ETERSON COIL OVER VOLTAGE DUE TO ARCING GROUND AND a n lines and explain? Motel Pace. Pate ‘Causes of Over Voltages in Power System ‘The two main causes of overvoltages in power system are, 1. Internal causes 2. External causes. 1. Internal Causes ‘These causes are due to some abnormal conditions generated in the circuit itself. These Abnormal conditions nc Ghange the system's parameter but also damage the circuit under severe conditions. Internal causes of overvoltages are max due to, Switching surges Insulation failure Arcing ground and Gv) Resonance. © Switching Surges ‘The overvoltages produced on a system due to switching operations are known as switching surges. (i) Ansulation Faiture ‘he overvoliages are also caused due to the insulation failure between line and ground or the grounding of conducts a power system, (il) Areing Ground Arcing ground is commonly caused in long transmission line operations on high voltages du to osilaion. The hh "8 Ground can damage the apparatus in the power system severely. The voltage produc} ue 0 arcing grounds are nearly 3 to times the power frequency voltage. Atving grounds coy be eonied by earth neutral. v) Resonance Im an electrical system when inductive reactance of the circuit becomes place. High voltage surges are produced in power system due to re as the capacitance is very small. In case of cables, atalto capacitive reactance, resonane ‘Sonanee in transmission lines, Resonance rarely ‘resonance may occur due to $® harmonic components. 2, External Causes (Indirect ightning strokes such as li htning discharge taki i induced overvoltages. ehining discharge aking place near the line results in electromagnetcally iy Different atmospheric conditions along the line length will cause overvoltages, i) Overvoliages ae produced due to fetion betwen the atmospheric articles such as dust, dry snow ete. (iv) Overvolages are produced due to lighnng between the two nearby clouds, SIA ruvtsnors and bstrivutors Pvt. Lea,rh Oven Oe Ole ction and insu t Explain briefly = lon Coordination 4.7 ‘of Ungrounded 3-phase System Each line of the system will have an inherent capacitance distributed throughout the line with respect to earth (shown in aeabove for phase B), When an earth fault occurs on any of the line, the gap between the faulty conductor and earth breaks sndue to which the distributed capacitance of the faulty line discharges directly to earth through the fault point (point F in ate). This capacitance again will charge from the supply and again gets discharged to earth. The continuous charging and charging, ef the line to earth capacitance results in, formation of repeated ares between line and ground which is known as ing grounds. Due to arcing grounds, a temporary fault builds up into a permanent fault. Moreover, severe voltage oscillations reaching «eto four times the normal voltage are produced because of arcing grounds. ‘0, Explain the phenomenon of arcing grounds. How does neutral grounding eliminate arcing grounds? 18 ‘ing Grounds For answer refer Unit-IV, QU9. When the neutral point of the system is connected to earth, then the system is said to be grounded. A 3-phase system with sutra grounded is shown in the following figure. R Figure uuanone URN FOR ENGMEERNGsTuDENTs SND SPECTRUMPOWER SYSTEMS-II [JNTU. DE; 48 ret, wil be owing from the ful pepe hen the Fo ied ate te carng cureng ge Wh ase B at point Fl he figure, Jal fy areine CURED of gy neutral nN roth oe aoe ee pealthy phases, ‘The fault current Will bay Phase Yrespeaeye as tn ine to eth capaci cent ofthe heathy TSS Te en, etiv resultant ine to earth ca ence with resulta opposition wth he chin es heathy phases nd ees wil ee fen the faut currents made equal othe resultant capacitive cure hy Weta HASTE Currents oferty Phan fart circuit, then the fault current will neutralize the resultant capac Phases ive, Te+Ip =0 (oR) Ip +ly+Ip=0 a Therefore, the arcing grounds due to cath fault in a grounded system can be extinguished capacitance of 921. Derive an expression for the reactance of the Peterson coil in terms of the cap F the Protec Wo Ans: tag, fing for a 3-p system is shown in figure, ‘The connection ofthe Peterson col in resonant grounding fora 3-0 sys Let the earth fault has occurred at point Fault current J, starts to flow from point Fto neutrel Wadia to the ground