Elizabeth of Russia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia#Selection_of_an_heir

Elizabeth of Russia
Elizabeth Petrovna (Russian: Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна)
(29 December [O.S. 18 December] 1709 – 5 January 1762 [O.S. 25
Elizabeth
December 1761]), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, reigned as
Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of
the most popular Russian monarchs because of her decision not to
execute a single person during her reign, her numerous construction
projects, and her strong opposition to Prussian policies.[1]

The second-eldest daughter of Tsar Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725),

Elizabeth lived through the confused successions of her father's
descendants following her half-brother Alexei's death in 1718. The throne
first passed to her mother Catherine I of Russia (r. 1725–1727), then to her
nephew Peter II, who died in 1730 and was succeeded by Elizabeth's first
cousin Anna. After the brief rule of Anna's infant great-nephew, Ivan VI,
Elizabeth seized the throne with the military's support and declared her
own nephew, the future Peter III, her heir.

During her reign Elizabeth continued the policies of her father and Portrait by Charles-André van Loo, 1760
brought about a remarkable Age of Enlightenment in Russia. Her
Empress of Russia
domestic policies allowed the nobles to gain dominance in local
government while shortening their terms of service to the state. She Reign 6 December (25 November)
encouraged Mikhail Lomonosov's foundation of the University of Moscow, 1741 –
the highest-ranking Russian educational institution. Her court became 5 January (25 December) 1762
one of the most splendid in all Europe, especially regarding architecture: Coronation 6 May (25 April) 1742
she modernized Russia's roads, encouraged Ivan Shuvalov's foundation of
the Imperial Academy of Arts, and financed grandiose Baroque projects of Predecessor Ivan VI
her favourite architect, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, particularly in Peterhof Successor Peter III
Palace. The Winter Palace and the Smolny Cathedral in Saint Petersburg
are among the chief monuments of her reign.[1] Born Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova
29 December 1709
Elizabeth led the Russian Empire during the two major European conflicts Kolomenskoye, Moscow,
of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740–48) and the Seven Tsardom of Russia
Years' War (1756–63). She and diplomat Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
Died 5 January 1762 (aged 52)
solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but
indirectly caused the second. Russian troops enjoyed several victories Winter Palace, Saint
against Prussia and briefly occupied Berlin, but when Frederick the Great Petersburg, Russian Empire
was finally considering surrender in January 1762, the Russian Empress Burial 3 February 1762 (O.S.)
died. She was the last agnatic member of the House of Romanov to reign Peter and Paul Cathedral
over the Russian Empire.
Names
Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova

Contents House Romanov

Father Peter I of Russia
Early life
Childhood and teenage years Mother Catherine I of Russia
Marriage plans Religion Russian Orthodoxy

Imperial coup Signature

Reign
Educational reforms
Internal peace
Construction projects

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Selection of an heir
Foreign policy
Bestuzhev
Seven Years' War
Siberia
Court
Death
Ancestry
The ceremonial attire of Elizabeth, Catherine
See also Palace, Tsarskoye Selo; fot. Ivonna Nowicka
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links

Early life

Childhood and teenage years

Elizabeth was born at Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, Russia, on 18 December 1709

(O.S.). Her parents were Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia and Catherine.[2] Catherine
was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński, a subject of Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Although no documentary record exists, her parents were said to have married
secretly at the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in St. Petersburg at some point
between 23 October and 1 December 1707.[3] Their official marriage was at Saint
Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712. On this day, the two
children previously born to the couple (Anna and Elizabeth) were legitimized by
their father[3] and given the title of Tsarevna ("princess") on 6 March 1711.[2] Of the
twelve children born to Peter and Catherine (five sons and seven daughters), only
the sisters survived to adulthood.[4] They had one older surviving sibling, crown
prince Alexei Petrovich, who was Peter's son by his first wife, noblewoman Eudoxia
Lopukhina.
Young Elizabeth in the 1720s,
As a child, Elizabeth was the favorite of her father, whom she resembled both
painted by Ivan Nikitich Nikitin.
physically and temperamentally.[5] Even though he adored his daughter, Peter did
not devote time or attention to her education; having both a son and grandson from
his first marriage to a noblewoman, he did not anticipate that a daughter born to his former maid might one day
inherit the Russian throne, which had until that point never been occupied by a woman; as such, it was left to
Catherine to raise the girls, a task met with considerable difficulty due to her own lack of education. Despite this,
Elizabeth was still considered to be a bright girl, if not brilliant,[6] and had a French governess who gave lessons of
mathematics, arts, languages, and sports. She grew interested in architecture, became fluent in Italian, German and
French, and became an excellent dancer and rider.[2] Like her father, she was physically active and loved horseriding,
hunting, sledging, skating, and gardening.[7]

