CASTRO, ROBERTO BRYAN C.

CASTRO
STEM 11 Y1-P2
SIR DENZYL HUBERT BAUTISTA
RENEWABLE ENERGIES NEEDS TO PROTECT

INTRODUCTION

Most communities around the globe would rely heavily on oil, natural gas, and coal for their energy needs. These fuels consume a lot of resources that will
eventually run out, making them either too expensive or too harmful to the environment to recover. Based on the benefits of these energy resources, using renewable
energies in place of fossil fuels will be a good solution. And a good solution for regulating environmental, social, and economic problems. This review article
addresses the advantages and downsides of renewable energies. Natural resources are being used ceaselessly by humans every day. I am saying this
because the Over-exploitation of natural resources without much or any consideration for conservation is wrong.

Additionally, the natural resources needed to support this vast population are depleting quickly. But we must be conscious of the finite nature of natural
resources. Renewable resources do not have enough time to replenish themselves. As a result, it is possible to speculate about the state of non-renewable resources.
Therefore, the world and its inhabitants suffer severe damage from the loss of natural resources. All the Energy resources are getting consumed because we need
them for practically everything, from construction to industry. These minerals, including coal, copper, and others, have experienced a significant drop. And if we
don't conserve. These soon run out of them altogether. The oil reserves are also depleting similarly.

There won't be any petroleum since we won't be able to generate more oil. This crisis of resources will lead to price inflation and the collapse of numerous
economies. Like this, forests are getting destroyed at a frightening rate. One significant example is the recent choice to clear the Aarey forest in Mumbai. However,
the harm caused by this deforestation is very concerning. Only the carbon dioxide levels will increase as which result, and the Earth's water cycle will change.
And we will soon see frequent floods and soil erosion. And this will reduce and even affect our biodiversity.

The two interrelated problems facing the 21st century are supplying the growing energy demand while minimizing its negativity and effects on the environment.
Governments from various nations are working to create rules and policies to support producing environmentally friendly renewable energy, technology
advancements, and conservation measures. Developing sustainable energy policies and giving end consumers pertinent and helpful policy advice is crucial.

BODY
This paper reviews sustainable energy policies in five countries, including the United States, China, Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Germany, to promote
renewable energy. We review the articles that support the creation of sustainable energy policy and their modeling. One of the most widely used strategies for
saving energy in buildings is the energy-efficiency standard, which is dynamic and updated based on recent technologies. Feed-in-tariff is a common practice. They
utilized them to promote renewable energy, which has been proven beneficial in various nations. Building energy performance certification programs should be
improved in terms of a dependable database system and information openness to prepare the path for future net-zero energy buildings and smart cities. The sudden
energy impacts the improvement of economies and the quality of human life. For the use of energy, there have been three typical transitions.

And I'd say without a doubt that energy is crucial to both human existence and the growth of economies. For energy applications, there have been three typical
transitions: 1. Wood was supplanted by coal as the primary fuel; 2. Oil took over from coal as the primary energy source; 3. phasing out fossil fuels to clean
energy sources. In 2018, 80 percent of the energy was from fossil fuels, notably petroleum (36%) and coal (13.2%), and natural gas (31%). There were 11% nuclear
and 8% renewable energy sources, respectively. However, ever since three significant energy crises— the 1973 oil crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, and the 1990 spike
in oil prices—the government has been working to encourage people to use renewable energy sources and preserve energy. Energy use has the potential to pollute
the environment seriously. Excessive fossil fuel use depletes natural resources and raises carbon dioxide emissions, which cause rising world average
temperatures. The IPCC study from 2014 estimates that greenhouse gas emissions will reach their peak by 2020 and then sharply fall after that. Between 0.2
and 1 degree Celsius below the long-term average is expected to occur. The average global temperature in 2100 might change in the world models. One of the
worst-case scenarios forecasts a doubling of CO2 and an increase in mean worldwide temperature of around 3–4 °C by 2100.

