Fanyois JonA Faevsranspornin RISK FACTORS FOR REPEATED CHILD MALTREATMENT IN ICELAND: An Ecological ApproachTay daw find, Mal Sigrlrdve (ie, ab dia of omar 1999CHAPTER w1 DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW. thi chaps, te ecole mode ea conepl ewe Sexi ei cxplred wa sale the child a resent daa prevented ised. ik ota rch eo ogi lew! un een pachways en ik Sorc ck le teamear ae suse, rally, ef pene child al eeumeat ae expe Demmoewneoy nsx Concnenaas Peanewoni. args re Draper 1989) bere ht hd sa fi ae ou the cosiosor ofthe social sere 1962 lng te casi sper: "Bareed Cid Sys "The autor of dha gape ete psi wo examin ample of children wh al ben sete Iy bated Kempe, Sierman, Sie, Diregemaclr & Sle, 1362) Bea hugh thi ay war based on t-tccn snp, ‘eth no conta group enone drensoal view a chi malt ‘oem grew out oth sul, wre prea payhpatology as empiusied urges & Draper, 1989. Neglecting sores ere to vewed a bang pyohin robles sah depo, br Aline peste drder lack of impulse eto weing lnadegete pera ce town cin (Anat Pov awe Paugue, 198), "Ths cid maleeemene ws viewed in thesia whi ntl les Roache, 1983) By the ee sda, weve cs alee eat ew pence who raletd ic Aree werner nly il ake Coles, 1973) Now that 2bali at be documented Dakewich, ota, 1996, news idence eve, sows thi some petal mental hath ro Teme do cae tle tor fr hil mateo (chet ‘jh, 199) rhennre,preatlpesanaliy eye (Newbee Whit, 1989) wel a penal aids, vale, perceeions Ce het tyne, 1995, 199) and patie Bly, 1980, 1993) te ‘lead vo cid male. ‘Aer he prope sci masts x, whi ad es unidirectional, Fring o eating ricer feild buses (Buges & Diaper, 1989), Bel (1968) iach iden ‘ef f chien on pret anf b-dicioal e cel {es Bugettal, Mangia Lewis, 1989), Prk sl Colle 1979) ‘ced tht chien cn al sacs om the par of the pases in enya sac the socal pre, eal me, tional sph and income. Bugst and Drage (1989) ace se ‘hdr eny Bee cern cacti otha alt the pr fe practices Iris bea iad Ui "es le Help C0 ‘rarely pnitive naps fm hic enrnmen, where {ical ele Yelp en cane actly negative, coucoe ‘espn un cheicavinomee (Bugental, a, 1989, Kets 53,1998), “The afer che eps ad bono the indivi tr tbe sey andy tere wa shia emp the eo Ianity othe racial cote (Gatti, 1976) Pavey ade {uate scl nappa stems were egies mea onrbor 10 cid mattenmene (Garin, 1976; Gti 4 Crote, 1578) Chld melentmene bene be vewed the pod of lncercton berwaen macro eri frce in the sassy ad ‘mim tucclfres within the fly (Gatun fe Coe, ton) “Thiscang in empha came abr with eh deveepman he senogical model nepal by Bree (197), Accord 26 ng ehis mde person socal cntext divided for arm tent all of which stad inert Texan hum Dein, "Thc fii the ew gon whic facie he per bila ture sel er inmost eviuomen, sa home cle sovkplice. The cond isthe mer ron, yt faces {har acdsee inceiousips beeen persons ar ee tings, sch a neracione anon funy, per groupe a ol, With whom dhe pena sents, The il the el, whch Am extension of he meso system td nls infra ad ermal acl srcrrs, wich the ero i sedis avoid ‘the acighciond gorse agency, che wo af work, Tefal cial news, commonican a asprin fi ‘eran the mans medi. Ths, the ex sytem des inch sa Seructts, which impinge woo the peso amelie seine (Bronenbeans, 1977; 1986) The fourth isthe mae se, wich dhe nt ref e the pease cones Bu dso the Pon’ ie rough gerealprworypes the sein the pert fulete ae aub-calare, The macro sytem els the oneal ti total pace he cutue ox subcue,sachw pli, seri ecpeomic lp and eden ay, ich ll to the elegy fcc makers and whic ane Bon maid Iisowilly cough ests ad paces Sronterbrenae 1977 ‘Belsky (1980) ree he Benenson scout the ivi! diferenas among pte. Bly med Broadens Teo! Mola elo chil lent met Beliky empath af Brkt? yee nd ‘oe of theft octets