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This is to certify that Likhith Reddy of class XII B

has successfully completed his demonstration file
and project on the topic Refraction through a
hollow glass prism in the physics lab during the year
2019-20.

Name: Likhith Reddy

Class: XII
Institution: DDMS(AMS) P. Obul Reddy Public
School, Hyderabad
Date:

________________ _______________
Signature of Examiner Signature of Teacher

________________________
Signature of Student

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of any task would be incomplete

without mentioning the names of those persons who helped to
make it possible. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude
and respect to all those who helped me in the completion of this
project. It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses
of gratitude to my Physics sir, Mr. Jayanth for his valuable
support, constant help and guidance at each and every stage,
without which this project would not have come forth. I also
acknowledge my sense of gratitude to our lab assistant, Mr. A.
Pavan Kumar, for his help that has made this project successful. I
would also like to thank my friends and family for encouraging me
during this project. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank
CBSE for giving me the opportunity to undertake this project.

-Likhith Reddy

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1. AIM 5
2. APPARATUS 5
3. THEORY 5
4. PROCEDURE 7
5. OBSERVATION 10
6. READINGS 10
7. RESULTS 11
8. PRECAUTIONS 11
9. SOURCES OF ERROR 12
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY 12

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AIM:
To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on
the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled, one by one,
with different transparent fluids.

APPARATUS:

1. Drawing Board
2. White Sheets of Paper
3. Hollow Prism
4. Different Liquids (Water, Dilute Sulphuric Acid)
5. Drawing Pins, Pencil, Half Meter Scale, Thump Pins and a
Protractor.

THEORY:
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished

surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made from any material that
is transparent including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be
used to break light up into its constituent spectral colours. Prisms
can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components
with different polarizations.

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The refractive index of the liquids is given by the formula:

U = Sin(i)/Sin(r)
= Sin[(a+d)/2]/Sin(a/2)

Where, URefractive Index of the Liquid,

∠aAngle of Minimum Deviation,
∠dAngle of Prism,
∠iAngle of Incidence,
∠rAngle of Refraction.
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PROCEDURE:

1.Fix the white sheet of paper on the drawing board with

the help of drawing pins.

2.Draw the straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the

paper nearly in the middle of the paper.

3.Mark points Q1, Q2, Q3…. on the straight line XX’ at a

suitable distance of about 5cm.

4.Draw Normal N1Q1,N2Q2,N3Q3….on points

Q1,Q2,Q3….respectively.

5.Draw straight lines R1Q1,R2Q2,R3Q3….making angles of

20,30,35,40 and 45 respectively with the normal.

6.Mark the corner of the prism as A and take it as the edge

of the prism for all the observations.

7.Put the prism with its refracting face AB in the line XX’
and point Q1 in the middle of observations.

8.Mark the boundary of the prism.

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9.Fix two or more office pins P1 and P2 vertically on the
line R1Q1. The distance between the pins should be 10mm
or more.

10.Look at the images of point P1 and P2 through face AC.

11.Close your left eye and bring open right eye in line with
the two images.

12.Fix two office pins P3 and P4 vertically and 10cm apart

such that the open right eye sees pins P3 and P4 and
images of P2 and P1 in one straight line.

13.Remove pins P3 and P4 and encircle their places on the

paper.

14.Repeat steps 7 to 13 with points Q2, Q3 …. for

i=20,30,35,40 and 45.

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TO MEASURE D IN DIFFERENT CASES

 Draw straight lines through points P3 and P4 to obtain

emergent rays S1T1,S2T2,S3T3….
 Produce T1S1,T2S2,T3S3….inward in the boundary of
the prism to meet produced incident rays .
 Measure angles K1F1S1,K2F2S2,K3F3S3….these give
angle of deviation D1,D2,D3….
 Write values of these angles on paper.

TO MEASURE A

 Measure angle BAC in the boundary of the prism. This

gives angle A.
 Record your observations as given below.

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 OBSERVATION:
WATER:
ANGLE OF PRISM ANGLE OF INCIDENCE(i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION(d)
60 30 25
60 35 22
60 40 20
60 45 22
60 50 25
U=Sin(60+22)/2 ÷Sin(30) =1.306

DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID:

ANGLE OF PRISM ANGLE OF INCIDENCE(i) ANGLE OF DEVIATION(d)
60 30 33
60 35 30
60 40 25
60 45 29
60 50 30
U=Sin(60+25)/2÷Sin(20) =1.351

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RESULT:
WATER:
Actual Refractive Index:- 1.333
Experimental Refractive Index:- 1.306

DILUTE SULPHURIS ACID:

Actual Refractive Index:- 1.355
Experimental Refractive Index:- 1.351

PRECAUTIONS:
 Angle of incidence should lie between 35-60.
 The distance between the two pins should not
be less than 10mm.
 The pins should be fixed vertical.
 Arrow heads should be marked to represent the
incident and emergent rays.
 The same angle of prism should be used for all
the observations.

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SOURCES OF ERROR:
 Pins may be thick.
 Measurement of angle may be wrong.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction

https://www.seminarsonly.com/

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