through the Peterson coil and back tothe faulty pias. Fault current J flowing through the Peterson eo is given by, ~() Where, V, = Phase voltage A, = Inductive reactance of the Peterson coi ‘The line to earth capacitance ofthe heathy phases, phase Yand hase B are C,and C, respectively, ‘The voltage ae0sln ean na resonant rounded system ding an ear faults increased by 3 times besmse* system behaves as an ungrounded system, Hence, iis the charingen cc Phase to earth, then it becomes 4/31 per during an earth fault. SIA rusiisne ‘nd Dlatibutors Pvt Lt BeeOO lation Coon rents ofthe healthy phases maton an Peterson coil to neutralize te CAPA (Compete lenyshs ofthe bie charging current per phase, es the chain ee Phaso, Gi) 85% oF lengsh of te fine Vn 1 os and (iil) 45% of length of the line a= Phase vollage ©) Complete Length of the Line Y= Capacitive reactance The inductance of Petersen coil reqpieed 1 HAE NX, = Capacitive reactance ofline to earth, length of trensenission the elfect of capacitance for corn 1a f Hine is piven by, alee ‘ 7 ay fe know : ut in esonant grounding, for neutralization of arcing Induetive reactance, X, = a evalue of inductance “of px S ' 2 om at the fault current => nfl atl Mya jngcoent si “4 3x(anf ye xe J Inductance, , a “ £50)? zo C Reactance of Peterson coil is given by, _ 1 -*e, © 3x2 250)° 02410 LS i ‘The inductance ‘L’ of the coil is given by, cass 71089 aXe [+ X,=0l] (ii) 85% of Length of the Line ® « “The inductance of Peterson coil required to neutralize the xc |. a «effect of capacitance for 85% of length of the line is given by, “30 C0. “ Inductance, ee a 1 30°C 3(2nf °C ~ 3x(2af)? x85%of C Inductance of Peterson coil, 2 1 - © 3x(2nx50)? x0.85%0.2x10~ 1 has a capacitance of = Sumy 719874 02 uF per phase. Determine the inductance of Peterson coil to neutralize the effect of | (iii) 45% of Length of the Line capacitance of, The inductance of Peterson coil required to neutralize () Complete length of line the effect of capacitance for 45% of length of the line is given (il) 85% of length of line by, (ii) 45% of the length of the line. Inductance, Model Paper, 9 p-——___. 3x(Qnf)? x45%of C Given that, System frequency, f= 50 Hz Capacitance of transmission line, C = 0.2 pF per phase 0.2.x 10°F x L 3x(2mx50)x0.45x0,2x10 = Dongs 73752 UL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS SPECTRUM4.10 sion line has a 023. A220 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 200 km transmis: nea Calculate the inductance and kVA rating of the Peterso! Ans: Given that, Line voltage, ¥, = 220 kV Supply frequency, f= 50 Hz Length of transmission line, ?= 200 km Capacitance of each line to earth, C, = 0.01 uF Inductance of Peterson coil, KVA rating of Peterson coil Total capacitance forthe transmission line of 200 km length, c=Ixe, =200 x 0.01 = 10 =2%104F V, ‘Voltage per phase, ¥,, = —L Shape pe phase, V = “he 20 =e = 127017 KV 3 Reactance of the coil, xy= Xe. = InL= > 3xQnf xe . 1 © 3x(Qnx50) xax10* = 1.698 ‘Welnow tha, the current is neutral fr an earth fault Yon ie, # ta fl 127.017x10° 2nx50x1.69 = 239.234 Voltage across the Peterson c r, ‘o = 127017 «10 Rating of are suppression coil, Ved, = 127.017 « 109 x 239.03 = 30386276 Va, = 30386.276 kVA, #+ Inductance of Peterson coil, L= 1.69} Rating of are suppression coil = 30386.276 kVA OTT SUA nas, POWER SYSTEMS-II [JNTU-HYDER,, nce to earth of 0.01 uF | used for earthing the above syste,re Ue CHTNING, HORI LIGHT! N Gaps, 5 PE 42 LIGHNTING ARRESTER, VaLyece, DIVERTERS, ROD GAPS, EXPULSION te \ GROUND RODS, COUNTER Poise sul HTNING ARRESTER, GROUND W! explain te different theories of cha (GE ABSORBERS 0 "9° formation in AAS eaties Which explain and give information o | {Wilson's theory of charge seperation | Gy Simpson's theory of chage separation svilson’s Theory of Charge Formation Ope flloing ae the assumptions made to exp Electrical field is present inthe atmosphere under f There are number of ons in the amosphe At the surface of earth the eletric fd ‘c intensi Mensity is 1 V/em and electric field intensity goo : ; x reson, dongertieoenne At Sttsing wih he neease in height. Now, when ain dopo large sie falls in sion of the drop stats attracting sen aE Setting inthe lower and upper position respectively. The lower srracted by the lower se: = pacting negative charges from the surrounding