From her earliest years, Elizabeth was recognised as a vivacious young woman, and was regarded as the leading beauty
of the Russian Empire.[2] The wife of the British ambassador described Grand Duchess Elizabeth as "fair, with light
brown hair, large sprightly blue eyes, fine teeth and a pretty mouth. She is inclinable to be fat, but is very genteel and
dances better than anyone I ever saw. She speaks German, French and Italian, is extremely gay, and talks to
everyone..."[8]

Marriage plans

With much of his fame resting on his effective efforts to modernize Russia, Tsar Peter desired to see his children

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married into the royal houses of Europe, something which his immediate predecessors
had consciously tended to avoid. Peter's son Aleksei Petrovich, born of his first
marriage to a Russian noblewoman, had no problem securing a bride from the ancient
house of Brunswick-Lüneburg. However, the Tsar experienced difficulties in arranging
similar marriages for the daughters born of his second wife. When Peter offered either
of his daughters in marriage to the future Louis XV, the Bourbons of France snubbed
him due to the girls' post-facto legitimization.[4]

In 1724 Peter betrothed his daughters to two young princes, first cousins to each other,
who hailed from the tiny north German principality of Holstein-Gottorp and whose
family was undergoing a period of political and economic turmoil. Anna Petrovna (aged
16) was to marry Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who was then living in
exile in Russia as Peter's guest after having failed in his attempt to succeed his maternal
uncle as King of Sweden and whose patrimony was at that time under Danish Elizabeth probably secretly
occupation.[4] Despite all this, the prince was of impeccable birth and well-connected to married Alexei Razumovsky, a
many royal houses; it was a respectable and politically useful alliance.[9] In the same handsome Ukrainian-born
year, Elizabeth was betrothed to marry Charles Frederick's first cousin, Charles chorister
Augustus of Holstein-Gottorp,[9] the eldest son of Christian Augustus, Prince of Eutin.
Anna Petrovna's wedding took place in 1725 as planned, even though her father had
died (8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725) a few weeks before the nuptials. In Elizabeth's case, however, her fiancé
died on 31 May 1727, before her wedding could be celebrated. This came as a double blow to Elizabeth, because her
mother (who had ascended to the throne as Catherine I) had died just two weeks previously, on 17 May 1727.

By the end of May 1727, 17-year-old Elizabeth had lost her fiancé and both of her parents. Furthermore, her half-
nephew Peter II had ascended the throne. Her marriage prospects continued to fail to improve three years later, when
her nephew died and was succeeded on the throne by Elizabeth's first cousin Anna, daughter of Ivan V. There was little
love lost between the cousins and no prospect of either any Russian nobleman or any foreign prince seeking Elizabeth's
hand in marriage. Nor could she marry a commoner because it would cost her royal status, property rights and claim to
the throne.[10] The fact that Elizabeth was something of a beauty did not improve marriage prospects, but instead
earned her resentment. When the Empress Anna asked the Chinese minister in St. Petersburg to identify the most
beautiful woman at her court, he pointed to Elizabeth, much to Anna's displeasure.[11]

