Activity® AIM : To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a: ced collection of such items. capacitor from mise REQUIREMENTS : Multimeter, battery eliminator, THEORY : sm will have to be considered we have to identify these items, the appearance and working of each ite! Lety 1: Drove sat ro teaial device itconducts when forvard biased and does not conduct when reversebigy 2. LED : (Light Emitting Diode) Ialso has two terminals and conduets when forward biases light when conducting. Itis similar to diode in that italso cond 3. RESISTOR :Itis a nvo terminal device and conducts under any condition 4. CAPACITOR : is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when conducts when ac. voltage is applied across its terminals. PROCEDURE : (2) To identify the resistor, capacitor, LED and junetion diode, we use a multimeter. Each of the above devicesi twoterminal device (6) Setthe multimeter to resistance measurement mode ie, as ohm-metre. Connect the two probes of the multimeter to each of the above items and note the deflection. Interchange e probes and again note the deflection. Is. reversing key, and the above component disc and does not conduct when reverse biased. eng acts only in one direction and then it emits igh, ‘and even when operated with ac volay dc. voltage is applied. However, Falarge deflections observed in one direct 8 tion or an LED. The device which emis light when forward binsea ene Second case, itis either a junction (Ifthe deflectonis the sameinboth cases its res (6) Ifthe multimeter shows no deflection in ether ence. AS@ itis a capacitor EVERGREEN PHYSICS vasa)rough tas observed using the Flow of currer nt observed usir ‘sing the multimeter Inboth directions i In one direction with emission of ight ae Inone direction without emission offight a No current observedin both directions ee AUTIONS : ~ alconnections must be neat and clean , jaecutent should be observed with the reverse poatty every time + Alprecautions regarding the use ofa multimeter must beobserved | Why does a diode conduct only in one| Q.4, direction ? iy iis so because it has a low resistance in one Grecion and almost infinite resistance in reverse ‘Which is the most often used configuration of transistor ? ‘Ans, ‘The CE configuration is very often used in a a electronic circuit 1 Why sno light emitted in a diode but only 5. Doesa capacitor allow a.c. to pass through ina LED 2 sel urine electron and holes recombine in a | Ans. Yes, it alow O0 particularly high frequency diode, the energy appears in the form of heat aac. to pass through it. but in the case of a LED, energy 1S emitied at | Q.6, How do you represent (i) an ordinary diode | the junction in the form of light. ‘a Zenier diode ? |i Why a capacitor does not show any current | ans, They ate represented as below rien connected across a multimeter 7 + |! tis so because it behaves as a” ‘open circuit ordinary ¢iode Zener diode for de. Q.1. Does a capacitor store charge ? | ‘Ans, No, it stores electrostatic enersy ik CTIVITY® * ly. Use of multimeter t0 rae | See the unidirectional flow of curren cent (28 Hiode) is in working order. % Crean ie given exert Qa heth Sees eof adiode and an LED.REQUIREMENTS : Multimeter, diode, LED. PROCEDURE : a ¢ion diode and LED + To see the unidirectional flow of current in @ ane soteiniee Setthe muimeter as ohm-meteandfindthe resistance OF C8 oh inthe directions as before. It is found to be low in one direction . : ‘directional. i f current through diode is uniCNS®" other. This shows that the flow ofc stance is high in O08 Repeat the above steps with LED. Here, also the resistanc® tr alco direction and low in the other. In the latter case, the diode « Blac Thus, the flow of current in the LED is also unidirect te it king order : Fig. 2.4 i ic component is in wor! aa ae To check whether a given electronic ie pt te esisance of the diode in two icons obm-me other, the diode is in working order. ‘Avomneter ional. ‘Multimeter Junction diode : Set the multimeter as If the resistance is high in one direction and low in the __Wiva-Voce rs f leads which shows high resistay. Q.1. How is a diode able to act as a rectifier ? pair of lea esistane, both directions corresponds to the emit Ans. Itis able to act as a rectifier because it has a Mere high resistance in one direction and low in the ai. ; other. Q.3. A multimeter is connected across thes, ends of a filament of an electric ire measures infinite resistance. What dys, indicate ? Q.2. How will you identify a pair of leads which are connected to an emitter and a collector ? Ans. Find with the help of the multimeter a pair of | Ans. It indicates that there is break in the filaxe leads (1, 2) or (3, 2) or (1, 3) such that it shows of the electric iron. a high resistance in both directions. Then thepa A, Band € are conne, iraoriece of 60046 118 Obseryeqy os A.and B are brighity ely dim, Is it beew © very ve through C for some rete case more heat the two resistors. In w will be produced per sec. ce current passing Hrough C i an “ aan pw) A outh Aand B because they — vega The resmtance oF Kamp Cy mu Lye Hevesi is OSU VSTY MA py i a0 12, ‘Two kat ps of 100 W amd 60 W are