environment, As the negative charges get ment, The temainedposine inc 22 Which is positively charged th positive fon get remained inthe enviton- re edie thestmvecan Ot Moatng in the ac are blown tothe upward diction with these ir erent. Now, cee = oa pet whet theres netaliaton between charges, the cloud charges get polarized (charges Ce ore ear ited th postive ono move aber pad tc btm of he cou being seed with negative ions. Thus, in this manner the charges in, clouds get ‘Separated or polarized according to Wilson's theory. We Fe Lover postive putin of } rp atratog nega oes Som atone obit in thundercloud Clouds, "formation of nin this theory, ‘ir conditions whose direction is vertically downwards. Te which ets atached to the water and dust particles acceding to Wibn's theory Figure t) (Simpson's Theory The theory is temperature variation based. From the facts concerning thunder cloud we know when air current breaks ‘ter droplets it attains negative charge whereas the matter droplets atain positive charge. When the air current break the ice os then these ice crystals acquire negative charge and ar currents acquire positive charges, In this theory its assumed that the cloud is moving from left to right. When the ar with velocity 10 m/sec collides withthe droplets atthe bottom of the cloud, tase dops get broken and are carried up. As we know when air clashes with rain drops it gets negative charged and rain drops positive charged, The broken drops ‘nin are tend 10 move up and are not let down until they combine with drops and fall down in form of bunch of charger or ‘kets shown inthe figure (2). eps geal of poste charges Figure (2) SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS:IS-II [JNTU. a POWER SYSTEM: ut HOR a where the vapour gets in Crystal fon —NGdy ithe pla The air which is negatively charged tiesto go up farther tl ; et negatively charged and air Being posi dy own ese en ops are fend atin he vais, and the pots manner according to Simpson’ theory, tarze There it clashes with the ice erystals, as alrea The heavier drops of rain settle down tothe base of cloud ‘Thus, the charges gets separated or the cloud charges get po! mes ‘with necessary diagrams- Q2S. Discuss about the lightning phenomenon Mode} Ans: tg Mechanism of Lightning Discharge jand the earth or betwe Lightning isa huge spark that takes place due oan clectre discharge belwest ertiat eater etc, between charge centres of the same cloud, Large number of discharges occur be discharge occurs, when a charged ep SX them terminate onthe earth which an cause sme serious damage. The iahning ISOs OT tard lu over the earth and it induces equal and opposite charge onthe earth below it. The cart Ont ott been plates and the dielectric medium between them is ar. As the charge in the cloud Ein “doctarge star's fol Oud ang, increases. When the potential is large enough to breakdown the surrounding air, the lightning, wed by tha sound (thunder). The mechanism of lightning can be explained from the following figures: cloud S< Side streamer Stepped—>, leader s<— Leader Fee tttt sees Peter te tt es Fb dete tesa Earth surface Earth surface Figure: Lightning Mechanism ‘When the air breakdowns, a streamer starts ftom the clouds towards the earth. The gradient required to start the stewing is 5 0 IOV perem, The lender streamer wil continue downwards o earths long asthe cloud from which it originates saps enough charge to it to maintain gradient at the tip of leader streamer above the strength of ar, Ifthe charge is insulfces et the streamer will not reach the earth. But very often the streamer propagates until it makes ‘contact with the earth or tallest ott! fon the earth. The current in the leader is low nearly 100 amps. The leader proceeds in a zigzag manner, Its average veloiy Propagation is about 0.05% that of velocity of light and its luminosity is also very low. As the leader approaches the ea & clectrostatically induced voltage increases and the gradient at the earth’s surface becomes strong enough to cause a streamer!” fine om the surface of rth and finaly contact withthe leader ofthe cloud resulting in a sudden spark Its like closing os between two opposite charges. 