Prepared) By:! (are TE [345 EP THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ce of. CTE ete Equations f EXERCISE 2.1 | 1. Find the discriminant of the following given quadratic equations. (i) 2x7 4+3x-1=0 Solution: 2x*4+3x-1=0 Herea=2,b=3,c=-1 Dise = b? — 4ac Www: OFFICE: Com: Pie = GY — 4@)Eh SATIO 0 RE HMANY =9+8=17 “i 2625 (ii) 6x? 8x43 netinaane eee Solution: 6x? — 8x +3 = Herea=6,b=*8,c=3 Disc) = b*-“4ac = 38)? - eee =64-72 = - (iti) 9x7, 30x4+25=0 Solution:, | | 9x? — 30x +25 =0 Here a = 9,b = —30,c = 25 Disc = b* - 4ac = (-30)? — 4(9)(25) = 900 —-900=0 (iv) 4x2 —-7x--2=0 Solution: 4x? -7x-2= Herea=4,b = —-7,c=—-2 Disc = b* — 4ac = (-7)? ~ 4(4)(-2) =494+32=81 Find the nature of roots of the following given quadratic equations and verify the result by solving the equation: (i) x4 23x4+120=0 Solution: x? —23x+120=0 (ncemraaper | erage 7 ‘seerentadabeukaieaiolnceammuanic ‘Page 1 of 11Subject: www. office.com.pk (CTE Ce EXERCISE 2.1 THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Here a =1,b = —23,¢ = 120 Disc = b? ~ 4ac (-23)? — 4(1)(120) 529 — 480 = 49 = (7)? >0 and is a(Perfect square ) therefore the roots are real rational and unequal Verification: x? — 23x+120=0 _ bt Vb? -4ac x 2a (23) + JE23) 21) __ 23 + V829=480 Either ai rr =3 x=1S aN or x=8 Evidently \ ts are real, rational and unequal. (ii) 2x? + 3x =0 Solution: 2x° + 3x+7=0 Wh Fe = 2,6 =3,¢ nse = b* - 4ac = (3)? - 4(2)(7) 9 56 -47<0 As disc ts negative, therefore, the roots are imaginary and unequat Verification: 2x? __ 81 v855e 4 commer | pS corey coms Seer pa a epee TerrePrepared) By: Subject: www. office.com.pk Email: Cyr fb.com/office.com.pk [3.45 EP THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Evidently the roots are imaginary and unequal. (iii) = 16x? + 24x4+9=0 Solution: 16x? + 24x+9=0 Herea=16,b=—24,c=9 . Disc = b* —4ac iS —24)? — 4(16)(9) -= 576 —576=0 As disc is zero, therefore the roots are real (rati ) and equal. Verification: 16x? + 24x+9=0 —b + Vb? —4ac\\ ee oo = aa, . Ww) OFFICE: Com: ple SATIO UR REMAN 03 45-5282625 x idently the roots are real and unequal ows +7x—13=0 Solution: 3x24 7x-13=0 Here a = 3,.b =7,c = —13 Disc = b? — 4ac ‘ = (7)? — 4(3)(-13) 49+156=205>0 nota Perfect square Therefore the roots are ee irrational and unequal. Verification: 3x? + 7x —13 = Lb + Vb?—-4ac 2a =7 + V)2=4G)(-13) x= 2(3) - ar elicaoenni SY SE SE ee TS Perr Er!Criytcas @yreg Evidently, the roots are rai, o'rational and unequal. For what value of k, the expression. kx? + Qik + Lt 4 is perfect square. Solution: Let k*) (k+1)(x+4)=0 \w Herea b= 2k ,c=4 9 Disc = - 4ac a {2Ck+ DP - 40k)? (4) av" = 4{k? + 2k 4 1) ~ 16K? Ak? + Bk +4 - 16k? 9 “12k* 48k 44 Given expression is a perfect square G the roots are rational and e, Dyers Disc = 0 12k? + 8k4+4=0 12k? —~8k—-4=0 DiBic by 4 we get) 3k? —2k— 3k Skt k-tad)” tise 8 in are equal. xt SkX4+3=0 (2k -4)x? 4 3kx +3 =0 ferea = 2k~1,b = 3k.c <3 for equal rusts Disc. must be zero therefore Dise = b* ~4ac=0 3k)? - 4(2k ~1)(3) = 9 24k +1250 Dividing both sided by 3 T = fie of k, if the roots of the following x i 5(3k ~ 2) — 263k — 2) = 0 (hk - 23k -2) = 0 Either & — 2 (ncemraaper | erage 7 ‘seerentadabeukaieaiolnceammuanic