AFFILIATED TO CBSE, NEW DELHI

SESSION 2022-2023

PROJECT REPORT
ON

PRINCIPAL

REV. SR. MARIA

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

PUSHKAR SOLANKI
 CLASS 12TH (A)

Acknowledgement

I wish to put on my record with my sincere gratitude to the following

without their support and encouragement this project would not have
been possible.

First of all I like to give thanks to MRS. JAYA VENUGOPAL on

appreciating to complete this project.

Also I would like to give my special thanks to the Honorable Principal

Rev. Sr. MARIA.

PUSHKAR SOLANKI

CLASS – 12TH A
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that PUSHKAR SOLANKI of class 12th A of

TRINITY CONVENT SR. SEC. SCHOOL,VIDISHA in the year 2022-
2023 has completed his Project on “DRUGS AND MEDICINES”
under the guidance of MRS. JAYA VENUGOPAL This project has been
competed in compliance with all the procedures laid according to the
syllabus.

Principal’s Signature Teacher’s Signature

SCHOOL’S STAMP External’s Signature

BIBILOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:

ANTIBIOTICS:
AMINO GLYCOIDS

GLYCOPEPTIDES

TETRACYCLINES

BETA LACTANES

QUINOLONES

SULFONAMIDE

ANTICEPTICS
ANALGISICS
TRANSQUILIZERS
ANTACIDES
ANTIHESTANINE
 ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are a group of medicines that are used to treat infections caused by
some germs (bacteria and certain parasites). They do not work against infections
that are caused by viruses - for example, the common cold or flu.

Antibiotics are normally only prescribed for more serious bacterial infections, as
many infections get better on their own. Correct use of antibiotics is absolutely
essential to help reduce antibiotic resistance. Germs become resistant to
antibiotics over time, which then makes them less effective

There are various antibiotics available and they come in various different brand
names. Antibiotics are usually grouped together based on how they work. Each
type of antibiotic only works against certain types of bacteria or parasites. This is
why different antibiotics are used to treat different types of infection. The main
types of antibiotics include:

AMINO GLYCOIDS

GLYCOPEPTIDES

TERACYCLINES

BETA LACTANES

QUINOLONES

SULFONAMIDE
 AMINO GLYCOIDS

Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-

negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a
portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside.

Structure of Amino glycoids

The aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotics that are

commonly prescribed for children, primarily for infections caused by Gram-
negative pathogens.

Some aminoglycosides are:

gentamicin,

amikacin,

tobramycin,

neomycin,

and streptomycin
The aminoglycosides primarily act by binding to the aminoacyl site of 16S ribosomal
RNA within the 30S ribosomal subunit, leading to misreading of the genetic code and
inhibition of translocation.

GLYCOPEPTIDES
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed
of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.

Glycopeptides are used to treat bacterial infections, especially those caused by

gram-positive organisms and enterococcal infections, which are resistant to
other antibiotics.

Some examples: vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin etc.

Some members of this class of drugs inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in
susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. They bind to the
amino acids within the cell wall preventing the addition of new units to the
peptidoglycan. In particular, they bind to acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine in peptidoglycan.
Many glycopeptides inhibit the function of glycosyltransferases, which
polymerase amino acid/sugar building blocks into peptidoglycan
Structure of some glycopeptide
 TETRACYCLINE
Tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, tigecycline) are a class of
medication used to manage and treat various bacterial infections. Tetracyclines
classify as protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics and are considered to be broad-
spectrum.

Tetracycline is used to treat infections caused by bacteria including pneumonia

and other respiratory tract infections; ; certain infections of skin, eye, lymphatic,
intestinal, genital and urinary systems; and certain other infections that are
spread by ticks, lice, mites, and infected animals.

Structure of Tetracyline
 BETA LACTAMS
A beta-lactam (β-lactam) ring is a four-membered lactam. A lactam is a cyclic
amide, and beta-lactams are named so because the nitrogen atom is attached to
the β-carbon atom relative to the carbonyl. The simplest β-lactam possible is 2-
azetidinone.

β-lactam antibiotics are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their

chemical structure.

This includes penicillin derivatives, cephalosporins and cephamycins,

monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems.
 QUINOLONES
A quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share
a bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-quinolone. They are used in human and
veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections, as well as in animal husbandry, specifically
poultry production.

