Saag baat cI Ta | ; by, See Cea cee pe ee Goes ten tn met wean a a say econ a or 9.18, This figure shows the efects of fuel cost and capital cost on the ‘rerage cast per exergy wait of product cy. as functions of the ffceny e andthe sum of exergy destruction and exergy lost Ey + By Te hci I linear with respect t0 Ep +E, and nonlinear with respect © © ‘The tal costs the sum of capital and fel costs Fore dsig pin indicated by Atte figure shows the prs of capital cost and fel cot that depend 62 2, Ey, The average cost per etergy nit of fel ce taken as conan, Point‘ in Figure 9.1 is charctend by capital cots tat ae oo Eh. Whereas the fuel cost at point B is too high The optimal design pat denoted by OPT. The ol cot carve i wll Aa rund the opt po. ‘Therefore, several pots around the optimal point may be egeded ae tea} ‘optimal, Fr simplicity, only capital investment and fel costs have been com ‘eed in Figure 9.1, However, pacclly the same cares would be abated ‘quately f we would include the contbation ofthe fixed ORM cos teeter wit he vse cs nd he ale OBM cn gti th lu for omtimiing singe component in islaton as preset ode cin may clotted ot rom Scamp by seri ig the definition of el snd product andthe ox eaeaaons (Ege sisi and 3). However the agro numberof component cone Tap the more ict tay be wo develop an sxepale cst equation ise Pyuaion 94. The O€M coms can says bested Eaton 55 ase this optimization approach we mas be able 10 express the al capil inverimen of «ser component as function of the exerptic ef ‘cy and the capacity tough a elaon Silas to Equation 9.4 This may fot be posable fo al components for which a meaningful excrete efileney (eecined The ttl capa investment associated witha hea exchange, fot ‘ample, cannot always be represented asin Equation 94. A singe het, ‘changes however, maybe optimized in slaton by determining the optimal fnoima temperature difference, ‘Assumption AL expressed by Equations 92 and 93 i, mathematically speaking no Tlie for component of coinplex plans Because when sev- Riya salable ae varied simaaneouly he variables snd cy, [perl do ot remain constant forthe th component. Thus, when applied {system component the single-componentoptinizaion expressed. by Eaton 9.11, 9.12, and 914-919 may tepeesat only a plus appr ‘maton In thermal design, we are itrestedin optimizing the overall system. The seo oat optimize «singe compan i lon ally Wo mt Om ‘eqond to an overall sysem epimieaton. Therefore, a sngle-componcnt ‘pimizaton generally has ony ited usefulness. One of the est spo rate aplcations however, my occur daring the preliminary optimization Pine, fu then only to hose components whose costs dominate’ the com- ‘nt withthe highest rales forthe varalee 2 nd Cy The cor optim leon ofan oerall thea system is lusrated in Seton 9S by appition tthe cogeneration system case tay. In Seton 9.3 we consider te optim ican of eat exchanger networks-at important special clase ofthe ‘ystems often encoetered in Pastis ‘93. OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORKS Heat exchanger networks (HENS) can be found in most complex themal Systems. The tpieal heat exchanger new design problem has several fe {te raed to St of process seams: () Aa ine emperaue, «desired ‘let tempersure, mass 0W rae, and an average rpecic heat (6) a Steed foreach steam i) Ava uly seam such ax seat ad ‘Polng water resto iene.) Costing and tera dts are generally for example the cost fs beat exchanger a function ofthe est ‘rater area, lity costs, and appropriate heat transfer coeficiens.44 eruoszoneus corm o4 pen + mates nn ei nie sami el ol nat ttn ‘Finuseagepec ncaa eae ee ou Sey ie Sete ae ate ES, wn on sume ae cps Sipe ofa em eget ge syne scat i ee pene ee Mae iN ND! 02, ‘This equation shows tht Ny increases very rpily a the number of proce streams inreses, For example ther are 24 possible HEN confgtatonn problem involving two ot and two cold steams: However eay 8 Gay them are technically or economically feasible For example; Serigata ‘equring fat wansfer from a cold to a ho steam can be elisa