Pakhomov V,l vdDlg Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 134(04): 105-110

BASIC MEANS OF MECHANIZATION TECHNOLOGY PRODUCING

BIOFUEL FROM JATROPHA

Pakhomov V.l'", Rykov V.B',Kambulov S.l', Byrko S.l', Hoang Nghia Dat'
North-Caucasus research inslitute of mechanization and electrification of agricutlure Russian academy of
agricultural sciences. 'Don Stale Technical University- Russia

SUMMARY
This article studied the possibility of using jatrophaculture as a biofuel cropZenograg -
Russia.Some main agronomic characteristics of jatropha plant - the possibility of using jatropha oil
as a basis to become an organic biofuel, the comparative analysis of physical, chemical, fuel
characteristics of jatropha oil and diesel fuel and the basic parameters of functioning of diesel
engines to biofiiel mixtures based on Jatropha oilwere discussed. We have designed a
technological of producing biofuelfrom jatropha seeds and its introduction in machinery tractor

Keywords: Jatropha culture, organic biofuel, process Ing lechnology.substitulion of diesel fuel.

BACKGROUND hectares in 2008 with plans for planting at

There are many popular crops that producing
biodiesel fuels over the world such as rape,
soybeans, etc. - but most of them require an
intensive care and do not grow in all areas.
The presence of relatively cheap raw
materials has been the basis for tbe
development of biodiesel industry. One ofthe
perspective crops for biofuel production is
jatropha.lt is a genus of flowering plants in
the spurge family, Eupborbiaceae.lt contains
approximately 170 species of succulent
plants, shrubs and trees. Jatropha curcasis one
of the best candidates for future biodiesel
production. It is perennial tree or shrub that
easily spreads by seeds and propagates by
grafts. Although it grows well in tropical and
subtropical climates, it can be planted
throughout the world. It is also more
commonly known as the perennial tree-weed
growing on poor dry soil [1]. Nutrient content
in soil is not the main factor affecting the
productivity of jatropha. It can grow on both
fertile soils and soils with low humus content.
Today jatropha is grown in many tropical
countries, where tbe amount of annual rainfall
is 300-1000 mm and average temperature
above 18-2D°C, including India and China
with large-scale planting of jatropha (900 000
12.8 million hectares in 2015). In 2015,
Vietnam planned to allocate about 300,000
hectares of land for the jatropha cultivation [1].
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The object of this work is the oil pressed from
the Jatropha seeds planted in Phu Tho -
Vietnam, the nature of the fuel mixture
Jatropha oil and diesel, the ability of producing
biodiesel from Jatrophaoil in the system
JatrophoBIODON-1 and BlOSOIL-200.
To achieve the purpose of this work we used
analytical methods to determme the quality of
fuel Jartopha (GOST 305-82 and GOST R
53605-2009 Russian Federation), methods of
empirical research, testing engine is processed
bycomputer with software Dasylab 6.0.
Results of theoretical and experimental study
are compared by the method based on the
Buckingham theorems that counts Euler and
Reynolds number.

* Tel- 79281570500. Email- v i.pakhomov%mail-r\ Figure {.Jatrophaseeds

 Pakhomov V.l vd Dtg Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE Uti.ut^. JVJ - i •«

Jatropha seeds have a high yield of oil, in yield is about 2 tons/ ha, the fifth - 3 tons/ha,
comparison with the basic biodiesel crops the sixth - 3.53 tons/ha, the seventh - 43
such as rape and soybean From soybean tons/ha, the eighth-4.53 tons/ha, for the ninth
produce oil for biodiesel per hectare nearly year - up to 5 tons / ba [6,7]. With good care
400 kg, from rape - 1 ton, from jatropha - 3 bushes give yield up to 6.53 tons/ha. Jatropha
tons. And it does not limit the possible yield bears fruit to 23-30 years. The viability of
of oil and productivity of jatropha [2,5], The seeds preserves up to 50 years. During 20
plant is not fastidious, but easily adaptable. In years the plant can be used for commercial
the first three years, jatropha does not give a purposes with high productivity (table 1).
large amount of yields. In the fourth year the
Table 1. Oil content and productivity of Jatropha plant and some other oil-yielding crops[6]
Average oil productivity
^o Plants Oil content{%)
(ks/ha)
1 Palm (Arecaceae) 60-65
2 Philippinecopra 65-68 669
3 Com {Zea mays) 4.8 254
4 Flax (Llnum usltatisslmum) 35-42 230
5 Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) 45-50 790
6 Sunf\owet{Helldnthus annuus) 35-40 589
7 Soy (Glycine max) 18-20 319
8 Sesame (Sesamum indicum) 50 260
9 Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) 32-40 1600
Nowadays, 1 ton of jatropha seed costs $280 in the world market, with oil content in seeds up to
40%. Figure 2 shows jatropha oil [1].
Analysis ofthe basis physical and chemical parameters of fuels was hold afl;er economic analysis.
As an analogue diesel fuel of oil origin was selected as the most common fuel for farming
machines [4]. Comparative analysis of diesel fuel and jatropha oil by tbe main fuel- technological
parameters is shown in table 2

