ChemistryforEngineers Module4 Week6 8

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: CHEM1-1S-2020-2021
College of Engineering
Bambang Campus
DEGREE Bachelor of Science in COURSE NO. CHEM

PROGRAM Mechanical Engineering
SPECIALIZATION - COURSE Chemistry for Engineers
TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 1st Year TIME FRAME 6 WK NO. 6-8 IM 4
hrs/week NO.
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Chemistry of Engineering Materials
II. LESSON TITLE: Metals and Polymers

Engineered Nanomaterials
II.1 General Properties of Materials
II.1.a Classification of Materials

II.1.b Stiffness of Materials
II.1.c Resistance to Fracture
II.1.d Electrical Conductivity
II.1.e Density
II.2 Mechanical Properties of Metals
II.2.a Stress-Strain Testing

II.2.b Elastic Deformation
II.2.c Modulus of Elasticity vs. Temperature
II.2.d Elastic Properties of Materials
II.2.e Plastic Deformation
II.2.f Ductility vs. Brittleness
II.2.g Resilience, Toughness and Hardness
II.3 Engineered Nanomaterials
III. LESSON OVERVIEW:
This module discusses the mechanical properties of metals and the way metals behave under
load testing in terms of its properties. The lesson initially discusses the classification of materials in order
to know the boundary properties in differentiating materials such as stiffness, resistance to fracture, etc.
In the second part of module, it gives understanding on when metals act as elastic or plastic, or when to
say that metals exhibit ductile or brittle properties. The last part of discussion includes materials which
are nano-engineered to meet certain specifications.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Describe the general properties of materials by classifying them in terms of stiffness, fracture, etc.
2. Define the mechanical properties of metals when applied with varied loading.
3. Describe elastic and plastic deformation.
4. Know how to compute modulus of elasticity, stress and strain.
5. Differentiate brittle from ductile materials.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (092220) In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted
works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.
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6. Differentiate resilience, toughness and hardness and describe hardness-testing techniques.
V. LESSON CONTENT:
1. General Properties of Materials
All materials has their own different classifications: for solid materials can be categorized in terms
of it mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical and even deteriorative properties. The mechanical
properties refers to any metal deformation given an applied load or force, which defines the strength and
hardness of materials. For electrical properties, it has something to do with electrical conductivity, electric
field vector, etc. While the thermal behavior is represented by heat capacity and thermal conductivity,
magnetic properties shows response to application of magnetic field. The optical properties of metals are
the stimulus to electromagnetic or light radiation, reflectivity, etc. The deteriorative property, or corrosive
property describes the chemical reactivity of materials. Below is a figure that tells the interrelationship of
four components that describes the discipline of materials science and engineering.
Figure 1. Relationship of four components of discipline of materials science and engineering
This principle can be best described using three disk specimens that tells the optical properties
of each disk is different: left is transparent, middle is translucent and opaque on the right where light
cannot pass through. These properties are consequence of their structure which is the result of how
they’d been processed. The ability of these disks to transmit light through its material body dictates its
performance, and can be a criteria of purchaser. Thus, different structures can affect the performance of
certain product.
Figure 2. Three thin-disk specimens of aluminum oxide
1.1 Classification of Materials
Solid materials, as scope of this discussion is basically grouped into three classifications namely
metals, ceramics and polymers. They are called such based on their chemical makeup and atomic
structure where materials that are clustered have distinct criteria of grouping. The other classification that
is combination of the 2 or more of the three basic material classes are composites. The last group, which
is modern and will be discussed at last section are advanced materials.
Metals are types of materials where atoms and specific alloys are arranged in orderly manner that
is denser than ceramics and polymers. They are relatively stiff tand strong, ductile and resistant to
fracture. Hence, they are widely used for construction and building installation. Metals are extremely good
conductors of electricity and heat, and non-transparent to any visible light. They do have magnetic
properties and surfaces has lustrous appearance. Some of the common metallic elements are iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold and nickel. Other elements like C, N and O have relatively small amount
of metals.
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Meanwhile, ceramics are compounds lying between metallic and non-metallic elements like
oxides, nitrides and carbides. Some materials include aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide,
silicon nitride, etc. The more traditional ceramics are clay minerals, porcelain, cement and glass.
Ceramics are stiff and strong and comparable to metals. Since they are typically hard, they are extremely
brittle and highly susceptible to fracture. In terms of electrical conductivity, they are insulative or low
electrical conductivity but more resistant to higher temperatures than metals and polymers. These
materials may also be transparent, translucent or opaque. Some ceramics like oxide ceramics exhibit
magnetic properties.
The polymers, on the other hand include the plastic and rubber materials. They are organic
compounds but chemically based on carbon, hydrogen and other nonmetallic elements like silicon. They
have large molecular structures with carbon atoms. Some of the common polymers are polyethylene
(PE), nylon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene or styrofoam (PS) and silicon
rubber. They have low densities and not as stiff nor strong as metallic and ceramic in terms of mechanical
properties. Many of polymers are extremely ductile and pliable forming more complex shapes. They are
relatively inert and unreactive in the environment, yet has the tendency to soften and decompose at
modest temperatures. Further, they are non-magnetic with low conductivities.
Composites, or the combination of 2 or more materials, and can be a naturally-occurring materials