et secondlaw grounds, Other configurations can te eliminted on the Besoe st. Sul, anapprosch based on the complete enumeration an ealunney al viable ‘eratves is ime consuming at Best. and may ot be pst To avoid the need to evaluat all posites, plausible explores sec- ods have been developed to assist the desi of HENS A review of mh methods i given in Reference 10. In spite ofthe amount of workin ea, ‘mos avaiable methods sill have «numberof timtatons, Deal tou Be ‘tious methods ray be fou! oe teratre [10-20 Seaton 9.3 ted onthe pinch analysis method, one of the most efectve an easy to imple ‘metods In Section 93.1, we consider only two process sea. A Pen ‘witha larger numberof seams is scone in Sections 9:32 tough 931 93.1. Temperature-Enthalpy Rate Ditforence Diagram ‘Temperaturenthalpy difference diagrams playa central role in the ans of HENs Figure 92 provides sucha diagram for the case of two ses bot steam (HS) and cold seam (CS). The ho stream mast be cooled fo the inlet temperature 7 othe out temperate 7 whereas he cles must be heated ffom the ilet tempertire 7. tothe outlet temperate Te ‘The direction ofthese processes is indicted bythe stows inthe Age steam tempeatres and mass ow rats are assumed t be fixed Toe Det ‘easter rte re 2, = mth ~ hy) = (AED, o20 Q.= mth, hy) = (Hl, on {or the hot and cold stream, respectively. For cooing and heating purse ‘cold uly (,coling watt) and a hot wily er tenn) ae With the respective heat transfer totes uly Toa ck Geen Ge, Enthalpy rate difference, 47 ° sre 82. Cae tt taser negation ot el tea 5), A684 C5 ty uh ae cl yf = ha charg Oy o 3eee so mera ep tc BOERS Soe neve eae Stoeeienere oe Sues eadeoe mee Panwa : mes reer Apacer inte whee thee a {thse theres «phase change, Inthe abence o's phase change ese * thi > te The pach ce a the et exch niet yf ad heat etcager ont onpeon ofSe ce See + thi < the: The pach scan at te at ecg by Ta and the heat exchanger. ter rot rte SE ner et empties teas ee * Rip = Rn Th pos ne temperate dtc dit {A are parle (balanced heat exchanger, ste dere wen te ts Cosas OT ES 1 comasnonor var OMORERNEWORNS 477 when there a phase change in t least one ofthe streams. the pinch may ‘Mfara eter end or arywhere between he oo ends ofthe heat xchange 4232, Composte Cures and Process Pinch Sof we hve conidered nly the cite of one hot steam sd oe cold ‘Sctm Most HENe have more an one soem in each ctegay Fr such ‘strane is ase Yo combine the tempertare charset of all ‘Ee Sceums imo singe ho conponte curve an combine tho ofl he idsveams nos ge cold composi curve When th cress plated ‘ee npertr-erhapy rate iflrence dag, te proce pinch ean be ‘ected te locaion with th minim temper ile ax be {wen the vo curves. The constuction of the hot and cold compost ares {Siltsried with he ai of the following example adapied fom Reference i Example 9.1 For th sytem consisting of two hot and two cold stress ‘with the data given in the following table, draw the hot and old compost Inlet Temperature Outet Temperature, Heat Capacity Rate Seam Number", 0) 1.0 hc, (WK) 1a) $00, 310 20 20 300, 360 ts 30 330 Ea 40 so 450 350 to Sotution MopeL 1 All eat wansfes are accomplished in coumteriow heat exchanger 2 The enthalpy ofeach seam depends only on temperature? 3. Heat transfert the suroundings i negligible 4. All changes ofktetic ad penal energy are nelle 5. The average specie ent ofeach stream of mater is constant "ect of ose opt pte pc aml, Tepes sence BeANALYSIS Figure E91 shows the Resting of cooling process foreach steam on atemperature~estalpy rae dfeene dara, Tis epee, allows the identification of tee temperature intervals to be Sonsdered ‘raving the compote curves fo the hot and the cold seams For the hot steams and 4, the fst temperature intra is through the temperatures Ty and Ty: ATy = Tu ~ Ty = (450 ~ 400), Cnty steam 4 exis in this inten. The enlpy rae dileence ins Mh = hegT = LO KWIK % (450 ~ 400) K = SOW ‘he second temperature interval forthe hot streams is given by AT = Lees ; Life : ; an - iy Wed dt tempers inl fot ot seas i Stee Te~ Tr = O50 ~ 