026. What are various methods of overvoltage protection of overhead transmission lines? a Model pape The devices which provide protetion tothe power system agains lighting areas follows, () Earthing screen (ii) Overhead ground wires (ii) Lightning arresters. © STA Puvtshers ana Distributors Pvt. Lea,overage Protection end insulation ing Sve ‘ screen provides protection tg py, os dit SUORS Thee ape tn ca py aunt sill of copper candace ras ee ing his shield to ground at tug Fw impedance path trough res a Points ot eas Stor. The se Goze Figure (1) whenever a direct stroke occurs, the screen sbsorhs ging end provides 2 path of low resistance by uf, 2% onGucted 10 the earth. Thus, protecting the syste 38 e Butte disadvantage with this method ist sovide protection against waves, ayo ig Overhead Ground Wires Inovethead ground wire protection the ground wire says placed above the = sraghlow resistance path as show in figure below Conductors end ee grounded Figure (2) Whenever a direct lightning stroke occurs, it is ‘eteped by ground wires and through the low resistance path "conducted to ground. The resistance which provides path the lightning Surges should be as Jow as possible for high * of protection and this resistance is called tower-footing ‘SSE. Its given by = IR. As the values of and Fare tel be no chance ofeceueceofashover. This sion line will be protected. "9 Uphng Arresters For answer refer Unit AV, Q4 and QS. ez 200 swecrran atLst-OME JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS KS ie Cardination or Write about lightning arrestars. Ans; Si) Lightning sresers (b) Non-linear Resistor Sets The value of nonlinear: nonconducting and o ‘current, When a surge voltage occurs on the line, takes place in the spark gaps and it offers alow resistance path to the flow of curent. Thus, current follows the low resiswace path through nonlinear resistance and neutralize the fult to ‘ound. Since, it provides low resistance path to high cuteat the surge will very quickly move to the ground. Once the surge is neutralized to ground, the nonlinear resistor offers high resistance for power frequency current. Therefore, the current will flow to the power circuit without any diversion. The FE characteristis areas shown in figure.POWER SYSTEMS-II [JNTU. HYDE, Vohage (V) > Figure (2) Q28. Explain clearly, how the rating of a lightning arrester is selected. Ans: Rating of a Lightning Arrester Depending upon the following factors the rating ofa lightning arrester is selected. A Rated Voltages {Lis fated voltsze that appears between the phases and earth on the occurrence of an earth fault on one phase can ty calculated by knowing the system's maximum voltage and coefficient of earthing, Rated voltage = Coefficient of earthing x System's maximum voltage 2. Coefficient of Karthing Coeflicient of earthing can be defined as the ratio of highest :m.s volage of healthy line to ground to the ‘normal line. line t.m.s voltage. : ing = Highest ms voltage of healthy linet ground 45 Coefiien of earthing Normal line-to-line rm.s voltage 3. Rated Discharge Current It is defined as the discharge current having a prescribed peak value and wave shape which is used to differentiate an arrester with respect to its durability and protective characteristics, 4. Power frequency Sparkover Voltage 1 jaetined as the least value ofsparkover voltage which s kept at about 2-5 times the rated voltage of lightning ares, {0 avoid frequent sparkover due to internal overvotage of inadequate magnitude which may damage the systems. 5. Maximum Impulse Sparkover Voltage Iti defined as the voltage at which the lightning arrester spazkover occurs frequently for every impulse overvoltage. Tis rows that the rated voltage of lightning aresteris either equal to or greater thant sparkover voltage. And it helps in protesting the basic insulation levels against lightning surges. 