Elizabeth's response to the lack of marriage prospects was to take Alexander Shubin, a handsome sergeant in the
Semyonovsky Guards regiment, as her lover. When Empress Anna found out about this, she banished him to Siberia.
After consoling herself, Elizabeth turned to handsome coachmen and footmen for her sexual pleasure.[10] She
eventually found a long-term companion in Alexis Razumovsky, a kind-hearted and handsome Ukrainian peasant serf
with a good bass voice. Razumovsky had been brought from his village to St. Petersburg by a nobleman to sing for a
church choir, but the Grand Duchess purchased the talented serf from the nobleman for her own choir. A simple-
minded man, Razumovsky never showed interest in affairs of state during all the years of his relationship with
Elizabeth, which spanned from the days of her obscurity to the height of her power. As the couple was devoted to each
other, there is reason to believe that they might even have married in a secret ceremony. In 1742 the Holy Roman
Emperor made Razumovsky a Count of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1756 Elizabeth made him a Prince and Field
Marshal.[10]

Imperial coup
While Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov remained in power (until September 1727),
the government of Elizabeth's adolescent nephew Peter II (reigned 1727–1730)
treated her with liberality and distinction. However, the Dolgorukovs, an ancient
boyar family, deeply resented Menshikov. With Peter II's attachment to Prince Ivan
Dolgorukov and two of their family members on the Supreme State Council, they
had the leverage for a successful coup. Menshikov was arrested, stripped of all his
honours and properties, and exiled to northern Siberia, where he died in November
1729.[12] The Dolgorukovs hated the memory of Peter the Great and practically The Preobrazhensky Regiment
banished his daughter from Court.[13] soldiers proclaim Elizabeth as
Empress of Russia.
During the reign of her cousin Anna (1730–1740), Elizabeth was gathering support
in the background. Being the daughter of Peter the Great, she enjoyed much
support from the Russian Guards regiments. She often visited the elite Guards regiments, marking special events with

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the officers and acting as godmother to their children. After the death of Empress Anna, the regency of Anna
Leopoldovna for the infant Ivan VI was marked by high taxes and economic problems. [1] The French ambassador in
St. Petersburg, the marquis de La Chétardie was deeply involved in planning a coup to depose the regent, whose
foreign policy was opposed to the interests of France, and bribed numerous officers in the Imperial Guard to support
Elizabeth's coup.[14] The French adventurer Count Lestocq helped her actions according to the advice of the marquis
de La Chétardie and the Swedish ambassador, who were particularly interested in toppling the regime of Anna
Leopoldovna.[1]

On the night of 25 November 1741 (O.S.), Elizabeth seized power with the help of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.
Arriving at the regimental headquarters wearing a warrior's metal breastplate over her dress and grasping a silver
cross, she challenged them: "Whom do you want to serve: me, your natural sovereign, or those who have stolen my
inheritance?" Won over, the regiment marched to the Winter Palace and arrested the infant Emperor, his parents, and
their own lieutenant-colonel, Count Burkhard Christoph von Munnich. It was a daring coup and, amazingly, succeeded
without bloodshed. Elizabeth had vowed that if she became Empress, she would not sign a single death sentence, an
extraordinary promise at the time but one that she kept throughout her life.[1]

Despite Elizabeth's promise, there was still cruelty in her regime. Although she initially thought of allowing the young
tsar and his mother to leave Russia, she imprisoned them later in a Shlisselburg Fortress, worried that they would stir
up trouble for her in other parts of Europe.[15] Fearing a coup on Ivan's favour, Elizabeth set about destroying all
papers, coins or anything else depicting or mentioning Ivan. She had issued an order that if any attempt were made for
the adult Ivan to escape, he was to be eliminated. Catherine the Great upheld the order, and when an attempt was
made, he was killed and secretly buried within the fortress.[16]

Another case was Countess Natalia Lopukhina. The circumstances of Elizabeth's birth would later be used by her
political opponents to challenge her right to the throne on grounds of illegitimacy. When Countess Lopukhina's son,
Ivan Lopukhin, complained of Elizabeth in a tavern, he implicated his mother, himself and others in a plot to reinstate
Ivan VI as tsar. Ivan Lopukhin was overheard and tortured for information. All male conspirators were sentenced to
death while the female conspirators had their tongues removed and were publicly flogged.[17] [18]

