\ es systenn and codes. _ r || Number >4SHeN0 [LT _cligitat _svsieen thelr _Ose Four by pes of numbers Shem . Binasy number System Co & 4) Include number Decimal number __systern __C 0 fo 3) 3>, Octal Number system __C9_fo D Hexadecimal number ssiem CO ta 5) Sst l 21] Rinory- numbers system The number each term —_tohich __indciuicle | Awo mumbpess that {sO and ¥ that number [is called —_binasy Number _SySiem H leg. The sadix of _binam amber js 2 | exampie_s= Clote)2 . (101) | . L z 2] Decimal number ‘system The Numbers _ewhich includes “Pen numb | | that amber System ___f. caltect__decimna | number ___system __CO fo 3) tt . I The xadix of dectmal number fs lo {| [8S Cs) 9 C12) 0eg ap) 2 . — te sat Iex Logic gales and legtc a) | __ t Poon al Octol namba sy Stem. i : = Ths __numbes— sysiem Which include eign | __ c fs gion ts eas ee ge ; —(3) “number _[s System is_called number | . “The Qn: thee dypes oF logit. gate: $ ———-Susiem. - =a —___—_) aoe : zi ol Basic gate. 2 eg ~The sadtx_of octal system is Co_t ip NOT gate ee a (ns ANO gate - Lu OR gofe, aon Onivessal gale li hip Nor gate = 8 NAND _goite >| Special function gale Ex-oR gale AOB Ex= NOR gal noe. imo{ convent >| Binary lo De : -g—Binasy fo decimol Convert armas Sold p= “Syste O cet ic it id . a 22% 2' 9° 7 = Bx{ $b xt 2x0 ix | ETE Atl 2 St r Hoi, =) (13) .el ee ee — L 2 > “ano —gax = fi “Tuin table T/p Sle A |B = Pe Ecmeac ° 1 AND gale. Re Nour“Truth dab! Te oO 1) 1A@S ale wie > 2 QE 48-8 olo pene y: AOL ots | 5 | 8:8 BE ele S ity j Design of basic gals. using NNAND Gate Not gate Feppp —|o |- jo pee ane toon ees of Spat (Qe Oiecence — between onolgg—Cind_ ajgtiol lanes - 3 = signa = 3 _foag_dignot_ Z 2 Digitai_sgoai. [aig signal Dgitetsigral ! e Ea DI Analg signals ast contne-| Digital soa 21 -Ansigg— signal ous_Sgnals_—__——— diseseke —_siynals “The —onaig—_Sgnol_ts_a_—confinious —eignal nals signals —_uses_ont=|> A algitel _sigral_us Si espe ——“fo_Him inteds Nalues fr sepw-| for disescle_volue . fox_aePesenting the = = __infosmation, 3) Bn Js_man be Digital sjgnal_mannt affected dhe __nofse | Offecked 4 the nt ch salipy fzansmi: | fie Deice ting —sigital Signals oc? Flexinte veyfe ‘anvesston. sina De = te exo 42! eau = ata bot af ay a Coie = (Corgis —> CD, ~ zs Co te rte 324 2 ee uso aes sim Cale iz) 2 (iets => Ca T | By Jos octal cenurrsi eae Decimal —Caiet) (eg. Ciattaioi) [ Headecimal_ Coie’), L gio usr oF 4fon Cae > a8 3 = £ a Se => Ca oe Laie #1. 