Figure Z Jatrophaoil
Table 2. Comparison of some characterislics between Jatropha oil and diesel fuel
JSs y^ Parameter Parameters Jatropha oil Diesel fuel
1 Density &t 20''C kg/mS 0.9180 0.83-0.86
2 Kinematic viseSsity at 40°C mm^/s 34 35 2-4.5
3 Sulftir content
4 Cetane number %
mm
0.033
46-52
0.43
46
5 Flash point "C IOI 55
6 Heat of combustion Kcal / ka 9.432 10.478
Pakhomov V.I vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 134(04): 105-110

Table 3. Summary characteristics of differentmixture

Engine powermax Motor torque max Separate fuel costs
Type of fuel
l^dmax kW/ rpm~' Mj„,g, N-M/rpm'' minGdmm
(g/kWh)/rpm~'
100% Diesel 13,1/2200 63,8/1416 298,1/1416
20% Jatrophaand 301,8/1260
12,2/2200 59,8/1464
80% Diesel
40% Jatrophaand 309,6/1573
11,2/2200 58/1338
60% Diesel
100% Jatropha 12,3/2200 63,4/1174 490/1447
Jatropha oil has 0 . 0 3 3 % of sulfur, which is But high viscosity of jatropha oil (kinematic
much less than that of the diesel fuel, as it viscosity at 40°C is 34.35 mm'^/s) complicates
reduces harmful emissions. Cetane number rts use in diesel engines and requires
insignificantly differs from the diesel fliel adaptation for the basic constructive
parameters o f t h e engine.
Flash point is 101°C, so it is higher degree of
safety during storage and transportation. Heat When the temperature of biofuel is rises up to
of combustion of jatropha oil is 10% less, but 70-80*'C, its viscosity reduces to values close
to tbe viscosity of diesel fuel.
density is more than 10%, so the heat of
combustion by volume is relatively equal with However, vegetable oils have a lowest heat
performance, heat of combustion (7-10%) [3],
diesel fuel. Analysis o f t h e data table (Table 2)
which reduce engine power, have increased
shows that jatropha oil is more inferior in
coking, density, flash point.
viscosity, in flash point than diesel fuel. The
The elemental composition of vegetable oils
parameters of jatropha oil can be improved by
differs from fuel oil by the presence of
adding it to the diesel fuel. It is necessary to
oxygen (9,6-11,5%).
create a mixture of diesel fuel and jatropha oil,
Moreover, not only oils of different plants,
which must conform to the requirements for
but also oils of the same plant species
diesel fuel by viscosity, flash point, cloud
depending on climatic origin, are different.
point, sulfur content and filterability
These disadvantages are solved in the process
coefficient. This mixture can be used as a
of estenfication by transfer of vegetable oils
motor fuel without restrictions and
to methyl esters (biodiesel) at figure 3 [8].
supplementary regulation of engine. Tbe test
results of diesel engine at its work by various
mixed fuels are presented in table 3.
Indicators of using fuel mixture with 2 0 %
jatropha oil and 8 0 % diesel fuel does not differ Spg-il solulm Omirlmn of
significantly from that with 100% diesel fiiel.
Analyzing generalized characteristics of
Mettiylic ether
jatropha seed oil allows concluding about the
availability of using jatropha as i raw y - Mixer Diesel fuel
material in technologies to produce liquid
biofuels. biofuel

The mixed fuel based on jatropha oil has the

Service slotion
following advantages: simple producing
technology, realized in tbe agricultural Machmey tractor
agreggalion
enterprise, high storage stability.
Figure 3. Scheme about receipt and use of biofuels
 Pakhomov V.l vti Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGnL

Oils alkylate when they give corresponding oil production, biodiesel

acid monoesters. Alkylation products are
characterized by better low temperature
properties and low viscosity. Biofuel
produced in such way slightly differs from the
limit values for the production of oil
(hydrocarbon) diesel fuel at the following
physic chemical parameters" flash point,
density, acid value, opacity temperature,
water-soluble acid (characteristic of the
aqueous extract, medium pH), kinematic
viscosity. On such indicators as the
filterability coefficient, mass fraction of
mechanical impurities and water, tests on a
copper plate, biofuel is not inferior, and on
mass fraction of sulfur ecological and
operational characteristics of biofuel are
much better than that of petroleum diesel fuel.
Modular equipment, which is part of the
existing tank farm management and allows to
produce biodiesel by using source of local
raw materials, is developed to implement this
technology in "North-Caucasus research
institute of mechanization and electrification
of agriculture Russian academy of
agricultural sciences".
The technological process of biofuel
production consists of a few steps: the
• 0 ; . ——f— —
production, mixed fuel production.
Module "BIOSOIL-200" (Figure 4) provide^
getting vegetable oil from oilseeds. Quality of
vegetable oil is guaranteed by using extruders
that squeeze oil with cold pressing, allow-
saving finished product from the harmful
ferments, phosphatides and get vegetable oil
in category B1.
Biodiesel production is going on vegetable oil
processing by esterification in the module
"BIODON-I" (Figure 5).The result is a
biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) and
technical glycerin. The module consists of a
reactor, washing capacity, capacity for
preparing the catalyst solution, mixing
apparatus, a condenser for cooling methanol
vapor, pumps for giving and circulating
reactants in the reactor and delivering finished
product, flow meters for controlling process
and account of the finished product, the
automated control cabinet. The equipment IS
mounted in a special container with influx-
and-extract ventilation. The resulting
biodiesel in their molecular structure is
similar to diesel fuel and can be used as an
addition in diesel fuels.