con, avers, Which of he annp BIT More yigg! y z more bi Ans, H= >, then Hee ‘Ans, 60 W lamp will burn mor Hinbilly becaus resistance is more More heat will be produced in 2 Qresistanc ACTIVITY® + AIM: To assemble the components of a giv across a given resistor. REQUIREMENTS : Voltmeter, resistor (oF known valu CIRCUIT DIAGRAM : sen electrical circuit and to find current hy meastiring valiy illiammeler, a battery of 0-6 volts — Sr connecting ving say 100), a theostat, RESISTORIRY \VOLIMETER Fig. 4 PROCEDURE : (a) Make the connection as shown in figure 4.1 above (6) Find the leat count of the milliammcter and voltmeter and zero orreetion i (©) Change the voliage across the resistor withthe help of the rheost ‘any, fat and note the voltmeter reading. (@) Take tree or four observations an record the same in the tabular column bel ar column as given below. ee an| gavATIONS = | eataneeot the given resistors, scour of volimeter= ohm tess count of milliammeter= Zero correction for voltmeter = on. Zero correction for milliammeter TABLE Voltmeter reading - a | Miliammeter reacings "| Current through [iference| ‘Observed | Corrected] oj i served | Corrected | the circuit vy | oul: | ggCAUTIONS : [ON py Connections shouldbe tight and neat (9 Theiliammetershould be connected inser mg tiecuent through the resistor is proportional to the potential difference across its ends. ies and voltmeter in parallel with the resistor and should have proper (a) Allprecautions regarding the polarity should be observed {@) Zewcorrection ifany nmust be applied Viva-Voee (UL. How can be find the current passing through artsistor ? 4us. This can be done by measuring the potential difference across it by a voltmeter and knowing the resistor R, Lis given by mX R (2. What is the function of a rheostat in an dlectrical circuit? 455 Atheostat is used to vary current nan elecrieal cicit Thisis achieved by varying the resistance x) .asR changes V also changes 03. When using a rheostat we use one lower and ‘one upper terminal. Why ? inthe circuit Ans. As shownin the figure, the current enters ata and leaves atc. Thus, the resistance used in the circuit ts that between a and, As the variable is removed towards b, the resistance in circuit increases and ‘the current in the circuit decreases. Qa. Ans, Why is the ammeter connected in series ? ‘An ammeter measures current. The current isthe same through the ammeter ifit isin series with the circuit QS. Why have we to take care of the polarity when connecting an ammeter or a voltmeter in the circuit? Ans. Both the ammeter and voltmeter do not have 2er0 in the centre of the scale, Zero of the scale is at one end, Connections with wrong will deflect to below zero and reading can’t be taken, emActivit¥®@ 1 patery resistorte ost KE ang, comprising at feast @ ‘order and correct the circuiy a rected in proper are Cet rents that are not con} AIM: Tedraw the and voltmeter, Mark the compan also the cirenit diagram REQUIREMENTS : Battery, res or sheostat, key, ammeter and vollmete aaa el with the point across wich potential difference is tobe mary, ll with the point a (Voltmeter always connected in paral 7 ster ig always connected in series withthe cies hed tec tiny (i Ammeteris always ai ive should be connecte (ii). While connecting ammeter and volumeler, we shoul GIVEN: ‘The circuit diagram as shown in fi, 6.1 Cy) i BATTERY vourMeTER. ©) AMMETER Fig. 6.4 PROCEDURE : Let us examine the given cient diagram. Ttcan be seen that this circuit diagram suffers from the following dravbuds (a) Theammeteris connected in parallel whereas the volimeter is connected in series, Actually the volimet always connected in parallel and the ammeter in series, (b) The +ve terminal ofthe battery is connected to the ~ve of the voltmeter instead of the +ve. (c) The-tve of the battery is connected to the -ve terminal of the ammeter instead of the +e. (@_ Dueto these faulty connections the above circuit will not respond (€), Redraw the circuit diagram by interchanging the position of the ammeter and voltmeter. Also, changt! polarities so that +ve ofthe battery is connected to the + ve of the voltmeter and ammeter as shownin ig! Such a ciruiton being closed wall respond and the voltmeter and ammeter readings can be varied OOyu Which has more resistance-ammeter or voltmeter ? ‘us Voleter has more resistance than an ammeter (i. What is the resistance of an ide: and ideal voltmeter ? 