Reign
Elizabeth crowned herself Empress in the Dormition Cathedral on 25 April 1742
(O.S.), which would become standard for all emperors of Russia until 1896. At the
age of thirty-three, with relatively little political experience, she found herself at the
head of a great empire at one of the most critical periods of its existence. Her
proclamation explained that the preceding reigns had led Russia to ruin: "The
Russian people have been groaning under the enemies of the Christian faith, but
she has delivered them from the degrading foreign oppression." Russia had been
under the domination of German advisers, so its Empress exiled the most
unpopular of them, including Heinrich Ostermann, Burkhard von Munnich and
Carl Gustav Lowenwolde.[19] She passed down several pieces of legislation that Coronation procession of Empress
undid much of the work her father had done to limit the power of the church.[20] Elizabeth, Moscow 1742

With all her shortcomings (documents often waited months for her signature),[21]
Elizabeth had inherited her father's genius for government. Her usually keen judgment and her diplomatic tact again
and again recalled Peter the Great. What sometimes appeared as irresolution and procrastination was most often a
wise suspension of judgment under exceptionally difficult circumstances. From the Russian point of view, her
greatness as a stateswoman consisted of her steady appreciation of national interests and her determination to
promote them against all obstacles.

Educational reforms

Despite the substantial changes made by Peter the Great, he hadn't exercised a really formative influence on the
intellectual attitudes of the ruling classes as a whole. Although Elizabeth lacked the early education necessary to
flourish as an intellectual (once finding the reading of secular literature to be "injurious to health"),[22] she was clever
enough to know its benefits and made considerable groundwork for her eventual successor, Catherine the Great.[23]
She made education freely available to all social classes (except for serfs), encouraged establishment of the very first
university in Russia founded in Moscow by Mikhail Lomonosov, and helped to finance the establishment of the

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Imperial Academy of Fine Arts.[24]

Internal peace

A gifted diplomat, Elizabeth hated bloodshed and conflict and went to great lengths
to alter the Russian system of punishment, even outlawing capital punishment.[25]
According to historian Robert Nisbet Bain, it was one of her "chief glories that, so
far as she was able, she put a stop to that mischievous contention of rival ambitions
Elizabeth visits Russian scientist
at Court, which had disgraced the reigns of Peter II, Anne and Ivan VI, and enabled
Mikhail Lomonosov.
foreign powers to freely interfere in the domestic affairs of Russia."[26]

In 1742, the imperial government at Saint Petersburg ordered a Russian military

expedition to conquer the Chukchis and Koryaks, but the expedition failed and its commander,
Major Dmitry Pavlutsky, was killed in 1747.[27] On 12 March 1747, a party of 500 Chukchi warriors
raided the Russian stockade of Anadyrsk.[28] By 1750, it had become clear the Chukchi would be
difficult to conquer. The Empress then changed her tactical approach and established a formal peace
with them.

Construction projects
Imperial
Elizabeth enjoyed and excelled in architecture, overseeing and financing many construction projects monogram,
during her reign. One of the many projects from the Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli was the often present in
reconstruction of Peterhof Palace, adding several wings between 1745 and 1755. Her most famous peace treaties.
creations were the Winter Palace, though she died before its completion, and the Smolny Convent.
The Palace is said to contain 1,500 rooms, 1,786 doors and 1,945 windows,
including bureaucratic offices and the Imperial Family's living quarters arranged in
two enfilades, from the top of the Jordan Staircase. Regarding the latter building,
historian Robert Nisbet Bain stated that "No other Russian sovereign ever erected
so many churches."[29]
Built by her court architect
The expedited completion of buildings became a matter of importance to the Bartolomeo Rastrelli, the Winter
Empress and work continued throughout the year, even in winter's severest Palace is Elizabeth's most famous
months. 859,555 rubles had been allocated to the project, a sum raised by a tax on monument and the residence of her
state-owned taverns, but work temporarily ceased due to lack of resources. successors.
Ultimately, taxes were increased on salt and alcohol to completely fund the extra
costs. However, Elizabeth's incredible extravagance ended up greatly benefiting the
country's infrastructure. Needing goods shipped from all over the world, numerous
roads in all Russia were modernized at her orders.[30]

