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Radio Receiver with Increased Sensitivity Audio Amplifier

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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The circuit is basically a radio frequency (RF) oscillator that operates around 100 MHz. Audio picked up and amplified
by the electret microphone is fed into the audio amplifier stage built around the first transistor. Output from the collector is
fed into the base of the second transistor where it modulates the resonant frequency of the tank circuit (the 5 turn coil and the
trimcap) by varying the junction capacitance of the transistor. Junction
capacitance is a function of the potential difference applied to the base of the transistor. The tank circuit is connected in a
Colpitts oscillator.
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Circuit Notes:
This circuit provides an FM modulated signal with an output power of around 500mW. The input Mic preamp is built
around a couple of 2N3904 transistors, audio gain limited by the 5k preset. The oscillator is a colpitts stage, frequency of
oscillation governed by the tank circuit made from two 5pF capacitors and the inductor. Frequency is around 100Mhz with values
shown.

Audio modulation is fed into the tank circuit via the 5p capacitor, the 10k resistor and 1N4002 controlling the amount of
modulation. The oscillator output is fed into the 3.9uH inductor which will have a high impedance at RF frequencies.

The output stage operates as a class D amplifier , no direct bias is applied but the RF signal developed across the 3.9uH
inductor is sufficient to drive this stage. The emitter resistor and 1k base resistor prevent instability and thermal runaway in this
stage.
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Simple Op-Amp Radio

This is basically a crystal radio with an audio amplifier which is fairly sensitive and receives several strong stations in the Los Angeles area
with a minimal 15 foot antenna. Longer antennas will provide a stronger signal but the selectivity will be worse and strong stations may be heard
in the background of weaker ones. Using a long wire antenna, the selectivity can be improved by connecting it to one of the taps on the coil instead
of the junction of the capacitor and coil. Some connection to ground is required but I found that standing outside on a concrete slab and just
allowing the long headphone leads to lay on the concrete was sufficient to listen to the local news station (KNX 1070). The inductor was wound
with 200 turns of #28 enameled copper wire on a 7/8 diameter, 4 inch length of PVC pipe, which yields about 220 uH. The inductor was wound
with taps every 20 turns so the diode and antenna connections could be selected for best results which turned out to be 60 turns from the antenna
end for the diode. The diode should be a germanium (1N34A type) for best results, but silicon diodes will also work if the signal is strong enough.
The carrier frequency is removed from the rectified signal at the cathode of the diode by the 300 pF cap and the audio frequency is passed by the
0.1uF capacitor to the non-inverting input of the first op-amp which functions as a high impedance buffer stage. The second op-amp stage
increases the voltage level about 50 times and is DC coupled to the first through the 10K resistor. If the pairs of 100K and 1 Meg resistors are not
close in value (1%) you may need to either use closer matched values or add a capacitor in series with the 10K resistor to keep the DC voltage at
the transistor emitter between 3 and 6 volts. Another approach would be to reduce the overall gain with a smaller feedback resistor (470K). High
impedance headphones will probably work best, but walkman stereo type headphones will also work. Circuit draws about 10 mA from a 9 volt
source. Germanium diodes (1N34A) types are available from Radio Shack, #276-1123.
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Notes:
Please read the disclaimer on this site before making any transmitter circuit. It is illegal to operate a radio transmitter without a license in most countries.
This ircuit is deliberately limited in power output but will provide amplitude modulation (AM) of voice over the medium wave band.
The circuit is in two halfs, an audio amplifier and an RF oscillator. The oscillator is built around Q1 and associated components. The tank circuit L1 and VC1 is
tunable from about 500kHz to 1600KHz. These components can be used from an old MW radio, if available. Q1 needs regenerative feedback to oscillate and
this is achieved by connecting the base and collector of Q1 to opposite ends of the tank circuit. The 1nF capacitor C7, couples signals from the base to the top
of L1, and C2, 100pF ensures that the oscillation is passed from collector, to the emitter, and via the internal base emitter resistance of the transistor, back to
the base again. Resistor R2 has an important role in this circuit. It ensures that the oscillation will not be shunted to ground via the very low internal emitter
resistance, re of Q1, and also increases the input impedance so that the modulation signal will not be shunted. Oscillation frequency is adjusted with VC1.
Q2 is wired as a common emitter amplifier, C5 decoupling the emitter resistor and realising full gain of this stage. The microphone is an electret condenser mic
and the amount of AM modulation is adjusted with the 4.7k preset resistor P1.
An antenna is not needed, but 30cm of wire may be used at the collector to increase transmitter range.
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