Nevertheless, the average global temperature in 2100 will decrease by 1.5–2 °C from its average between 1950 and 1980. A considerable global climatic shift with a
two °C increase above pre-industrial levels will have adverse societal, human, and economic effects.
And to avert such a temperature increase, governments and concerned members of civil society are trying to implement reasonable yet attainable regulations and
initiatives. On November 2 in Copenhagen, the chiefs of the UN and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expressed their concern about
the near future and the main findings of the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2014). As time ran out, the UN Secretary-General urged leaders to take action.
Governments must take rapid action to address the energy crisis and environmental difficulties. The governments of the globe have indeed taken their time to react to
this issue. The Paris climate agreement from 2015, which the United States and China agreed to abide by, is a recent initiative that shows promise. Policies and
governance on energy resources are needed to address the challenges of rising energy demand and environmental damage.

A systematic shift toward more effective energy regimes necessitates a carefully planned series of operations involving all political spheres, from the local to
the international. A wide range of policy instruments has been introduced, including tradable emission rights, taxes, subsidies, and feed- in tariffs for producing
renewable energy. Given China's rapid economic growth, excessive energy consumption, and significant economic carbonization, China is an essential
player in the oil and gas markets.

The secret to facilitating adequate private finance flowing into clean energy investment is how policy frameworks establish. Understanding how to build efficient
frameworks for investing in clean energy and the corresponding risk-return is crucial. However, prior research on energy policy has concentrated chiefly on the
evolution of a particular energy policy (such as the certification of buildings' energy performance) in many nations or the laws and procedures governing renewable
energy for a specific nation. And to provide direction for creating appropriate and efficient energy policies for other countries, it is crucial to comprehend the
evolution of those successive sustainable energy policies in various countries. Overall, the report serves as a singular, comprehensive reference standard for work to
come on the creation of renewable and sustainable energy policy.

An assessment of sustainable energy policy in five nations—the United States (US), Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), Denmark, and China—is presented in our
paper. The next step is to provide an overview of how to construct a policy and include its impact economy and environment. Section 4 provides a detailed
explanation of three crucial sustainable energy policies, including the Energy-Efficiency Standard (EES), Feed-in Tariff (FiT), and Building Energy
Performance Certification (BEPC) Schemes.

CRITIQUE LINES
Europe Sustainable Energy Policy

And they said that the EU would lead global efforts to combat climate change. An ambitious goal of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the EU by 2050 is needed to complete the new European Climate Law, or "European Green Deal," which the EU announced in December 2019. And to achieve
this ambitious goal, a comprehensive policy framework is needed that addresses the impact of this unprecedented process on the environment, industry, economy,
society, and energy use. The deal's four pillars are carbon pricing, sustainable investment, industrial policy, and a just transition.

The deep decarbonization that this entails must be supported at all times by the accompanying economic and industrial transformation. The process must be socially
inclusive if the European Green Deal is successful. And this is a challenging task, though, as it necessitates a paradigm change in the economy away from fossil
fuels and toward zero-carbon in a socially and politically viable way. The European Green Deal can see as an effective reallocation mechanism that promotes
investment changes and labor substitution in critical economic sectors while supporting society's most disadvantaged groups. And adding the switch from
fossil fuels to renewable energies in the world's energy systems is one of the most prominent issues nations confront because of the potential effects of climate
change. An uninterrupted run of the hottest years on record and an increase in extreme weather occurrences are both caused by climate change. To address this, 179
nations and the EU spent two weeks in Paris in December 2015, working on getting a consensus on a plan to limit the increase in global temperature far below two
°C and, if possible, below 1.5 °C. The way will lower the temperature only with a considerable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The transition to renewable
energy sources and energies in the world's energy systems is one of the most prominent issues nations confront because of the potential effects of climate
change. An uninterrupted run of the hottest years on record and an increase in extreme weather occurrences are both caused by climate change. To address this,
179 nations and the EU spent two weeks in Paris in December 2015, working on getting a consensus on a plan to limit the increase in global temperature far below
two °C and, if possible, below 1.5 °C. The way will lower the temperature only with a considerable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

And it is one of the biggest-ever gatherings of world leaders that occurred at COP21 or the 21st UN Parties to the Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change Conference. The US promised to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases by 26-28% from 2005 levels. By 2030, the EU wants to reduce emissions
to 1990 levels by 40%. China's goal is to reduce its carbon intensity of GDP by 60% to 65% below 2005 levels by 2030, reach peak CO2 emissions at the latest,
and boost the share of non-fossil energy carriers in the country's overall primary energy supply to about 20%. Following joining the Paris Agreement, and
believed that this would implement national energy policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
United States of America Energy Policy