such as wood and bone. Some of the synthetic composites is fiberglass where glass fibers are embedded
within polymeric materials (epoxy or polyester). Here, the glass fibers are relatively strong, stiff and brittle
(ceramic) while the polymeric materials is ductile, weak and flexible. Hence the combination gives a
fiberglass that is relatively stiff, strong, flexible and ductile with lower density. Another example is CFRP
or carbon fiber-reinforced polymer used in aircraft and high-tech sport equipment (e.g. bicycle, tennis
rackets).
1.2 Stiffness of Materials
In the stiffness of materials, metals are one the stiffest among the four types since it has good
mechanical property. The stiffest among metals is the tungsten at around 1000 GPa. The metals are
aligned in terms of stiffness values with ceramics and composites while the polymers have low stiffness
due to their plastic and rubber components.
Figure 3. Stiffness Classification

1.3 Resistance to Fracture
The terms of how these materials resist fracture or breakage, metals have the highest resistance
among other types because of its atomic structure and bonding energy. The steel alloys are usually
selected because of its high resistance to sudden fracture and cheaper price than tungsten alloys. The
second highest resistance are the modern-type composites since they are combination of glass ceramic
and polymer but not as equivalent with metals. The ceramics comes next and least resistant to fracture
are the polymers due to their components and atomic structure.
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Figure 4. Resistance to Fracture