1Gertoe 2 Bina, —Subeina asl Rak 2 fe. be iz a rE = i : = ee les. vCnof Ye = Cowie, Ieee Ga Ap = Fooit A + par? Loyd = Cispi da = Com) - - recy oie), z ott Oott——, [=> [> Tate one's complement of C0111 - Lien Es ab = Z tas is f Jeee = 1" commemerf= { - = — = Dee c [> Aad “1+ cemptement_taith 1" number - = (0100) > Ones Complement. E Bi - (omy? 10 i Tees complements == Boos a E Tn_2% complement" take the one! ore - a Lornperner f__given number fe oct) on oe ¥ Eee jlo thas oni melee 1 e184 2 : Fooot —Crdd +1 So bins ie Ce, gcenaeeere a? Lo = feud: — a 4 a pun 100 <= 4 complement Beier E Looe! — a tormoumet #001 all Th 4_famolement_Substaaction [* jalce Hoe z OT vai, 2'3_comnpleenenh | 42 _comolement af 2"! number Goa ——HCut0) Bok? complernent thus _numice = ee) comme: " eos Ea seg et > amet od [TE camey fs _ gentsokst often _cudaitien ioe | he {th above _Onsuser_oF Fox ma 1 ts phen_fokce the 1 ie of atition[foo Sp Cem 3 staact Cito De = Coin), “Using, > car taf 2 Coun, | S j 12 Comp Is nat genmaated to take fe ci Complemens_ Ada 23 _Compiement Answer __unith 4 nomi Lit ae = B_Gna, = Geen = TEE z ane == Lp “Take ones —camplernean oF Cleo, ey ee E : i oat Z [ a 2 ei - st f [Ss ones is Conic - t O11e = ents tomate fe 2 ra : gl Couns = Cote Using coment wt Take 2 _comekement of 2 numer H Forte zi ode oat giee let eee SETS 5B eel oth —> DP Cemsemafom oo! TOVT —> No comp “eet so_fake 2} i jlo foe ab 0108) Comper —ansiwes_coithnesn. N05) ——— ee | Conmerint—=—__ wor “@rray “Bns_= Coup Nek t= Th_substaacton using 2° _commement am comprement—of 20 fio [ge —maihod__P* fake Aah —bvis_ _PY_no. “oxi am spor it omy gmadlel of _ofkn_| nglek that coy Te | complemen} —onswercofin | genesaled__thm_— dake eel Tar Cio) > Cea ted 2 commremmp" of that u = Dos = 8D — umn —Cinay cote —Decimat, {osu eeu + Decimal—*FBinay ‘1. G90 fe Ee guey_— loa, — Dgny nutes > Cte) ney ~ Gorvasion ore = tor oolt 1090 [> (o1010011 1000) ex=3 [oP Penuatne fast baie af 4 bi Shiney ouinbart Decimal_ni a ° esse Hi ooe1 2 este ue Le Cones} Iie _tauaslp s oie —Culo1)2 info 6 eiie _ a ou +, Binay fe ences % oes 1 Lee) sana, 110 ub wet 0 1 i nae alt 2x 425, Oreo + Pe] 13 LoL txl4tao +7al \ s19 = (205.a = C705) L is a5 Dina am ee f — [ A+ AB, — Bea — = a Sac z as Rudin = as T YF eal = sana —{ z =| casa): (ats) - caffe Tysag =: Auge. Caen) Arc) Ba =" case) (A a)| ee apes Sar = Memorosnt_ of “Sf _susa_vasiobie 13 a 225 Faunl he maduct ef ceemaemen’ enc eit : - plalasl ae a | 5 RE E 28 Leip oti); | ese lie sto cae oe | ie 1) ae | eee - 1 jew the dual of ioiatoed by Goma eda - ‘and —_opesaib es nus pec — enisx and 7 = i r— . # Derseparis 2" “Theonern en4 a ~Comournenit_—of —_paoduet — of _twr0—_saaobg J .—_ayal_—fo_aarm_—_of —_fornpiemen teach J — —vaxioble ee -Qemeygons J" firemen. inate [Cees Ase) faa) rr) Ci) — = hg — eng ei irpoe Sangeet a ; Teale) Caeipa ck ng [natn eae aaco = al — T-CBip) + “rac -CDap) zai saa Waserae oT = = AB — — Drage 4 PAC ABCs BE aceoe As (osteo C2 wast) iaa = Propagation diay ancl | passex_—dissipation is called, “fax! of Pe Voip tie sae ease rae ee I i Taansi tor - taansisiox 1¢)__Cinas_Cremplement_metol_ovid.e. Semicrc Teton} ly ECL CBlectagni.c