aidimrsinal el, i ocd Imuleisle eaustve ctr fr cid maltese (a ced ‘Amman & Hee, 1990), However, Bebky (1580) bul bis Ino wpan Tinbergen’ concn fan called atogestic Seva mee that the ida facto, hich presets wt the pret, san ivi, bring to the pein ale, eluding aes afrom hither own uptinging, Deak’ clog mews hs ‘our level at des Bronfenbrenes: Howeret Bey xphasins genetic elope end the mir pte bur S-rpbins ‘the meso system as he ex sytem, Bey’ (19D) lve ae at fallow: ) eamgentic development, eat i inva etre related eo he potent the ir sys, whic wae aes place In the hous) hee pte, which oda lage sea ‘gue uc fre wack in wich te iy eee td) the cose, which ales cleral bland ale (at inluenc he mcr sytem at well a eh ex yt, Dulwich tl (199 apa ea in fic Bly’ eg ‘el model of ld maceacnent build apn ve level where ak fecors my occur Fine wa he nepv oncogenic develope of the pets Secon, ie wa eel the carci the ‘hide hat can poke sate, Titd wo egtve aiyr- tetas nee ico seem, Four wes eee al {heer system, And ith wet tthe ble stm nd ud tales im the macro ste, which cen fae suse oe welt of hiten though is iaueae on atogenrtic development and "oh smc an ex tems eee pret ny Belay clic mel wa ain «aco consis of che flowing fut level 1) iia tr, 2) caal problems, 5) cl wines, 2) fly Brn 3) ‘Socal cts and cule fas gar 28 iguee 1. An Helo Model Invi aes = parent bilo, fra unig) + hen valebes (Getosy) ‘Social aeons anil fators inerction berwren peer ant Terence chilies ‘Curl ctes elie vse and norlip Psa and Dyas Child Mac ‘ty 1993 aga eer ae nie interspace cfu malveaanen bea chil malrexmen ccs wen ae Socsoutnigh sper Thar, did malate a penorenen, which ikely to cr at thee of compen ner of ‘erect sepia, For empl, ag ee singe neh who aks drags, ejects her inn who as ben ba rematey s ciacooncted om be fly and lien sty trhee it ecily repeal coe ysl pin nigh be Ae eater sk of maleate ld tama een five ye old ‘pared mildecome woman who bat 4 sopperee sed at ‘tells suporie reve ve ese is scty whet ie tot ceptable ro te pls pistes. Te nm aos eter ng the pete would meni tse the tk of epee tmalezment. Tas, bone ery of human bavi, ete 29- Sholoia, clog or bilgi i licen co epi cil Imaltsemene or peste lee Te the eximpleabowe the young geo the mace adr sb sesnce abuse af emmpes nd ical kfc elced oehe ‘pote Rik tor a che oad Level (ic) ae lal ee Chik mor te communication oe the dean t the By, titer beeen ce parental Bus or Becwee the pare ad ee Child Im che above exemple, pemacare Ki of the eld fan ‘ample an indivi rk aor elt en he hl. nado, lade eee atacnent between che ocean ie in a ‘eam ow ily eik foe, Rs its tthe thd Level) te lated to the seal ptr sarounding he fail alg invumal suport femal spor thar ca be clon the ong _vermental ly policy, and the community, he expe Shoe, the Young mote’ connection rr ber aly wel 4 Sanit eee a wc tik cos And ally tes Fourth level cr) ae aewiy determined! For exp, te 30 evens og physical fore siplnry method {Pearl le ror we specie goverment plies te tacher xo eel co, "This iran example of ow rk ctor dfn lees nec sod ow socal supee may moder che fics of el ile ‘rents otc ea 1997) OF couse al ef thse ctr ace ach ‘her and ome varias igh feito dierent lee. The kee tte nc dsee and here itencion ween them, Fores, ‘aaer oempopment maybe viewol aa dil ee ‘other wha ha poem Boling» 9) or 2 ecialftorChigh “emplopment ei te sce In chi mel, Gece aad Rey (981 Gece 0 che sone nna ik tom that ald deter whch alert Ineo occ or nt The tik ces at dv ato to bond ‘pier: potentiating cto an omen fcos, Poet ‘tom ite the ef ma ene wheres the cmpeatry furor decane the ik altestnet stot within ce ce oie were further vided ng aie karts and easing fl factors, Trent sk faces age eemoray td cae, Inher ending ike er