ANNALES HISTORICO-NATURALES MUSEI NATIONALIS HUNGARICI

Volume 89. Budapest, 1997 pp. 71-91.

Vegetation of the R é t i - d ű l ő and C s ö m ö r i - t ó (Hungary)

1 1 2 3
G Y . SZOLLÁT , E . STOLLMAYER-BONCZ , T. STANDOVÁR and F . KECSKÉS

^Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum

H-1087 Budapest, Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Hungary
Department of Plant Taxonomy & Ecology, L . Eötvös University
H-1083 Budapest, Ludovika tér 2, Hungary
" 1223 Budapest, Kőbányai u. 11-13, Hungary

SZOLLÁT, G Y . , STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E., STANDOVÁR, T. & KECSKÉS, F . ( 1 9 9 7 ) : Vegetation of the

Réti-dűlő and Csömöri-tó (Hungary). - Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 89: 7 1 - 9 1 .

Abstract - This paper presents the results of vegetation studies that have been carried out in the
past 1 5 years in this small, but valuable area near Csömör. Detailed floristic survey showed that
there are 7 protected and 5 rare species among the 2 7 4 vascular species. Important vegetation types
of the are include mire willow scrub, reed and sedge swamps, and meadows of varying water sup­
ply. A vegetation map of the are was also prepared. The most valuable communities were studied
in more detail, i.e. their phytosociological analyses were also completed. Some remarks on necess­
ary conservation measures are also presented. With 3 figures and 7 tables.

INTRODUCTION

R é t i - d ű l ő and C s ö m ö r i - t ó are t w o valuable natural areas in the neighbourhood o f

C s ö m ö r (Pest county, Hungary). They have been under protection according to the Na­
ture Conservation A c t since 1977 under the name o f " C s ö m ö r i legelő". The main part o f
the protected area is the narrow band along the C s ö m ö r Creek covered by mire w i l l o w
scrub, reed or sedge swamps, or by meadows o f varying water supply. C s ö m ö r i - t ó is l o ­
cated a bit farther from the creek, from which its water supply is independent. Nowadays
it is covered by reed swamp ( c f . S T O L L M A Y E R - B O N C Z 1982, 1993A, b).
Intensive vegetation survey has started in the early 1980's. Data on the vascular and
algal floras, as well as on vegetation changes have accumulated during the past 15 years
(STOLLMAYER-BONCZ 1982, 1988, 1991a, b, 1992, 1993a, b). As part o f the preliminary
works for establishing the Danube-Ipoly National Park, the vegetation map o f the Réti­
d ű l ő was prepared in 1994 together w i t h the distribution map and population size estima­
tion o f protected species. A detailed assessment o f the status from a conservational view­
point was also given ( S T A N D O V Á R & S Z O L L Á T 1995). These data were appended by the
phytosociological samples that were collected from the most valuable parts (former and
present) o f the area (sedge tuft, drying fen, C s ö m ö r i - t ó ) .
 This paper summarizes what has been learned about the flora, vegetation and their
changes. I n addition to the vegetation map and the distribution map o f protected species,
the (by now) complete vascular flora is also presented.

FLORA

M A T E R I A L S A N D METHODS

Nomenclature of species and non-floristic descriptors (distribution type, phytosociological

preference, nature conservation rank) follow the Hungarian Flora Database ( H O R V Á T H et al. 1995).
All records of former papers and the results of recent field work are summarized in the list.

RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION

Altogether 274 vascular species have been recorded by now. Appendix 1 shows the
list o f species.
O f the newly recognized species (not enumerated in S T O L L M A Y E R - B O N C Z 1982,
1993a, b) noteworthy ones include: Carex cuprina, C. davalliana, C. nigra, C. panicula-
ta (in Réti-dűlő), C. tomentosa, Blysmus compressus, Festuca rubra, Galium uliginosum,

Fig. 1. Dendrogram obtained by numerical classification (weighthed averaging

- Euclidean distance) of the 16 phytosociological relevés of Succiso-Molinietum
 Table 1 . Proportion of geographic distribution types among the 274 vascular species
Distribution type Species number Percent of species
Eurasian 116 42.3
Cosmopolitan 44 16.1
Circumboreal 32 11.7
European 25 9.1
Adventive 13 4.7
Central European 10 3.6
Sub-Mediterranean 9 3.3
Continental 6 2.2
Pontic-Mediterranean 4 1.5
Pontic 3 1.1
Atlantic-Sub-Mediterranean 3 1.1
Pontic-Pannonic 2 0.7
Mediterranean 1 0.4
Eastern Sub-Mediterranean 1 0.4
Pannonic 1 0.4
Sub-Atlantic 1 0.4
Turanian 1 0.4
Balkan 1 0.4
Endemic 1 0.4
SUM 274 100