6. Residual or Discharge Voltage currents. The residual voltages are kept ata fix currents, the rise in residual voltage is smaller 7. Maximum Discharge Currents__ The figure above shows th st consists of a horn gap in series With 17° Fe 10 e (Wand the ected. One ei andthe apparatus to be protet y von ap is connected tothe line and the 0 ris 30 ep is The finton ofthe resistor in seis Will P ich xe choke c2 a 10 secis very simple and is rugged in construct is Heong all the other amesters and requis oon amnsits of 180 I inch metal rods which ar Wah angles 19 Ch other with a gap in between a ete ground and the other rod is e ircuit. The distanc Jo Oot ie 1/3 of od pervesn therod gap Under normal working con jot tor shoul gap lengths toavoid any | strength of the gap is more when comp™ reduce the flow ofeurrent toasae value: THES | 4 grown isconeated inbetween he system 10 2 DRE of the hor gap reduces the sharpness of the inciden! does not allow the transients to enter th sil ihe it power fequeney voltage and hence the ea? 4 Wh vi ater tha never an overvottagehavinga value greater MN a, paver voltage depends upto some extent on th he aoe od which is connected to | strength ofthe gap occurs, then the gap CO! ye ee eaten ie ice takes place across the gap. ‘The surge eure i dischores to yoo regative flashover vol the pround trough the horn gap without damagins and ne voltages and can be | tobe protected. ip postive re by adusting the length of the lower rod by 1.5 to ees nh 31, Write about expulsion type arrester a ep oetwecn te rds remains open under noma | ang viogeoiins whens igh voltage surge occurs onthe | ~"=* gt sparkover and it offers low resistance path for | Expulsic At ao gous: The opps sto isin Type Arrster ; S The construction details of this arrester is shown in figure. Line Lie rod T Rod gap Rods e 1, Upper electrode Grodral Bow Spark gp] L> Fibre tube Figure: Rod Gap Arrester t-» Lower eetrode {Write about horn gap arrester. Lower elect das: Out for esses fica Gap Arrester s of two hom shaped meta ods Figure Expulsion Type Arrester ‘etd bya small distance. The stance between the tO ‘baadbshings increases from bottom 10 top, The schematic ‘Sugement of horn gap arrester is shown in figure. @ Hom gap arrester consists Itessentially consists of, ‘A tube made of fibre which is a very effective gas evolving material. L (ii) Anisolating spark gap. ns we RE ts (iii) An interrupting spark gap, which is in series with the L-fop> Hom rod gap, enclosed within the fibre tube. This interrupting spatk gap is made up of two electrodes, in which the cop uppereletrodeis connected to therod gap and the lower > L ‘dleetrode is connected to the ground. There will be one expulsion arester under each line conductor.POWER SYSTEMS-II {INTU-HYDER, Tao STE RTP nee ah By re inate rhe pedi nec opr ob a a a Oe ean “azo tne, eh pre i ui oe ear Tee xing Ae! 20nd a on te eae ih er saah samt ase ve een xed es ready for new operation. There are two types of expulsion arresters. They ae (Transmission line type and a eeeoaion re lightning arrester. i - jon of valve type lig! 32. “Describe the construction and principle of operation a Ans: Valve Type Lightning Arresters ; ee Valve tpelghning ameter ian improved and expensive Fighting arester which i alo called 5 nonin ty diverter. 5=——> Curent temiat outa fling rae Fe sy gyant ‘erbtor gang bck | [2 Seto sits Figure (1) Construction ‘This arrester has two divisions. One isthe series spark gaps while the other is the nonlinear resistor dises in series. Bob these divisions are placed in a tight porcelain container. The spark gap is a combination of a number of identical spark £3 connected in series. Every spark gap has two electrodes with a fixed gap spacing. Additional resistance elements are used to cause Uniform voltage distribution across the gaps. The spacing of series gaps is provided in such a way that it withstands the norm! citeuit voltage. An overvoliage causes the gap to breakdown resulting inthe surge current to ground through nonlinea eit The resistance of these nonlinear resistors falls with arise in current through them and vice-versa, They play an important ole in limiting the high current flow. Operation ‘At a normal system voltage the valve arrester works like an insulator i.e, it does not cause the breakdown of st assembly. During overvoltage conditions, the series spark gap breakdown. And the nonlinear resistors offer a low resistance J to @ high surge current. As a result the surge goes to earth instead ofthe line. The nonlinear resistors attain a high resistance © cease the flow of current when there is no surge. ‘The volt-ampere characteristics ofa nonlinear resistor are shown in the figure below. SHEE SA. rstannes cl ciinst ch i417 Keurrent) Figure (2) ‘pase dynamic characteristic whose intereey, ive ated ln nd ada tne especie. hosiontal tangent pos the termi ire eves the residual voltaze, Residual voltage i ci value ofthe