30) K ath he comesponding ebay te Sec tig” 60 0 The self oh ome ee etn ewe ne te tcp cre Fee 93, ‘Aitome cor te tenpente rage fon 0 (i) 0 50 ‘Be arta nie ew hat se 2001 nec copone cane Sere oy by soning te ld sens Poth i sana an’ ny ert nes SRT Roh na90 6 Mos 0k atee Te Tee 80 Wi alata= y-T= 90 5070 Xie apse ety te ec we Bi, = ig 30" Se kW. ae = 8 40) eT Un an ly =" = 3 WN at et ‘pct eral aa 2 and 3 nt Tint ed Sto cal compote cane n Fe 9h une cove eee ‘St ie termers 0K) sa S90 Kp) Th er ‘ht erent ci seams 0? ‘The procedure used in Example 9. to evaluate the enthalpy rte df sacs canbe Formulated enealy as fellows The change in the enhalpy rte [F, wthin a give temperature itera 7, is aulted rom 80h,~ Z emey 7, oa» ‘ic, denotes the enthalpy change fr te bot (or cold) composite curve snd sbscit J refers 10 all ot (Or cold) seams tat exist inthe piven ‘npc interval 7, Retering to Figure 93, the bot and the cold composite curves can be Trlaouly inthe 7H diagram ual a speed minima te Datu difereace between the two carves Is obtained. A value of ST. = 101K is used forthe system of Example 91 and ie ahown in Figure 90 In tis ae the pinch occurs at tmperature of 330K for he cad composite {ve and 340 K forthe ot compote curve In subsequent iacusions these ‘Seperaures are denoted by Toes 20d Tras Fespetvly. The seven ‘hay intervals A, through ff shown in Figure 9.3 are used to ext ‘SE the oa heat transfer surface ares rquted fr this HEN, as dscussed |. *Secton 93.6 Te fellowing conclusions can be drawn from the pitch assis using the Somposte carves of Figure 9 * The minimum hot willy ond (Qu) i determined graphically asthe Ihrzonta distance Between the htemperatre ens ofthe composeew eure 83. Compcote canes ung ares, Simi, the minimam cold witty lod (Qu) i cael the horizontal distance beeen the Tow nde of the coe poste curves. At Tue ~ 10 K, We fead fom Figure 93 Qu = EW and Onna = 6 EW. These values preset the termodyaamic {imum (inal use ofthe wis for this rystem when Tqq = 10K the hot tltysuplies more energy than 48 KW, 0 = 48 KW + O, where O, denotes an exces eat wns, te energy rate swan through the system without we and ie Bally ejected i he cad ,,= 6 KW + O,- Thus, an increas inthe minimum eating load One Shins the cold compose curve the ght and result in an equal ‘rea in the cooling 1088 Qo + The smaller the selected value f0r ATi the smaller the requirement {hom the bot aad old ules «For the special case considered, de pinch is determined by the inlet, temperature of the celd stream 330 K) and the beat capacity rcs tise and Ma IF 8 posable o change the pinch potion By od ‘jing these parameters, the overall energetic inepaion ofthe hot and (od steams may be improved by farter reducing the required ules forthe same valve of ST, 1239 Maximum Energy Recovery ‘The composite curves nd knowledge of the piachposion are very uefa {n'a HEN analysis. Th pinch postion is determined bythe temperatures Tragnn Taju fF th hot and cold composite curves, respectively. The ‘ipesve pointe on the compose carves hive the sune Af vale, denoted bp jan Im Figure 93, te value of Ala 60 EW. AL the process pinch, {hen syiem can be vided int subsystems, each of whic io faery bolance with is respective uty. Above the plac, tht i, shove ‘Teo only bot uly is requred: The subsystem represen a net heat Sine use ofa cold uty in this egion wool only increase the ho tity ‘ema Silay, below the pinch, tet i, below Aja nly a cld ity ‘etequred: The abeytem represents & net heat source Ret i wansfered from 3 hot steam above the iach toa cold sveam below the pinch (eat {tant cro te pine) the energy balances fr the two ebeytems egire trnefered. A desig with no heat waneeracror the pinch gives the ma imum energy recovery (MER) possible (14). Fora speed value of 8To: ‘hs te implies thatthe maximum energy of the hot seams i wasfred ' (ecovered by) the cold seams So thatthe ily Toads ae mile, From the discussion tus fr, the following rules are obtained forthe dher- ‘nesiynamicoptiniation of a HEN: + Do not wansfer heat eros the pinch + Use a hot