Glyceria maxima, G. plicata, Koeleria javorkae, Luzula campestris, Stellaria graminea,

Carex stenophylla and Ficaria verna.
Some revisions o f the data published in STOLLMAYER-BONCZ (1982, 1993a, b) were
made:
— Achillea millefolium has been changed to Achillea collina;
— Galium schultesii has been changed to Galium mollugo;
— Seseli osseum has been changed to Seseli varium;
— Juglans nigra has been eliminated from the list as accidental plant of economic
value.
As Table 1 shows, the relative frequency o f geographic distribution types is in har­
mony with what the habitat suggests. Widely distributed species o f the cool temperate
zone dominate. There are hardly any southern or eastern species.
The distribution o f nature conservation ranks (Table 2) indicates high level o f dis­
turbance, since the proportion o f disturbance tolerators and weeds exceeds 50%. This can
be the result o f the small size o f the area and of the lack of any buffer zone around it. I t is
in direct contact w i t h arable fields.
 Altogether 7 protected and 5 threatened species were found. Table 3 shows the esti­
mated population size o f these species, whereas F i g . 2 shows their locations.

VEGETATION

M A T E R I A L S A N D METHODS

A 1 : 4000 coloured aerial photograph - taken in June 1992 - was used for assisting vegeta­
tion survey. As a result of fast changes in water supply, the most valuable swamp and fen com­
munities of the area are not always typical in their appearance. They form a complex, containing
small fragments of different associations in close proximity. This is the reason why the units used
for preparing the vegetation map of the area are not necessarily identical with any traditional phyto­
sociological association. Some of them are the products of human activity (arable field, fallow,
Robinia pseudo-acacia plantation).
Researches of the Csömöri-tó started in the early 1980's. As major changes have taken place
since that time, it is important to give a short summary of them to be able to assess the present status.
About half of the Csömöri-tó was covered by open water hosting floating plant communities.
There used to be a peat bog island (Salici cinereae-Sphagnatum recurvi) in the middle with valu­
able species (STOLLMAYER-BONCZ 1982). In winter 1986-87 the whole lake was covered by ice, so
it was possible cut back the trees surrounding the lake to protect the high voltage transmission line
above the lake. The vegetation of the lake was burned during next February and March. Because of
the large amount of woody debris, the fire lasted longer and it was stronger than it could have been
without the cut branches. It caused a considerable nutrient load (STOLLMAYER-BONCZ 1993a) and
destroyed the most valuable part {Sphagnum bog) of the lake. All these and the extremely dry years
afterwards have caused crucial changes in vegetation composition. Open water surface, and conse­
quently floating communities have disappeared. A succession towards reed swamp has started.

Table 2 . Proportion of nature conservation ranks among the 274 vascular species (Flora)
and their weighed importance in two communities (Drying fen, Sedge tuft)
Nature conservation rank Flora Importance in
Drying fen Sedge tuft
Unique 0.4 0.0 0.0
Strictly protected 0.4 0.0 32.5
Protected 2.9 2,4 0.0
Dominant K.N 9.2 24.0
Common 33.6 75.9 40.6
Natural pioneer 1.5 0.0 0.0
Natural disturbance tolerator 25.2 11.5 1.7
Weed 25.5 0.0 1.2
Cultivated 0.7 0.0 0.0
Adventive l.l 0.9 0.0
 Fig. 2. Protected and endangered plants of the Réti-dűlő and Csömöri-tó

PROTECTED PLANTS

0 - Lastrta ihelyptcns

1 - Dactylorhizn inturnata

Z - Eptpactu palustris

3 - Enophnrum lanfolium

4 - Koelena javorkat
JZ
5 - Orchis laxtflara

» - Parnassia palustris
?
a
ENDANGERED AND RARE PLANTS

7 - Cores appmpvujuata
8 - C arcs dmaUuma

9 - Cam nigra

10 - Carta pantcuJata S|
11 - Schocnus nigricans

0;

3
c
3- LEGEND
C«ta O
path
3
— — canal
• •- border o f vegetation unit

g
a
population with low abundance 11-10 individuals!

