7 FACTORIZATION 7.4 INTRODUCTION In the previous chapter, we have learnt multiplication of algebraic expressions. The multiplication of algebraic expressions gives us a new algebraic expression. In this chapter, we shall do the other way round, that is, we shall find two or more algebraic expressions whose product is equal to the given expression. The process of writing a given algebraic expression as the product of two expressions will be known as the factorization of the expression. 7.2 FACTORS In the previous class, we have studied factor: We have also learnt that a given positive integer can always be expressed as the product of prime factors. For example, 30 can be written as 30=2x3x5, Bach of the numbers 2, 3 snd 5 are known as the factors of 30 and the process of expressing an integer as the product of two or more integers is called factorization. Now the question arises What is meant by a factor of an algebraic expression and how do we find the factors of an algebraic expression. To understand this, let us consider a monomial, say, 5xy. This monomial can be expressed as the product of two or more monomials in the following possible ways: Bxy = 1xSxy = 5x xy =5xxy = 5yxx=5xaxy 's and multiples of a given positive integer. It follows from the above that the possible factors of xy are: 1, Bxy, 5, xy, 5x, y, By, x Thus, we may define the term ‘factor’ as follows: FACTORS If an algebraic expression is written as the product of numbers or algebraic expressions, then each of these numbers and expressions are called the factors of the given algebraic expression and the algebraic expression is called the product of these expressions. FACTORIZATION The process of writing a given algebraic expression as the product of two or more factors is called factorization. 7.3 FACTORS OF A MONOMIAL In this section, we shall discuss some examples on factors of a monomial. Note that the factors of a monomial consist of every literal, their product and number that will divide it exactly, 'LUSTRATION 1 Write down all possible factors of 8x*y. Solution We have, 8x7y =1x32xy =8xx7y =8xx xy =Bxyxx= Thus, the possible factors of 3x°y are By = yx8x" 1,82? y,3, x” y, 3x, ay, By, x, 2%, By, 9, 32” aMathemat 72 RC y \ ; \ ILLUSTRATION 2 Write down all possible factors of 12x Solution We have, ae 2 = 2x6x” =6 x2x* x12x? =12xx? =3x4x? =4 x32) = Sxx de = 6xx2x =2x3xx 12x? Ox = 8x 2xx 2x Thus, the possible factors of 12x” are 1,12x?, 19, x7, 3, 4x2, 4, 3x”, 2, 6x”, 6, 2”, 3x, 4x, 6x, x 7-4 COMMON FACTORS AND GREATEST COMMON FACTOR OF MONOMIALS In this section, we shall first discuss the common factors of two or more monomials on then we shall define and obtain the greatest common factor of two or more monomial, Fo understand the meaning of the term ‘common factors’, let us consider the money, 3xy and 7x. We find that: The possible factors of 3xy are: 1, axy, 3, xy, 3x, y, 39, and, The possible factors of 7x are: 1, 7x, 7,x Clearly, 1 and x are common factors of both the monomials 3xy and 7x. Now, consider three monomials 3x, 21x? and 15zy. We observe that: The possible factors of 3x are: 1, 3x, 3, x The possible factors of 21x? are: 1, 21x”, 21, x*, 3,7, 38x?, 7x, 8x, x, 7x”, 21x and, The possible factors of 15xy are: 1, 15zy, 15, xy, 16x, y, 15y, x, 3, 3x, By, 3xy, 5, 5x, 5y, 51) Clearly, 1, x, 3 and 8x are common factors of all the three monomials. Out of these comm: factors, the common factor having greatest coefficient and highest power of the variableé 3x. This common factor is called the greatest common factor (GCF) or highest comm: factor (HCF) of the given monomials. Thus, we define the greatest common factor (GCF) or highest common factor (HC monomials as follows: GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF) OR HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) The gree! common factor of given monomials is the common factor having greatest coefficeh! © highest power of the variables. The following step-wise procedure will be helpful to find the GCF of two o ™ monomials. StepI Obtain the given monomials. . : mo" StepIl Find the numerical coefficient of each monomial their greatest ©” factor (GCF/HCF). ed Ce Step II Find the common literals appearing in the given monomials. Step IV. Find the smallest power of each common literal, . "i vy. Step V Write a monomial of common literals with smallest powers obtained in st¢P r i i i nt Step VI The required GCF is the product of the coetfies ined in step HI“ monomial obtained in step V. ‘efficient obtained ina otizaOn soloing © example? solution — 73 amples will illustrate the above procedure, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Find the greatest common factors of the monomials 214967 and 35 a°b°. ‘The numerical coefficients of the given monomials are 21 and 35 ‘The greatest common factor of 21 and 35 is 7 The common literals appearing in the given monomials are a and b The smallest power of ‘a’ in the two monomials =3 ‘The smallest power of ‘b’ in the two monomials =5 The monomial of common literals with smallest powers = a°b° The greatest common factor = 74%} example2 Find the greatest common factors of the monomials 14x*y?, 21xy?, 35x“y° z. goutin The numerical coefficients of the given monomials are 14, 21 and 35 The greatest common factor of 14, 21 and 35 is 7 The common literals appearing in the three monomials are x and y The smallest power of ‘x’ in the three monomials =2 The smallest power of ‘y’ in the three monomials = 2 The monomial of common literals with smallest powers = xy? Hence, the greatest common factor =7x”y? Example3 Find the greatest common factor of the monomials 6x°ab?c, 8x” ab? c? and 124°? c?. Solution The numerical coefficients of the given monomials are 6, 8 and 12. The greatest common factor of 6, 8 and 12 is 2. ‘The common literals appearing in the given monomials are a, The smallest power of ‘a’ in the three monomials =1 The smallest power of ‘b’ in the three monomials =2 The smallest power of ‘c’ in the three monomials =1 bandc. The monomial of common literals with smallest powers = a'bc! = ab?c Hence, the greatest common factor = 2ab*e EXERCISE 7.1 Find the greatest common factor (GCF/HCE) of the following polynomials: (1-14) 1. 