Figure 4. Biodiesel production module Figure 5. Vegetable oil production module

Module of mixed fuel preparation (Figure 6) provides fuel for using in diesel intemal combustion
engines. It consists of a mixing capacity, hydrodynamic mixer, pumping station, shut-off valves
and control cabinet. The module provides a mixture of diesel fiiel-biodiesel, diesel fuel - rape
seed oil in different percentage correlation.
Pakhomov V.l vd Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE
Figure 6: Mixed fuel production module
Oilseeds (rape, sunflower) enter the module
for producing vegetable oil, where the cold-
pressed is going on the following filtration.
Tbe finished oil is pumped into a storage tank
Then the oil is pumped with necessary extent
into the module for the biodiesel production.
Received biodiesel is filtered and pumped into a
holding tank for subsequent use.
CONCLUSIONS
The most effective biodiesel can be used as
diesel fuel for ears, tractors and agricultural
combines when mixed it with natural mineral
diesel fuel in the ratio from 30% to 70%. In
this case, as investigations have confirmed
that all staff working parameters of internal
combustion diesel engine are virtually
unchanged.
Biodiesel also can be used as fuel for heat
generators, dryers and boilers.
134(04)' 105-110
The modularity of tbe developed equipment
allows you to dial the necessary processing
volumes, increasing the number of
installations.
In this case, the installations can be easily
mounted directly close to the raw materials
source, which increases the efficiency and
autonomy ofthe production.
REFERENCES
I. Dang Tien Hoa and Bui Hai Trieu, "The results
of the initial study on the possibility of using
jatropha oil for diesel engines," Science and
Development, vol. 9, no. l,pp. 110-119,2011
2 Rosinformagroleh, "F. Bioenergetics' World
experience and development forecasts," 2008.
3. Rukov V.B. K9.-2-0 (1230152), "Acceptance
Testing mixed fuel for diesel engines (diesel fuel
biodiesel from vegetable oils) / FGBU."
Zemograd, Russia, 2009.
4. Pakhomov, Rukov V.B. and Kambulov S 1.,
"Biofueiproduction in terms of agricultural,"
Agricultural machinery and technology, pp. 13-
16,2011.
5. Centre for Sustainable Energy Resesrch e.V
Analysenbericht Jatrophaoel. Labor - Nr 6430,
Rostock 13.08 2010 DE.
6. Coyle. William T The Future of Biofuels: A
Global Perspective. / Coyle William T. // USDA
Economic Research Service. - 2014.
7. Langevetd, JWA 12 Biofiiel production in
China./ Langeveld JWA, Dixon J, van Keulen H
//Biofiiel Cropping Systems. Carbon, Land and
Food.-2014.-p. 195.
8. Gromakov. AV Improving the efficiency of
tractors through the use of biofliels / Gromakov
Alexey Vladimirovich // Dissertation- candidate of
technical sciences - Zemograd-Russia, 2012 - 155 p.
 Pakhomov V.l vo Dig Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NOHL

TOMTAT
NHtTNG V A N D E C O B A N VE C O N G N G H E S A N X U A T
N H I E N L I E U S I N H H O C TlT J A T R O P H A

PakhomovV.l'", RykovV.B',KambulovS.l', ByrkoS.!*, Hodng NghTa D ? ^

' I 'ien nghien ciiu mdy va thiet bi nong nghiep bac Kavkas- LB Nga;
'Dgi hoc long hgp ky thugt Song Ddng - LB Nga.

Bai bao nay nghien ciiti ve kha n5ng sir dung jatropha lam nhiSn lieu sinh hQc chat luong cao. Cac
d|c diem ndng hoc chinh cua jatropha. kha nang su dung dau jatropha lam co so tao ra nhien li6u
sinh hoc. Mot so phan tich so sanh cac tinh chat vat ly, hoa hpc, nhien lieu cua dSu jatropha va
nhien lieu diesel. Nghien ciru khi d^c tinh ciia hon hop dSu jatropha v^ nhien lieu diesel. Chung t6i
ciing dua ra nhimg cong nghe san xuat nhien lieu sinh hpc dung cho m^y nong nghifp tir hat
jatropha.
Tir kboa: jatropha. nhien lieu smh hoc. cong ngh4 che bien. thay thi nhien lieu diezel

Ngdy nhdn bdi 15 3-2015; Ngdy phdn bien 02/4/2015, Ngdy duyet ddng: 08/5/2015
Phdn bien khoa hoc: TS Phgm Bdng Phuong - Truang Dai hoc Nong Ldm - DHTN

Tei 79281570500. Email-v ipak!wmov@mail n

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