Selection of an heir

As an unmarried and childless empress, it was imperative for Elizabeth to find a Coin of Elizabeth of Russia, whose
legitimate heir to secure the Romanov dynasty. She chose her nephew, Peter of beneficial but numerous buildings
Holstein-Gottorp. [16] The young Peter had lost his mother shortly after he was required heavy taxation.
born, and his father at the age of eleven. Elizabeth invited her young nephew to
Saint Petersburg, where he was received into the Russian Orthodox Church and
proclaimed the heir to the throne on 7 November 1742.[31] Keen to see the dynasty secured, Elizabeth immediately gave
Peter the best Russian tutors and settled on Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst as a bride for her heir. Incidentally,
Sophie's mother, Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, was a sister of Elizabeth's own fiancé, who had died before the
wedding. On her conversion to the Russian Orthodox Church, Sophie was given the name Catherine in memory of
Elizabeth's mother. The marriage took place on 21 August 1745. Nine years later a son, the future Paul I, was born on
20 September 1754.[32]

There is considerable speculation as to the actual paternity of Paul. It is suggested that he was not Peter's son at all but
that his mother had engaged in an affair, to which Elizabeth had consented, with a young officer, Sergei Vasilievich
Saltykov, who would have been Paul's biological father.[33] Peter never gave any indication that he believed Paul to
have been fathered by anyone but himself but took no interest in parenthood. Elizabeth most certainly took an active

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interest and acted as if she were his mother, instead of Catherine.[34] Shortly after
Paul’s birth the Empress ordered the midwife to take the baby and to follow her,
and Catherine did not see her child for another month, for a short churching
ceremony. Six months later, Elizabeth let Catherine see the child again. The child
had, in effect, become a ward of the state and, in a larger sense, the property of the
state.[35]

Foreign policy

Bestuzhev

Elizabeth abolished the cabinet council system that had been used under Anna, and
reconstituted the Senate as it had been under Peter the Great, with the chiefs of the
departments of state (none of them German) attending. Her first task after this was
to address the war with Sweden. On 23 January 1743, direct negotiations between Elisabeth's donation to the Russian
the two powers were opened at Åbo (Turku). In the Treaty of Åbo, on 7 August 1743 lieutenant general Balthasar
(O.S.), Sweden ceded to Russia all of southern Finland east of the Kymmene River, Freiherr von Campenhausen, 27
which became the boundary between the two states. The treaty also gave Russia the May 1756
fortresses of Villmanstrand and Fredrikshamn.[36]

This triumphant result can be credited to the diplomatic ability of the new vice
chancellor, Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, whose policies would have been impossible
to implement without Elizabeth's support.[37] Elizabeth had wisely placed
Bestuzhev at the head of foreign affairs immediately after her accession. He
represented the anti-Franco-Prussian portion of her council, and his object was to
bring about an Anglo-Austro-Russian alliance which, at that time, was undoubtedly
the most advantageous to Russia. Both the Lopukhina Conspiracy and other
attempts of Frederick the Great and Louis XV to get rid of Bestuzhev failed, but
instead put the Russian court into the centre of a tangle of intrigue during the
Map of European political borders in
earlier years of Elizabeth's reign.[36]
1740