rrr everPrepared) By: LanetiB EXERCISE 2.1 Gi) ‘Subject: www.office.com.pk Conact: fb:com/office.com.pk THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS k=2 x? 42(k+2)x4+ (3k +4) =0 Solution: x? 4¢2(kK4+2)x4+ Gk+4)=0 Sol ar elicaoenni Here a =1,;b =2(k+2),c=3k+4 For equal, roots ae must be-zero therefore Dise = b*—- 4ac = \w [2k + 2)]}? — tock +4)=0 4(k? +4k+4+4)—-12k-16=0 4k? + 161+ 16 —12k—16 =0 aN 4K274+4k=0 4ak(k+D=0 | : 4k=0 ee do k=0 (3k + 2)x? — S(k + 1x 4a + 3) = = Herea=3k+2,b= oars For equal roots D. t be zero therefore Disc = b* —4ac = 0 [-5(k+ D)? - fo+ 2)(2k +3) =0 25(k? + 2k + 4(6k? + 13k+6)=0 i aun 0 5 — 24k? —52k—24=0 k= a i that the equation x? + (mx +c)? =a’ has al roots, if c2 = a?(1+m*) — jon: x? + (nx +c)? = a? x? + m?x? + 2mex +c? = a? x? + m?x? + Zmex +c? —a? =0 (1 + m?)?x? + 2mex + (c? — a?) = 0 Disc = must be zero for equal roots Herea=1+m?, b= 2me, c= c? — a? Disc:b? — 4ac = 0 By Putting'values of @,b,c,we get (2mc)* — 4(1 + mee" —a?)=0 4m2c?— 4(c2 — a2 + m?c* — m*a? = 0 am2c? — 4c? + 4a — 4m? ec? + 4m?%a* = 0 SY SE SE ee TS PPE![es .0ffice.com.pk Prepared) By: Subject: www.oft pk y Conact: fb-com/office.com.pk LanetiB LC CET THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ie = ra a? — 4a? (Dividing by — 4) 2 + a ¢ meat +1) c = a*(m? +1) c? = a*(1 +m?) Hence the result (OR Second Method) 2 Solution: x? + (mx +c)? = x74 m?x2 + 2mex + c2 = a? \e x? 4 m?x? + 2mex +c? — a? =0 AN (1 + m?)?x?2 + 2mex + (ec? — a’*)=0 Disc = must be zero for equal roots Herea=1+m?, b= 2me, 2 cu Discriminant = b? — 4ac Disc = (2mc )? - ee ye -a? a = 4m?c? - 4(c? a? 4 mec? = Amc? ~ 4c? - ~4m?c? 4a? pees WERIRE HRS Sask SATID OR REHMAN Given that c? =a?(1+m? Ajtherefore 03 YR-5282625 Disc =4[a?-a com a’] =4¢a° — a\Aatn’ + nv? a*)=0 roots are equal if c? = a?(1+m?) Nndition that the roots of the equation — 4ac are equal. sac (mx +c)? — 4ax =0 m?x? + 2emx +c? ~ 4ax =0 m?x? + 2emx—4ax +c? =0 m?x? + (2em —4a)x +c? =0 The roots will be equal when its Disc = 0 Disc = b? —4ac =0 Here,a = m?,b = 2cem— 4a, c = c? (2em — 4a)? — 4(m?)(c?) = 0 actm* + 16a* — 16cma — 4c2m? = 0 16a* -16cma= 0 16a(a—cm)=0 a-—cm=0 asil6a+*0 . asee = 2 ai for PET ar elicaoenni SY SE SE ee EGPrepared) By: ST reg Email: (irteg fb:com/office.com.pk [345 EP THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS therefore a@=cm is the required condition If the roots of the equation (c? - ab) x? — 2(a” — bc)x + (b? — ac) = 0 are equal, then a=0 or a3 + b? +c} = 3abe Solution: * (ce? —ab)x* — 2(a” — bc)x + (b? — ac) =0 The roots will be equal when its Disc = 0 Therefore; Disc ='b* —-4ac =0 [-2(a? - be)\’ — 4(c? — ab)(b? — ac) = y A(a* — 2a*be + b?c*) ~ 4(b*c? + ac} — ab® +,a*bc) = 0 (Dividing bath sides we get) at — 2a2be + b?c? -- b2c* +. ac} + ab? + a*bc = 0 at ~ 3a*be + ac* + ab? = 0 a(a? — 3abe +c? +b?) = 05) « Now, a=0 ora’ ~ +03 +b} =0 a +c3 = 3abe - He ‘oved 8. Show that the the following equations are ration. al. (i) ab —c)x? abe a)x+c(a—b)=0 Solution: a(b— b(c-—a)x+c(a—b)=0 Ti bs will be rational, if Disc .is a perfect square. Disc = B 4ac=0 [bi Disc = a)? — 4a(b — c)(c)(a— b) 4a? ~ 2ac) — 4ac(ab — b* — ax + bc) + a®b? — 2ab?c — 4a" be + 4ab*c + 4a°c? — 4abc? ‘W b? + bc? + 4a%c? + 2ab*c + 4ab*c ~ 4a*be — 4abc* (ab)? + (be)* + (—2ac)* + 2(ab)(bc) + 2(be)(—2ac) + 2(—2ac) (ab) = (ab + be — 2ac)* which is a Perfect square. Hence, the roots are rational. (ii) (a+2b)x? + 2(a+b+c)x+(a+2c)=0 Solution: (a+ 2b)x? + 2(at b+e)x+ (a+ 2c) =0 The rvets will be rational, if Disc is a perfect square. 