20 and 1202 2. 6x%y and 18x*y* 3. 7,21” and Ldxy? 4 5. 12ax*,6a?x? and 2a%x* 6. 8. 6x2y?, 9xy", 3x99" . 42x*yz and 63a ox? 15x2y®, 6xy? and 21x*y* 1. 40°b*,-190%b,18a*b®74 Mathematics fo, . a My 9. ab, a4? 10. 3602b%c!, 640°C”, 90a4 b? ¢2 LL. x9, — yx? 12. 15o?,~ 450,150 8,8 10%558, 2x2y2 13. 2x°y?,10xy8 14xy 14, 1aty*, 102°, Bay Find the greatest common factor of the terms in each of the following expressions; 15. 5a‘ +10a° -~ 15a? 16, 2xyz+3x2y +4y” 17. 8a? + 4b%c? + 1207b%? ANSWERS 1. 2x? 2. 6r¥y 3. Tx 4, Qtx2y2 5. ax? 6. 3x 1. 20° 8. Sxy? 9. a?b* 10. 180%? 2 12. 15a ae: 2y, 14. 2x2y? 15. 5a” 16. y 17. 8? 7.5 FACTORIZATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS WHEN A COMMON MONomiaL FACTOR OCCURS IN EACH TERM In order to factorize algebraic expressions consisting of a common monomial factors « each term we use the following step-wise procedure: StepI Obtain the algebraic expression. Step II Find the greatest common factor (GCF / HCF) of its terms. Step III Express each term of the given expression as the product of the GCF and tk quotient when it is divided by the GCF. Step IV Use the distributive property of multiplication over addition to express the gives algebraic expression as the product of the GCF and the quotient of the gi expression by the GCF. Following examples will illustrate the above procedure. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Example1 Factorize each of the following algebraic expressions: (i) 3x+15 (ii) 2x7 +5x (iii) 8x2y—Gxy? Civ) 6x + 8x77 Solution (i) The greatest common factor of the two terms namely, ax and 150!" expression 3x +15 is 3. Also, 8x=3xxand15=3x5. 3x +15 =3(x+5) (ii) The greatest common factor of the terms 2x? and 5x of the exp 2x? + 5x is x.Also, 2x? = 2xxx and 5x =5x x. 2x? + 5x =2xxx+5xx = (2x +5) x ‘ 60 (ii) Clearly, 3xy is the greatest common factor of the terms 3x”y 84 the binomial 5x*y —6zy?. Also, 8x”y = 3xy x x and 6xy? = Bay 29 ogae see 75 8x"y — Oxy” = Bxy x x - Bxy x2y =8xy(x-2y) (iv) Clearly, 2x is the GCF of the terms 6x° and 8x"y of the given binomial 6x2 +8x2y. Also, 62° = 2x? x 3x and 8x"y = 2x? x4y. Gx? + 8x"y = 2x? xBx + 2x? x4y =2x"(8x+4y) Factorize: example2 (i) 12x8y4 + 16x2y% — 4x55? (ii) 18a°b? + 36ab4 - 2407b* soution (i) The greatest common factor of the terms 12x°y*, 16x” y® and 4x°y? of the expression 12x°y* + 16x?y® -4x5y? is 4x2y?, Also, we can write tary! = 4x2y? x Sxy?, 16x2y® = 4x2y? x dy? and, 4x°y? = dx2y? x 2° 12xy! + 16x29 — 4x59? = dey? x Bay? + 4x2y? x dy? —dx?y? x8 = 4xy? (Sxy? +4y° —x°) (ii) We have, 18a°b? + 36ab4 - 24a7b* The greatest common factor of the terms 18a°b®, 36ab‘ and 24a°b? is 6ab”. Also, we can write 18a°b? = 6ab” x 3a”, 36ab* = Gab? x 6b? and, 24a°b =6ab? x 4ab 18a°b? + 36ab* - 24a7b° = 6ab? x 3a” + Bab? x 6b? — Gab? x 4ab = 6ab"(3a” + 6b” — 4ab) EXERCISE 7.2 Factorize the following: 1. 8-9 2. 5x 15x? @ 20a"*b? -15a%b* 4, 72x8y" 96x" y® 5. 20x8 - 40x? + 80x 6. 2x9y? - 4x?y9 + Bxy4 g 10m°n? +15m*n -20mn3 8. 2a4b* -3a°b5 + 40> 8. 280" +1407? — 2104 10. a*b-3a°b? -6ab® UL. 27 20'mn -3lm?n +4lmn® 12. xty? —x?y4—xty4 13, 9x2 Sey + Baxy 14. 16m-4m? 8) yet xyPetaye®Mathematics fo, co 76 SH, ANSWERS a5) 2. Bx(1—- ; 1. 3@~3) 8 y8(By — 4x Y 3. 5a°B*(4a* — 352) £ ae 2 _ Oxy +4?) é 6. Oxy? (x 5. 20x(x? ay 4.4 244 (2a? —3ab + 4b) 7. 5m™n(2mn +3m2—4n2) a Y b- 6b?) ae 2 sat) 10. ab(a® -8ab- Ta*(a + 22 — 3a) 2. sPy%a? 92-252) 11. Imn(21~3m+4n) ‘4 -m) 13. 8xy(8x4a) Bo 15. ~4a (a-~b+e) 16, xyz (x+y+2) 17. ay (ax +by +02) 7.6 FACTORIZATION OF A COMMON FACTOR In order to factorize ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS WHEN A. BINOMIAL Is a common f; tor, we Write the expression as the product of the binomial and the quotient obtained by dividing the given expression by this binomial, Following examples will illustrate the procedure. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example1 Factorize: @ T(2x +5)+3(2x45) Gi) (B+ 2) y+ (x4 2)x Gil) 5a(ex +3y)— 2b(2x 4 3y) (iv) 86x +9y) 4125 4 9y) Solution We have, @ 7(2x45)4 3(2x+5)=(74 8)(2x +5) [Taking (2x + 5) commot} =10(2x +5) (ii) ADI HEY De mle 4 05 4 5) (aking (x +2) commerl (iii) 5a(2x4 8y)— 2b(2x +3 (aking (2x + 8y) comet (iv) 86x +9y)2 +12(6x + 9y) <4(5y +9y){2(50 4 99) +3} = 46; Example2 Factorize: ** 99005 + 189-43) ® O-~Dat(e-yyp Gi) 9(a~ 20) + 6(25— a) Gi) Gaye _ 4n+8y Solution We have, GY) 20465 — 3(a + 3b)? qi) OPE Nee nay al yb "aking (— 1) common from 0" =O Neoa5 (Taking ty) eo”, Fe yQ_ a) be 04025"= eesti 77 Gi 9(a— 20)? +6(2b-@) =9(a— 2b)? - 6(a ~ 2b) [- 26-a = -(a-25)| = 3(a ~ 2b) {3 (a - 26) - 2} {Taking 3 (a ~ 26) common| = 8(a — 2b)(3a ~ 6b - 2) ‘Taking - 4 common | from ~ 4x + By (Taking (x ~ 2y) common] —4x48y =(x-2y) -4(x-2y) (ii) (@e- 29? = (x—2y)(x - 2y)- 4) =(x—2y)x-2y-4) 3b)? = 2(a + 9b) - 3(a + 36?” [Taking 2 common from 2a + 65] =(a+3b)(2—3(a + 35) [Taking (a — 36) common] = (a +3b)(2-3a— 96) fiw) 2a + 6b -3(a + Cy 3 Factorize: w@ (x + y(2x + By) — (e+ e+ 1) (ii) (x + y)(2a + b)— (3x - 2y)(2a +b) Solution We have, Gi) (x+ y(2x43y)- (2+ NED =(x+y((2x +3y)-(e+ D) [Taking (x + y) common] =(x+y)(2x+8y-2-D =(x + yx +3y-D (ii) (x +y)@a +b) — (Bx - 2y)(2a +b) = (x+y) -(0x-2y))(2a+b) (Taking (2a + b) common] =(x+y—Sx+2y)(2a +b) =(-2x + 8y)(2a +b) ; EXERCISE 7.3 actorize each of the following algebraic expressions: 7 Cxlx- 9+ Ty2e- 9) _® Orly-x)+8(e-y) a 49 fa(2x — 3) + 3b(2x - 3) AL 9a (6a - 5b) — 12a? (6a ~ 56) ¢ 6 (21 — 3m)? - 12(3m ~ 22) OB B(x By)? + 8x - By) 8. ak(x+y)e drive yt erie ry? 7. Ba(x~2y)- b(x ~2y) 9 (x-yF oxy) n a(x~ y) + 2b(y ~x) +(x y)* 3 : es (a~ 2b) + x* (a - 2b) Oy (2x — By)(a +) + (3x -2y)(a + 6) <+y) (Ba ~b) + 6(x + y)(2b - 3a) 10. 