epsen a more tio umn Fito (Cdl, 1989; Clea & yeh, 199). num of remap ce ck Scr ar td neh oyren, weed ode elbow Fam ese ding isk cts cle prea mee earn ad fanant mateximeneduvng cident, Eaampls of eens Fotoating ft incce he ead oa hil’ dificl develop- ‘mental pein end an decease in wae. anoles of conaing oteniting facts oe ese ciearing sree andl ld ‘ith anes empasment. The likeli of aleeateene ina 5 pocentating fates ourweiphcompensary hts ogo, a 1995), 3"Table 1 Rik corse ch nentnent Ting on prob a rime ‘inprel dno Potentiatng fico compensator pring fics — Walt aco Profs edhingftrsoe enduring conlcons ce adios which seit which incre sco ik ‘Famear or Challe: Bales: ftamicer bat anent coalions Sige seen which ac bales ose nso rales, (Bros Cite, D. Wale, (98), 4. ich and Lye 199) popes an cle rmstions ‘motel, which ey bile ago previus model cum by Bel ‘sy In leer pd jc mel cild matretmene viewed ‘seule of muller! esol einer lar to provide Suisenge expeableenvuonman fa he developing cil (ie ets tyne, 1995) nr ede, ee caregivers charcerie cs the cil chris and envi eal ier tex and coteibate tothe wey the cil develope, However, the {rocial eazonmene or che ict stem bt he snow det et on ce cis development (Cece sgh, 1993, 1993). Sinn Limitations of bE Pano ‘agus and Draper (1989) hve pointed at ha she ecologic ‘moll which views cd aleeatmere man otc the eis of arias isk ators wih the indir he aly ir ay en) he commune eo ster an he cultura stm), 32 is mainly descigcve rather chan explanatory. Putte, een ‘hgh 2 ceria dni sed ath mode i i leat haw these itr ate "yailly ase” within eich eee (62) Nally the moll ee ot cll show what eee fc within level re more inporane a flenelHhen the not ow hs rinks Homenes, cn be ag tat Bly 1993) rel explanatory sites he empha ht child maleate ‘ects when td tors ac va loves xed suport Bos Morne it iq cer hat Bek (1980, 1993) empha ehe india er athe ners ype. Ica be aged hough thu ely’ mw ad deat pei which cos with In cach el riper, nor dos be acne the eet tbl dane tae ae wo ade whe ters belong. ia ich eee Drspite posible Liniaie, the enol mde a diced ‘hearsay fm single orl owe te mee co roe copies madelwehich e mar epee of life Bo Yhermere, eel models have stated earch ale a methde where te fs bie been bed pon te Boer wc Cvnoenent os well as indivi irs eg. Gales, Serer, ‘Grea se Powe 1978; Garbarnn, 1976), Hower tis pont toc the entice of ht mode are id we 0 Ease the min efcsof exch Del ae the latin fac soon level Instn, isimporae oid ek cts elated to eepened child maltnatenent, Factor lated taco of Pit recutences of cil alesmene might ven dle Com facto tele fine eure DePunii eZaan, 1998). 8ask Facing won Cu ‘ik aor caren at avons levels cab defined sits that we abit with ee orcuence of cid altetment (ares Drapes, 1989) oa feild mleetment ine Fur osetia 1999), ach evil eeepc yeh wl Secs rea a el ct Ge hi itn cach India Paces lnc! aos include Beth penal problems sd child vl shite, Petal Problems ict and Lynch (1995) reviewed vaio sete dae have shaw tha paces who ave Been males ote own cl Iu are nee ey 19m hiesA consens ees amg tesa hab 3086 of pens wn ave been ‘howe inci wl a ir ow hie Bachar, 1938, Rogozh ca, 1995), whi nsx ints the 3 et of eure Inthe gene ppelaoa ogc a 193), Fue pr ‘cs who hse inecure athe yearn or aot) hae been fund be mow ri of absing thei cise can pres wh have a cue attachment spl (Moache, 1996. ‘Acachment ce dein ar srg astral wth cer ‘esas in our lie er, 1998). ‘lent aration of de mothe has bee acted eh the lace to provide wdeguute are or chide (Cotenden ‘Airswonh, 1889), Parent pshchopatslogy, sch a depression (daar, 1998; Boge Mine, 200; Por Cpa 2001, Zara se BiB 996, post ama ess dtr (PTSD) ‘ese & Capa, 2001), manic depen, ehaophrnia ade Fa