Aves Genus: Pimecopnaga Species: je¢eeryt Scientitic name: Ditnecophaga, iefberyi Common name: Prilippine eogie -Laboratory Guide in General Zoology- lertieGiewisie nema Felis domestica omnes: domestic cot Phylum: Chordata, Cimss1 Mammaia Genes: Penis Species lomeesion | Phalem: Chordata Class: Hommarig Genes: Acerodon Species: \eveotis Common nome: Scientieic name: Aseredon evetis Fruit bot