6(a+2b)~ 4(a + 26)” 12. —4(x— 2y)? +8(x- 2y)ANSWERS f . (x—y(s—2r) maeaeie tie hee 5. @-29)(6x~10y43) 6. 4(21-3m)(81-12m +3) ~ * 2 2 2 7. (~2y)(8a-B) 8. (x+y)(a? +b? +0?) 9. (-Wae-yary 10. 2(a+2b)(3-2a- 4b) 1. @- W(a-26+ cx~ey) 12, 4(x-2y)(2—x+42y) 18. (a ~20)% 41) 14, 5(a+b\(x-y) 18. 2 +y)(45~3a) Ww FACTORIZATION BY GROUPING THE TERMS Look S expre; hat al Pression either a monomial nor a binomial. But, we find that fir. common factor and the last two terms have qa monomial 7 common factor. Also, by taking 3y common from first two terms, we have | Sxy~8y = 3y (x1) | Taking 7 common from the last two terms, we have | Tx-T=7 (x-1) We also notice that the bi nomial (x ~ 1) is common fro1 Thus, by grouping the te, Yms of Bxy ~3y +7 —7, 8ay-38y 47x —7 m these two groups of terms, we have = Bxy ~3y) + (7x ~7) =8y (x-1) +7 (e~1) =(8y +7) (x-1) It follows from the above discussion that 8rouping of the terms of an algebraic expressit may lead to its factorization Also, grouping of terms ig not unique. That is terms can Grouped in different ways. Fo. example, the same algebrats expression can als # grouped as follows: 99-89 + 72-7 = Bay 472) By 7 = @y+7) x~1(8y47) =(8y+7)(x-1 Let us now discuss, Some more examples to illustr; i s to facto algebraic expressions. Ste the grouping of term LLUSTRaATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1 Factorize: @ +34 8x48y ‘i SH 1559-62410 —4 Git) 15ab +15 +96 4954 Soiution @ We observe th,79 ink of grouping the t in pairs i go, let us think of grouping the terms in pairs in such a way thi So, factors common to them and after taking factors comman from exch pos same pinomial is left inside the two brackets. We observe that first two pd have x as a common factor. Taking x common from them, we have . gitayax(xty) ‘Also, 8 is common factor from the last two terms. Taking 8 common from the +t two terms, we have 8x+ By =8(x+y) Clearly, x + is common from the two groups. Thus, we group the terms as follows: las a? + xy + Bx + By =(x? + xy) + (8x + 8y) =x(xty)+8(x+y) =(x+8)(x+y) Gi) We have, 15xy-6x+10y-4 Clearly, there is no common factor among all the terms. Also, there are four terms, So, let us think of grouping the terms in pairs in such a way that there are some factors common to the terms in each pair and after taking factors ‘common from each pair same binomial is left inside the two brackets. We observe that first two terms have 3x as a common factor. Taking 3 common from them, we have L5xy - 6x = 3x (5y- 2) Last two terms have 2 as the common factor. Taking 2 common from these two, we have 10y-4=2(5y-2) Clearly, (5y - 2) is the binomial common group the terms as follows: 15xy —6x + 10y - 4 =3x (By -2)+26y-2) = (8x +2) (5y-2) from these two groups. Thus, we (ii) We have, 15a +15 +90 + 250 a Clearly, all terms of the expression do not have any commbt factor. We notice that feat twe terme have a common factor but the last two terms do not have common factor. So, we think of re-grouping the terms. We observe that iis soup first and third terms, 3b is a common factor. By taking 3b common from these two terms, we have 15ab + 9b = 9b (6a +8) Taking 5 common from second and fourth terms, we have 15 +25a=5 (8 +5a)=5 (6a +3) Clearly, (6a + 3) is common from these So, we re-group the terms as follows: two groups.* a Mathematics for o, ; 1Bab +15 +.9b + 28a = (16ab +95) + (15 + 250) = 3b (6a +3) +5 (3+ 5a) = 3b (6a +3) +5 (6a+3) =(3b +5) (6a+3) (iv) We have, n-7+Tm-=Imn = (n-1+ (Tm -Imn) =(n-D+(7-n)lm =(n-D-(n-Dlm =(n-7)(1-Im) Example2 Factorize: @ ax+bx+ay+by (ii) ax? + by? + bx? + ay? Gi) a? +be+ab+ac (iv) ax -ay +bx—by Solution We have, @ ax+bx+ay+by =(ax+bx)+(ay+by) [Grouping the tem, =(atdx+(a+b)y = (a+ b)(x+y) (Taking (a +b) comma (i) ax? + by? +x? + ay? =ax? +bx? +ay? + by? (Re-arranging the term =(a+b)x? +(a+b)y” =(a+b)(x? +9?) (Taking (a +b) commen| (iii) a*+be+ab+ac =(a" +ab)+(ac+be) [Re-grouping the term =ala+b)+(a+d)e =(a+b)(a+e) [Taking (a +b) commen! Gv) ax-ay+bx-by =a(x-y)+b(x-y) =(a+b)(x-y) (Taking (x - y) comme! Example3 Factorize: (@) a? +2a+ab+2b GD x? x2 +xy— xz Solution We have, G@) a? +2a+ab+2b =(a? +2a) + (ab +26) [Grouping the tert! =a(a+2)+(a+2)b A =(a+2)(a+b) [Taking (a +2) com" Gi) x? -x2+xy-yz =(x?—xz)4 (xy ~ yz) [Grouping the term =x(x—-z)+y(x—z) a “G+ Ne—2) (aking (e-2)¢0™" Example 4 Factorize each of the following expressions: (i) a? -b+ab-a (i) eee 2 xy -ab + bx - ay (ii) ab -b? + 12a¢ ~ 2be GN) olay abe 262 4 (ay? () ax? + (ax? +1) x40 (P72 Say by + 46xssoution Example 5 Solution 74 (i) We have, a’-b+ab-a =(a? +ab)-(b+a) =a(a+b)-(a+) =(a+b)(a-1) Gi) yr abtbe-ay =2y+ be -ab-ay =x(y+b)-a(b+y) =x(y+b)-a(y+) =(y+b)(x-a) (iii) 6ab-b? + 12ac -2be = Gab + 12ac ~b” - 2be =6a (b+ 2c)-b(b+ 2c) = (b+ 2c) (Ga -6) (iv) a(a+b-c)-be =a? +ab-ac—be = (a? + ab) —(ac + be) (a+b)-c(a+b) =(a+6)(a-0) (v) ax? + (ax? +1) eta =a"x? +ax9+x+0 = ax? (x+a)+(x+a) =(x+a) (ax? +D (vi) 3ax - Gay - 8by + 4bx = Bax + 4bx — Gay - Bby = (Bax + 4x) - (Gay + 8by) (8a + 4b) - 2y (3a +40) = (8a +46) (x-2y) Factorize each of the following expressions: @ a®x+a%(x-y)-a(y+2)-2 Gi) (x? + 3x)? —5 (x? + Bx) —y (x? + 8x) + By (i) We have, ax +a*(x-y)-a(y+z)-z =a°x +a?x —a*y-ay—az—-z = (a9x + a?x)—(a?y + ay) - (az +2) =a"x (a+1)-ay (a+1)-2(a+1) =(a+1)(a?x-ay-z) Gi) (x? 48x)? - 5 (x? + Bx) — y (x? + 8x) + By = (2? 