1.4 Electrical Conductivity
The most conductive among the solid materials are metals due to their electrical properties,
followed by semiconductors that are composed of semi-metallic elements like silicon. The ceramics and
polymers are insulators and have no ability to pass through electricity due to their components.
Figure 5. Electrical Conductivity
1.5 Density
The density of solid materials depend on the highest weight of the smallest sample (volume).
The metals are the most dense materials (Platinum – highest with 20 g/cm3) since their atomic
arrangement is closely packed and no loose bonding. It is followed by ceramics, even if brittle but hard
materials compared to polymers and composites.
Figure 6. Density
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2. Mechanical Properties of Metals
2.1 Stress-Strain Testing
One of the most common mechanical stress-strain test is using Universal Testing Machine. Here,
tension testing is performed to ascertain several mechanical properties of materials which are important
in designing and selection of materials. Certain specimen is deformed, then fractures with increasing
tensile load applied perpendicular to the cross-section (uniaxial direction) or along the axis of specimen.
The specimen is usually cylindrical in shape or rectangular. This is the ‘dogbone’ specimen configuration
so that during testing, deformation is confined to narrow center region and to reduce the likelihood of
fracture at the top and bottom ends of test specimen.
As seen in Figure 7 below, the specimen is mounted by its ends into the holding grips of the
testing apparatus. The machine is designed to elongate the specimen at constant rate while measuring
the continuous application of load and the resulting elongations with the use of extensometer. The testing
takes minutes to complete and stops right after fracture and permanent deformation. The output of tensile
test is recorded by built-in computer and provides the graphical image of force against the elongation.
Figure 7. Universal Testing Machine Components
The engineering stress-strain diagram gives the parameters of stress and strain and defined by
the equations:
Where the F denotes the load applied to the test specimen, Ao as the original cross-sectional area of test
specimen, li as the instantaneous length of specimen while lo as the initial length before load F is applied.
Note: Compression test (opposite of tensile test) is done whenever brittle material and plastic strains are
defined.
The shear stress and shear strain are also computed when load that is parallel to the cross-
sectional area of specimen is being considered in the testing. These are formulated by:
Sample Problem: A tensile stress is to be applied along the axis of a cylindrical brass rod with diameter
of 10 mm (0.4 in.). What is the load magnitude required to produce a 2.5 x 10-3 mm (10-4 in.) change in
diameter if the deformation is entirely elastic.
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2.2 Elastic Deformation
The degree to which a structure deforms or strains depends on the magnitude of an imposed
stress. Considering metals that are stressed in tension at low levels, the stress and strain at initial process
are seen as proportional to each other using the Hooke’s Law equation;
Where the constant E is denoted as the proportionality constant or modulus of elasticity (or Young’s
modulus). Below is a table of some metal alloys with their E.
Table 1. Modulus of Elasticity, Shear Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio for Various Metal Alloys (Callister, 2006)
When learning elastic deformation, it is most commonly referred as the event where non-permanent or
when test specimen can still return to its original shape when applied force had been unloaded.
Figure 8. Stress-strain diagram during elastic deformation
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2.3 Modulus of Elasticity vs. Temperature
Figure 9 shows that modulus of elasticity of materials are affected by the varying temperature, i.e.
an increasing temperature diminishes the E of metals. Here elements tungsten, steel and aluminum are
being compared.
Figure 9. E vs T
The imposition of compressive, shear or torsional stresses also evokes elastic behavior where at low level,
tensile and compressive are almost the same. Shear stress and strain are proportional to each other through the
relationship
Where G as shear modulus or slop of linear elastic region of shear stress-strain curve.
Sample Problem: A copper 305 mm (12 in.) long is pulled by tension with a stress of 276 MPa (40,000
psi). If the deformation is entirely elastic, what will be the resultant elongation?
2.4 Elastic Properties of Materials
Whenever a tensile stress is applied on a test specimen, there is definitely an elastic elongation
and accompanying strain result in the direction of the applied stress (z-direction). The result of this
elongation will affect and give constrictions in the lateral (x and y) directions perpendicular to the applied
stress. The compressive strains ∈ and ∈ are determined, and can be used for Poisson’s ratio (v)
computation, i.e. defined as ratio of lateral and axial strains, or.
The negative sign indicates that ratio will always be positive since one side of strain is opposite
of the other. Theoretically, v for isotropic materials is 0.25 while maximum value for which no net volume
change is 0.50. For isotropic materials, shear and elastic moduli are related using
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2.5 Plastic Deformation
Plastic deformation corresponds to breaking of bonds with original atom neighbors and then
reforming bonds with new neighbors as large numbers of atoms move relative to one another. This is
irreversible, hence Hooke’s law is not anymore valid. For crystalline solids, deformation is accomplished
by means of slip process while for non-crystalline occurs by viscous flow mechanism.
Figure 10. Stress-strain diagram during plastic deformation

The end of elastic deformation marks the beginning of plastic deformation, until reaching the
maximum load applied to the specimen prior to necking where subsequent deformation is confined at
this neck, or small constriction. The necking region is where fracture F will happen. The fracture strength
corresponds to the stress at fracture.
Figure 11. Tensile Strength (TS) as Maximum Stress before necking
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Sample Problem: Determine the E, Yield strength, sustained maximum load having original diameter of
12 mm and change in length of having original length of 250 mm.
2.6 Ductility vs. Brittleness
Ductility is defined as the measure of degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at
fracture. It is measure in terms of percent elongation (%EL) and percent area reduction (%RA).
Brittle materials have very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture, or fracture strain is less
than 5%.
Figure 12. Schematic representation of tensile stress-strain behavior for brittle and ductile until fracture
Table 2. YS, TS and %EL of Various Alloys (Callister, 2006)