socal ane (Wek, Moll & Jie, 2002 be Bae ‘Ssocated wih sk cid meet. I ton, ration as een Fea bese pana la adda al de ko child mateatnene (ow, Cae, Jeon & Sige, 1998 Dae oc al, 2001; Fula, Soe, Barnum & Whar, 1986 Kale, 1992) ‘aleing paren have been fund to have poe emotional rnaiy (ona Toth, 1985) and egmstength lg & Mines, 200; Vonr Tes, 1989), Fhe, meters who male the chikdren averted temelen rote nis, mo ae rive: more eenrive an with oaer vem ier lca of cone (Gece Lynch, 199). Teta been sugges dha parents who males ir cides ercsive thie chiondifweney than eter prnen One ty {ound thot malteatg patents pst cht chide sb cil related cvs lee entely a ee die ha erp cnt arg Drier, 1989. Kleves, Bay Scr, 2000), ‘Some pues a mala eect have Sv fond i eerve the developer nem af hei cil, Yoon pent fe fariclaly ely to hve unease expaceains of ely ‘eclopment (Newherger & White, 199) and 19 mila the deen Browne a, 1998; Scotham,& Golding, 2000. “The parental paces ofthe who males cet chitden ave fen fd be le tie tha of thse who do ne let thar deen, For emmpl, mean petro foe wo spy moe neti alee thei chil a tert es it ‘hom ha eer ans gosh etal, 1993), ad eo ose rower ange of citing sls (Azat y 198) we mow con reling dpi equa re verbal pein Cie het & Hos, 1991). Fal, motes a high ik cid abe ave ben Fal xpetene moe prong ar ha ate a Tow ek fr cia Balge& Milt 2000) aad eo expesiene %ores tl spond with mre nga abc anomie Imchilen (Dope & él, 20%), Che Yulenies Various i ror bate en fd wo be elated a chide che ects, Prema bir, young age of len (elk, 1993) ‘ned childs mental retro (Arimeman & Hers, 1950) have eer ane eo nese ko cd maatrent. elton hao ‘en fund eween eke chronic bath prbles of the cl (Gsekns & Duos, 1985, White, Bei, WE Kee, 1987), iia tad mena dibs (DePaie & Zaravin, 1995, ‘White, Bevedice, Wal a Kelley, 1987; Woo, 197) and rk child eeglet. A childs dficale tmpermene ha bees fd to lncraae the kof Being, maleate (Burges Draper, 1989, ogc, eal, 18), an i har been ype tae chide swchatenian deficit iptv drier an oer ind of ie ‘hits thee leider pres ane ced ak fein ‘nals (Amaneeman, 199) Bally ge hae Bot Fa be ‘ee ike be aly aus lan bay (Rn, 1985, Mille-Pern Pern, 1999). “he design of mest previo stodes on child yobs rakes she drton of casi at sate Koch 199. ‘Thay chs bn quasi whether child wee ee ‘eam peeing deviancy win the chil (Gb ta 1978) ‘fom nagtive pang peace Ths, «chi “il” behave may oxtutsa est feineemene precede ing (Azar ea, 1998, pons devinsy within the cio from the nection oth rating evzncy and nev pe Taio, cid valeabiticnma ne realy exis in cats, since he creer main oe cv, pec it chen Invieg dieu remperamene, which may ot welt the atl 36 sempermenf thee dd (Dewi a, 1996) Te cone “pods of fe" describe wench between copes aed the demand ofthe environmen, tl the temperment crc tf he child Thr ence might explain wy = rene igh J eie the il shaving tom dat empeament thas ee rally, Press, moter who feo doesn mie {evel he pete ld ween one eming dh be relly Thus cid mig be perceived dif, when ely ‘here ina po ernen te operon oh cane al the fempenment of the child Goda & Abad, 1994) Thomas, {hs ich, Heian Ko oul atte epecapencl ier eer hes as ct in Retr Atay 1994), viene tuegeting the the cd “al charmer ay cathe "ib frig alr ince ree thc ict hac Single cd wishin a amily i ihe tseat of males, ‘heres decid siblings a ne che pies of lene (Belsky Veni, 199%; Parke & Caer, 1979. The Mar Sy: Fay Paso ail erate amily seucute bas been tested Wo ok of ld maleate Childe of single pees ave bw ul mre ikl ob placed and pay tno! ha ule nother sy iis Brown ta, 1998), However cildten who hve epter Aerpecally git) ae more iyo be sexaly abe han och ‘lee Paha 1986. Mile Pats Pei, 1999) ay Sie Child plc a ben