43x) {(x? +3x)-5} -y{(x? +3x)-5} =(x? +8x—5) (x? +8x-y)7.12 Example 6 Factorize: (i) x9 -2x?y + axy? - 6y? Solution (i) We have, a. Mathematics fy, « as (ii) 6ab-b? +12a¢-2be 3 x9 2x24 Bey? — 6y® = (x9 -2x?y) + (Bay? — By?) Gi) We have, =x? (x—2y) +39? (x- 2y) = (x-2y) (x? +3y?) 6ab~b? + 12a0~2be ~Bita-1)+Se(S0-2)=(60- BN + 2 EXERCISE 7.4 Factorize each of the following expressions: . 9° pr+qs—ps AT etytxty (Sta? + xb? — ya? — yb? ZA. 2ax + bx +2ay +by “Av cy + bexy ~ az — bez AG 2 ~20x-2ab+ bx 15. abx? +(ay—b)x-y 16 (a-6)* - 24 (a-b)? 19. a’x? +(ax* +1) x+a & a(a+b-c)-be 23. ab-a-b+1 1. @-pir+s) 3. (+x) +a2y) 5. (x-y)(a? +b?) 7, (2a+b)(x+y) 9. (xy-z)(a+be) Vi. (e- ye? +1) 13. (x-2a) (x+0) 15. (bx +y) (ax~1) 17. 8(a-b)’ 2a-2b-3) 19. (x+a) (ax? +1) ACP a r= pq? (KC ae + ay ~bx~by (AOR tay baz + yz Ai ab-by~ay+ 9? Im? = mn? ~Im +n? 2. Gxy+6-9y—4x ho catysbah- ag ig’ (ax + dy)? +(bx- ay)? 18. ab (x? +1) +x (a2 +82) 20. a(a-2b~c)+ 2e 22, Lay x4 11y Pty aay " ANSWERS 2. (p-1(pq-r?) 4 (e+ ya~B) 6 (e+ y(e+2) 8. (a~y)(b~y) 10. m~n®\(m—1) 12. (2x~3)(3y~9) 14. (x~2y) (4? 4 gy2) 16. (2? +92) (a? 4. 42) 18. (ax +8) bx +a) 20. (a~2b) (ae)A jionzaion 713 gh. (atb)(a-0) 22. (x-11y)(x-1) 2 (@-DO-D 24, (x-1)(x-y) P macronearN io SINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS EXPRESSIBLE AS THE DIFFERENCE ol coat : : . we inal expressions expressible as the difference of two squares, we use the fallowing * a? —b? =(@+b)(a-b) sollowing examples will illustrate the application of the above formula. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES example 1 Factorize: ; . (@ 9a? - 1687 (ii) 36a? -(x—y)? (iii) 80a” — 456” (iv) (8a—b)? - 9e* Soution We have, ; (@) 9a?-165? = (8a)? - (48)? = (8a + 4b)(3a— 4b) (Using: (a? - b?)=(a+b)(a-b)] (ii) 86a? -(x- y)? =a)? -(x- y)? ={6a+(x-y)}{6a-(x-¥y)} [Using: a? -b? =(a+b)(a-b)] =(a+x-y)(6a-x+y) (iii) 80a? - 456? =5 (16a - 90”) =5 ((4a)? - (3b)"} =5(4a + 3b)(4a — 3b) (Using: a? — b? =(a+b)(a-)] (iv) (Ba-b) - 9c = (8a —b)? — (8c) ={(8a—b) + 8c} ((8a—b) — 3c) 7 =(8a—b + 8c)(3a—b — 8c) ‘ample2 Factorize: (i) at-yt (ii) 16x4-81 (iii) x4 -(y +2) Solu (iv) 2x-32x5 — (v) 8at—48b4 (vi) 81x 121%" ion We have, () xt_yé = (x2)? —(y2)? = (x? —y%)(x +9") (Using: a? - 6° =(a—b)(a+b) =(x—y)(x+y)(x? +9) (Using: a? ~b* =(a-b)(a+ B)} Gi) 16x4-81 =(4x2? (9)? = (4x? —9)(4x? +9) (Using: a? - 6? =(a—b)(a+B)) = (2x)? (8)? } (4x? +9) =(2x-3)(2x+3)(da? +9) (Using: a” -8° =(a-0)(a+b)TALS Example 3 Solution Mathematics fy Cha 2 (ii) at (yay =P [0 47) } ; “pe geet} toe") 2 wey eayfero ree +04? eqe-y ear y tae +(yt2y } (iv) 2x—32x° =2x(1-16r") 22x(-4?F) = 2x(1+4x)(1- 427) a2e(t+ 4x4) {1-@x?} = 2x(1+ 4x") (1- 2x)(1+ 2x) (v) 8a* - 4804 =3(a* - 1664) =3{(a?)? -(40?))} =3(a? — 4b*)(a? +46") =8{a? —(2b)"}(a? +46?) =3(a- 2b)(a + 2b)(a? +46”) (vi) guxt 1212? =x? (612? -121) =" {9x -a1?} =x°Qx—-11)(9x+11) Factorize: 25 88 - we (ii) 160% 2 : 16a (iii) 100(x + y)?-81(a +6) ee-1_ 9) We have, 2 @ 160? 25 =(4ay*-(BY (4, 5 i Male ON a 4o-) . b (i) 160-2 = 21 Tea? 72 160’ iw “fr (2) fae Yea : a=a) 8 1006+ 97 —a1a +7 {1002+ 9} faa aayy? “(0+ 93491045} f20¢ +5910 8} ~ 00x +109 490-496) 40x +10y-94-90)a sate example’ 7.15 (iv) @e- 1? (2-2 ={(x-D+(e-2)}{(2-1)-(x-2)} = (2x -8)(x-1-x+2) =(2x-3)x1 =2x-3 Factorize each of the following algebraic expressions: (i) xt -81y* (ii) 2x5 -2¢ iii) 3x* -243 (iv) 2-502” h B-y8 Se 2y4 _ qty)? (i) x4 -B1y* = (x2)? -@y?? = (x? -9y*) (x? +99") = {x? -@y)?} @? +99”) = (x-By) (x + By) (x? +99”) (i) 2x5 -2x =2x(x* -1) = 2x {(x2)? -1"} = 2x (x? - 1) (x? +1) =2x(x-1(x+1) (x? +) (iii) 82-243 =3 (x* -81) =3{(?? -9"} =3(x?-9)(x? +9) =3 (x? -3?)(x? +9) =3(x+3)(x+3)(x? +9) (iv) 2-50x* =2(1- 25x?) =2{1? -6x)*} =2(1-5x) (1+ 5x) () 8-98 ={(e4? 04} = (xt —y*)(xt ty) ={@P-G*F}at+y = (x? -y) (x? +9?) (x4 +4) =(x-y) (x+y) (x? +9") (x4 +94) =(e-9) (4 a? +9) {(2?? +07? 282s? —22%94} =(e-y) (ety) 0? ty fo? +? (via) , = (2-9) (x49) (2? + 9%) (x? 4.92 — Bay) (x2 + 9? + Vay,Mathematics fo 7.16 - x Cla 8 8 sats! {(a'? -(xt?} zatx' (at +z')(at -x') scatst(ot +34) 2? | ote! (at 424)(o2+2*)(0?-2*) = afet (at +24)(a? +2") (a+x) (a-x) Example5 Factorize each of the following algebraic expressions: (i) 16 (2x -1)? - 252? Gi) 40? -90? - 20-35 (ii) 22-4 +4y-y? (iv) 3-12(a-b) (v) x(x42)-y(y +z) (vi) a? -b? -a-b Solution (i) 16 (2x -1)* - 252? = {4 (2x -1)}? - G2)? = {4 (2x-1)~5z} {4 (2-1) +52} 8x— 4-52) (8x-4 +52) = (8x-52~-4) (8x 452-4) 4a? -96? - 20-36 = (2a)? ~ (8b)"| - (2a +38) (ii) = (2a ~ 3b) (2a +35) -(2a +30) = (2a + 8b) {(2a-3b) ~1} = (2a + 86) (2a - 36-1) (ii) x? 4x4 dy —y? =(x?~y")—(dx—4y) =(x-y)(+y)-4(x—y) =(-y){(x+y)-4} =(x-y)(x4y-4) (iv) 3-12(a-b =3{1-4(a-))} =3[1? ~(2(0-0}"] =8[(1+200-b) -2(@_pp) =8(1+ 20-25) (1-24 498) (wv) Het 2)~ yy 4z)= 2 422-92 yy = (x? ~ 9) 4 (ee — yay =-Wersys2(x—y) a(x “Wit y) +2} F(E-y) (x45 42)(wi) a? - 1. 162-25" 4, 12m? -27 7, (20-b)* -16c" 10. a‘ -1664 13, 36 -(m+n)? 16. x°-144 19. (8+2a)* ~ 25a? 2. Tba°b? - 108ab* R 256x° - 81x 28, pq? - ptq! 31. x 625 U. s-yoatey? 31, (2x +1)? -9x4 40. 16a -6* 43, abt ~81c* 46. 