coupled, i nit —on_jne—basis — of foltewln [potal : f_fleats thatthe Suyeut of neet Jake _can_dnive__4hoi_number af float | >| Basic gate eee {scaled fan =cut “>| psapagatian gate. (Fan out | Powes _dissim tion 2 | Nofse Tmmunity uae T speed of —opeehtion, = 2 i z [ Paamete —— [aasic_gaie | z 7 | Pecpagalien a = ‘Margin fan-out a J RE_limit_of noise waltage can she pani [Boson disso t Sm “by —tegic_gate _usithou —_distusbing — proper Noise immunity | o-2v | sv “omy | ——srexaton shot noise limit 1 catted ca of cpeniin | too. 61 = 100, _ ele — may : esI Preducf of Sum form Cros f “Be aodust_ef_sum_—_af differs’ ia _colled iedust of sim Cos. foams 18) (ara)uth, Ti 3Prsae ef Sum [enn C903 Ferm) “Te product of sim of —diffexcnt_osfati 4 m_fo2m, 1 cea: foam). a ey. (ata) CB-a)s CHIE) Cara), ae » — Demuttinle Encode i mse any Decade al v oe bet [Fach jndivicksa| tam in Standard pc, Th__combinational lyf sit -Outpae [fam —_calted __maa_fem. ae pseenf input in bhi i aoe lement is nok piieent ey Nodes, decoder m 4 wi - i Seuaaeeel 4 Repaestajation I | —)Sum of product fon foam’ - —Th<_sum ofthe pad + of differnt i a aaiable _canich called a. sm_of -_ Pacduct eam. Csoe fam). é $in= kom. i= Fach i ~Slandasd__SOP —foxm_¢.[naree—=0 yert_the —_fanvowing —sapsession ti * Distt? eee Gar fore the fatoaing uation inte Stand = ld Pos fe a ae i y= ia Cat), : fe Cot nse). Cenc), 1 (ay, ane Fara z 1" team sik Fechamue CKa’ Jechrique) 3a t B fouuuine | 3 tam {Ta Gesiean —eapasslan when _n6_of vor t cs Tis jeescases the, using Rocitan lows it Ts z Cosgro): (astro) “Cascse) Inat—passibie “salve the —exencssion__so_\e —eCate100): Carta. ).(osce BRD Solve” that paobiem one techniaue 1s Use. 2 (asic) (Biter). (Bt esT) Cate that thechnique ts ol _Kemag techniaue. Fisnes.\—______.(ns@)____{__}__bet_name_ts festa —toap_techniy 2 CALBIC) (A461) (ALEEEY CH tase)... (an e)=B -dbis_ik the Stondand Das fori i Tn thi lemam technique —tobulox fox(Coda keemag_jabie iso: Paling of 7 fee hatea [aS 92 im Bou Ds. = em Ceduna Cts)“Taees_of Acie Hole Ba Fall Ades, 1) Hauf ocictex Tp Hotf_oddes = is ‘ebscuit_cuith iu oT. is ths 403 ‘oddition of 1) These cixcuit tas ‘ors sma. 2 (0). Cee (Aveo) Civgso) Smee eT ae & 2 1 ais) OS SB ond coat T Ag —biock aiogram cf nat [lat = (een). a [a s€erf—) =a Core) tol tout o Care)peereares? der — incubuf cxddex —__ [seg tun hat odes: TTS fiat adder ee | 4u20 aif _oddews__ond on 9! [| <3 Testa con be censteucied plemented sig War Sf rows AB +cC pea) Agec (AB+ Aa) ar Ape 4 Aa ‘A(64 0) + ABC 2 ABTA THe |otf —ganslaaclos —3= Bull subbsacies tine sebsinaciot ts —sombinotionel_— dial] “The flt_sobiaosior isa combina ‘nite _inpals ond xe —_auutus—_ -cixciit tat —_thses__ inputs and 4 wove -———__Th__poctuce _thhe —_cliffinenre be aa ee yis__dnto cf a half’ supianster ra binosy tits. 91_the —input__ond__olso_PRodye use the fut sobiaate : on tpl : am 7 Sonu aaa |r sets > somes — - [5 tewsow ae out sutstnclar | i [Tats = baie Tete a o pete © 1 z ies a mano E nd | aioe Ts suns I = 1 = $5 p T - ana @ — =e ale | La; - = Bist a Maltiplex er _ oaee PA mmuttipierers js g_combinational cise wit ND data inpuk ond one output oo m elect _ INNUt oohich elects ane 0 the m= data input it to the output. & | Ty : nal ¥ B a E ' mox | | ae | 45 | Bipes__of MUlH plexe x L 221 mux 2) ad mux 3 2] mux ay 631 max Eee st 32: | max ~ a 4]}_ 9 ¢| Multiplexer. I SEY. | Ts 221 © | Te | Tyetent tees en 1 ae | tyuth fable | Rlocls diggxam of 9:1. of 2) Sh +ST) Sop_fasm_me_hi' bola horSie + BSsm 4 Besa 1 Sot, 2 SST + SST«| “Hiopiemenk§ a 16= 1 maultipiex multiplexes ieseat tne of climes + 22m [ie Need af dematinlere e e i be_ayitel dala Prom _maxe_than one sun cis _h_aibte Jogethex oncl_this ca signal_is ta nusaleaeeo = Tiedt oer yman__cammunicotian chanel ———A_demattinfer isa compa tans |_ciacattl —ith ons dala inst and om outputs. | ll Demutioiexeximmove the selabilily —ef the a Lane m select ines. alhich selects System be T_neduuce the _humbe a ipaie_oncl— woul [eriemal iis aiistcl — connection Tine ae | ia demunionne == eee SB =o ae oe Demax fe 7a sat t fy block diagaang._of Fara a —— demattialercert LS Adana fam the newease apaTt E55Paar 41] | \| <1 | itt] au | | ele a | \ || | | | : : PEPER Ey V4 44 | | 4 \| | ge i) § | 1] | | ag | | | sei] iy yz | | ae | ala fa | 14 z 1 182 |g la | q | g |g 3 44/4 FE Tegel | 42 | jy q q e cae 3 Taq i4 De “| 4 eg "| 38 9g 4 ara 3 i Bg |g] | 4|14 ja | 4 q jadag4ag ; dog [Gada |x) 4 le igg 4 (214 |ea4a Fy | 44 |g" Aaa | lel q| eo Lt 4 _. \ Halelatal a alol tel a dol ololal| \ I | dota s. || | 0 0/ 2 | Fol~l elo 4 al lolol lal sfol-1aoio| |Aa4 a ‘of ofefolel ol of-[ofofelo}] JA AY E of] ol of o|-fololo| oo] AAA alae of-|cle}olololo| |, rq al ol 2 o|[0) 0| 2] 6] ol olo 2|°[o]=| 2 ofofofofojolo| |i34 1 4-fol of ef] ofefof alo] | a=falofol oo] 0} | ofo]o) =F 4 dol a olofol of olo a q 9/0] 4 elo] [ig 4 4 ; A gq 9} Jo fo] aay a = seas 5 al lel elo | J elo || onde unen we sone AGE Bi a2} —_encedex__has “fince Outpt nes ight inp! —_octol mei bina jess —_enby one value _al_unyeS Shift — islances countieswe el Ben 4 become a ene 5) both will befeauol fo Sing Rant ¢ Ox¢ Ue lopls_of-the bast 5 vies Thene_Uulll_be_no_ct jue. going ecg 5 cio or am se Seno TOLNMND 4 it S'= 1. Hen culput of 5R- Alp =p [Ho tne close input 2 Tie @!