ae oa of hie a the iy ‘OtilenPemia ere, 199) petal fey are coe sped atageler(DePul & Zan, 19596) elo bn aged ha ipa and ile pe ne ine sper nce ae cen isan incre ik ful aes pecly when ah i factors exis that ca incre stench at wep (New ‘man se Grasel 02) amily Incnction ‘An asciatan hs fre oun eevee nk spat wiki the ‘esta relonship nd ed males (Koch th ‘One sy found that mache who ad experienced ei mm Father av abet daring childs wie te Likely male thee clea Siebert Gelding, 200), Ts gn unup fe prtoer oc no pare sme intent orchid ment mene, Howere the sence sppove bal or Byind Temes che foquency of rns pesn Celky& Vor, 1989, anda oe! bef aera pron a major ie ‘orc glee Zari Dit, 1990. In alti, pe ive suppor oma parte ba een act th reter wl Sing af mater often with developmental dab (Get Ai 1997), ily stent eatonshi as ee en vide pace ete aginst let fan rp! ci. Iho expesenc antan upbringing in nitions (Res, 1989). Several ys ef pathway fa aileron 0 eld. reat may exit, However, in hit ak only te paws ll be emmiae cat have ben tlt to the ek cl alee ‘eae. One phy involves the pth ans the ether ‘ovale the pare arene eatin, Ft, coin thy wl beesploed, which emp (expat how communication p= lems and abate ae well aint puving oF supervisory let cafe a ds dieu belo and sco, How onli ewes pacar igen nigh athe paren cl el ‘ish sn conbue sei aban and mele explore 38 _ Paen-Cild Rebiosip:Pemisvens, (Contin an Chis Teperaent CComcuniaton pobre and ieerictionpeableas berween pa sal cece Pave be eee to igh ski child ‘tenn (Deals Zari, 1999) Meter har ae a high tic of necting dt cles use more power aetna ary meses han cts dha area ow eof alg het ie (Montes, Pal Mile, 2001- In ato, at te how dh inectiepretig, uch pte sd rejecting ae key factors in eening hte’ ence problems and in irae the fi prec: fc dials a {exea, Dearjabe & Ramsey, 1989; Sate, 200). The cid “ely ue cowie havior oy to sng an eto acne etal brn. de cd eas oct vo coercion with fearter- es ey Von, 1989). Song sci ek sing racy have been fund a be oid with ewer eel dept asion, say and sts, beter mail adjtment od «psiive sina omar prepmncy (ranerbrnte, 1980, Mtb who ‘eee god oi soot ave bts shower be mae esi hee ina es ac be mone kyo have securely aed Ine Soil sport ye shown ob pacer pore or ‘nts ih abl ats Bolg, a, 1997), Pats who ae iid with che appr hey eve fom nets, inde ae ‘cghbors eel tobe died wih their cae giving ee and eed o peoride a poner quality ome enionment fr hee childs Aevelopnent and cage in es pial pend ee: tion (Voada, 1980 moto! spp bon ou co sere bat arses seers ara kf ol raparcer (Kec ea 1997 La iio, whe igh the numberof ween mes who ge moe ereioal super, te Is ikely chy ae wo pysially she their des (Cacey& Bess, 197) Ineeting sal cresting mates hve fee fund eo eve et money fom eit ‘tothe ve ben foe eo eve coe lp with onsewok by ‘hei aie han onemltesting mbes (Cah, 1998 Foal Supone (Guta (1976 aga sha: rascal spe spe se porate fe sachet in der to rede the liked of ld ‘altered sna provide clea serie, ome ap ‘at end ectinldeveopnentl opposite, Hebd te Social Soppor stems shoul povide mothers with he basi nets fer calsen which would ake hen ese to el angry a asad and es Bes kly co mules et children. He Untied dhe chide secre imran or lacing the bu dk of conde cr iving ad ive the mother opporcniis for fet and rertion, Thee isan tion eat foal support 4 ‘ues kf cil matcarment, For eampl, me nursing ete following Bit for tennge moter aoe antes ith swipe and fewer write cats of child maleate (Bron. bene, 1986, ‘Guba Bary (1997 sags ea in ies where acess ‘co buna series isa ori al level fre the Contin beeween poner and eid maleate I lower ‘This isthe cen he Noni outs that hve univer fy police ach ae beh cae seis, pid par ere lis Public