2 4ac=0 ~~ 4(a+2b)(a + 2c) =4(a+b+c)* -4(a+2b)(a t+ 2c) = 4a? +b? +2 + 2ab t 2he + 2a) A(a? + 2ea + 2ab-4be) (ncemraaper | erage 7 ‘seerentadabeukaieaiolnceammuanic re ETCriytcas Conact: 2(b- oh}? + is @ perfect equer., flence the rosis are ratio: 2. For all values of k, prove that the roots of the equation, x7 ~2(k + peer = - 0k #0are real, Solution: . Www: OFFICE: Com: pie SATIO Ok LEHMAN) O3Yh-5282625 “fi [2 (« - LP > @ whtet is postter» for all vata Hence the roots avert oul 10. = Show that the roots of the equation. (b—c)x? + fe -a)x + (a~b) = Oarereal Solution: (b- e)x* + (c~a)x+(a-b)=0 For real roots Disc must be positive Disc = b* — 4ac = (c~a)* ~ 4(b - c)(a— b) (ncemraaper | erage 7 ‘seerentadabeukaieaiolnceammuanic TerrePrepared) By: Subject: LanetiB www. office.com.pk Conact: fb{com/office.com.pk LC CET THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS =c? +a? — 2ca- 4(ab ~ b? - ca + be) 2 4 @? —2ac —- 4ab + 4b? + 4ca~ 4be =c+a*+ 4b? + 4ca — 4be =? +a7-+4b*-—-2ca—4be-4ab (co)? + (a)? + (2b)? — 2(c}(a) ~ 2(a){2b) — 26c)(2b)] =(c+a—2b)* >9 which is always positive. Hence, the roots are real. Cube roots of Unity and their Pr Q1. Find the cube roots _ mperee ow Find the cube roots iy one? Solution: oe x be a cube ro “ey x fi W-DGPEx+ +1) Either x-1=0 or ow that the numbers containing i are called SES and w? 35 =e are called” imaginary cube roois of unity. Prove that each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other. Proof: The compiex cube foots of unity are We prove that 2. =. ae -14+v-3 -v=3 1-y-3 (= ) ae ( 2 1H(-3)-2 3 ee 4 —2-2+v-3 4 ar elicaoenni SY SE SE ee TS Perr Er!Gienener be Criytcas Email: @yreg EXERCISE 2.1 (eselye A4(=3)+2 V=3 span vs =3 = EN-3 | ‘ v _2(-1 e v-3) A = a A _ 1+ v=3 ) 0 => Thus, each of the complex cube root of is the square of the other, that is, if 2453 then a? = ays -1-V=3 , then w= Q3. Prove that the uct of three cube roots of unity is one. Proof: Three cube ro: f unity are 1, ot and 1 The product of ub ‘oots of unity . a~1itv-3 {=3\ (-1-V=3 Wyn 2 cp? Remember that w=wwolw=w Q4. Prove that each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. Proof: We know that w? = 1 20.0 = (ncemraaper | erage 7 ‘seerentadabeukaieaiolnceammuanic ere TerGienener be Criytcas Kk Email: Crrreg fhcom/office.com.pk [345 EP THEORY, OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Thus, each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other. Q5. Prove that the sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero. ie, l+w+m? =0 Proof: The cube roots of unity are . 2 2 The sum of all the roots = 1+ @ + w? =14 234-2 ow” 2-1+V—3-1-y-3 = Beebe ¢ Thus, 1+ +" =0 We can easily deduce the foli (i) 1+? =-w Gi) 1t+e (iii) w +w* PATIO OR REHMAN O3Y5-5282625 jane steNe) Ife = 5" then w? = = s ys (ncemraaper | erage 7 ‘seerentadabeukaieaiolnceammuanic Perey