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2.7 Resilience, Toughness and Hardness
Resilience is defined as the capacity of material to absorb energy when deformed elastically
(strain up to yielding) and when unloading, energy will be recovered. It has unit of J/m3.
Figure 13. Stress-strain diagram of elastic region
Next, toughness is the material’s resistance to fracture when crack is present, and is the ability to absorb
energy and plastically deform before fracturing. As seen in Figure 12, brittle materials are less tough than
ductile due to smaller area, since the area under the stress-strain curve represents toughness.
Hardness is the measure of material’s resistance to localized plastic deformation (e.g. small dents or
scratches). This is measured using hardness test which is simple, inexpensive and non-destructive. Shown
in Table below, the Brinell test uses 10-mm sphere indenter of steel while Vickers and Knoop both use
diamond pyramid as medium for indenting to surface material. The Rockwell and Superficial Rockwell use
diamond cone with varying diameters.
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Table 3.Hardness-Tesing Techniques (Callister, 2006)
3. Engineered Nanomaterials
The study of nanotechnology, the ‘nano’ prefix that denotes the dimension of these structural
entities in the order of a nanometer (10-9) or less than 100 nanometers or 500 atom diameters. The output of
nanotechnology follows a ‘bottom-up’ approach where technological innovations like scanning probe
microscopes has become possible to manipulate and move atoms to form new structures. This ability to
arrange atoms opens newer possibilities in developing the mechanical, electrical, magnetic and other
properties. Some of the examples of nanomaterials are carbon nanotube. Some of the applications of
engineered nanomaterials are:
1. Next-generation computer chips

2. Heat Flow improvement of equipment
3. Elimination of Pollutants
4. Tougher cutting tools
5. Life-saving medical treatments like drug delivery
6. Better Insulation
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
Seatwork:
1. A cylindrical specimen of a titanium alloy having original diameter of 2.96 mm experiences elastic
deformation when a tensile load of 2500 N is applied. Compute the maximum length of the specimen
before deformation if the maximum allowable elongation is 0.43 mm. Note: Etitanium = 107 GPa.
2. For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 280 MPa, with modulus of elasticity
as 115 GPa. What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen having a cross-sectional area
of 422 mm2 without plastic deformation? If the original specimen length is 130 mm, find the extended
maximum length without causing plastic deformation?
3. Consider a test specimen with the shape of cylindrical rod, 120 mm long to be deformed by tensile
load of 28000 N without experiencing plastic deformation or diameter reduction more than 8.5x10-3 mm.
Which among the aluminium alloy, brass alloy, steel alloy and titanium alloy are possible candidates with
yield strengths 200 MPa, 300 MPa, 400 MPa and 650 MPa, respectively.
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VI. EVALUATION
VII. ASSIGNMENT:
1. What are the disadvantages of using nanotechnology in medicine, security, and environment?
2. Differentiate biomaterials, smart materials and semiconductors.
3. For a steel alloy, the stress-strain behaviour is shown below. Determine the modulus of elasticity,
proportional limit, yield strength at 0.002 and maximum allowable load.
VIII. REFERENCES:
Callister, W. D. (2006). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. Wiley
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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE Bachelor of Science in COURSE NO. CHEM

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Chemistry of Engineering Materials

II. LESSON TITLE: Metals and Polymers

II.1 General Properties of Materials

II.1.a Classification of Materials

II.2 Mechanical Properties of Metals

II.2.a Stress-Strain Testing

II.3 Engineered Nanomaterials

III. LESSON OVERVIEW:

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

6. Differentiate resilience, toughness and hardness and describe hardness-testing techniques.

1. General Properties of Materials

Figure 1. Relationship of four components of discipline of materials science and engineering

Figure 2. Three thin-disk specimens of aluminum oxide

1.1 Classification of Materials

Composites, or the combination of 2 or more materials, and can be a naturally-occurring materials

1.2 Stiffness of Materials

Figure 3. Stiffness Classification

Figure 4. Resistance to Fracture

Figure 5. Electrical Conductivity

2. Mechanical Properties of Metals

2.1 Stress-Strain Testing

Figure 7. Universal Testing Machine Components

2.2 Elastic Deformation

Figure 8. Stress-strain diagram during elastic deformation

2.3 Modulus of Elasticity vs. Temperature

2.4 Elastic Properties of Materials

2.5 Plastic Deformation

Figure 10. Stress-strain diagram during plastic deformation

Figure 11. Tensile Strength (TS) as Maximum Stress before necking

2.6 Ductility vs. Brittleness

Table 2. YS, TS and %EL of Various Alloys (Callister, 2006)

2.7 Resilience, Toughness and Hardness

Figure 13. Stress-strain diagram of elastic region

Table 3.Hardness-Tesing Techniques (Callister, 2006)

1. Next-generation computer chips

2. Differentiate biomaterials, smart materials and semiconductors.

Callister, W. D. (2006). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction. Wiley

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