ARTIAL DERIVATIVES (02)om | Functions of two or more independent variables appear in many practical problems more _ often than functions of one independent variable. The concept of derivative of a single variable function f(x) is extended to the function of two or more variables. A | Suppose f(x,y) is a function of two independent variables x8y, we treat y as constant and find the || derivative of f(x.y) want x, then the derivative is called PARTIAL DERIVATIVE. Partial differential equations are used to mathematically formulate, and thus aid the solution of, physical and other problems involving functions of several variables, such as the propagation of heat or | sound, fluid flow, elasticity, electrostatics, electrodynamics, etc.Partial Derivatives : Letf bea function of two variables whose domain includes the point (& b). The partial derivative of f with respect to x at (a, b) is defined b: z =f ¥ 6 (a,b) = lim LG +h b)— fab) hoo h The partial derivative of f with respect to y at (a, 5) is defined by Slab +h)— fla,by h S, (a,b) = lim© the partial derivative of f(x,y) with respect to x and y are Jy PF) Gp ate D jig LEA Ox Ano an FL the SEIN SOL9) _ (y _ ay Ne ‘A fant ® for general n-variable oR yr ysees Ny) piggy LR eR ge FAN, eX IM Ss Bae wee) ‘a, ae Ax, ® second partial derivatives of two-variable function £0.) 2 Fy PF, ee ae ae at Iu ay “ay Oy Fn 2H Fs. 2 PF, FF. ax “ay ay sho ay “ax? ayax Sn a ; eeer Derivatives WHAT IS PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION ? BD Letizfxy)be funtion oftwo individual variables Pata cervatves of ote So tigher can ako be One x&y the derivative with respect to x keeping y fin Uf »-2(4)- af constant Is called partial derivative of 2 with ay Navas] ay"ax respectton and using Clairauts Theorem itcan be shown that we also have. B® ktisdenoted by a, af, f,. Ox dx foyy = by = fy if these functions are continuous Itisdenoted as z= lim fly+dx.y) -flxy). Ox a0 akPartial Derivative - Defin emer ees elie eer Ret a oe el ee es chun: aise eee a eee od freer is Rael eu Me ane he Mee ens eet ear ee NC eae] ees RGR Ru mt aia eet Nueces ts Tare]Homogeneous Functi A function f (x, y) in x and y is called a homogenous function, if the degriées of each term are equal. Examples: g(x, y) =x? -xy+y7 Is ahomogeneous function of degree 2 f(x, y) =x? + 3x2y + 2y?x Is a homogeneous function of degree 3salem GE Homogeneous Functio LEAs e Definition: A function f(x,y) is said to be homogeneous of tear’. k (in x and y) if and only if (A. x,A y) = AE f(x,y). _ e Example 1: Show f(x,y) = vz +4y is homogeneous of degree %. e@ Solution: f(Aw. Av) = Ac + 4dry = YX + 4y) l =r} (G+ 4y) = ra fle, y)_EULER’S THEOREM : if f(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree nin x & y having continuous partial derivatives, then|I or Xa TV 3y =nf (xy) | Proof: itis given that fix.) | is a homogeneous function of degree n in x & y so we can write flxy) =x" FC ) [Lawt 2y (B) nxt FL) ———tt) similarly S¢=2" F(Z)" (2) =x"1 e(%)’ ——2) From (1) & (2) ele =nf (cy) — I may also be extended as x5! + y 2h 4256 =n (xyz)Example : 01 : If u=log (x? + y3+ z3 — 3xyz), then prove that au, du, au 3 Oy az x+y+z Solution: Given w= log (x° + y2+z° — 3xyz) aes Ox eonBaample : 01 : If u = log (x? + y3+ 23 — 3xyz), then prove that du, du, du 3 H+ +e ox Ay Oz xty+z Solution: Given u = log (x3 + y3+23 — 3xyz) au 3[x?—-yz) au 3[y?—xz) a ue 3[z?—xy] Ox xSty3+23-3xyz’ dy x3+y34+23-3xyz By -x8+y3423-3xyz Ou , Ou, Ou _Sptoyaty?axat zt xy] _ afxtty?s 2? axe —ya-xy) Oy Oz xstySt+ 23-3xyz0 xStyS4 23-3xyzExample : 01 : If u=log (x* + y3+23 — 3xyz), then prove au, Qu, au 3 ax Oy Oz XxX+y+E Solution: Given w= log (x* + y#+23 — 3xyz) au Bfxt—ya] ou 3[y?-aa} au 3{z?-a2y] ax x3+y3423-Sxyz" By x3+y3t23-3xyz ~ SS ty3+ 3-3xyz au, du, du _ Bf? -yaty?—x2t 2 -xy) _ pes -yz-xy) a a xSiys+ 23-3xyz aSdty3+ 23-32y2 B{x?-4y?4 2?—x2 -y2~2y) * ebtyt alaae —ye-xylerty ta) saExample : 02: Ifu = fey, y-z, 2x) log (x3 + y3+ 23 — 3xyz), then prove that fy La fi ed ax dy dz x+y+e Solution: Given u = log (x? + 2+ 23 — 3xyz) ou ___3ix*—ya} Qu _aty?=xz] ea dx Sayta—aays’ By Bayh a-aays © Gy GFaght a3 -Sape [x2—yaty?—x2t 22—xy) _ 3[xtty?+ 22-22 —y2-xy] —Snian aha B[xt+y2+ acral F FP aaa assI ~ ein (_24Y. ae he (<2%)-then prove that yu SV ag and x+y Solution: Given that u = sin=# (222 tha = (325) ~sinu +r) (5) = f is a homogeneous function of degree 1/2es =< ‘ax * Yay. 2 ay Dein), 2 (sinw) 1, 2 ax ay x COSU ae +y cosu gu sinu ad Qu_1 oi, yee ‘ar VoyExample : 02 : If u = f(x-y, y-z, z-x) log (x? + y?+ 23 — 3xyz), then prove that au ax au 3 @z x+y+z dolution: Given u = log (x* + y?+z3 — 3xyz) ou 3[x?-yz) du___3[y?-xa) & Ou 3{22-xy] Ox S+y3t B-3ayz’ Oy x+y a3-3xyz “Oy ty + —Bxyz du, uy Ou _ SP yrtyP art Pay] _afePy?s sPoxe —y2—ay) ax ay be aStySt-arye Saye — 3[x2+y?+ 22-x2 —yz-xy) a ® [xtey?+ 2t=xz —yz-xyl(xtytz) xtyte