aim | To test for presence of unsaturation in the given organic compound. Apparatus Required Two test tube, one test tube holder and reagents. Chemical Required Organic compound, carbon tetra chloride, potassium hydroxide solution, bromine water, potasssn per magnite solution. Theory Unsaturated organic compounds are those which contains double or triple bonds or both between | the two adjacent carbon atoms. Example : Ethene, Ethyne, But-3-ene-1-yne etc. (alkenes and alkynes) Due to the presence of multiple bonds the show/under go addition reaction with bromine water ¢, solution of bromine water in carbon tetra chloride, and Baeyer's test or KMnO, test. 1. Bromine test | LI cu 1 | ungafenated | -C=! Bi — -Cc-C- rf 1 ec tee ce alcoholic | Br Bi a ane Phenolic 2. Baeyer's test or KMnO, test atelt « dehyde 2KMnO,+H;0 ——+ 2KOH +2Mn0; + 3[0] ,- . Fa. Ketod ee or 1 | “C=C + HAO + 10] —> -C-C~ + KOH Cathoreic 1 ame OHOH nO ‘There are two important test for detecting unsaturation ; (SNon | Name of Test Experiment Observation Tnference | 1. | Boothine Take a clean and dry test tube and add | Orange-red colour of Dicol i bromine | fater Test | into it (0.2 g of organic compound | bromane wa Paar eis tal <2 mi of CCl, bromine water or| colourless NTS | wale solution indi Be bromine in CCl,) Bagyer's ‘Take a clean and dry test tube and add | Purple or pink col i ad ret into it (05 g of organic compound +1 bata l enrperenapeed ae Flesh Ber een ements 7 na tus colours | pink colour cons with 1% potassium hydroxide solution in equal volume) Presence of unsaturation. Result ‘The given organic compound contains unsaturation,ss ratus Real fo test the presence of alcoholic group in the given organic compound. uired sags Se Ao test tube, one test tube holder and reagents. rei Theory cal Required Given organic compounds, ceric ammonium nitric solution, piece of sodium metal, glacial acetic acid, anhydrous calcium sulphate, concentrated sulphuric acid, iodine solution, sodium hydroxide, lucas reagent. ‘The general formula of alcoholic compound is ROH where R represents alkyl. Organic compound which have - OH group attach to the carbon chain (alkyl) are called alcoholic compounds or “Tcahols. The hydroxyl group (- OH) is called alcoholic group. Depending up on the numbers of OH groups, alcohols can be monohydric, di-hydric or tr-hydric. For example, () Butane-1-of has only one ~ OH group, hence monohydric alcohol CH, -CH, ~CH; ~CH, -OH (i Butane-1, 4-diol has two ~ OH group, hence, it is a dihydric alcohol. HO-CH, -CH, -CH, -CH, ~OH [Alcohols can also be classified as primary (1), secondary (2) and tertiary (3) depending upon whether — OH group is linked to primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms respectively. j fi a ne oh Experiment Observation Inference }. |Limus test | Take two clean and dry test tube ‘add in each test | No change Alcohols are neither a tube 1 ml of organic compound. Now add in one test acidic nor basic ie. | tube a drop of blue litmus solution and in another neutral. 4 test tube add one drop of red litmus solution. Gaim] Take a dean and dry test tube and add into it (2 ml | Hydrogen gas is | Presence of = ‘OH group Ricul'est [or organic compound + pinch of solid anhydrous | produced with {alcoholic group) CuSO), Keep the test tube on the test tube stand for | brisk few rlnutes then shake well and decant off the | effervescence liquid into another clean and dry test tube. Now 0 this test tube add small piece of dry sodium metal. fe into the| Yellow ppt. is | Presence of ~ OH group ‘Add few drops of carbon disulp! a tent af test abe in the above sodium metal test_| formed (alcoholic group) Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it (1 ml Pink or red Presence of - OH group of given organic compound +1 ml distilled water + | colouration (alcoholic group) [ew drops of ceric ammonium nitric solution). Toke a clean