INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

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FROM :- Sajjad Ali
CLASS :- 12
SECTION :- A
ROLL NO :- 27

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

IN THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THIS PROJECT

SUCCESSFULLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY
PRINCIPAL SR. VINITA JOSEPH

and
physics teacher Mr. Arun Kumar, whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof
success his suggestions and his instructions has
served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.

 Last but not the least I would like to thank my

classmates who have helped me a lot.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SAJJAD

ALI , a student of class XII-A has
successfully completed the
investigatory project under my
guidance during the year 2022 –
23 and his work is original.

(Signature)
Physics Teacher
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 INDEX

1) Introduction
2) Photodiode
3) Types of Photodiode
4) Material Required
5) Working
6) Modes of Operation
7) V-I Characteristics
8) Applications
9) Conclusion

:-
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INTRODUCTION
A photodiode is a PN- junction
diode that consumes light energy
to produce electric current.
Sometimes it is also called as
photo- detector, a light detector,
and photo- sensor. These diodes
are particularly designed to work
in reverse bias condition, it
means that the P-side of the
photodiode is associated with the

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NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF
THE BATTERY AND N-SIDE
IS CONNECTED TO THE
POSITIVE TERMINAL OF
THE BATTERY.

 A photodiode is one type of light detector, used to convert the light

into current or voltage based on the mode of operation of the device.

 It comprises of optical filters, built-in lenses and also surface

areas.

 These diodes have a slow response time when the surface area of
the photodiode increases.

 Photodiodes are alike to regular semiconductor diodes.

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 They may be either visible to let light reach the delicate part of the
device.

 Several diodes intended for use exactly as a photodiode will also use
a PIN junction somewhat than the usual PN junction.

See the following schematic diagram for the anode and

cathode side.


 Under forward bias condition, conventional current will
flow from the anode to the cathode, following the arrow
in the diode symbol.

 Photocurrent flows in the reverse direction.

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 TYPES OF PHOTODIODES

 The types of the photodiodes can be

classified based on its construction
and functions as follows :-

- PN Photodiode

- Schottky Photo Diode

- PIN Photodiode

- Avalanche Photodiode
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The main features of photodiodes are as
following :-

 These diodes are widely

used in different
applications
 Where the detection of the
presence of light,
colour, position,
intensity is required
 The linearity of the diode
is good with respect to
incident light
 Noise is low
 The response is wide
spectral PAGE
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 Rugged mechanically
 Light weight and compact
 Long life
MATERIALS REQUIRED TO MAKE
A PHOTODIODE :

For Lead (II) sulfide material: The

electromagnetic spectrum wavelength
range will be <1000-3500) nm

 For Mercury, cadmium

Telluride material: The
electromagnetic
spectrum wavelength range will be
(400-14000) nm

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 Because of their better band gap,
Si- based photodiodes produce
lower noise than Ge-based
photodiodes.

WORKING OF

PHOTODIODE

When a photon of ample

energy strikes the diode.

It makes a couple of an

electron-hole.

This mechanism is also PAGE

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called as the inner
photoelectric effect.
If the absorption arises
in the depletion region
junction.

Then the carriers are

removed from the junction
by the inbuilt electric
field of the depletion
region.

The holes in the region

move toward the anode, and
electrons move toward the
cathode, and a photocurrent
will be generated.

The entire current

through the diode is the PAGE
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 SUM OF THE ABSENCE OF LIGHT
AND THE PHOTOCURRENT.

So the absent current must

be reduced to maximize the
sensitivity of the device.

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MODES OF OPERATION

• Photovoltaic mode

• Photoconductive mode

• Avalanche diode mode

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 Photovoltaic Mode:

-THIS MODE IS ALSO KNOWN AS ZERO

BIAS MODE.
-In which a voltage is produced
by the lightened photodiode.

-It gives a very small dynamic

range & non-linear necessity of
the voltage formed.

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 Photoconductive Mode
-THE PHOTODIODE USED IN THIS
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE MODE IS
MORE USUALLY REVERSE
BIASED.
-The reverse voltage application
will increase the depletion layer’s
width.

-Which in turn decreases the

response time & the junction
capacitance.

-This mode is too fast and

displays electronic noise. PAGE
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Avalanche Diode Mode

-Avalanche diodes
operate in a
high reverse
bias condition.

-Which permits
multiplication of
an avalanche
breakdown to each
photo-produced
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electron-hole
pair.

-This outcome in
an internal gain
in the photodiode,
which slowly
increases the
device response.

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V-I Characteristics of
Photodiode
-A PHOTODIODE CONTINUALLY
OPERATES IN A REVERSE BIAS
MODE.

-The photocurrent is nearly

independent of reverse bias
voltage which is applied.

-For zero luminance, the

photocurrent is almost zero
excluding for small dark
current.
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The characteristics of the photodiode are shown clearly in
the following figure

Applications of
Photodiode
 The applications of photodiodes involve
in similar applications of photodetectors
like charge-coupled devices,
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PHOTOCONDUCTORS, AND
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES.

 These diodes are used in consumer

electronics devices like smoke detectors,
compact disc players, televisions and remote
controls in VCRs.
 It uses in consumer devices like clock
radios, camera light meters, and street
lights.
 Photodiodes are also widely used
in numerous medical applications like
instruments to analyse samples, detectors for
computed tomography and also used in blood
gas monitors.
 These diodes are much faster & more complex
than normal PN junction diodes.
 It is frequently used for lighting regulation and
in optical communications.
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 CONCLUSION

A photodiode is a kind of
light detector, which
involves the conversion of
light into voltage or
current, based on the
mode of operation of the
device. A photodiode is a
semi-conductor device,
with a p-n junction and an
intrinsic layer between p
and n layers. PAGE
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 PAGE
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sankyu
 BIBLIOGRAPH
Y

o NCERT textbooks
o Physics Practical books
o Wikipedia
o I-CBSE.com

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