vollage Fe and ORY cen eT cc hn i tie po B wt St ‘ing Absorbers (or) Surge Absorbers yposing plain about lightning absorbers, Surg absorber isa protective device which absorbs the high olage surges and reduces the stecpessofthe surge wavelets Sa 5 1 urge Absorption Using Capacitor/Condenser 4 In tis type of surge absorption, a capacitor is connected between the line and the earth as shown in figure (2). This zenent ects a5 a surge absorber. When connected across transformer winding, it prevents the transformer from damage. Lge Protecting eer! device age Protecting device Line ® Sacer Te Protecting TEE) device TT fe Figure (1) ne joaRNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS ¢ ‘ee specrran aussrt one[JNTU-HYDERAR,, vy 1h a power SYSTEMS ype of Sup i eu a dis f- sheet acts 35 dary isearthedi.c, shorten ® We know that he wersely | metal nose secon ‘et know that the capacitor mee the ansfome ne by the inductor and Secondary yi Proportional to the frequency i.e., X, « —. Athigh frequency primary winding ipater. We know that huge amount of a 4 F the dissipate. We kno pala » under fault condition the capacitor reactance will be low | js formed by' 1g surge formation and the energy is yy js generated durin for the transformer energy obtained is ul and ats asa short iret tothe surges show in igure (D)and neutralize them to the ground. At low frequency ise. unde? normal operating conditions, the capacitive rectane is high ction. Even during the Surge formating lized efficiently and prevents the ind and acts as an open circuit as shown in figure (c) Therefore, | OMAN current flows to the device. ale eat Gi) Surge Absorption Using Parallel Combination Line ‘Surge absorption using parallel combination of choke and resistance in series with the line is as shown in figure (a). Here, the choke is nothing but the inductor. TTT TTITT m TTTTTTIT Ground Line) | Protecting TOOT beac ‘a L \ i Protecti a i = (ace Y a Line, Protecting device aa os <= Ground o i} (b): Equivalent Circuit Figure Tne, Protecting - I, I, Tan, |_Sevee Q35, Explain the selection of surge arresters with es oo reference to switching surges. Figure (2) Ans: We know that, in case of inductor, X, = 2nfL. At high frequency, X, is more and hence it acts as open circuitas shown in figure (b). When the inductor is open circuited, surge has got only one path i.e, through resistor by referring to figure (b). When the surge passes through resistor, they are dissipated as heat owing to the property of resistor. Under normal operating conditions, if frequency is less, then X, is also less and acts as short circuit as shown in figure (c) to the line currents and the ‘current flows to the power line. (iii) Ferranti Surge Absorber For answer refer Unit-IV, Q34. Q34, Write about lightning ferranti surge absorber Ans: Ferranti Surge Absorber Inthis type of absorber, an inductor i connected in series with the line as shown in figure (a). The inductors air cored and insulated with metallic sheet which is grounded. This insulated © SIA Pustshors and pistributo 3 Pvt Ltd. Acsurge arrester is selected such that it should eliminate transient overvoltages or surge voltages which are produced due to switching operations that can cause damage to the equipment to be protected. The device must bypass the surge to ground and discharge severe surge currents of higher magnitude for Jong duration without injury. It must continuously withstand the rated power frequency voltage for which it is designed. The following causes should be considered while selecting the surge arresters, @ —Arcing Ground Tt causes overvoltages on ungrounded systems. (i) Switching Surges Switching surges are the overvoltages caused due to switching operations. (ii) Harmonic Surges _ When a fault occurs on the lightly loaded lines directly ‘supplied by the altemators, harmonic surges may occu.19 / Protection and tnsula oven 1 insulation Coordination lawn Votan ii eho volo ofthe spe aria ‘they ate a? ‘nl theie apie, spe rise of Re Curent te by the tof voip isan the discharge WORE ty ME IS pe about COUNTY Pols0 wir, oss " s y gocasvorefer Unit O14, wire is made of galvanized steel and rung it rss ims in lifer contiguation such as radical, parallel or combination of 70 syn i fg rr p< Single parallel Double parallel Figue Inthe above figure the comer ofthe square represents