Disease prevalence at household level in smallholder

livestock production system in Botswana

Katjiuongua, H., Mbeha, B., Ntesang, K., Hendrickx, S. & Marobela, C.

Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production

Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
 Disease prevalence at household level

• Animal disease outbreaks: can be devastating

Direct costs
- Death of animals
- Repercussions throughout the livestock chain
- Human health and deaths

Indirect costs
- Lower productivity – slow growth, reduced efficiency of input use
- Reduced access to markets

Negatively affects competitiveness at household and national

levels

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 Disease prevalence at household level

Objective
– Better understand livestock diseases prevalence at household level
– Gauge: what is going on at household level

Data
– Survey of individual households – randomly selected (N = 596)
– Participatory epidemiology (PE) - Serowe, Mahalapye, Boteti, Kasane
and Selebi Phikwe (N= 699)

Findings

Way forward

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 Disease prevalence at household level
Individual household survey:
Most commonly experienced diseases - cattle
25 (%)
20 Other
- Contagious abortion (20%)
15
- Ticks (16%)
10

Series1
5
Goats:
0 - Abortion
- Diarrhea
- Foot rot

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 Disease prevalence at household level
Participatory epidemiology :
Overview of most common cattle diseases reported by sub-district.
Serowe Boteti Malahapye Kasane
1 Pasteurellosis Pasteurellosis Lumpy skin disease Cutaneous streptothricosis - Most can be
2 Black leg Internal parasites Pasteurellosis Fasciolosis prevented by
3 Lumpy skin disease Botulism Black leg Calf paratyphoid vaccination
4 Botulism Ophtalmia Botulism Abortion
5 Contagious abortion Heartwater Bovine ephemeralfever virus (BEFV) - High
6 Helminthiosis Anthrax Opthalmia occurrence of
7 Abortion Mineral imbalance abortion
8 Parasites
9 Aphosphorosis
- Consistent with
10 Calf paratyphoid
sero results on
leptospirosis

- Kasane:
different -
fasciolosis

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 Disease prevalence at household level
Participatory epidemiology
- Only 2 districts: hard to
Most common sheep and goat diseases generalize
Serowe Kasane
1 Pasteurellosis Heartwater
- High occurrence of
2 Heartwater Contagious ecthyma
abortion
3 Enterotoxemia Abortion
4 Footrot Helminthiasis
- Need to explore
5 Pink eye Dermatophilosis
leptospirosis in small
6 Contagious abortion
ruminants

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 Disease prevalence at household level
Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates
- High fatality rates
Herd morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates - Kasane from fasciolosis
(asymptomatic)
Overall morbidity 38.0%
Overall mortality 23.0% - High occurrence of
Overall Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 60.5%
lumpy skin
CFR Dermatophilosis 58.8%
CFR Fasciolosis 69.2%
CFR Lumpy Skin Disease 33.3%
CFR Calf parathyphoid 50.0%
Other diseases (ephemeral fever, abortion) 66.7%

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 Disease prevalence at household level
Morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates
- Septicemic
Flock morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates- Serowe sub-district pasteurollosis is the
Overall morbidity 46.0% cause for most
Overall mortality 15.0%
mortality
Overall Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 32.6%
CFR Heartwater 71.4% - High occurrence of
CFR Helminthiosis 18.8%
abortion
CFR Pasteurellosis 80.0%
CFR contagious abortion 15.4%
Other diseases 20.0% - Need to explore
leptospirosis in small
ruminants

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 Disease prevalence at household level

Average expenditure disease management (BWP/year) Animal health care

Ticks control - Extension agents most

important source of
Curative
animal health
Goats/sheep
information
Cattle
Vaccination
- Animal health
provider and input
Deworming supplier
0 50 100 150 200
- Use govt. veterinarians
– 80%
Average expenditure (BWP in 2012) -
livestock

Deworming 281
Curative 302
Vaccination 226
Ticks control 253
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 Disease prevalence at household level

Way Forward

- Need to investigate leptospirosis in small ruminants

and its zoonotic aspects

- Investing in internal and external parasites to

prevent loss of animal due to disease – important

- High worm (burden) – occurrence

- Further analysis - look at factors affecting adoption

of technologies and preventive measures of
specific diseases at household levels

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Thank you

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