tity only above the pine + Use a cold uty only below the pinch 34 Calculation of Utty Loads ‘The graphical approach for determining the minimum hot and cold tty loa at various values of Aug dcwsed in Seton 9.3. i generally not ‘curate These loads may be calculated scurtely withthe ald of ef Towing slot based 0 temperture-itrval snl: 1. Specify a vale for yaa he proces pinch (minimum driving force ‘btween th hot an cold streams),2. Redace the temperatures of ll ot streams by 8/2 and increase te temperatures o al cold seams by AT! Tiss conveniently showy in tempertre-iteral diagram (ace Figure 9 for he seams of [Example 9.1). This sep identifies all temperature intervals deterring by the now Inet and outlet temperatures of all bot and cold seams {ve intervals in Figure 9.4. 1, Staring with the highesemperture interval calculate the net ea tuanfer for each ivrval (Sobecrip ) separately using the following ‘uation: a-[Se-Sealan om A negative vale of, indicates 2 surplus of energy avaiable fom te tot steams inthis ler. Tis surplus may be used to heat cold ‘ream a lowerteraperaue intervals or (lw the pitch) the sips ‘may be tansfered toa cold lity. A postive value fr Q, means tat ti nergy defi exis inthis inter. This df canbe covered fom a | 35 © a5 “s | 13 ommarence nar BoWoMNETIORS 488 4. bot uty or from energy avaiable at hightemperature isterval Figure 9.5 shows the values of Q forthe five intervals of Figure 9.4 ‘The first te columns of Figure 95 form so-called cascade diagram This diagram shows how the energy exscades through the fermperte intervals 44 Calculates cumulative ner heat transfer (AQ) foreach interval starting sith he highest temperature Ine 30-30, 02) ‘The values of AO, for Example 9.1 are given in Figure 9.5. Te co- smolative net heat transfer is eluted fora terval ani the value IS negutve epesnts the posible energy taster tothe net lower fnterel + 1. Therefore, the 0, vals a signe othe enpertre hich the energy tansfer takes place tbe lowest temperature of the Treat | $2hpenore |G sat Reber | ter nn ow wos 4 ‘eee 08 Cina dagen eto of yea Exo,sh ime The ingest 80, ae determines he nmi ho! iy tel Ge Aden ee eo fer om He SS eRe de ar empre e Qhean = 48 KW. i 5, Cae amid culate ane (407) ng 80? = 80, ~ Onan 025) ‘The AQP values are also ssigned to the lowest temperature ofthe th interval. The temperate st which AO? vanishes i ale pinch em erate Trea beease i ienifes the posison ofthe pinch The tm perature of te hot steams atthe pinch is Trg * Tats + AT! om ile dhe temperature ofthe cold streams atthe pinch is Tot ~ BTn!2 028) [As Figure 95 shows, Tyan equal to 335K forthe sytem of Example 31. With Equations 937 and 9:28 we obtained fr ths example be ‘ales determined in Section 932 Tre = 340 K ad Tryon = 330 K. The minimum cold utility load (O-,) forthe selected valve of ‘ATi egul tothe vale of 40? forthe lowest proces tempera From Figure 93 we obtain Quy" ~6 KW. ‘This gorithm provides the same infomation a the compost crs. identfes the pinch and clelstes the minimum wtty loud. In adion © the acute caution of these lends, the advantages of the algorithm ae that itcan be eal implemented oa a computer and canbe adapted 0 cove ‘cases where the azsumplon of constant specif hati invalid or where 2 ‘lowed Tig, valve depends on the sueams matched (14) 935 Grand Composite Curve “The values of AO? can be used to draw the grand composite curve in 2 plot Gf temperaure vers ~AQ*, The grand composite crve shows the cu Tae pls or deficit of energy foreach temperature. The emperatures wd in thin diagram aze not the original ones but the tempertues shied Y ‘STuaf2. The grand compete curve ean also be constuced dec fom the'hat and cold somposte carve by staring atthe pinch condition ad Feuling zero heat Row atthe average of he hot an cold pinch tempers furs, Figure 96 shows the grand composite curve for the seams of ‘Example 9.1 rst Comaaine et etter 1 ewe 88 can computa cae fr Bal ‘The grand composite curve indices the quality and ype of the roqied tales For examples ince the Bean reqement between 348 