1s, An ideal ammeter has zero resistance and ideal slmeter infinite resistance. ammeter (, How can you extend the range of an ammeter? ‘ts, By connecting a low resistance in parallel with the ammeter. This is called the shunt resistance. UL Which has a higher resistance-voltmeter or millivoltmeter ? ‘. Avoltmeter has a higher resistance. {S Which has more internal resistanc (0)alead accumulator (6) a Ni-Feeell “© A.Ni-Fe accumulator has comparatively more ‘sistance than a lead accumulator. Q8. Ans. ‘What will happen if an ammeter is directly connected across a battery ? Ifan ammeter which has a very low resistance is connected across the battery, a heavy current will pass through itand the coil will be burnt What do you expect ifa voltmeter is connected in series and ammeter in parallel with the resistance R by mistake as in the figure ? Since the resistance R and the ammeter are in parallel, their total resistance will be small. Since voltmeter is series, the total resistance of circuit ville high and only a small current will flowin the circuit. The whole of this small current passes through the ammeter. Thus, neither the voltmeter nor the ammeter will be spoiled What do you by ampere-hour eapacity of a battery? ‘The ampere-hour capacity of a battery gives us the total quantity of charge stored in the battery ‘An ampere-hour capacity of SAh means that it can supply 1Aof current for 5 hours or 0.5 A current for |Ohours. —_————@»eo ~~ U») Polaroids are used in photoelastic stress analysis. CTIVITY® A x 1 To observe diffraction of tig AIM: To observe diffraction OL Meit dive to.a thin slit between sharp edges of razor blates. YQUIREMENTS : ‘Two glass sheets 60 min » 60 mm, razor blades THEORY : eee eels in straight line and casts: shadows of the objects in its path, However, light bends if the size of crion of geornetriegl on Lich tisincident has a size comparable with the wavelength of ight. This bending of ight Horie oy eeomettical shadow is called ‘Diffraction’ The diffraction takes place due tothe interference of ight tween the waves of light emanating from the two halves ofthe same waveltont. Thus, for observing dffecion only sesitor aperture is requited, The diffraction pattern consists ofa centtal maxima Nanked on either side by anumber of saxima of rapidly decreasing intensity. Its tobe noted that diffraction cannot be observed ordinarily unlike the diffraction ‘sound, The diffraction maxima and tinima are formed in directions given by asin ® = 1), where ais the width of the slit Since @is small, sin@ = @ "ROCEDURE : (@) Onaglass sheet of 60 mm x 60 mm, place another glass sheet of the same size, which has been cut into twohalves A and B. A and Bare separated by a distance equal tothe thickness of the blade C which stands vertically between them with its sharp edges vertical. Fix adhesive tape on A and B. Now, place twonew blades Fig 6.1 (a) Dand E with sharp edge of each touching the blade C, see figure : 6.1(a), Stick the end portion of D and F with adhesive tape TT’, f— | Removetthe blade C. The assembly of D and E has asl of uniform ij rm ‘width equal to the thickness ofthe blade. (6) Now, hold the assembly at a distance of about 2 m froma sodium lamp. You will observe altemate dark and bright fringes. These fringes are formed due to diffraction at the narrow sli (c) Ifthe width of the slits between the two blades is decreased, the fringes become wider. SveRoREEN PHYSICS LABMANUAL:12_ - = Fig. 6.4 (5)PRECAUTIONS : i (if) The width of the slit should be as”: (iii). Hold the assembly ata distance not Ans. Q.2. Ans. Qs. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q6. Ans. (@ Monochromatic source of light should be u arrow as possible Jess than 2 ™. MivarVoeeo fl What do you mean by diffraction of light * Diffraction of light is the bending of light round comers due to which it encroaches mo the reson of geometrical shadow of the obstacle What is the essential condition for the phenomenon of diffraction to be observed ? For diffracnon to take place, itis essential that the size of the obstacle or aperture must be of the same order as the wavelength of light. Why is the diffraction of light not commonly | observed ? Because certain special condinons have to be satisfied due to the extremely small wavelength of light, | Can sound waves also be ‘Yes, sound waves can easily be diffracted due to their large wavelength What is the major difference between interference and diffraction ? iffracted 2 Interference is due to the superposition of waves | starting from two coherent sources whereas diffraction is due to interference between the econdary wavelets from the same wavefront How does the diffraction pattern look like in a diffraction at a single slit ? The diffraction pattem consists of a central maxima flanked by maxima and on either side. The intensity of the secondary maxima goes on rapidly decreasing as shown | — Why is the image of 2 point objeg we point one but is spread ? Pr ‘Ans, Due tothe difraction of Tight lich gives 8, Give the formula which gives us the OS eight of the different minima aratt diffraction. 4 ‘Ans. The required formula is asin <1, where =1, 2,3, bing, ab=nh — (sin @= if Bigsre h @ane @ ie, the angular height of the minima is 4 2: ae Q.9. Write the expression for the width afi central maxima. ‘Ans, o= 2. D, where D is the distance bem the slit and the screen Q.10. What happens to the width of the cam maxima if the width of the slit is decreas Ans. If the slit width is decreased, the widthef2 central maxima will increase Qu. Why no diffraction is observed wha *R slit is much larger than the wavelengt! light (a >> 2) ? Ans. When a >> 2, then @ = — will be ext small and hence no diffraction will be obs Q.12. Why is the centre of the diffraction p™ | bright ? Ans, The centre of the diffraction pattem 8 because the waves from the two halves \Waveftont reach at the centre in the sa? ———venoreormrscsvanaald