Additionally, the United States was among the first nations to integrate energy policy into its economic structure historically. The US energy policy initially (during
the Colonial era) relied on standing timber for industrial applications and heating. However, with the discovery of coal's advantages for industrial uses in the
19th century, such policy altered the course in the direction of an industrial revolution. With the introduction of oil as an energy source, the use of coal
decreased over time. And it is because oil energy sources were more convenient and secure than coal. Niagara Falls (New York, NY, USA) was the first
hydroelectric power plant built in 1883, a significant factor in the energy policy reform. And the 20th century saw the development of various nuclear, natural
gas, diesel, and hydropower facilities thanks to the development of hydropower, the first renewable energy source. The US saw fast economic expansion in the
20th century, reaching a high immediately after World War II. And given its economy's success to rules based on the production of electrical energy.

Hydropower and solid biomass were the most popular renewable energies until the 1990s. However, new renewable technologies emerged and altered this reality.
The end of the 20th century saw a surge in the popularity of biofuels, solar, and wind energy. And this is explained by their benefits, which include:

1. Common environmental effect.

2. Low or no generation of CO2 and other polluting gas emissions into the atmosphere.
3. Natural resources with external dependency.
4. Appropriate choice to supplement conventional energy sources.

An economy that is more sustainable might result from using more renewable energy sources. However, as history has shown, this would not be attainable without
an acceptable policy. According to Reference, with a total emission of 8413 million metric tons of CO2 in 2009, the US overtook China as the world's second-largest
emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2). And I want to add that this resulted in various consequences for the nation, decreasing the US GDP. The depletion of energy
resources was another issue the US dealt with by them. Energy policies that may govern the energy industry consider potential responses to these problems.
The US created the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) and the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) in response to this requirement. The EPAct and IEA
examined the issue and proposed (at the start of the 2000s) policies based on energy efficiency and conservation.

Germany Energy Policy

Germany has emerged as the most prosperous nation in promoting renewable energy in transitioning to a sustainable energy system. Germany is the pioneer in
formulating energy policy for sustainable development. The Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology oversees conducting and developing research on
energy policy (BMWi). And about the Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety is responsible for environmental policies
related to nuclear safety, climate change, and the effects of burning fossil fuels (BMU).

Promoting energy conservation and efficiency is the responsibility of the German Energy Agency (DENA), established in 2000. The regulation of competition in the
energy and electricity markets is the responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO) or the state-level competition authorities. Additionally, independent expert
panels and organizations host conferences and produce studies to help direct energy policy. Furthermore, the German government launched the Energiewende
in 2011 and chose to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the energy supply from 80% to 20% by the year 2050. The three main elements of the German Enrgiewende
are the phase-out of nuclear energy, the reduction of fossil fuels, and the dramatically increased planned energy efficiency. And it is a summary of Germany's
electricity generation from various energy sources between 1990 and 2015 (adapted from [28,29]). Before 2000, lignite (25.7%), hard coal (24.8%), and nuclear
(29.4%) accounted for over 80% of the power produced, with the remainder coming from natural gas (8.5%) and alternative energy sources (6.6%). It has
shown that the share of renewable energy has increased significantly since 2000, rising from 6.6% to 30% in 2015.

In contrast, the percentage of nuclear power has fallen dramatically since 2000, from 29.4% to 14.1%. The plan to phase out nuclear energy following the Fukushima
tragedy may reduce atomic energy's proportion by 2022. In 2015, less than 10% of electricity was produced from natural gas, while the amount of domestic oil
produced concerning demand was minimal.

United Kingdom Energy Policy

The UK has a mandated policy objective of an 80% reduction in national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 80% of the baseline, i.e., 1990 GHG emissions, by
2050, and this one is legally required to generate 20% of total energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020 under EU legislation. [30,31]. However,
later in 2019, the UK government amended the Climate Change Act 2008 by adopting the term "Net-Zero" and other amendments. The adjustment rises from 80% to
100%. By the order, the minimal amount by which the UK's net carbon account must be lower in 2050 compared to its 1990 baseline.
The UK needs EU law to produce 20% of all energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020. It also has a legally mandated policy goal of an 80% reduction in
national climate change emissions by 2050, set in 2008. In addition, a law amendment passed in 2019 requires the UK to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by
2050 [30–33]. Practical policy tools, such as improved building and design standards (such as building control regulation), required energy labeling (such as
Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) and Display Energy Certificates). A relatively unstable range of financial penalties and incentives introduced and
changed over the past 20 years (e.g., the Green Deal, Feed-in Tariffs, Energy Efficiency Opportunities Scheme, and Climate Change Levy).