18a"? ~32 (4x-+5y)(4x—5y) (12a—176)(120 +176) 5(Gx-3y)(5x+3y) (2a~b+40)(2a—b—4e) 30 (a~4)(a+4) (61+ m4+n)(61-m—n) ae b? -a-b=(a? -b)-(a+b) =(a-b)(a+b)-(a+6) =(a+b) {(a-b)-1} 2. 5. 8. 11. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. | 1G 4 )(2? +1)(44 41) EXERCISE 7.5 me ze each of the following expressions: 27x? -12y* 125x? - 45y” (+ 2y) -4(2x-y)? el u . 25xty* -1 (x-4y)? - 625 (x+y)? -(a-b) x —16x° at -(2b+0)* Bx°y — 243xy3 xf-1 16 (2x - 1)? - 25? x! -(2y-32)* a‘ -16(b-c)* ay? - yx? oT ) ANSWERS 15. 18. 21. 24, 27. 30. 33. 36. 39. 42, 45. . 1440” - 2890" . 144a” - 16967 9. 12, 8a° -48a° 64-(a+1)” «od 3 9(a— by? -100(x- yj? lias 422 16°” 49” * 50_ 2x? x 81 a (8x+4y)* — x4 atb* -16c* 49 (a-b)* -25(a +b) 4 (ay +? -9(x-1? a’-b?+a-b 2a* - 32a x “x 2, 8(8x—2y)(x+2y) 4, 8(2m—3)(2m +3) 6, (12a +18x)(12a-13x) 8 5x(-3x+4y) 10. (a +2b)(a-2b)(a +487) 12. -(a+9)(a-7) 14, (xy? —1)(6x2y* +1) 7172.18 Mathematin 8, w5, (#-2)(a+3)(et +4) 16, x(a -12)+12) 17. (x 4y + 25)(¢—4y—25) 18. epee are 19. 830-a\(8+7a) 20. (x+y+a—-b)(x+y—a+b) 2(=_2 \/x_ 2 2 £_2,\2,2 . Sab? (Sa + 6b)(5a —~6b) a. y (g 2 (E+22) 22. 8a Box x 2. x3 (x—4)(x44) . 2+2)( 2) 25. x (4x43) (4x—3) 06x? +9) . (a—2b— Na+ 2b +.6)(a? + (2 + 62) 27. Be + 2y)(x + Bx 44y)? +22] . Sxy (x-3y) (x + By) ~ (~5) (x +5) (x? +25) . _p'q?(1+ pq) (1- pq) 29. 31. 33. 4 (a-6b) (6a—b) 35. 37. 39. 24. 26. 28. 30. (ab- 2c) (ab + 2c) (ab? + 4¢2) 82. (x-D(x+ D(x? +) 34. (x-y)Q-x-y) 36. (2xy +8x-1) (2xy~3x +5) 38. (x? +2y-32) (x? -2y +32) 40. . (8x + 5y—4) (8x-5y-4) - Gx? 42x41) (8x? 42241) . (a-b)(a+b+1) . (2a +b) (2a - b) (4a? + 6) 41 (a+ 2b—20)(a-26420 (a? +4 (-c)) 42. 2a (a-2)(a+2)(a? +4) 48. (ab + 3c) (ab —3c) (ab? + 9¢2) + may (x? + 9?) (x+y) (xy) (4 + 98) 45. x(x+1)(x-1) 46. 2 (Bax +4) (Sax 4) 7.9 FACTORIZATION OF ALG! SQUARE In order to factorize algebraic expressions expressible as a perfect square, we use following expressions. EBRAIC EXPRESSIONS EXPRESSIBLE AS A PERFEC @ a? +2ab+b? =(a+b)? =(a+b)(a+b) Gi) a? — 2ab +b? = (a—b) = (a—b)(a—b) Following examples will illustrate the use of these formulae in the factorization algebraic expressions. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example1 Factorize: @ x? +8x+16 (i) 4a? —4a41 Solution We have, @ x? 48x416 =x? +2xxx4 442 s(x+4)? =(24+ D(x 44) Gi) 4a? ~4a41 = (2a)? ~2x2ax1 4)? t 2 (ot (Using: a? + 2ab+0' =(2a-1)? ab (Using: a? - 2ab+0? =" = (2a-1)(2a~1)ee pe? Facto pre Gy det 12ay + 8y" Gi) x 10249? + 5y4 (iii) at - 2075? «58 We have, suwer (i) 4x? + 12y + Dy? = (Bx)? + 2x Be x By + (By? = (2x +8y)? = (2x + By) (2x +3y) (ii) x4 —10x%y? + 25y* = (x2)? - 2x2? xBy? + (6y?? =(x? -6y°)? = (x? ~5y?)(x? -5y?) (iii) at -20°b? + bf =(a?)® -2x a? xb? +(67)? =(a -BY ={(a-b)(a+8)}? =(@-b) (a +b) grample3 Factorize: (@) 4x? —4xy+y?-92? (ii) 16-2? -2xy-y* (iii) x* -(x-2)* solution We have, (i) 4x®— day + y?-92? = (4x? —4xy + y?)-92? = ((2x)® -2x2xxy+y?}-(B2? =(2x— y)? ~ (82)? =(2x~ y +82)(2x - y-32) (ii) 16-2? -Qxy—y? =16-(x? +2xy+y*) = (x+y)? =(4+(x+ W4-(x+y)) =(4tx+y9)(4-x-y) (ii) x4 (2) = 22)? - fea}? = fx? +(x -2)*} {2° -@-2)"} a(x® pa 2x2 + 2*) [be + (x - 2x -e~ 2))] = (2x? = Qua 422) (x +x ~2)(x- 4 +2) Pee bay = (2x? - 2x2 +2) (Qe -2)z ™oled Factorize: (® (at gab? +166") - 256 (i) at ~6a°b? +904 -817.20 Solution Example 5 Solution Example6 Solution Example7 7 Mathematics toy Chay, We have, one () (at gab? +160") 256 = {(a?)® - 2x a? x 4b? + (4B?)?) — 162 =(a? - 4")? -16" =(a? — 4b? +16)(a? - 46? - 16) Gi) at ~ 6b? + 964-81 =(a* —6a"b? +96*)-81 = ((a)? - 2xa? x 3b? +(8b?)?} — 9? =(a? -367 -9? =(a? — 3b? +9)(a? - 86? - 9) Factorize each of the following expressions: @) x? -2Qxyty?-x4y (ii) 4a? +12ab + 9b? - 80-195 Gil) a? +b? -2 (ab—ae + be) Gx? -Qay ty? — 24 y =(x? - Bay + y*)-(x-y) =(x-y)? -(x-y) =(x-y) {(x-y)-1} =(x-y)(x-y-1) Gi) 4a” +12ab + 96? - 8a - 125 = (2a)? + 2x 2a x 3b + (3b)? ~4 (2a +3) = (2a + 8b)? ~4 (2a +30) = (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b ~ 4) Gil) a? +b? -2(ab-ae+be) =a? +b? — 2b + 2ac - abe =(a~b)? +2¢(a—b) =(a~b){(a—b) + 2c} =(a-b)(a-b+2c) Factorize: Gi) 4 (x+y)? ~2By (x+y) + 499? i) (2a+ 3b)? + 2 (2a + 3b) (2a~ 3b)+ (2a ~ aby G) 4 (ety) ~28y (x+y) + 49y? ={2Ge+y)}*-2x 20 +y)x7y4 (77 = {2G +y)~TyP = Qe 4 2y— Ty? = 26 — By (i) (2a+ 86)? + 2(2a + 9b) (2a - 3)4 (20 - 95)? = [a+ 8b) + (2a - 38)? = (4a) = 1692 Factorize each of the following expressions: ee as. a Gi) 9x?-4y? (ii) 36x ~125 41-2552 (ii) a? -1+#Example 8 Sampleg Solution - @ 9x? ~ 49? = (Gx)? (2)? =(8x 4 29) (3-99) 7 (ii) 36x” -12x+1-25y? = (6x)? -2x6xx141 — (Sy? =(6x-1) -(6y)? ={(6x-1)-5y} (62-1) +59} = (6x -1-5y) 6x-145y) = (6x -5y -1) (6x +5y-1) (ii) a? -142x-x? =a? -(1-2x4.2%) P (I? 2x1 xx +(2)) =a’ -(i-x? ={a-(.-2)} {a+(1-2)} =(a-1+x)(at+1-x) Factorize each of the following expressions: (i) x? +2xy+y?-a? +20b-0? ii) 25x? - 10x +1-36y? (iii) 1-2ab-(a? +67) G) x? + 2xy+y? a? + 20b-b? =(x? + Oxy +y?)—(a? ~20b +82) =(x+y) -(a-b? ={(x+y)+(a-D} {(x+y)-(@-B} =(x+y+a-b)(x+y-a+b) (i) 25x? -10x+1-36y? =(5x)? -2x5xx1+1? -@y)? = (6x-1)? -(@y = (6x-14+6y)(5x-1-6y) (iii) 1-2ab -(a? +b?) =1-(2ab +a? +b") =1-(a+b)? ={1+(@+b)} {1-(a+b)} =(1+a+b)(1-a-b) Factorize: G@ 2748x415 (ii) x4 42741 (iii) xt +4 We have, ’ 16-1) @ P48x415 = (2? +8x+16)-1 [Replacing 15 by = (x)? +2xxx4447)-1 =(x+4)? -12? =((x444) ((x+4)-1) =(x+5)(x+3)7.22 (Adding and subtrag, ng ox tae tt a a(eh 420 +D-* 2 =( (ehh axa? 2 y141?)-* Gi) xt? +1 = (x? +0) pa? a(x? +1) +4) iG . +p (r-*t its [Adding and subtracigg 4; 2 +1)- #1 (ii) xf +4 =x 4402 +4- -4x? a ((x2)? +227 a+ D240" (x2 +2)? =(22)? (Gx? +2) + 2x) ((2? +2)- 22) = (x? 42x + 2)(x? - 2x +2) Example 10 Factorize: (i) 9—a® +20 6° -b° (i) Po -y exh + 9% (ii) (p+ q)?