and dry test tube and add into it (2 ml | Pleasant fruity | | Presses of - OH group of organic compound + 1 ml of acetic acid + few /smell is detected | (alcoholic group) Grops of conc. H,5O,. Warm the test tube with the content in water bath for about 5 minutes.wi 1 ae hy LAd fon blank page) Reaction involved : (i) Sodium metal test 2ROH + 2Na —+ 2RONa + H, Alcohol Sodium alkanide (ii) Xanthate test S"Na* I RO-Na* + S=C=S —> R-O-C=S Sodium alkanide Xanthate (Yellow) carbon disulphide if) ~~ ROH + (NH,),CKINO3), —> (ROH),CeNO;), + 2NH,NO, Alcohol eric ammonium nitrate Pink Colourless (iv) Ester test conc. H2S04 10H + CH,COOH ———> CH,COOR + H,O Alcohol Acetic acid Ester (fruity smell) Result The given organic compounds contains an alcoholic group. Leen aa TIT OM ene Tale) PHENOLIC!GROUP TES tobeenstcuiniies 9 Aim oe To test the presence of phenolic group in the given organic compound. Apparatus Required Two test tube and one test tube holder. Chemical Required Given organic compound, bl i i i aaa 1p lue litmus solution, ferric chloride solution, sodium hydroxide and TheoryCon black page) OH ou © ‘CH, on™ ‘OH m-Cresol phloroglucinol Experiment Observation Inference Liimus test | Take two clean and dry test tube add in each test | Colour changes to| Presence of x tube 1 ml of organic compound. Now add in one | red with blue ° COOH or -OH test tube a drop of blue litmus solution and in| litmus soluti i A esher test tube add one drop of red iitmus| aes eae solution. Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it (1 ml | Appearance of __| Presence of - OH of organic compound + 1 ml of neutral ferric| violet, blue-green | (phenolic) group. chloride solution). Shake the content. or red colouration Perform Experiment no 7.4. The only point to be| Dye of orange or _| Presence of - OH noted that in step 6 of procedure take 5 ml of given | red colour is (phenolic) group organic compound (Phenol) instead of 5 ml Aniline. | formed is confirmed. Take a clean and dry test and add into it (0.2 g of | Appearance of | Presence of “OH organic compound + 0.2 g of phthalein anhydride | instance (phenolic) group | $1.2 drops of conc. H,SO,). Pour the content into a | colouration is confirmed. boiling tube containing aqueous solution of NaOH. Listernann’s | (a) Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it | Deep blue or green | Presence of -OH test (pinch of organic compound + 1 ml conc. H,S0,). | colouration Red (phenolic) group Shake warm and then add few crystals of | colouration Intense | is confirmed. NaNO. blue or green \ | Pour the above solution in a beaker containing | colouration large quantity of water. (0 Add NaOH solution to the above coloured solution, Reaction involved : lon blonk buge) (i) Neutral ferric chloride test 6C,H,OH + FeCl; ——> [(CcH;O) 2HNO, + Na,SO, OH OH © +HNO, —> +H,0 o-n-{O)-on = wo. Phenol Ntrous acid No pritrosophenol W0{O)-n + Ho-N{)= os HO)» Phenol pNitroso phenol Indophenol = wo On Blue or green colouration Result ‘The given organic compound contains - OH (phenolic) group,re To test the presence of an aldehydic and ketonic groups in the given organic compound. ages Reguired wo test ibe, beaker of 250 ml and one test tube holder. Given organic compound, 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine, sodium bi-sulphite, Schiffs reagent, Tollen’s reagent, silver nitride, dilute ammonium hydroxide, m-dinitro benzene, sodium hydroxide, Benedict's reagent and Fehling’s solution A and B. ‘A carbonyl group is present in both aldehyde and ketone. The difference between aldehyde and. ketone is that in aldehyde the carbonyl group is linked to alkyl group and hydrogen atom whereas in ketone the carbonyl group is like to two alkyl groups. For example, Aldehyde ° ° ° VW HI Il H-C-H CH, -C-H CH -C-H Formaldehyde ‘Acetaldehyde Benzaldehdyde Ketones ° ° ° Il {I \l CH; -C-CH; C,H; -C-CH, Cys -C-CiHs Acetone [Acetophenone Benzophone The test for the presence of aldehydic and ketonic groups can be done by fo important reactions : 1. Addition reaction due to double bond of carbonyl group shows the presence of carbonyl group. The two main test for the detection of carboyl group are : (a) 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine test _() Sodium bi-sulphite test Oxidation of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones distinguish between the two. ‘The main test to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones are : (0) Fehling’s test (b) Tollen’s test (©) Benedict's test (a) Schiff’s test 2Test for the presence of carbonyl group in aldehyde and ketone : S.No. pom, of Test: Experiment Observation Tnfe FacDinitro- | Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it (1 mbof | Orange Bed or | a a ‘ml of ethyl alcohol + | yellow ppt. is Pree Spi | pens! given organic compound + 2-4 pervin. | 3m of 2 4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution) 2 (OND) Test _| shake well. Allow the Fae i mutes ee i ; : test tube and add into it (2 ml of | White ppt. is given organic compound +1 ml of saturated solution pad Carbonyl Eroup is Sen ita bisulphite) and shake well. Allow the eel Content to stand for 15 minutes. Reaction involved : G om blanle page (9 24-Dinitropheny! hydrazine (2,4-DNP) or Brady's test Take a clean and dry NO, NO; ce Sco + niy-n-n{O)-No1 ao yean-nn{O)-r02 + HO 2.4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine 24-Dinitrophenyl hydrazone (Yellow orange ppt) OH (i) >C=O + NaHSO; ——> icc 'SO,Na Bisulphite addition compound (White PPt) Test foraldehyde group : [: Name of Experiment Observation Inference ‘Aldehydic group [Ar Schiff's Take a clean and dry test tube and ‘add into it (2 ml of | Deep red or Feagent test | given organic compound if liquid or 05 g of solid | purple is confirmed. Br ganic compound + 2-4 ml of alcohols + 2 mi of Sciffs | colouration reagent). | Tollen’s Take a dean and dry test and add into it nlf given | Metallic silver | Aldehydic grouP FZ Hicagent test | organic ‘compound + 2 ml of ‘Tollen’s reagent) and | mirror is formed | is confirmed. Or8 the mixture in a water bath for about S minutes. id into it (1 ml of | Red ppt. is ‘Aldehydic group is confirmed. fan and dry test tube and ad * Fehling’s solution B+ 1 | obtained Fehling’s Take a cle heat the content Feta "est | Febling’s solution A + 1 mi o Ff of given organic compound) and Fe beut 3 minutes in a water bath TV Benedict's | Take a clean and dry test tube ‘and add into it (1:ml of | Orange-red ppt ‘Aldehydic grouP test aepanic compound if liquid or 0.5 8 of ‘organic solid in | obtained is confirmed. Organ eotiied water +2 ml of Benedict's solution) and Aact the content for about 5 minutes in a water bath. Reaction involved : lon blank P age) ( Tollen’s Reagent test RCHO + 2{Ag(NH5)2]" + 30H™ 1 Aldehyde Silver Tollen’s Reagent mirror 5 RCOO + 4NHy +2Ag! + 2H:0ee a i Fetting Solution test On bleu page | ‘ (a s - R-C=O + 2Cu™ + SOH” —s RCOO™ + Cu,0 + 31,0 Rat ppt a Bonedicts test RCHO + 2Cu™ + 50H" —s RCOO + Cu,0 + 3H,O Rest pot ‘To for ketonic group : Experiment Observation | Inference | trobenzene | Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it (I ml of organic | Violet Ketonic group | compound or 05 g if solid + 0.1 ¢ of powdered mdinitro- | colouration | is present. benzene + 1 ml of NaOH) and shake the content well. Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it (0.1 g of soild | Red Ketonic group | sside test | sodium nitroprusside + 1 ml of distilled water + 0. 