Ultimately, the minister's strong support from Elizabeth prevailed.[37] His faultless
diplomacy, and an auxiliary Russian corps of 30,000 men sent to the Rhine, greatly
accelerated the peace negotiations leading to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (18
October 1748). By sheer tenacity of purpose, Bestuzhev had extricated his country
from the Swedish imbroglio; reconciled his imperial mistress with the courts of
Vienna and London; enabled Russia to assert herself effectually in Poland, the
Ottoman Empire and Sweden; and isolated the King of Prussia by forcing him into
hostile alliances. All this would have been impossible without the steady support of
Elizabeth who trusted him completely in spite of the Chancellor's many enemies, Promenade of Elizaveta Petrovna
most of whom were her personal friends.[36] through the streets of Saint
Petersburg (1903), watercolour by
However, on 14 February 1758, Bestuzhev was removed from office. The future Alexandre Benois
Catherine II recorded, "He was relieved of all his decorations and rank, without a
soul being able to reveal for what crimes or transgressions the first gentleman of
the Empire was so despoiled, and sent back to his house as a prisoner." No specific crime was ever pinned on
Bestuzhev. Instead, it was inferred that he had attempted to sow discord between the Empress and her heir and his
consort. Enemies of the pro-Austrian Bestuzhev were his rivals; the Shuvalov family, Vice-Chancellor Mikhail
Vorontsov, and the French ambassador.[38]

Seven Years' War

The great event of Elizabeth's later years was the Seven Years' War. Elizabeth regarded the Convention of Westminster
(16 January 1756) in which Great Britain and Prussia agreed to unite their forces to oppose the entry of or the passage
through Germany of troops of every foreign power, as utterly subversive of the previous conventions between Great
Britain and Russia. Elizabeth sided against Prussia over a personal dislike of Frederick the Great.[21] She wanted him
reduced within proper limits so that he might no longer be a danger to the empire. Elizabeth acceded to the Second

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Treaty of Versailles, thus entering into an alliance with France and Austria against
Prussia. On 17 May 1757 the Russian army, 85,000 strong, advanced against
Königsberg.[39]

The serious illness of the Empress, which began with a fainting-fit at Tsarskoe Selo
(19 September 1757), the fall of Bestuzhev (21 February 1758) and the cabals and
intrigues of the various foreign powers at Saint Petersburg, did not interfere with
the progress of the war. The crushing defeat of Kunersdorf (12 August 1759)[40] at
last brought Frederick to the verge of ruin. From that day, he despaired of success,
but he was saved for the moment by the jealousies of the Russian and Austrian
commanders, which ruined the military plans of the allies.[36]

Elizabeth on horseback while being
attended by a page.
From the end of 1759 to the end of 1761, the firmness of the Russian Empress was
the one constraining political force that held together the heterogeneous,
incessantly jarring elements of the anti-Prussian combination. From the Russian
point of view, her greatness as a stateswoman consisted of her steady appreciation
of Russian interests and her determination to promote them against all obstacles.
She insisted throughout that the King of Prussia must be rendered harmless to his
neighbours for the future and that the only way to do so was to reduce him to the
rank of a Prince-Elector.[36]

Frederick himself was quite aware of his danger. "I'm at the end of my resources," he wrote at the beginning of 1760.
"The continuance of this war means for me utter ruin. Things may drag on perhaps till July, but then a catastrophe
must come." On 21 May 1760, a fresh convention was signed between Russia and Austria, a secret clause of which,
never communicated to the court of Versailles, guaranteed East Prussia to Russia as an indemnity for war expenses.
The failure of the campaign of 1760, wielded by the inept Count Buturlin, induced the court of Versailles on the
evening of 22 January 1761 to present to the court of Saint Petersburg a dispatch to the effect that the king of France,
by reason of the condition of his dominions, absolutely desired peace. The Russian empress' reply was delivered to the
two ambassadors on 12 February. It was inspired by the most uncompromising hostility towards the king of Prussia.
Elizabeth would not consent to any pacific overtures until the original object of the league had been accomplished.[36]