-(a—b)* + ptq-atb Solution We have, (@) 9-a® +20°B? —b8 =9-(a® 20° b° +5°) =3? — ((a3)?—2xa? xb? + (6°)") =3?-(a3-b3)? =(3+(a? -8)} (3-(@ 6°) =(8+a9 — b) (8-a? +58) = (a3 —b9 +.3)(09 +843 Gi) 216 — yx + y= (C28)? -(y*)*} + (x8 + 99) = (x8 y8)(x? + y®) 4 (x8 +98) = (x9 + y8)(x8 — y8 +1) Gil) (p+q)-(a-b)? + pt q-atb ={(2+ 4)? -(a-b?} +(p+q)-(a-D) =((p+q)+(a—b)} ((p+q)-(a—b)) + (p+ 9! =(p+q+a-b)(p+q—a+b)+(p+q-atd) =(p+q-a4b)(p+q+a—b+1) / \ EXERCISE 7.6 ns = a ie eons algebraic expressions: 3. p'q? -6pqr +9r* it al — 2dab +168? 4. 360° +36a+9aa - ce 7.23 5. q2+2ab +d? -16 6. 9222? + 4xy—4y? 1, ga’ - 24070" +16‘ - 256 8. 16-a° + 40°? — 46° a ob +b? at : 10-x*¥2E41= 99" a? +4ab+ 12, 96-4x-x" at +3a"+4 14, 4x8+1 5 axtty 16. (x+2)?-6(x+2)+9 1, 25-p?-4 ~2P9 18, x2 +9y? - 6xy- 250” 19, 49-a” + 8ab— 160” 90, a? -8ab +16b? - 25c” gi. 2-y? +6y-9 22, 25x2 -10x +1-36y" 93, a?-b? + 2be- C7 24, a? +2ab+b?-c? 95, 49-22 - 9" + 2xy 26, a? +4b? - dab - 4c" an, x2-y?—4az+ 42" ANSWERS 1 (2x +8y)(2x +3) 2. (8a—-4b)(3a - 4b) 3, (pq-8r)(pq—3r) 4, 9(2a+1)(2a+1) 5. (@+b+4)(a+b-4) 6. (x—2y +32)(-x + 2y +82) 7. (Ga? — 4b? +16) (3a — 46” -16) 8. (a? 25? +4)(-a? +26° +4) % (a-b-c)(a-b+e) 10. (x+3y+D(e-3y+D 11. (a+38)(a+5) 12, (x+12)(-+8) 13. (a? +a+2)(a?-a +2) 1d, (2x? 2x +1)(2x? - 2x +1) 15, (2x? + 2ay + 9?)(2x? —2xy +9") 16. (x-D(«e-D 1. ~(p+q+5)(p+q-5) 48, (x—3y +5a)(x-3y -5a) 19, -(a-4b+T)(a-40-1) 20. (a—4b +5e)(a— 4b -5e) 21 (x+y-3)(x- y+) 22, (6x-6y -1) (6x +6y-D) 23, (a+b-c)(a-b+e) 24, (a+b+e)(atb-0) 2. (x-y+T(y-x4T) 26. (a-2b+ 2c) (a-2b- 2c) 21. (et y~ 22) (x- y- 22) 7.10 POLYNOMIALS ne, fused that an algebraic expression consisting of just one ter i calles a exactly hiss oe of exactly two monomials is called a hinomie! one a na uaaed FO far the variables Ge nomials. In all the algebraic err ee bo heite (whole tummbers). This type of ee Sai Snow. a olynomials. We have never alt with an can ‘i ne aie aie ja. the d som ae yy in which variable has ’ctional ex pression having variable in the denom! nat whe in & polynomial « ponents, Note that the exponent (or index) of @ varia’ vals iD ‘eaction, Algo, a polynomial is @ So of mono ann hich 8 negative integer or 2 «1 Variables always occur in in Polynomials: dices 0, 1, 2, 3, ... ete. Following algebraic ex?!a - Mathematics jo, S 7.24 “Se Q Gii) 2x43 2 i ~8y4+5 Gi) xtyte+ (i) Qay-By 4 5 (vi) 2x? 4g (iv) ay + yet ax (v) arbre er None of the following algebraic expressions is a polyn 31 2 1 2, oF alee xP Ve +2, +7 -2 x’ x"? 4Zgx° A ample, A polynomial may consist of more than one variable. For exampl 2ay-Bx4+4y-1, ays yz-Saye+1, 02S? -5ab+6 ete. are polynomials in two or more variables. Let us now talk about polynomials with one variable only. Clearly, 3x +2,~4y ete are polynomials in ua one variable such that the highest power of the variable j, a term is 1. Such Polynomials are known as linear polynomials. Consider now the following polynomials: x? 3x42, 2y?-1, -22 +22, 12-546 In these polynomials the highest power of the Polynomic are called quadratic polynomials. If the high olynomial ig three, it is known as a cubic polynomial, In the remaining Part of this chapter, we will discuss quadratic polynomials in CA variable only. variable in each term is 2. Such est power of the variable in a p; variable, like x2 the type 42 =(x+a)(x+b) ~5y+6, 22-42-19, +(a+b)x+ab. Therefore, identity 2? +x (a+b)sc to factorize such polynomials, Consider the polynomial x? +74 12. Comparing this polynomial with + (a+d)x+ab, we find that a+b=7 and ab=12 » We have to find the values of @ and b. The factors then 3 (x+a)(x+ 6). We have, a+b=7and ab=19, Note that ab= 6 are of the sai The factors of x? =3andb=4 are: (x +3) (x +4), + 7% +12 corresponding to In other word: @=4 andb=8 are: (+4) +9). S, We get the same factors j . : pe of values ofa and b. "Sin both cases, So, we should consider only 0% Let us now consider the Polynomial y? — 7y 4 12, Comparing this with the Polynomial FP +a+d)y40K Ww ee 212 Now, we have to find factors of 12 whose sum is—7, “Ret a+ b= —7 and ab_ : i ttt bis negative and ab is positive, Therefore, 728 @ and b bot} sinte Och factors are — 3 and — 4, ‘h must negative, a clearly sue 2 ene the factors of y* ~7y +12 are (y-3) and (y—4), fences y? -Ty +12 =(y-8)(y-4). pial Jet us take the polynomial 2? - 42-19, ” ” ; comparing this with the polynomial 2? +(a+b)z+ab, we get a+b=-—4and ab =-12, since a +8 and ab both are negative. Therefore, one of a and b is Swe. As a +B is negative, therefore the number with gre veqative. Clearly, ~ 6 and 2 are factors of - 12 such that their sum a=-6andb=2 Hence, factors of 2” -4z-12 are (z-6) and (z +2). Hence, 2? 42-12 = (2-6) (2+2)- Above discussion suggests the following algorithm to factorize quadratic polynomials of the form x” + px+q. Positive and the other is ater magnitude must be is—4, ALGORITHM StepI Obtain the quadratic polynomial x? + px +. StepII Obtain p = coefficient of x and, q = constant term. Step III. Find two numbers a and b such that a +b =p and ab =q. Step IV Split up the middle term as the sum of two terms ax and bx. Step V Factorize the expression obtained in step IV by grouping the terms. Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ample1 Factorize each of the following expressions: @ 246248 (ii) x2 442-21 (iii) x? - 7x 412 Solon) In order to factorize x” +6x+8, we find two numbers p and q such that p+q=6andpg =8. Clearly, 2+4 =6 and2x 4=8. We now split the middle term 6x in the given quadratic as 2x + 4x. x? 46x48 =27 +2x+404+8 = (x? + 2x) +(4a0 +8) =x (x+2)44(x+2) =(x+2)(x44) (i) In order to factorize x” +4x~-21, we have to find two nui such that p+q=4and pg=-21 Clearly, 7 +(-3)=4 and 7x -3 =-21. mbers p and ¥7.26 Example 2 —$—$Slor ¢, lagy u i of We now split the middle term 4% Date 32-2 2 -21 2 +7x =e 2 yt) (e+ 22) -3) ; Oe _In+12 We pave to find two numbers 7 =12. such that p+q=—7 and PY z qy, -3-4=-Tand-3x-4= 6" ican de ae split the middle term — ‘Ix of the given quadratic a: ae 2-74 12 =22-Bx-4e +12 (2? — 3x) - (4-12) =x(x-3)-4(¢-3) =(x-3)(x-4) ch of the following quadratic polynomials: Factorize ea : (ii) x? -21x+ 108 (iii) x? +5x-36 i) x? - 2324182 (i) Inorder to factorize x? - 23x +132, we have to find two numbers p ani such that p+q=-23 and pq =132. Clearly, -12-11=-23 and-12x -11 = 132. We now split the middle term — 23x of x” - 23x +132 as ~ 12x — 11x x? -23x+182 =x? -12x-11x+132 =(x" -12x) -(11x-132) =x(x-12)-11(x-12) =(x-12)(x-11) Gi) In order to factorize x” -21x+108, we have to find two numbers s* that their sum is - 21 and the product 108. Clearly, -21=-12-9 and -12x-9=108 So, we split the middle term ~ 21x as ~ 12x — 9x. x? -21x+108 =x? -12x-9x+108 (x? -12x) -(9x - 108) (x-12)-9 (2-12) =(%~12)(x-9) ii) Im order to factorize x? + 5x ~96 ov such that p+q=5.and pq =_36. , we have to find two numbers ? Clearly, 9+(-4)=5 and 9x4 =-3g So, we write the middle term 5x of x? + 51-36 as 9x — 4x. x? 5x -36 =x +9x—4x—96 —— = (x? 49x) (4 +86) =x(e+9)-4 (x49) =(@+9) (x4)7.27 eee EXERCISE 7.7 owing algebraic expressions: pootorze ———— 2. tag! 3. a? +3a-88 ae Bx? +142 +45 6. x?-22%+120 : : 8. a?+2a-3 9. a? +140+48 A yi-de-21 11, y? +5y-36 12. (a? -5a)* ~36 (a+ 7 (a-10) +16 0 ANSWERS : 1, (+15) (2-3) whe. +5) (-x +8) 3 (a+11)(a-8) 4 @-179(a+3) 5. (x49) (x45) 6. (x-12)(x-10) 7, e140) (43) 8. (a+3)(@-1) 9. (a+6)a+8) 10. -D(x+3) 1. (y+9)(y-4) 12. (a+1)(a-2)(a-3)(a-6) 13. (a-9)(a+6) 1114 FACTORIZATION OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS OF THEOREM ax? + bx +c,a #1 We have learnt about the factorization of quadratic polynomials of the form x? +ax+. Following stepwise procedure will be useful to factorize polynomials of the form ar’ +bx+c, Where a#1. PROCEDURE Step1 Obtain the quadratic trinomial ax® + bx +c Step II Obtain a = coefficient of x, b = coefficient of x and c = constant term. Step Find the product of the coefficient of x* and the constant term i.e. ac. StwlV Split up the coefficient of x i.e. b into two parts whose sum is b and product ac and write the middle term as the sum of two terms. Se2V Factorize the expression obtained in step IV by grouping the terms. Factors so obtained will be the required factors of the given quadratic trinomial. Follow; ‘llowing examples will illustrate the above procedure. Bea ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ™ple1 Factorize: () 24745248 Gi) 6x?+5x-6 (iii) 6x?-18x+6 (iv) -2x?-3x+2 | (i) The given expression is 2x? +5x+3 Here, coefficient of x* =2, coefficient ofx = 5, and constant term = 3. We shall now split up the coeffeient of the middle term i.e. 5 into two parts Such that their sum is 5 and product equal to the product of coefficient of and constant term ie. 2x3=6. Clearly, 2+3=5and 2x3=6. So, we replace the middle term 5x by 2x + 3x. < ae7.28 Example 2 Solution Mathematios fo, G Thus, we have 2x? 45x48 = 2x7 +2x+3x+3 = (2x? +2x) +(3x+3) = 2x (x41) +3(e+D | =(x+1)(2x+3) ii i ion is 6x? +5x-6 Here, coothcient ats 6, coefficient ofx=5, ne term = = 6 We shall now split up the coefficient of x ie. 5 ve a . alk is ae that the, sum is equal to coefficient of x ie., 6 and pro i qt © Produe coefficient of x? and constant term i.e. 6x-6 =~36. ; Clearly, 9+(-4)=5 and 9x-4=-36. So, we replace the middle term 5, ' Gx — 4x. Thus, we have 6x? +5x-6 =6x"+9x-4x-6 = 8x (2x +3)-2(2x +3) = (2x +8) (3x -2) (iii) The given expression is 6x? -13x+6. Here, coefficient of x? = 6, coefficient of x = - 13, and constant term =6. We shall now split up the coefficient of x i.e. — 13 into two parts whose sumi ~ 13 and product equal to the product of the coefficient of x? and constat term i.e., 6 x 6 = 36. Clearly, 4-9 13 and — 4 x — 9 = 36. So, we write the middle term — 13x as — 4x - 9x Thus, we have 6x? -13x+6 =6x?- 42-9246 = 2x (8x-2)-3 (8x-2) =(8x-2)(2x-3) (iv) The given expression is - 2x? 3x4 9, Here, coefficient of x? = — 2, coefficient cfx= —3 and constant term =2 We shall now split up the coefficient of the middle term ie. — 3 into two pi such that their sum is — 2 and the product ig equal to coefficient of x? and constant term i.e.—2x Q=_ Clearly, ~4+1=-3 and—4x 1=~4, So, we write the middle term — 3x as—4x +x, Thus, we have ~2x? -3x 42 = (x42) (-27 41) Factorize: (i) 12x? - 23xy + 109? ii) 1252 G) The given expression is 122 Here, coefficient of x? = 12, coofiies 2 +Txy-10y2 ii) gx? + 3529-8 xy + 1Oy2 : 210” lent of x =— 23y, and constant ter™ bcotta Erample3 Para 7.29 Now, we split up the coefficient of the middle term i.e., — 23y 4 whose sum is ~ 28y and produet equal to the product of the cocthen (e's and constant term i.e, 12 x 10y? = 120y*. nt of x! Clearly, -15y -8y = -23y and - 15y x ~By = 120? So, we replace the middle term ~ 23xy by -15xy-B8xy, Thus, we have 12x? - 23xy +10y? =12x? -15xy - 8xy +10? = 3x (4x -5y)-2y (4x -5y) = (4x -5y) (8x ~2y) (ii) The given expression is 12x” + 7xy - 10? Here, coefficient of x” = 12, coefficient of x = 7y and constant term = - 10y* We shall now split up the coefficient of the middle term i.e. Ty into two parts whose sum is 7y and product equal to the product of the coefficient of x* and constant term i.e. 12x -10y* =-120y* Clearly, 15y -8y =7y and 15y x -8y = -120y” So, we replace the middle term 7xy by 15xy ~ 8xy Thus, we have 12x? + Txy - 10? =12x? + 15xy - 8xy -10y” = 8x (4x + By) 2y (4x +5y) (4x + 5y) (Bx -2y) (iii) The given expression is 6x? + 35xy — 6y”. Here, coefficient of x? = 6, coefficient of x = 35y and constant term = — 6y”. We shall now split up the coefficient of x i.e., 35y into two parts whose sum is 35y and product equal to the product of the coefficient of x? and constant term i.e., 6 x — 6y?