=1 Gnd a Ast Gnd cele a Ve. Stee. Hence output SRE This ls the ses cand Hence outgut 15 undefined fesbida + oe + + IShift fet The binary —dala_in_a_stsisl be__moved ithin__the sesislox Fam one can_| flup=flop_to othe —oulside ik _citha Opplication oP clock pulses. Ths istoxs that au toansfer _arse__col ecko uch dk if resistor. —Shif —esist used _fox_dal ——-sloage_, data _twunsfer__and—_centain a uhmatic _¢ lagi _apesation, = “Tiees oP —Shifi Resisine LC ck sr D. Senta “Tapul Saal Oulnat Cstsa) = im wslol Thput Parallel Quip Cateo) 2 D Parallel “Tanai Sexiel Outpud Corsa) Cairo Poxaliel_Gutout — 41 Salat “Theat Saiol_Oulpat Corse) a ma 2“reo >> Th _Yhis—opeeation_—the dota —1s_-enk aaa +-All_inouts ase _Janded —simulioncously ard ane Seni} — ond. oben output —pavaliy. [7 F evnionie atthe uput—simutioneany 9). Thal_means fest the -do'a is loaded Dh Rak De. Ds. 0.8 Ds Bil The —ovipuls_ane__dsabie__a8 lana Js__applicd to the data inpubs wsoectiry Me —londinng —is_laking—ploxe—____—_f ff the four Flip = plop. nb ns scon as — Ihe loading is complete _ond_ai} >} 5__pasiliye clock edge _is_opolicd, : 8 — the Pie oe—conloin— Shese caused dale} the input “binary bits willbe” loaded! “the outputs ae enable so that —all dhe ino the the ” pip Flop. joaded_ dala _is _made _availabl exe i yl thr ouleut-_lines._simuttoncoust 1} The leaded bile appeas—simulloncusly —cuplsb I mt ny one clock pulses assenlialty vas »—Nurbes_of clock ee a ew _tnexefose __PTPD. ————.0 fous _bi!__wosd ____ ode_of operation. Hence, the speed __of _opasation af +} Appucations of Shift resistors. inpul_pawaltel ouipsl_—Cstea) macte it som} [se that_ofseatol _ingwt__sesfol_quleut. DL fon Lemememy data Stes " _ fox —mullietintion division. + ____ Pawaltel __ ———>|_fs. delay {in a 4) asaitel “Tope Peete camemeecaa! est u nunstee saliel fo Sesiol “congentoe su To, E Ring __Courtes. n_ [ee Si a —Tebnenis conics | { jal _data_~ -fransmidjere. —_Ik | Qe 1 ttoltele a — efiteleo fa — ete tt 7 oe [ele br fa a ri 2 ois _ As_ssen_as_the Gini foun < fox there Counters the Cxfernal | clock sis lack. Medge only fiie-fiog 1 “eu 1 3s “apatied te one flip ‘becaus Oe iL east let sing, fur Ose —is_cnmttel of = clock of O next fiie= Nap Jannsons foe white Pigg. one. - ‘Syochienaus — (ounk feof a Pols ; Tt PBantas couples oil Ve “Blip fics | T = [iscetue the elena ark. ae ce pace ecg s 4c_al| te Plip- Flaps. Imulianously - Rin, x L - a ——Tesuntor and —Isinsoa Counter > — eae eof Syeerenaus—tount 7 : Figg —Gunt + ; ee foae fo —ono fa Ft Ft ct tc : i ta Jebnson counter ‘ohich the —oulput bit Asyncmncus Dh “lost _flip> flee is —inurnted sided fins. 7 back as an — input —-to he “This ‘ais _calied a5 _jowease_feeclnack, nie et tunisted Ring, SJobnsen_founter _is __a_map = , Sn —only 8 Gutof 16 passible states) sett 1s called a nan= binony a 5] —‘not a stiP= Slonting —counte > e_couni Down coun 7 _feom large _= —=fex_ceampie'= “Th ——counlex_cuill be 1o-g8= coon nie 2) _ culpet of a lip Plog tageExtesna| __Clacis As Tynput__of —Pite- plop CD inst Onich tne [isal -fitp- flee and Qe er ‘_applted _ te the clock, -_inpur __oft ah Q)epext flip = Flop = Q. output is app} 1 I | ne