and 43 XE (ahded ren Figure 9.) canbe Covered nelly tough cooing of ‘te hoe steams te ho ely doesnot have toe supplied tthe Mgh- ‘3 process temper (450 K) bt ata lower temperature. Tosti the Teadvemont of 8 Toe = 10 Ks sfient forthe bout o be avaible {Chron erp of 353 Kx which the sum ofthe shifted em Pera Suh K anda Ta) Tis ism temperate determines the gua vo te eqied wt. "The op of he ga compsile crv isthe ares where exer heating is ances SAK) i elev sma Ts iformation shoud Ted‘0 use a hot uty wih relatively smal slope in T vs. plot (ep, scum that is condensed) to reduce the exergy destruction during the ie transfer from the hot wii. If, howeve the slope ofthe grand compen, ‘ure in the temperature rage requiring the soppy of «hot lity woul Step, the exhaust gas fom a combustion procs, if avalable, would ape Senta beter match. Thus, the slope ofthe grand composite curve assist 5 the selection of he appropriate pe of uty mally, te grand compost curve indiats the exergy destruction hats avoidable and unavoidable in the HEN design. The exergy desticon ae ated withthe heat tansfer processes carespoding to the ares ABC Figure 96 i unavoidable forthe specified valu of ATs. whereas th Tver, however the exerEy rate ascined with Ons ray be Used nthe ‘elon to eee the hot wy fad Simla. it&power cycle installed03 commamonornar BeNMNCENNTHONS 497 below the itch (Tyna > Th) the cycle may use part ofthe exergy that, ould be carded coi uly nd tha, reduce he total exeeey rps inthe cold vty. However if, Is supplied above the pinch and Gos i rjesed below te pinch, nothings gine from to Ineraion boca in ‘ect Oi transfered across he pinch snd the eo tity lod is ntesed ty his amount Hence, « power ecle should be placed either bore or below Ue pinch but not across he pinch ‘ower cycles requiring high input temperatures, suchas gas turbines, wll pexmaly be integrated above the process pach Rankine cycles maybe placed ier above or below, depending onthe Working tempest and he Pinch ‘enperature. As exhaust gases ate ivarisbly discarded below he pin i ‘mpoasbe to gain the advantage of HEN integration with « power cyte for ‘be eme energy transfer avilable from these pases Turing next to the case of heat pumps, sech devices shouldbe placed acs the pinch so that energy is tansfered from a hot steam below te finch wo cold seam above the pinch. This reces both the Ro and cold ‘iliy Toads, Pacing a hea pup emily shove the pinch Jos no provide ty thermodynamic or economic benefit compared withthe san-aleae op ton because power would substiute Yor wltyeney. Placing s beat prep below the pinch leads 0 worse stution: The nt veal effet stat he ‘over supplied to the hest pump is convened into an tonal load forte fold wlity, The ws of «heat pump in a HEN should be comer, for {tample, when the slopes ofboth the heating and the enling equemene ‘ste grand composite curve are smal, andthe temperatredifence be ween these requirements canbe efficiently covered by a heat pup. Distlaion columns are major exergy onsimes in chemical plants: An ery rae Q, is spptied ina rebeller and an energy rate Qs removed ‘34 condense. Distillation columns shuld be placed enn eer above below th pinch of a HEN. Ia dslaion eal fl ts the pinch, the result is thermodynamical or economically no tter tani the column ‘ould be installed aa standalone unit The temperature at which Qu ‘Beli depends onthe operating pressure ofthe dilation column. There {if «dillon columa fils across the pinch in «specie design co uration it might be possible to shift the column operation enily ove Pinch by rasing the column pressure orto sit the operation entity ‘he pinch by lowering the column pressure $29 closure ‘This scton has provided an introduction tothe pinch method forthe design ‘nd epimisaton of heat exchanger networks, Atnough a setminaly fora ‘Porch, well aden wi ues, pitch analysis fandamently ae emod "eat the main theme ofthis book: Use second nw reasong i theo Svnem design. Pinch aslyis isan ffthow of chery saints bey ‘Sesto being coment replaced by primary graphical means