ARC481.

3
SETTLEMENT PLANNING
B.ARCH IV/I

Prepared by : Ar. Nirjana Shrestha

• TYPES AND BENEFITS OF PLANNING

• EARLY PLANNING APPROACHES

 TYPES OF PLANNING
Types Of Planning In Terns Of Spatial Planning could be:
Hierarchy – Physical
– National planning – Economical
– Regional planning – Educational
– Urban planning/ City planning – Transportation
– Rural planning/ village level planning – Periodic planning
– Local Area planning
– Neighborhood planning
■ Planning >> pre-thinking, pre-arranging things before the event takes
place >> to achieve good result in health, convenience, comfort and
happiness of all living beings
■ 3 fundamental objectives of planning are:
1. Economic growth
2. Equity
3. Environmental quality
■ Town/ city/ urban planning >> physical land use planning
■ Physical > pertaining to the world of material things >> land use,
sewerage, water, etc.
■ Economical planning>> science of management of resources >>
public sector investment, growth targets and fiscal policies
■ Social planning >> policy based and aims at directing or guiding
investment >> education, health, social welfare
 PROCESS

Background study Programming stage

■ Basic data assembled ■ Objective must be weighted
■ Existing condition thoroughly analyzed ■ Prioritizing must be
■ Trends must be determined established

Future vision ■ Budgeting consideration

must be taken care of
■ Immediate & long term needs must
be specified
■ Resource must be considered
 URBAN PLANNING
Planning of urban areas like towns, cities and metropolis for better living
of the people and better economic activities.
Definition
– It is a theory and practice of planning of cities, towns and other
places of population concentration providing comprehensive
spatial solution to socio-economic, physical and environmental
infrastructures, health and other needs of the population
 Problems for Urban Planning
– Dynamism, changes and ‘uncertainty’ of growth pattern
– Social cost of growth and public good
– Individual/ corporate decision and community living
– Desired social and human values
– Providing elements of collective consumption
 Benefits of Urban Planning
■ Convenience benefits
– Roads, mass transportation and locational arrangement of land
uses and intensity
– Distances between uses/ activities and components within
activities
– Access to services
■ Social equity benefits
– Participation in decision making
– Fairness in access to necessities of life/ increase in supply
relative to demand
 Benefits of Urban Planning
– Fairness in distribution of cost and benefits of land use and
services
■ Health and safety benefits
– Reduction of traffic danger, environmental hazard such as
flooding, landslides, etc.
– Increase and effective sanitation and water supply systems
– Better light and ventilation
 Benefits of Urban Planning
■ Efficiency benefits
– Reduction of cost of land development, transport and energy
costs.
– Use of land and service cost
■ Environmental benefits
– Reduction of air and water pollution
– Reduction of noise
– Protection of aquifers, ecological areas and open spaces
 Benefits of Urban Planning
■ Amenities benefits
– Attractive and pleasant living environment
– Conservation of nature and natural charms
– Conservation of culture/ buildings, space and values
 RURAL PLANNING
■ Planning of villages and remote area.

■ Aimed at improving rural areas through

– The establishment of a hierarchy of urban centers, market towns

and rural service centers + socio-economic programs

– To improve economic and social life- productivity, employment,

provide food, shelter, education and health.
 RURAL PLANNING
 To integrate agriculture + industries + services
– Promotion of non agricultural activities
– Dev. Of rural town, initiation of public works
– Ppl’s participation in decision making
– Provision of social services and amenities.
 LOCAL AREA PLANNING (LAP)
■ Spatial planning prepared as a basis for the immediate development
of a small manageable (local) area within a city, usually less than
ward area.
■ an action plan for solving a particular problem in a small area or as a
guiding tool for controlled growth and desired development in the
area
■ Eg: Guided land development, Land pooling, open space
improvement, traffic management plan, sanitation campaign, etc.
■ LAP are the means to implement city wise plans and policies.
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
Historical background:
■ Concept in conventional sense >> 1962 >> Government established
Town planning office
■ 1963 >> UNDP experts >> Town development act
■ Under the act >> town development committees were form in different
towns >> to ensure planned urban development
■ 1964 >> land acquisition act passed >> under which government had
power to acquire land for public purpose
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
Historical background:
■ 1967>> concept of regional planning in the context of total valley was
put forward
■ Kathmandu valley physical development plan (KVPDP) >> prepared and
published officially in 1969 >>>This plan served as official guidelines for
the urban development in the 3 valley towns until 1976
■ Plan revised in 1984>> Kathmandu valley town planning team
incorporating the updated land uses situation
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
Historical background:
■ Later >> Halcrow Fox >> identified the infrastructural needs and
improvements resulting in the preparation of the integrated
infrastructure improvement program for the valley and dealt with
institutional aspects
■ Now, other regional centers were also planned considering the regional
dimension.
■ 1973>> town plan implementation act was passed >> implement the
approved plans for regional development center
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
Historical background:
■ To ensure control >> municipalities were empowered to control the
design of houses in the urban areas through a system of building permit
■ Municipalities are given more responsibilities for urban development
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Rajbiraj (1944) ‐
– first planned city in Nepal > due to flood problem (Koshi river) –
headquarters shifted from Hanuman Nagar to Rajbiraj
– Planned with
■ grid iron pattern,
■ central space occupied by administrative bldgs.
■ Organized street pattern in the central part
-- Now looks like over grown center and expanding out along access
lines.
Rajbiraj, 1990 Rajbiraj, 2021
(Wikipedia) (google earth)
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Kathmandu Beautification (1962) –
– superficial visual improvement works > visit of English Queen.
– Beginning of Panchayat system.
– Focused the need of urban renewal programs for Kathmandu
valley
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Saving Kathmandu Monuments (1962) –
– Town planning office for Kathmandu valley set up with the UN
technical assistance –
– P.O Lefvert demarcating traditional town core as 'monumental
area'.
– 1963>> town development committee act was brought to fore
– In 1964 > F.V Ortner >>drew up building code for protection of
historical core and buildings
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Physical Development plan for the Kathmandu Valley 1969 –
– First comprehensive master plan for Ktm.
– Govt. of Nepal with assistance of UN expert Karl Pruscha reviewed
overall situation of Ktm valley
– 13 professional worked for 2 years.
– Objectives of physical plans were:
■ the preservation of historical and cultural heritage,
■ Preserve valuable agricultural land
■ To device efficient transportation system
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Physical Development plan for the Kathmandu Valley 1969 –
■ guided urban development through land‐use planning, and
■ densification of fringe areas and reduce density of congested area
■ To prepare a land use map to be useful over the next 20 years
■ In 1976 – revised and formally approved.
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Regional Development centers –
■ Adopted during 4th national plan (1970-
75)>>> concept of regional development
strategy
■ Country divided into 5 development regions
■ Each region was assigned with a growth
center/ growth pole and subsidiary growth
centers – Western -> Pokhara
– Eastern -> Dhankuta – Mid-western ->Birendranagar
– Central -> Kathmandu – Far-western -> Dipayal
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Also, Zonal and District headquarters were assigned