Nowadays, quinolones are widely used for treating a variety of infections. Quinolones are
broad-spectrum antibiotics that are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria, including mycobacteria, and anaerobes.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF QUINOLONE

 SULFONAMIDE
Sulfonamide is a functional group that is the basis of several groups of drugs,
which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original
antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the
sulfonamide group.

Sulfonamides are still used, but largely for treating urinary tract infections and
preventing infection of burns. They are also used in the treatment of certain
forms of malaria. Learn more about the development of antibiotics and their use
in World War II.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF SULFONAMIDE

 ANALGESIC
An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic, pain reliever, or painkiller, is
any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain.

There are three broad categories of analgesic medications: (1) nonopioid

analgesics, which includes the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
acetaminophen, dipyrone, and others; (2) a diverse group of drugs known as the
"adjuvant analgesics," which are defined as "drugs that have primary indications
other ...
 ANTICEPTICS
Antiseptics are chemicals that people apply to the skin. They can reduce the
number of microorganisms living on the skin, in wounds, and in mucous
membranes. Different types of antiseptic vary in cost, effectiveness, uses, and
potential side effects.

There are several types of antiseptics. Some are safe to use at home, whereas
others are only suitable for use in clinical or hospital settings.

Some common types of antiseptics include:

 alcohols, such as isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol

 quaternary ammonium compound
 chlorhexidine and other diguanides, for use before operations
 antibacterial dye, to treat burns and wounds
 peroxide and permanganate, to disinfect the skin or to use as a mouthwash
 halogenated phenol derivative, in soaps and solutions
 quinolone derivative, which treats wounds and can be an ingredient in
throat lozenges
 ANTACIDS
An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve
heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach. Some antacids have been used in the
treatment of constipation and diarrhea. Marketed antacids contain salts of
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or sodium. 

Famotidine is a drug that blocks acid release in the stomach and can help stop
heartburn and acid indigestion from coming back. Calcium carbonate and
magnesium hydroxide are antacids that work quickly to lower acid in the stomach
and stop heartburn.

Calcium Carbonate [CaCO3] – Calcium Carbonate (chalk) is the most potent

usable antacid. It can completely neutralize stomach acid.
 TRANSQUILIZERS
A tranquilizer refers to a drug which is designed for the treatment of anxiety, fear,
tension, agitation, and disturbances of the mind, specifically to reduce states of
anxiety and tension. Tranquilizer, as a term, was first used by F.F.

Tranquilizer, as a term, was first used by F.F. Yonkman (1953), from the

conclusions of investigative studies using the drug reserpine, which showed the
drug had a calming effect on all animals it was administered to. Reserpine is a
centrally acting Rauwolfia alkaloid.

Some of the most commonly abused prescription sedatives and tranquilizers

include:
 Pentobarbital.
 Xanax (Alprazolam)
 Limbitrol (Chlordiazepoxide)
 Valium (Diazepam)
 Ativan (Lorazepam)
 Halcion (Triazolam)
 Lunesta (Eszopiclone)
 Sonata (Zaleplon)
 ANTIHESTANINE
Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis, common cold, influenza, and
other allergies.

Mechanism of action: • Receptor antagonist; • Inverse agonist

ATC code: R06

Biological target: Histamine receptors; • HRH1; • HRH2; • HRH3; • HRH4

Benadryl. The first-generation antihistamine diphenhydramine is the main active

ingredient in Benadryl. Benadryl helps relieve runny nose, sneezing, itchy or
watery eyes, and nose or throat itching.

Histamine makes blood vessels more permeable (vascular permeability), causing

fluid to escape from capillaries into tissues, which leads to the
classic symptoms of an allergic reaction — a runny nose and watery eyes.
Histamine also promotes angiogenesis.[6]
Antihistamines suppress the histamine-induced wheal response (swelling)
and flare response (vasodilation) by blocking the binding of histamine to its
receptors or reducing histamine receptor activity on nerves, vascular smooth
muscle, glandular cells, endothelium, and mast cells. Antihistamines can also help
correct Eustachian Tube dysfunction, thereby helping correct problems such as
muffled hearing, fullness in the ear and even tinnitus.[7]