494 pecial Topics in Airport Planning and Design Example Problem 12-2 A runway is to service arrivals and departures. The common approach path is 7 mi long for all aircraft. During a particular inter- val of time the runway is serving only two types of aircraft, a type A with an approach speed of 120 mi/h and a type B with an approach speed of 90 mi/h. Each arriving aircraft will be on the runway for 40 s before exiting the runway. The air traffic separation rules in effect are given in Table 12-1. During the period of time to be analyzed five aircraft in an ordered arrival queue of a B, A, A,B, and A aircraft approach the runway. An identical ordered departure queue of aircraft is awaiting clearance to takeoff. A time-space diagram to service these aircraft will be drawn assuming the first arrival is at the entry gate at time 0 and arrivals are given priority over departures. The time-space diagram for arrivals is drawn first since these aircraft nor- mally have priority over departures. This is shown on Fig. 12-5. The dashed lines indicate points where the interarrival separation rules are enforced to ensure the minimum interarrival spacing is maintained. The numbers in parentheses indicate the time each aircraft is at the point indicated. Operational Sequence Air Traffic Rules Arrival-departure | Clear runway |_ Departure-arrival Arrival at least 2 mi from arrival threshold Departure-departure | 120s Arrival—arrival Miles: Lead A B rating (i ’ B |5 3 Time 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 (seconds) Exit [ | [ | ml | Threshold (280)| (370)| (490) (710) (800) . \ LAALA TA ‘3 miles | 3 miles ft \/ 4 mites: (430) [k 171 (160) (280) (430) (690) Fieure 12-5 Time-space diagram for scheduling arrivals in Example Problem 12-.Airport Airside Capacity and Delay Since the first aircraft, a type B aircraft, is at the entry gate at time 0 and it takes 280 s to travel the common approach path from the entry gate to the runway threshold, this aircraft passes over the runway threshold at time 280 s. Immediately behind this aircraft is a type A aircraft which is approaching the runway at a speed of 120 mi/h. In this case, the trailing aircraft A is flying faster than the leading aircraft B and, therefore, it is closing in on the leading aircraft. These two aircraft are closest together when the leading aircraft passes over the arrival threshold or at time 280 s. At this time the trailing aircraft can be'scheduled no closer than 3 mi behind the leading aircraft or the trailing aircraft is scheduled to pass over the 3-mi point at time 280 s. Since this aircraft is approaching the runway at a rate of 30 s/mi, it passes over the runway threshold 90 s later or at time 370 s. It passes over the entry gate 210 s earlier or at time 160 s. This process is continued until all aircraft have been scheduled. It should be observed that when a type B aircraft is trailing a type A aircraft, since the type B is traveling at a speed less than the type A, these two aircraft are closest together when the trailing aircraft passes over the entry gate and the required separation is maintained at that point. Once alll the aircraft are scheduled as shown in Fig. 12-5, it is determined that it will take 800 s to service these five arriving aircraft. The time span at the runway threshold for serving these five arrivals is 800 ~ 280 = 520 s. In this time span there are four pairs of arrivals. Therefore, the average time between arrivals, the interarrival time, is 520 divided by 4 or 130 s per arrival. The capacity of the runway to service arrivals will be shown later to be 3600 s: C, = Fp 7 2Saircratt per hour The time-space diagram in Fig. 12-6 is then constructed from that in Fig. 12-5 and is used to determine if a departure may be released in the time gaps between arrivals. Each arrival spends 40 s on the runway prior to exiting the Time 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 (seconds) T | Exit 41 AL 20) (ato) f sa0yf —_[c750) | ce4oy f Y TT Threshold ! H 1} (120) (830) | (650) i oe ce | Two Mile JZ Point For aso) | |/(630) /(740) 2 Departure 3 Clearance 4 5 6 7 Entry Gate Distance (miles) Ficure 12-6 Time-space diagram for scheduling mixed operations in Example Problem 12-2.496 Special Topics in Airport Planning and Design Ficure 12-7 Time-space diagram for errortree interarrival spacing for the closing case when V, < V. runway. Therefore, the time when each arriving aircraft exits the runway is determined first. The results are shown in Fig, 12-6. At any time, if the runway is clear, a departure may be cleared for takeoff if the incoming arrival is at least 2 mi from the arrival threshold and it has been at least 120 s since the last depar- ture was cleared for takeoff. Again, in Fig. 12-7, the dashed lines indicate points where the separation rules are enforced and the numbers in parentheses indicate the time each aircraft is at the point indicated. However, these comparisons are now made to ensure that the departure-departure, arrival-departure, and departure-arrival spacings are each maintained. It is seen that it will take 840 s, measured at the runway threshold, to service all of the arrivals and all of the departures. It is also observed that departures can only be inserted between a pair of arrivals on two occasions. Therefore, the probability of inserting a departure between the 4 pairs of arrivals is 2 out of 4, or 0.50. The capacity to service mixed operations will be shown later to be ©. a 0+0.50)= 42 aircraft per hourAirport Airside Capacity and Delay 497 where 1.0 represents the probability of an arrival at the threshold every 130s and 0.50 represents the probability of inserting a departure in an interarrival time of 130 s. The capacity of the runway to service departures only will be shown later to be 3600 a C= ori 30 aircraft per hour