■ North -South growth centers and growth axis>> corridor development.

>>linking ecologically diverse regions

■ Strong resource support of HMG>> with the view of complimentary

economic development of mountain, hill and terai geographical regions

■ structural plans >> road network and land uses>> intervention in 'direct
royal review' : Birendranagar, Pokhara, Dhankuta, Kathmandu
 Distribution Of Growth Centers

Western Dev. Region Central Dev. Region

 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Town development Act 1973:
– Main aim >>> to guide urban development
– To provide legal authority to town planning implementing committee
– KVTDC was formed > entrusted with the overall responsibility of
planning and regulating urban growth in Kathmandu Valley.
■ Bhaktapur Development Project (BDP)– (1974‐89) –
– mixed development and conservation project
– Technical and financial help from GTZ
– New industrial district, ring road development, sewerage treatment
and renewal of basic services and buildings were undertaken
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Ring road plan (1975):
– Main plan: enhance linkages, reduce octopus growth and provide
high speed transit in the valley
– in conflict of Town development act >>after completion of the project,
city core automatically expanded up to the ring road
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Land Use plan of Kathmandu valley – 1976
– Based on 1973 PDP >> was prepared by building department
– KVTDC was formulated with the approval of the plan and the
corresponding by-laws related to land use planning and building
control
■ Kathmandu Valley Physical Development concept – 1984 –
– Included Land use plan and zoning regulation within the ring road.
(prepared by KV town planning team)
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Kathmandu Valley ‐ Urban policy study – 1986 –
– PADCO/USAID: studied previous plans and recommended some new
plan and policies to improve situation of Kathmandu valley
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Structure plan – 1987:
– Goal>> to provide guidelines for the physical development of
metropolitan Kathmandu
– With assistance of UNDP/world bank > HMG prepared structural plan
for greater Kathmandu (ktm and lalitpur)
– Projection to accommodate growth up to 2010 A.D
– Zoning >> to preserve agricultural lands and environmental sensitive
areas.
– Building byelaws for Kathmandu Valley >> due to 1990 political
change – not approved
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal
■ Halcrow Fox KVUDPP 1990
■ Other Local area plans (LAP) –
– Land use infrastructure and investment programs and development
controls
– Emphasis on local priority needs >> social sectors, physical element
s ad infrastructure
– Plan focus on small area >> Hanuman Dhoka Durbar area,
Bishnumati corridor area.
– Eg. Site and service, guided land development, land pooling
 Early Planning Efforts In Nepal

■ Integrated Area Plan (IAP) = PEDP + MSIP

■ Periodic plans – vision for 20years, formulates projects for 5years
■ Urban and Environmental Improvement Project (UEIP) – I & II – 9
municipalities.
 PLANNING APPROACHES

•Top down

•Bottom up
 Planning Approaches in Nepal

■ Master planning
■ Structure planning
■ Local Area Planning (LAP)
■ Integrated action planning (IAP)
■ Strategic planning
■ Infrastructure planning
Policies, Organizations And Planning Roles In
Different Situations
Technology G oal
Agreed Not Agreed
Known A. C.
− REGULATIONS − PROCEDURAL JUSTICE
− BUREAUCRACIES − FORUMS; COURTS
− PROGRAMMER − BARGAINER; ADVOCATE
Unknown B. D.
− RESEARCH & − PROTECT THE PUBLIC THROUGH
DEVELOPMENT THE COURTS - ?
− DECENTRALIZATION − SOCIAL LEARNING PROMOTER

− PRAGMATIST
 Drawbacks Of Previous Planning Approaches
■ most of the land are ■ Conflicts about the goals of
privately owned – expensive development/planning
to get land for public ■ Lack of understanding among
facilities. public planners of the role of other
■ private and Informal sector actors in urban development
is responsible for what is ■ master plan provides long‐term
built – less control of govt. vision but the concern of the people
is immediate improvements