clock input of ‘the _ ext =a) i -Plie- Fle.a 9. Shull Reso —itincer —mamnay is definecl_as_the_post sf The shitl_aegukes can beef tuo tapes __Lo_computes in whieh__dote_oa_ paogucin_— stalic& Danger. - __ instsuictions —_con_he__stoeel__-aetaivat a em re Memory__the memory. tor fos | jo_nok_change. — “enews 2 Th Dynamic? memory. capactleas. ave used for. stening _infesmation “The _memoxy_conkin of aynamid Memmy_—can._alke__an__fheis. 200 with fim: “COD. -Cobusged Couric Oates) - “The _€D_~axe__manufaclused using mos echo: iggy —infosmation is stoscel in. Yams of — chow ——e - The —eaonigges af bose ond low cash fe tre — A) [Sepental meme baal Ls i ib. Tk_is__ alcatel TE Seauntval_memanics ase Ibe_memanies—inwbteh, city iss ——\thes__tecations ost eaganisecl__cne —oftes_ fe, 9s Read J Tote Rw —memeny a other Le. Sequeniat Mar The memeny fecation,— inthis ype of [cramps a —— | memory oe, wigan _—in_such_ 9 04-—t quentiol>—process. | ___The_s-quentie__ memories are _Sasthes__p-—__ lived into duno fue buf L aegis CO _C changed. _Counpled Devices) +> en 1 Ene + benny 19 a ress memes -axe_—desigo chy The tnsmlien ech alia on fhe. These __.cxxe__similavy. > Brsing using —cllsovol ip a ~ = oe “such. abies -some__slatic_data, micson 1 Theo tho! ecticol ve “psocessets_ instruction. ee __) sing hina os ciedaically_ALERD The__Rom__ase—_fusthes_classffiecl inte | fom. __ ze sisaa legen sich. —-85.— fellas Peagsoman Bo >_ Fra sob) Prag. ele POM Some__speciol pesfosm association _opescitior eed ea Bee e__oProalien _ samabie Read omy Memory —ToRom) = bythe comvenfion a Aen. ses__can_pxog5am_—dhex Rom _as_pex _ iy one tke, —, ——Closifaien —baseel arn phiica|— chavo ils___fabnicalion._Afiex “psc 1 a ox Neb encygnie —— enka become._peémanctty Axed_in—+ 2) Nelatile ox Nsn= Vota ___.-the__ Rom... T_PReM_—ove_mana facies. [AIT Fes esc tee Faas data Stosed en to _themn_ 7 yable_memory —_is_the work fn. aie les aa =a tp As Zoe aa er eer = 5 a oe Se oa ee oe| raisin Demsutohm [ietn. Cper aay 1 Tn_many_siteh application. the ‘spo ne nat available inthe gua foxn. sesuse_,displacement, widsobiens, ef ee el eae Tealatite—memneyy = 23188 so toh mae aie — aioe tn -anolny- foxn toe es f tes ae _axoentedd nit 1 te ts a exec! _In_memary. [pac indice ensly £ ees — TF pom. _ ce Type: date = fon rere eee i ae 4 [Data Convestexs | : A and Da ceowen = dees —- _ ee fo Deonwte is bby_noluse Sotelimes, ene to Convex l 1 1 t L ———fLatnateg signal inte these —djgital_enuvalint—tughted 2.8 loddet fash (cunts Single §_Soteric “and vise —yossa {ype_Dac oc tec — ual spae_Fuin= ADC _ADe__ADC on Lye ‘3|_Electoonic—cincait use feo suich—_o_convcasion. _ otancd Papin The Dole _Gontias_—oht besa: Te he_advaniages offi byt BD ie A_Ceowates COAC) ) pe eee eae Ew jo _D Conventexe a falda Sich as inaltumehiaion, Dees nmr ee