population w i t h intermediate abundance (10-100 i n d i v i d u e l l

S O population w i t h high abundance ( 100-1000 i n d i v i d u a l ! ) 100 m
3
• population with very high abundance 11000-10000 m d i w d i u b l

y-,
Scale: I 4000

•c
 Table 3 . Protected and threatened species with estimated population size
Location Species Population size Status
Réti-dűlő Dactylorhiza incarnata 10000-100000 Protected
Epipactis palustris 100-1000 Protected
Eriophorum latifolium 100-1000 Protected
Koeleria javorkae 10-100 Protected
Orchis laxiflora 10-100 Protected
Parnassia palustris 1000-10000 Protected
Csömöri-tó Lastrea thelypteris 1000-10000 Protected
Epipactis palustris 1-10 Protected
Réti-dűlő Carex appropinquata 10-100 Threatened
Carex davalliana 1-10 Threatened
Carex nigra 1—10 Threatened
Carex paniculata 10-100 Threatened
Schoenus nigricans 1-10 Threatened

RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION

Vegetation map

Vegetation map o f the area is shown in Fig. 3. Below a short description o f each ca­
tegory is given.
1 ) Reed swamp (Scirpo-Phragmitetum)
This category comprises those patches that have been covered by dense reed for a
long time and supposedly had much better water supply than nowadays. They, most
probably, used to be covered by excess water. D u r i n g our investigation there were no ex­
cess water.
In most parts Phragmites australis is the only dominant. However, at the edges o f
the stands Carex gracilis or Carex acutiformis can be codominant. This community is
typically species poor. The following species are characteristic: Calystegia sepium, Cal-
tha palustris ssp. cornuta, Lythrum salicaria, Symphytum officinale and occasionally
Carex paniculata.
2) Sedge tuft (Caricetum appropinquatae)
This is the most valuable community in this area. The dominant o f this association
(Carex appropinquata) is a rare species that has been declining all over Hungary. I n the
Réti-dűlő this community forms a narrow (3 to 10 m) belt around mire w i l l o w scrub.
Characteristic species are Carex acutiformis, C. paniculata, C. vulpina, Caltha palustris
ssp. cornuta, Equisetum palustre, Phragmites australis, Angelica sylvestris, Lysimachia
vulgaris, Cirsium canum, Sanguisorba officinalis, ( c f . phytosociological relevé in Tab­
le 4)
 Table 4. Phytosociological table of Caricetum appropinquatae
(abbreviations see HORVÁTH et cd. 1995)
11 20 24 28 A-D FR SM FLE COENS
Caliha palustris ssp. cornuta 1-2 1-2 3 1-2 1-3 V K CIR I
Carex appropinquata 1-4 3 1-2 1-4 V KV EUA 22421
Equisetum palustre 1 + + 4-1 V K CIR 21
Alopecurus pratensis + 2 +-2 IV E EUA II
Angelica sylvestris 1 1-2 1-2 1-2 IV K EUA fl
Cirsium canum 1 +-1 1 +-1 IV K CON 533
Phragmites australis ssp. 1 + 2 +-2 IV E KOZ 22
maritima
Carex acutiformis + 1 +-1 III E EUA II
Carex vulpina + +-1 +-1 III K EUA II
Festuca pratensis 2 1 1-2 III E EUA 1!
Mentha aquatica +-1 + +-1 III K EUR I
Ranunculus acris + + + III TZ EUA 11
Sanguisorba officinalis 3 + +-3 III K CIR 5
Vicia cracca +-1 ! +-1 III TZ CIR II
Agrostis stolonifera + II E KOZ 1
Calamagrosiis epigeios 1 1 II TZ EUA I
Carex elata 3 3 II E EUA 2241
Carex flacca 4 4 II K EUR 1
Carex panicea + + II K CIR 533
Cirsium arvense 1 1 II GY EUA 1
Dactylis glomerata +-1 +-1 II TZ KOZ I
Hamulus lupulus + + II TZ CIR El 13
Lychnis flos-cuculi + + II TZ EUA 5
Lycopus europaeus + + II K EUA II
Lysimachia mimmularia + + II K EUR 1
Lysimachia vulga ris + + II K EUA 1
Poa pratensis + + II K KOZ 1
Pulicaria dysenterica 1 1 II GY CEU II
Ranunculus repens + + II TZ EUA 1
Rumex hydrolapathum + + II TZ CEU 22
Salix cinerea 2 2 11 E EUA E3
Sonchus arvensis + II GY KOZ A
Symphyl um officina le + + 11 K EUR II
No. species of the relevés 16 18 10 13 33
—
a Fig. 3. Vegetation map of the Réti-dűlő and Csömöri-tó
a-
K'
VEGETATION
5
Reed twtmp {Sctrpo-Phraçmiutum)