child ae ene, fee o lw cot edation and ech ‘eeu inthe fem feild allowed spor, nd hoaring loc (Kamera Ke, 1999), wh and hava the et “apps om the government fr en Sen Own, 190, 1999). Hower the ares sch series ace US i (armcrma a Kilo, 1995) Acree to edacaion i oe rp of tunanservis Khas een suggested tht etl ape is are Geto Sr child matrermene Ammann & Hen, 1990) Ta ain, oe fprenea eildecn in the US ie low she povey line Chet & Lyne, 1999 coped 27 sce anon children under 17 year fae nell est, 2002) The sore failure o espetel to ee palm of every avon len ray be denied societal gle (Cicet Tyne, 1995), pwc sine poverty ceo be = tong Tsk Sever fr cil maeatmeneCasbarnn 1976) Ths icone et riya impr aor whi oda he sk old al ‘mene canbe api three fal spective series ha ise in the Nori out ae ily eo be Ingen proce facto swell Kameron Kan, 1993) rom previo daca aly policy ican cn ht the policy climate” sdf in Keli capa tbe US, The xp bermeen ch and por jeople i ota big inthe US. In ‘ion, people with diferent income levels en 0 lve in he ”1990 Lesems sta pemiaive aide towards ld mpevison ‘ie in land sine teed ecient hs ben sigiicaly ihe ia eae chan it eer Nor coarse (An Sent {Bry Mogemen, 1997) In aditen esi secepeable ‘ety young la to Labi citen. The Red Crs in [esland pris workshops fr cilren 12 yer ol and alder to repr them fr buying. Tals seems soily apd dat hdc sry bom leat» ily young abe in ean Ge parc of {he day hie ce pret ee working ‘Other ealtual fcr ser late co io hl ste ment clad eligi end tii Religion kyo ace ‘aleatng belies Oe fe mel neaes of eigion thedege of indian eran collet, Ine lett cul tur, cdg pate tat ae empbasi flee abe, ‘ac forthe groupand dary One ad awed ht cnet Proreeaasand oa Laser degee Celis, value obedience nod erp pishnentsh 8 Sapng and ising with bel, ere tn other igiow props Inidualitie cats emphasize ‘hid asenomy, ndepeeac aa line bot, 1998) How: ‘er, individ ben eared aa conto eo sci io Tain (Gusberin Bary. 1997). which sk aor for cil leeenent (Belsky & Vos, 1988), nl wher inv Calis serpbsie, parents may view chien a propery, which ae ren ep ik ctor fr cl abuse Belay 1980; Bel shy & Vora, 1989). hn hasbeen ele sk cf ld Inuieatment. Alban Area len and Hiya cdr in the US ae mot ely wo te makes has Caer cide, lowest tlacan beween edi sad child lesen ‘igh be cece by socetonrc ras sine Aen Ameen hd Hine filer ate ovtepecntd a owe fies (Giles Pein & Pein, 199) "Very ie roma eer as bees eed on di 32 lant, which may a pte be de ak oF Fancining Minin feild malemarne nado, thee ef Infemation on can iene in dering pnt sd a us of children an fora panel ethic and call such spre (Agstioaos Geargpoal, 1992). “The pect dscason of sk ite ici maleate ht ser he foundation fer the su of pene child alse hd tik Gtr foresee ld dete. Repeat hd snl ramen canbe defied in any wat for etm a ay ae quae epee fleece by the same perpen of he ne Child oc ofa child wii hes Facer cae et beds dirty ines of vielen Tha cen eat (le place overs pci ef one re over Oyen petins a he inl icine (Puke, Youn we Evuts, 1999) Ia this seu ‘pete erecten child malesement defn again ‘pt ony cid win he any along the aad rl fare repre inciene. Since cach cei illo for 18 ‘oath, eaten child mlentmen an only be detec in eis stuly fe an 8-manv pero Treat be oxpced ha the goal of intervention lowing ep ‘of.cild malrsement would Be to dete teri fas al ‘eeeent DePaniis & Zatin, 199% ery, Maronch, Canty, ‘Abct Tr, 1999) Tete i some expe napa foe the yp thar invention decree he il i eens ‘Debani & Zarvn, 198, 2002 Fhe, wads, Busey, Wel ‘Jonson, 2001 alt, Welle & Caxton, 200, Tasker & Rie, 1987; Silverman & Avard 1985), sc ar spporie seine otk DePais & Zusvn, 199; Jos, 19 a pyc Py Gels, Glens Gaines © Gren, 1988 Joes, 198 8