Denmark Energy Policy

Danish energy policy's development for renewable energy has a long history that dates back to the 1890s. Denmark is currently a world leader in the
implementation of methods for sustainable development that combine energy conservation, efficiency enhancement technology, and renewable energy sources.
Denmark has witnessed the transition of electricity generation from massive, centralized thermal power stations to renewable electricity since the energy
crisis of the 1970s. Wide-ranging discussions on energy security, self-sufficiency, efficiency, and greenhouse gas reduction led to the development of
national energy plans. The alternate proposals did not include nuclear electricity because of the popular resistance to constructing atomic facilities. The
Danish Energy Agency established an expert group in 2001 to examine the issue of excessive electricity production resulting from the high penetration of
wind generation and combined heating and power plants in the Danish energy grid. Aalborg University analyzes several long-term energy systems for 2020
to find investments in more adaptable energy systems in Denmark. According to Danish long-term energy plans and objectives, the expert group defined a
Danish future energy system for 2020.

Poul la Cour, who created and built a wind turbine to produce electricity and start contemporary wind power development, is credited with Denmark's leadership in
developing wind power generation. With rated turbine powers ranging from 20 to 35 kW and wind generation (3 MW) accounting for around 3% of Danish
electricity demand in 1918, 120 rural wind power stations were erected (80 MW). In the beginning, in 1975, a report on a comprehensive wind energy
program in Denmark was produced by a committee established by the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences. This study marked the beginning of the
contemporary period of Danish wind energy use (ATV). The Academy published a second report in 1976 to further lay out a five-year program in the area of
wind energy [50]. The national government and the Danish utilities collaborated in 1977 to establish a wind power initiative to create massive wind turbines that
can generate electricity. In 1996, the Danish government launched Energy 21, a plan for 4000 MW offshore wind generation by 2030. In 2005, wind generating
accounted for 18.2% of all gross energy production, roughly 12%, by the end of 2001. The table lists Denmark's share of renewable energy-generated
power.

China Energy Policy

I want to add that energy consumption in buildings is one of the key industries identified as posing a global danger to sustainable development. I already anticipated
that this trend would continue over the coming decades. Since the first building design standard in 1986, the Chinese government has established a systematic
design standard for new buildings in various temperature zones, encompassing design criteria and acceptance standards for both public and residential
buildings. For the development and use of renewable energy, acknowledged as a political and economic issue, China has developed several national policies (see
Figure 3). The national plans serve as crucial strategies that give China's renewable energy law and policy system fundamental guidelines and recurring
goals, which significantly speed up the allocation of social resources, the development of market mechanisms, and the mobilization of renewable energy
investment.

CONCLUSION
This analysis of renewable energy technologies reveals that these methods could offer the country alternatives to meet about half its projected future energy needs.
The whole world would need to dedicate itself to producing and applying non-fossil fuel technology and energy conservation to realize this promise. And this could
solve many of the existing environmental issues caused by the production and use of fossil fuels by adopting renewable energy technology. This essay is about the
potential for renewable energy in terms of both sustainable development and reversible global warming. For the sake of energy security, it can consider renewable
energy sources like wind and biofuel as a secure, affordable, and reliable alternative to burning fossil fuels. However, the creation of green energy has limitations,
and this should allocate funds for research and development to increase the likelihood that lab-scale goods will become commercial items. These fuels will also
become more expensive to use. Energy conservation has many benefits both for you and the people around you. Many people adopt these practices to save
money. However, the benefits go beyond that. You may be cutting down on your energy bills, but at the same time, you are saving the future of this planet. As
mentioned, global temperatures are rising fast, and the ice sheet in the Arctic is melting, making sea levels rise. One of our weapons to fight against global warming
is by making smart choices that help conserve power.

REFERENCE: https://greencoast.org/energy-conservation/