5 ml of | colouration | is confirmed, organic compound or 05 g if sotid) and shake well and then | | add NaOH solution dropwise. J Reaction involved : Li on blade pege) ( mdinitrobenzene test NO, R peeO + —+ Violet colouration R NO, Ketone minitroberzene (i) Sodium nitroprusside test CH,COCH, +OH” ~—> CH,COCH; +H,0 CH,COH} + [Fe(CN);NO|* ~—> [Fe(CN)sNO.CH,COCH,|> Nitroprusside ion Red colour Result ‘The given organic compound contains carbonyl group and shows the presence of (aldehydic/ketonic) group.To test the presence of carboxylic group in the given organic compound. Apparatus Required Test tube, test tube holders, water bath and glass rod. Chemical Required Given organic compound, blue litmus paper or solution, ethyl alcohol, conc. sulphuric acid, and sodium hydrogen carbonate. Theory Organic compounds which contains - COOH group are called carboxylic acids (as they contain carbonyl and hydroxy! groups). For example, i CH, -C-OH Acetic acid ‘These are organic acids and are weaker then mineral acids. The carboxyl group can be detected by litmus, sodium hydrogen carbonate and ester test. 5No.| Name of ee Experiment Observation Inference 7” Litmus test | Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it | Blue litmus Carboxylic group : (a pinch of organic compound + 2 ml of distilled | solution turns red. | is present. water + 2-3 drops of blue litmus solution). Sodium Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it (pinch | Brisk effer vescence | Carboxylic group A inydrogen _| of organic compound + 3 mi of saturated scfiton | as ta cokes | Caooaalicg Giotate | Sodiden hydrogen carbonate) eaciia ter Ay Aster test | Take a clean and dry test tube and add into it (2 mt | Pleasant Fruit Ae grou efor Visceia ens macating | Reta | mg drops of conc. H,SO,. Warm the test tube with theyr sue FUNCTIONAL GROUPS PRESEITT IN ORGAHIG COMPOUNDS BY reaction involved : lon blank Pp ag e) {p sorlium hydrogen carbonate tes tt RCOOH + NaHCO, —+ RCOONa + CO,t + Carbenylic acid Sodium Setsin tet, ae bicarbonate catborylie acid (ip Ester test “ HY RCOOH + ROH + RCOOR +H,0 Carboxylic acid Alcohol Ester pesult gest ‘The given organic compound contains carboxylic group. eB AAO OST SST on eee oe - ‘Kim | | | To test for the presence of amino (primary) group. Apparatus Required Test tube, test tube holder, ice bath and Bunsen burner. Chemical Required Given organic compound, dilute HCI, chloroform, 05 M alcoholic KOH, sodium nitrite, starch-KI paper and beta-nephthol. 4s Theory ‘Amino (-NH,) groups are basic in nature due tothe presence of Toan par of electrons on nitrogen. aa ence, it readily reacs with an acid to form a salt which is soluble in water and this can be 2 used as a test for its presence. 4 Fe , or example, nh CH; -NHz © Methylamine anilineNome of i Experiment Experiment tert | gs 1. [svubity [Takeo clean and dey et tube and ad intoit (tot | Organic Ani ny tt ongaic compound? 12 ml of dite HC) and shake compound be | A |r dissolves Loa! 2 {Nites cid | Take a clean ant dy et ube and ald int iL g of) Brisk eler- | Prinasy p> tet nic wpound +5 fd HC) nd ol he vesence due to ama ee | soton in ie water and then add 2 ml of ice cold] formation of — Jeong PS | solution of sodium nti nitrogen gas, 3. | criylomine [Take a ean and dry test tbe and ad int it 23 ] Offensive smell | Aliphatic gp tel lrops of organic compound +23 drops of chloroform | produced, aromatic noe | (| 28 ops of 05 Male KO and heat he is pres mixture 4. fasodye | As pr Esperiment 75, Orange coloured Pinay sin ist dye fomed | anno greys conimed.” | Nore ‘Donotinhaethe vapours frmodincarboylamine testa isoqunidelcabyanine “is toxicin nature and destroy the product by adding cone. HCL Reationinvohed: (OD blanle pe J é) (0 Solubility test NH, Nibcr +H O Aniline Add ‘Soluble (dissolves) (i Nitrous acid test R-NH, + HNO, —> ROH +N; +H,0 Amine Nitowsacis Aha (i Carbylamine est R-NH, + CHCl; +3KOH —> RNC+3KCI+3H,0 Aine Cia Iseyaide (io) Azo dye test (ose NaNO, + HC! ———y HNO, + NaCl Nits asdagro: wens oy . ai 0 roll . [On blank NH Nach page (0-5)°C 7 +HNO, = ——~, + HO Benzene dizonium chloride n3cr OH Benzene crane Phenol (Orange dye) set ‘The given organic compound contains amino (-NH) group.