=— 36y”. Clearly, 36y —y = 35y and 36y x —y =— 36y”. So, we replace the middle term 35xy by 36 xy ~ xy. Thus, we have 6x? +35xy-6y? = 6x? +86xy-ay-6y" = 6x (x +6y)—y (x +6y) = (6x-y) (x + 6y) Factorize: (2x +3y)® -5 (2x + 8y)-14 The given expression is (2x + 3y)* —5 (2x + 3y)-14 Let 2x+8y =a. Then, (2x +3y)? -5 (2x +3y)-14 =a? -5a-14 =a" -Ta+2a-14 =a(a-7)+2(a-7) -7)(a+2) 2 + By — 7) (2x + By +2)Mathematics fo, 7.30 EXERCISE | into factors: tic trinom* 3. 8x7+10x+3 Resolve each of the following eats 9g? -3x-2 eee paar 5. 724 19x-6 9. 7x- 6x? +20 ee ncmt, a, 12-6428 gy? Bary Gy? eae rt pax? 11997 89" a? * 10. 3x? +22x+35 a a 5 tine 180" 15. 6a’ eee x 13. Gx? -18xy+2y" oo 18. (x-2y? ~5(a~2),5 _y6xyz-159°2 16, 36a? + 12abe - 156°” 17. 15x? - 16x 19. (2a-b)? +2(2a-b)-8 : paver’ 3, (8x+1) (x43) fs ae} 5. (x-8)(7e+2) 6. oan 7. +8y) @-y) 8. (x-3)(11x-2)) 9. Bx +4) 6-22) 10. (x+5)(8x+7) 11. (Bx-2y) (4x39) See cee eetes) eee eee 14. (ox+3y) (Tx-5y) 15. (a +36) (6a~6) 16. 3(6a+5bc)(2a-be) 17. (6x +3yz) (8x -5yz2) 18. (x -2y-2)(*-2y-3) 19. (2a-b+4)(2a-b-2) 7.11.2 FACTORIZATION OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS BY USING THE METHOD OF COMPLETING THE PERFECT SQUARE In order to factorize quadratic polynomials by using the method of completing the squt we may use the following stepwise procedure. PROCEDURE StepI Obtain the quadratic polynomial. Let the polynomial be ax” + bx +c, where ¢* Step Make the coefficient of x? unity by dividing and multiplying throughout by ib is not unity i.e., write or sbreena(x? +24) a Step HI Add and subtract square of half of the coefficient of x i.e., write of sbrsena(s?s bes) Coa: { r walstealzeo(2y (2 Bare 2a)” *\2q) “lag) + Step IV Write first three terms as the is 2 Write °Sauare of a binomial and simplify last two te™™ ect sbevenals alah (gy ss} 2a. nel) ~4ac . 4)- iti oi 731 y Factorize last step obtained in step'€V by using q?—p2 SP” psired factors. examples will illustrate the above procedure, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES =(a—b)(a+b) to get ollowin Factorize y* +6y+8 by using the method of completing the square. e1 examp! . a . "pl?" Here, coefficient of y® is unity. So, we add and subtract th soit? Of coefficient of y. e square of the half y2+6y+8 =y? +6y+8?-37 +8 Adding and subtracting, =(y? +6y+3?)-1 ° =(y+3)?-1? [By completing the square} ={(y+3)-I}{(y+3)+} [Using : a? -6? =(a-6)(a+b) =(y+2)(y +4) gxample2 Factorize: 3m +24m+36 Solution We have, 8m? + 24m+ 36 =3(m? +8m+12) [Making coefficient of m? as 1) 2 =3{m? +8m+42-42 +12} Adding and subtracting{ 5) =4? | =3{m? +2xmx4+4? —4} =3{(m+4)? -2} [Completing the square] =3{(m+4)-2} {(m +4) +2} 3(m+4-2)(m+4+2) =8(m+2)(m+6) Example3. Factorize: 4y? -8y +3 Solution We have, 4y? -B8y +3 . {" ae 3} [Making coefficient of y* 1 =4}y? 22,8 Adding and subtracting| 5 Coeff of y| | =44y? oy 412-17 += ie? =4{o?-2y+1)-4] xy i re] Ajo -(3) {Completing the sau 2Mathematics fy, : u 7.32 \ [Using a? - 2? lary Mary a {o-»-3} {o-»-3}] 1 1 y-t-g)(o-45) = “581% =(2y-8)(2y-1). Example4 Factorize: 6 — x - 2x? Solution We have, 6 -x-2x” = 2x? 246 =-2o x? 412-3 (Dividing and multiplying by ~ 2 i.., the coeff : z e ‘Adding and subtracting( 4 Coeff of x } Aee(T(T4] [ey ~-a[[eteontee(2}|-f al] --{=+4) -3} a 2-3) (x+2) =(-2x + 3) (x +2) EXERCISE 7.9 pe Factorize each of the following quadratic polynomials by using the method of ©” the square: 1 p?+6p+8 2. g?-10q+21 3. Ay? +1245 5. x® +12x+20 6. a? -14a-51 4. p?+6p-16; 7.33 yipation a 8. 4x? -12x+5 9. y?-Ty+12 1 ot 2a-3 7 242-12 ; ANSWERS . (q-3)(q-7) \ (pt DP) 2. (q-38)(q-7) 8. (2y +1) (2y+5) -2) 5. (x+2)(x+10) 6. (a-17)(a+3) 4 pr? oe Sem 7, @+3)@a-D 8. (2x5) (2x-1) . (y=) (9-4) yo. (@-8)(2+2) : THINGS TO REMEMBER When an expression is the product of two or more expressions then each of these expressions is called a factor of the given expression. 2. The process of writing a given expression as the product of two or more factors is called factorization. 4. The greatest common factor of two or more monomials is the product of the greatest common factors of the numerical coefficients and the common letters with smallest powers. 4, When acommon monomial factor occurs in each term of an algebraic expression then it can be expressed as a product of the greatest common factor of its terms and the quotient of the given expression by the greatest common factor of its terms. When a binomial is a common factor, we write the given expression as the product of this binomial and the quotient of this given expression by this binomial. § Ifthe given expression is the difference of two squares, then to factorize it, we use the formula: (a? - 6?) =(a+b)(a—b) "Ifthe given expression is a complete square, we use one of the following formulae to factorize it : @ a? +2ab +b? =(a +b)? =(a+b\(a+b) @ a —2ab +6? =(a—b)? =(a-b)'a—b) 8 . a | If the given expression is in the form x? +x(a+b)+ab, then we factorize, it in the form (r+a)(x+b).