SUBMITTED TO: DR.

MUHAMMAD
HUSSAIN
SUBMITTED BY: GHULAM AYESHA
(ROLL NO 16)
FAIZA MAJID
(ROLL NO 19)
MATERIAL SCIENCE
BS.PHYSICS 8TH SEMESTER
Topic

Effect of Temperature and Time

on Polymers
Presentation Outline
 What are polymers
 History of Polymers
 Types of Polymers
 Classification of Polymers
 Uses of Polymers
 What are Biopolymers
 Uses of Biopolymers
 Biopolymers made of
 Diff b/w Polymers and Biopolymers
 Effect of temperature on Polymers
 Elasticity of Polymers
What are Polymers?

A polymer is any of a class of natural

or synthetic substances composed
of very large molecules, called
macromolecules, which are
multiples of simpler chemical units
called monomers.
 History of Polymers
In1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first
polymer which is Called “BaKelite”
 Bakelite is the synthetic polymer
Created form a mixture of phenol-
formaldihyde resin called BaKelite
Types Of Polymers
There are two types of polymers: 
Synthetic Polymers
Natural Polymers
Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and
made by scientists and engineers.
 Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene,
polyester, Teflon, and epoxy.
 Natural Polymers
Natural polymers occur in nature and can
be extracted.
Classification of Polymers
 NaturalPolymers: They occur naturally and are
found in plants and animals. ...
 Semi-synthetic Polymers: ...
 Synthetic Polymers: ...
 Linear Polymers. ...
 Branched-chain Polymers. ...
 Cross-linked Polymers. ...
 Classification Based on Polymerization. ...
 Classification Based on Monomers.
Uses of Polymers
 Polymers are used in almost every area of modern
living. Grocery bags, soda and water bottles, textile
fibers, phones, computers, food packaging, auto parts,
and toys all contain polymers.
What are Biopolymers
 Biopolymers are polymers that are produced by or
derived from living organisms
Examples of biopolymers are protein,
starch, cellulose, DNA, RNA, lipids,
collagen, carbohydrates etc.
What is Biopolymers made of?

Biopolymers include proteins
(polymers of amino acids), genetic
material (polymers of nucleic
acids), glycoforms (carbohydrates
and glycosylated molecules),
metabolites, and other structural
molecules.
 Uses of Biopolymers
Biopolymers are currently used
in food coatings, food packaging
materials, and encapsulation
matrices for functional foods.
What is the difference between
polymers and biopolymers?
Polymers are large molecules that have
the same structural unit repeating over
and over while biopolymers are polymer
materials that form in living organisms.
The key difference between polymer and
biopolymer is that most of the polymers
are non-degradable whereas
biopolymers are degradable.
Effect of temperature on Polymers

Higher temperatures lead to lower young

modulus of the material.
Weak points of every polymeric material
are the secondary bonds between
molecules of your polymer. With increasing
temperatures, the molecules have more
kinetic energy, thus the weak secondary
bonds have less and less effect.
Elasticity of Polymers
Polymers, including rubber, may exhibit
elasticity as polymer chains are
stretched and then subsequently
return to their original form when the
force is removed. Metals may display
elasticity as atomic lattices change
shape and size, again, returning to their
original form once energy is removed.
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity Change
with rise in temperature
With rise in Temperature the
length of the Material Increase
Which decreases its stiffness . Thus,
we can say that with rise in
Temperature , the Young’s Modulus
Decrease
 Why does Polymer not Soften When
Heated?
Thermoset polymers do not soften
when heated because the molecules
are cross-linked together and
remain rigid. The chemical bonding
formed within a polymer, and the
shape of the resulting polymer,
affect its properties
What Polymers Soften when Heated
Polythene, polyvinyls and
polystyrene soften on heating and
harden on cooling. Such polymers
are called thermoplastic polymers.
These polymers are linear or slightly
branched long chain molecules.