KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HEBBAL

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 2022-2023
TOPIC: ANGLE OF DEVIATION
SUBMITTED BY: KANISHKA SAHU
CLASS: XII C
ROLL NO: 12308
CBSE ROLL NO.:
SUBMITTED TO: Smt. NISHA M MOHAN (PGT PHYSICS)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my Physics teacher,
Smt. Nisha M Mohan as well as our Principal, Mr. P.
Srinivasa . Raju who gave me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic :
ANGLE OF DEVIATION
Secondly, I would also thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in making this project within the
limited time frame. Lastly, I would like to thank all my
supporters who have motivated me to fulfill this project
before the timeline.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ‘KANISHKA SAHU’,
student of class XII ‘C’ has successfully
completed their physics investigatory project
under the guidance of Smt. NISHA M
MOHAN (PGT PHYSICS) on the topic :
ANGLE OF DEVIATION

Smt. NISHA M MOHAN EXTERNAL

EXAMINER
(PGT PHYSICS)

Mr. P.S. RAJ

(PRINCIPAL)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SERIAL CONTENTS
NO.
1 AIM
2 MATERIALS REQUIRED
3 THEORY
4 DIAGRAM
5 PROCEDURE
6 OBSERVATION
7 CONCLUSION
8 PRECAUTION
9 SOURCES OF ERROR
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM:
 To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a
hollow prism containing different media by plotting
a graph between angle of incidence and angle of
deviation.
 Also to find the refractive index of the medium
used.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1) A drawing board
2) A white sheet of paper
3) A prism
4) Drawing pins
5) Pencil
6) A half-metre scale
7) Office pins
8) Protractor
9) Graph paper
DIAGRAM
THEORY:
 PRISM: a prism is a portion of transparent medium bonded by two
plane faces inclined to each other at suitable angle. The angle A
between then is the refracting angle or the angle of prism.
 A section ABC made by the plane at right angles to the refracting
edge of the prism is called the principal section of the prism.

REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM

A ray of light suffers refraction twice on passing through a prism
hence deviate through a certain angle from its original path.

 The angle through which the emergent ray deviates from the
direction of incident ray id called the angle of deviation ‘d’.
 As the angle of
incidence is increased,
angle of deviation ‘d’
decreases and reaches
minimum value. If the
angle is further
increased, the angle of
deviation is increased.
 The refractive index of material of prism is gives as,

Where D is the minimum deviation

PROCEDURE:
1) Place the white sheet of paper on the drawing board and fix it with the help
of drawing pins.
2) XX’ is the straight line which is drawn parallel to the length of the paper
such that it is in the middle of the paper.
3) Mark points Q1, Q2, Q3…… on the straight line XX’ at a distance of 5 cm
each.
4) N1Q1, N2Q2,… are the normals that are drawn on the points Q 1, Q2,… as
shown in the ray diagram.
5) Make angles of 35°, 40°,…., 60° by drawing straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2,
…….. With respect to the normals.
6) To take one edge of the prism for all the observation, mark any corner of the
prism as A.
7) Place the prism with its refracting face AB on the line XX’ and on the point
Q1 and also in the middle of AB.
8) Mark the boundary of the prism.
9) On the line, R1Q1, fix office pins vertically and mark them as P 1 and P2. the
distance between these pins should not be less than 10mm.
10) Through prism face, AC, look for the images of the points P1 and P2.
11) Close your left eye and with the right eye open bring it in line with the
two images.
12) Fix the other two office pins vertically and name them as P3 and P4.
These pins should be 10cm apart from each other. P3 and P4 should be in one
straight with respect to the images of P 1 and P2. Encircle the pricks of pins
P3 and P4.
13) For points, Q2, Q3,…. for angle 40°, 45°,…..60°, repeat the steps 7 to 13.

To measure D in a different case

1. To get emergent rays S1T1, S2T2,….. draw straight lines through P4 and P5.

2. Inward the boundary of the prism to produce T 1S1, T2,S2….. so that they meet
incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2,…. at points F1, F2,…
3. To obtain the angle of deviation D1, D2,…. measure the angles K1F1S1,
K2F2,S2,…….

4. Note these angles.

To measure angle A

1. To get angle A, measure the angle BAC in the boundary of the prism.

2. Record the observations.

OBSERVATION
The angle of prism, A = 60°
Observation tables
Medium -- water

Serial No. Angle Of Incidence ∠i Angle Of Deviation ∠D

1 35° 25°
2 40° 16°
3 45° 22°
4 50° 26°
5 55° 25°
6 60° 22°

Medium -- sunflower oil

Serial No. Angle Of Incidence ∠i Angle Of Deviation ∠D

1 35° 26°
2 40° 33°
3 45° 35°
4 50° 35°
5 55° 35°
6 60° 35°
CONCLUSION:
1. i-D graph indicates that as the angle of incidence (i) increases,
the angle of deviation (D) first decreases, attains a minimum
value (Dm ) and then starts increasing for further increase in angle
of incidence.
2. Angle of minimum deviation for water, Dm = 16°
3. Angle of minimum deviation for sunflower oil, Dm = 26°
4. Refractive index of water, n = 1.33
5. Refractive index of sunflower oil, n = 1.47

PRECAUTIONS:
 35°-60° is the angle of incidence that needs to be maintained.
 The placement of the pins must be vertical.
 The placement of two pins should be such that the distance is not
more than 10mm.
 To represent incident and emergent rays, arrowheads must be
marked.
 The angle of prism used should be the same for all the
observations.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
 The pricks made by the pins might be thick.
 Angles might go wrong while measuring them.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK

 Practical reference book
 Wikipedia.com