2.20 FIGURE2.38A-4 External Tendon fora ‘Continuous Beam {Per 39 aig tuts Sn Fr: 85D) the bottom ofthe slab a the mi-polat between the foumns. This flure mechanism draws Is resis- tance fom the reinforcement that crosses the hinge lines but does not mobilize the reinforcement paral lelto the hinge lines Hence, the resistance oly uses halfothe reinforcement in the sab By providing the right amount of externally applied force along the coum lines, at the midpoint be- tween columns (marked by Xs in Fg. 2388-20) it iS possible to forte the slab ose the reinforcement Inboth directions prior to fallure. The mobilization bf reinforcement in both directions prety Increases ‘he load- resisting capacty ofthe flor syste. Inthe ferample discussed next, extemal post-fensioning ‘vas used to achieve this objective Figure 2.3.83 shows the plan ofa podium slab, and the formation of strength crack port its retrofit. Due to an error the slab was designed without any allowance forthe four-level superstructure that the Slab was intended to support During construction of the superstructure, the Noor slab exhibited large de fections, accompanied by racking as shown Inthe figure, The lation and formation athe cracks were ‘clear indication of inadequate strength. By instal {ng externa tendons below the slab along the col- ‘um lines, and pofiing them as show Inthe con “struction details of Fi, 2388-4, the right amount of feral forces were generated to fore the failure mode ofthe flor fou a "one-way" configuration (part a Fig. 2380-2) toa "wo-way" configuration show in the sate gure. The avalable reinforce Post-Tensioned Buildings 13963 Partial Plan of @ Column-Supported Slab FIGURE 2.38841 Typical Support Layout ofa Two ‘ia Paring For Slab Preiss (0) Secon (6) Pan mecharsm of rotted fur mode FIGURE 2.3.88-2 Failure Mechanisms ofa Two-Way Floor System before and after the Application of Externally Applied Retrofit Forces Post-Tensioning mzog1stm View of Reflected Celing, Showing the Location of Strength Cracks (Pac Jahon, Gd, atria) FIGURE 23.083, “D0 (6) NeaL exevaTON Menninger ; peste shade jam wae oer (sth (b) TYPloaL TENDON DEMATOR ETAL SCHEMATIC OF EXTERNAL TENDON AT COLUMN LINE Figure, 23.88-4 Details of Externally Applied PostTensioning 221 ‘ment in the slab proved tobe adequate once the al ‘ire mode was changed” 239 PostTensioning to Restore Geometry in Seismic Frames In regions of high seismic risk, such as much of Caltornia, buildings are designed to undergo post laste deformation his helps disipate the selsmic teneray and reduces the demand on resistance trom ‘he bullding’s frame. While buildings ae designed to prevent collapse under anticipated seismleforees, they are expected to sustain damage. Observations from the 1994 Northldge earthquake in Southern California revealed that multi-story buildings that have experienced post-latic deformation may not return to thei original plumb position. The residual ‘tin the bullding can cause both operational and maintenance problems, Post-tensioning can be used asa means of restoring a building closer to its original postion after post (b) spaced frare-gap opening \ ere sitar dont (€) Energy dssipating element aocoss te int ‘Model of Alignment Restoring Mechanism. FIGURE 2.39-1 Model of Frame with Corrective PostTensioning 7 Goan of De Marr Grgrian, MGA, Cdl, CA