tower legs, When lightning strikes on the tower, first it discharges italy the surge impedance of the counter poise plays a significant rand afer surge passed through the counter poise its leakage resistance is important. Thus, while selecting a counterpoise the ‘nike ground through tower then through the counter pois. vl of leakage resistance of the counterpoise should not be more than the value of surge impedance. The counter poise wire canbe either long continuous or equivalent short wires connected in parallel, Consider along counter ris of 00 m length or four short counter poise of 200 m each, The leakage reactance of oth ate same, if surge impedance of lng counter poise is 400.0 then it will be of 400/4 for short counter poise connected in parallel. I surge takes & psec to travel ‘av kegth then for 200 m it will take 2 see, thus surge discharge faster in short counter. Therefore it desirable to used short «outer poise instead of long, Q37, Why ground wire is provided as the top most conductor in high voltage transmission lines? Ans: The ground wires are always placed asthe top most conductor in high voltage transmission lines because of the following. "eens, '- thacts as a protection to the power line conductors from direct lightning strokes as itis placed above the power line Conductors all the direct lightning stokes ate fist interrupted by ground wire 2 Aipovides multiple parallel path forthe lightning strokes through tower footing resistance connected. By passing through ‘he multiple paths, the voltage ofthe surge gets educed, thereby reducing the potential atthe top of the tower. The chances of insulation failure is greatly reduced withthe use of ground wires, (Pe specrmum ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS | bh lent SawPOWER, SYSTEMS-II [JNTU-HYDERAB|, a0 spa some distance, the chances OF show elect beet i jaintaini The ground wires aro placed above the line conductors mai z the ground wire and line conductor can be minimized. 5. ‘The location of ground wite i decided according tothe proective ANBIE Q38, What is tower-footing resistance? " the tower is directly exposed to lightning is called tower footing sisting ” snpedance of the tower and ground impedang, The resistance offered tothe lightning current, wh ind upon the surge i ideration: footing impedance etc. such as wave shape, magnitude of ihn ‘The voltage and current transmitted into the tower will depe (2. the tower-footing resistance) ofthe tower. Taking.all the factors into consi current striking the tower, surge impedance, potential wave atthe top of tower ta ‘ footing resistance is 1ow, The value of tower-footing resistance should alway’ be low: Ifthe a a aaa Gee i at the top of the tower is reduced. Alwa; : | Si nee is low, it helps in controlling the lightning over Jue of tower-footing resistance is 20.9, the chances of occurrengy ‘The tower-footing resistance is given by, of flash over d parallel with ground rods or counterpoise wires. If the tower-footing resista voltages on the lines effectively with the help of ground wires. The maximum-val sds near the tower and connecting them to the tower ‘The tower-resistance is reduced by two methods, either by driving 10 h : ‘wires into the ground and connecting them to the tower base. By the above methods, the lightning the potential value at base of the tower ig base or by burying counterpois tower-footing resistance is recommended current is reduced, thereby reducing the voltage at the base of the tower. Therefore, ower than the flashover voltage and helps in neutralizing them to the ground. Hence, to be low always. 4.3 INSULATION COORDINATION, VOLT-TIME CURVES Q39. Explain the term insulation coordination. Describe the construction of voltage time curve and the terminology associated with impulse testing. OR Explain in detail about the insulation co-ordination in the power system protection with the help of volt-time characterist Model Papers, a9() Ans: Insulation Coordination ‘The main aspect of insulation coordination is to protect the complete power system from high voltage surges by appropriate selection of insulation levels for different equipment in a power system. Thus, the insulation strength of various equipments such as transformers, circuit breakers ete. should be higher than that of the protective devices. A