Simultaneously, Elizabeth had conveyed to Louis XV a confidential letter in which she proposed the signature of a new
treaty of alliance of a more comprehensive and explicit nature than the preceding treaties between the two powers
without the knowledge of Austria. Elizabeth's object in the mysterious negotiation seems to have been to reconcile
France and Great Britain, in return for which signal service France was to throw all her forces into the German war.
This project, which lacked neither ability nor audacity, foundered upon Louis XV's invincible jealousy of the growth of
Russian influence in Eastern Europe and his fear of offending the Porte. It was finally arranged by the allies that their
envoys at Paris should fix the date for the assembling of a peace congress and that in the meantime, the war against
Prussia should be vigorously prosecuted. In 1760 a Russian flying column briefly occupied Berlin. Russian victories
placed Prussia in serious danger.[40]

The campaign of 1761 was almost as abortive as the campaign of 1760. Frederick acted on the defensive with
consummate skill, and the capture of the Prussian fortress of Kolberg on Christmas Day 1761, by Rumyantsev, was the
sole Russian success. Frederick, however, was now at the last gasp. On 6 January 1762, he wrote to Count Karl-
Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, "We ought now to think of preserving for my nephew, by way of negotiation,
whatever fragments of my territory we can save from the avidity of my enemies." A fortnight later, he wrote to Prince
Ferdinand of Brunswick, "The sky begins to clear. Courage, my dear fellow. I have received the news of a great event."
The Miracle of the House of Brandenburg that snatched him from destruction was the death of the Russian empress,
on 5 January 1762 (N.S.).[40]

Siberia

In 1742, the imperial government at Saint Petersburg ordered a Russian military expedition to conquer the Chukchis
and Koryaks, but the expedition failed and its commander, Major Dmitry Pavlutsky, was killed in 1747.[41] On 12
March 1747, a party of 500 Chukchi warriors raided the Russian stockade of Anadyrsk.[42] By 1750, it had become clear
the Chukchi would be difficult to conquer. The Empress then changed her tactical approach and established a formal
peace with them.

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Court
Elizabeth's court was one of the most splendid in all Europe.[21] As historian
Mikhail Shcherbatov stated, the court was "arrayed in cloth of gold, her nobles
satisfied with only the most luxurious garments, the most expensive foods, the
rarest drinks, that largest number of servants and they applied this standard of
lavishness to their dress as well".[43] A great number of silver and gold objects were
produced, the most the country had seen thus far in its history.[44] It was common
to order over a thousand bottles of French champagnes and wines to be served at
one event and to serve pineapple at all receptions, despite the difficulty of
Elizaveta Petrovna in Tsarskoe Selo
procuring the fruit in such quantities.[45]
(1905), painting by Eugene
Lanceray, now in the Tretyakov
French plays quickly became the most popular and often were performed twice a
Gallery.
week. In tandem, music became very important.[46] Many attribute its popularity
to Elizabeth's supposed husband, the "Emperor of the Night", Alexei Razumovsky,
who reportedly relished music.[46] Elizabeth spared no expense in importing
leading musical talents from Germany, France and Italy.[47] She reportedly owned
15,000 dresses, several thousand pairs of shoes and a seemingly unlimited number
of stockings.[21]

Attractive in her youth and vain as an adult, Elizabeth passed various decrees
intended to make herself stand out: she issued an edict against anyone wearing the
same hairstyle, dress, or accessory as the Empress. One woman accidentally wore
the same item as the Empress and was lashed across the face for it.[48] Another law Departure of Elizabeth from
required French fabric salesmen to sell to the Empress first, and those who Anichkov Palace
disregarded that law were arrested.[48] One famous story exemplifying her vanity is
that once Elizabeth got a bit of powder in her hair and was unable to remove it
except by cutting a patch of her hair. She made all of the Court ladies cut patches out of their hair too, which they did
"with tears in their eyes".[49] This aggressive vanity became a tenet of the court throughout her reign, particularly as
she grew older. According to historian Tamara Talbot Rice, "Later in life her outbursts of anger were directed either
against people who were thought to have endangered Russia's security or against women whose beauty rivaled her
own".[30]