proper insulation coordination must ensure the following, Efficient discharge of overvoltage to ground @ (ii) System insulation must withstand all abnormal stresses (ii) Protection of equipment against flashovers. folt-time Curves Volt-time curve gives the relationship between peak flashover voltage and the time taken to flashover of. particular wave ape. STA Pusishors and vistributors pvt.ta, |eo te vo Protection and erv0ltae, Insulatio wt Oe icime Curve 2 Coordination tio” v oe suction of vol cot phe 4.21 Wave ui fistover vag range ist shaver voltage, 17° Volutime curve ical fica Mishover 50% of vind annals finer ‘okage 50% of ppeat Rated 509% of appeaton wilstand donot ishover vollage Tse) Seem ———~—._ Wave fon vet Tine mange flashover = nimple Oa aries To the nau gees Upon impuse voltage ofthe applied waves having similar wave shapes ina vl Ise wave cect edument whose volsime curve is desire. the adjustments are made inthe yond shape of an a wave such that the breakdown, ‘occurs on the front of the wave then the breakdown point is called fuafstover and it gives the starting point of the volttime curve. Ifthe breakdown on flashover ocoure at the erst value ofthe en the point the second point on the curve and itis ealledas erst Nashover The nest possibilty is that the lshover eason he til end ofthe wave. To measure the point onthe til fashover we have to draw a horizontal from the erest vale fe wave and a vertical line through the crest flashover. ‘The intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines gives the point on fevtime curve ‘The resulting curve obtained by joining the points of front flashover, crest Aashove ‘@ Enumerate the basic concepts of insulation coordination. ast {sic Concepts of Insulation Coordination Foranswer refer Unit-V, Q39. and tail lashover is volt-time curve. Inorder to achieve the objective of insulation coordination itis necessary to have the knowledge on the following concepts. Voltage Stresses The equipment of the power system is subjected to the voltage stresses which are caused by power frequency voltage, ‘aay overvoltage, lightning surges and switching surges. Soi is necessary to know the voltage stresses and their distribution een and within the equipments. \ Bleetric Strength Inorder to maintain the electrical integrity ofthe system itis necessary to determine the capability of different insulation "ssuchas solid, liquid and gas to withstand dielectric strength, Protection For the protection of power system equipment, itis important to have the knowledge of protective devices and their ogements so that the ‘surges and their effects can be eliminated. Economics \ihthe help of information attained from the above discussed concepts, an effective economical soh meithe cost of various strategies or approaches. © SPECTRUM ALL-IN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERSiG STUDENTS |R SYStemon Ry P 4.22 G41. Explain the basfe impulse insulate fon level and n level significance. Describe the basic impulse insulat sed in impulse perwer y dard levels exPreS Weta Jse insulation levels. TRS? are the equipment of the power system from ovena.2 Ie insulation tect 1c wave. In order 1 ter than the BIL An: BILs BILs stands for basic impu! reference wave not exceeding 1.2150 Hse insulation level should be equal to or rea for the system tobe prey Ceca jred insulation level Gods levels. The gap between the BIL and the pe, Significance ves is to get he dies is to get “The significance of BILs in power system studieS 1 on these J : ca at, protective devices for particular power system are eta yo gives necessary protection 1P the system. The git, ot only economical but a0 BT protective device ts, device should be kept such that itis n should be greater than the highest expected sure “The protective margin is given as, ive level Protective margin = Withstand level of the system ~P rece e voltage acr0ss U of surge arrester. (ONS IMPORTA! ‘1, Distinguish between ihtng Arestr and lighting conductor. Refer Unit1V, O5 02, Why earth wireis provided in overhead transmission nes? Refer Unit-V, O13 03, Explain the phenomenon of arcing grounds, How does neue grounding eliminate arcing grounds? Refer Unit1V, 020 04. Explain the different theories of charge formation in clouds. Refer UnitV, 024 05, Write ebout counter poise wire. Refer UnitV, 036