Despite her volatile and often violent reactions to others regarding her appearance, Elizabeth was ebullient in most
other matters, particularly when it came to Court entertainment. It was reported that she threw two balls a week; one
would be a large event with an average of 800 guests in attendance, most of whom were the nation's leading
merchants, members of the lower nobility and guards stationed in and around the city of the event. The other ball was
a much smaller affair reserved for her closest friends and members of the highest echelons of nobility.[50] The smaller
gatherings began as masked balls, but evolved into the famous Metamorphoses balls by 1744.[51] At these
Metamorphoses balls, guests were expected to dress as the opposite sex, with Elizabeth often dressing up as Cossack or
carpenter in honour of her father.[51] Costumes not permitted at the event were those of pilgrims and harlequins,
which she considered profane and indecent respectively.[52] Most courtiers thoroughly disliked the balls, as most
guests by decree looked ridiculous, but Elizabeth adored them; as Catherine the Great's advisor Potemkin posited, this
was because she was "the only woman who looked truly fine and completely a man.... As she was tall and possessed a
powerful body, male attire suited her".[53] Kazimierz Waliszewski noted that Elizabeth had beautiful legs, and loved to
wear male attire because of the tight trousers.[54] Though the balls were by far her most personally beloved and lavish
events, Elizabeth often threw children's birthday parties and wedding receptions for those affiliated with her Court,
going so far as to provide dowries for each of her ladies-in-waiting.[55]

Death
In the late 1750s, Elizabeth's health started to decline. She suffered a series of dizzy spells and refused to take the
medication she had been prescribed. The Empress forbade the word "death" in her presence until [56] she suffered a
stroke on 24 December 1761 (O.S.). Knowing that she was dying, Elizabeth used her last remaining strength to make
her confession, to recite with her confessor the prayer for the dying, and to say farewell to the few people who wished
to be with her, including Peter and Catherine and Counts Alexei and Kirill Razumovsky.[57]

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Elizabeth of Russia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia#Selection_of_an_heir

The Empress died the next day, Orthodox Christmas, 1761.[57] For her lying in state, she was dressed in a shimmering
silver dress. It was said that she was beautiful in death as she had been in life. She was buried in the Peter and Paul
Cathedral in Saint Petersburg on 3 February 1762 (O.S.) six weeks after her lying in state.[56]

Ancestry
Ancestors of Elizabeth of Russia
8. Michael I of Russia
4. Alexis I of Russia
9. Yevdokiya Lukyanovna Streshnyova
2. Peter I of Russia
10. Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin
5. Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina
11. Anna Leontyevna Leontyeva
1. Elizabeth I of Russia

6. Samuel Skowroński

3. Catherine I of Russia

7. Elisabeth Moritz

See also
▪ Tsars of Russia family tree

References
1. Antonov 2006, p. 105.
2. Antonov 2006, p. 104.
3. Coughlan 1974, p. 46.
4. Coughlan 1974, p. 50.
5. Coughlan 1974, p. 23.
6. Bain 1911, p. 283.
7. Cowles 1971, p. 66.
8. Cowles 1971, pp. 66–67.
9. Coughlan 1974, p. 58.
10. Coughlan 1974, p. 59.
11. Cowles 1971, p. 67.
12. Coughlan 1974, p. 52.
13. Bain 1911, pp. 283–284.
14. Cowles 1971, pp. 67–68.
15. Sebag Montefiore 2016, p. 268.
16. Antonov 2006, p. 103.
17. Sebag Montefiore 2016, p. 269.
18. Lindsay, J. O. (1957). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 7, The Old Regime, 1713–1763. Cambridge
University Press. p. 332. ISBN 9781139055833.
19. Antonov 2006, p. 106.
20. Talbot Rice 1970, p. 149.
21. Antonov 2006, p. 107.
22. Bain 1899, p. 137.
23. Hoetzsch 1966, p. 83.
24. "The Russian Academy of Arts - History" (https://en.rah.ru/academy/history/). Retrieved 13 November 2022.

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