! Sedge tuft {Cancttum appmptru^uaia€\

- Mire W i l l o w icrub {Catamagmxti-Salicttum cinerrae\

a-
s
D r y i n g fen (Succiso-Mnlinietum)
Oc
;C
Wet meadow

€ N
SI M r » i c meadow

Î Gallery wood (Salicttum albat-frapils) remnant

Robima pmdo-acacia plantation

Stand with spreading reed

!l
Degraded Staad

Arable field, fallow

LEGEND '00 m

path
- canal
. . . border o f vegetation unit
Scale- I 40«)
 3) M i r e W i l l o w scrub (Calamagrosti-Salicetum cinereae)
This category includes larger w i l l o w scrub patches and also small groups and soli­
tary bushes o f Salix cinerea. Their common characteristic lies in the fact that small and
large patches represent two different phases o f a regular successional process (from
tufted sedge vegetation to w i l l o w scrub). This process has gone far in the R é t i - d ű l ő , con­
sequently these scrubs are rather species poor. I n spite of the fact that the spread o f mire
w i l l o w scrub is disadvantageous for the sedge tuft community, these w i l l o w stands are
valuable representatives o f a community w i t h diminishing habitats all over the country.
4) D r y i n g fen (Succiso-Molinietum)
This valuable community deserves attention anywhere in Hungary. The stands o f
R é t i - d ű l ő are so rich in protected and threatened species, that they can be treated as natu­
ral value o f high importance w i t h i n this protected area. They are characterized by the
high abundance o f Molinia hungarica. I n small depressions, where water supply has re­
mained the relatively best, several rare species occur: Carex davalliana, Carex nigra,
Eriophorum latifolium, Orchis laxiflora, Epipactis palustris, Schoenus nigricans, Koele-
ria javorkae, Juncus subnodulosus. The same patches are characterized by high abun­
dance o f Dactylorhiza incarnata and Parnassia palustris. Other characteristic species are
the f o l l o w i n g : Angelica sylvestris, Cirsium canum, Carex flacca, Carexpanicea, Valeria­
na dioica, Ranunculus acris, Rhinanthus minor, Sanguisorba officinalis, Equisetum pa-
lustre, Trifolium pratense, Galium verum, Centaurea pannonica, Vicia cracca, Tetrago-
nolobus maritimus ssp. siliquosus, Achillea asplenifolia, Briza media, Festuca pratensis,
Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Blysmus compressus. I n certain parts the ex­
panse o f Phragmites australis is considerable.
5) Wet meadow
This vegetation type covers the eastern part o f the area (cf. Fig. 3), though it has a
wide transitional zone toward the drying fen community. Several o f the characteristic
species indicate slight salt accumulation in the soil profile: Achillea asplenifolia, Carex
distans, Tetragonolobus maritimus ssp. siliquosus. Other species characterizing this
vegetation unit are as follows: Agrostis stolonifera, Alopecurus pratensis, Carex panicea,
Equisetum palustre, Festuca pratensis, Ononis arvensis, Trifolum pratense. Even in this
part o f the R é t i - d ű l ő Dactylorhiza incarnata is relatively abundant.
6) Mesic meadow
This grassland type inhabits a slightly higher part of the area than wet meadows or
drying fens. There is no direct ground water effect (or lasts very short). Vegetation is
dominated by grasses like Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomer-
ata, Festuca pratensis, Holcus lanatus, Poa pratensis, Poa triviális, or at more degraded
parts also by Agropyron repens, Calamagrostis epigeios. A few individuals o f Koeleria
javorkae occur in this meadow type, too. Besides grasses, common herbs o f mesic grass­
lands are characteristic.
7) Gallery wood (Salicetum albae-fragilis) remnant
There used to be a narrow but contiguous strip of gallery wood along the creek.
Most o f the o l d w i l l o w and poplar trees were cut in 1993 when deepening o f the water­
course took place. I n Fig. 3, as a result of the good resolution, solitary old Salix alba indi­
viduals are also marked.
Vegetation of the Csömöri-tó
As a result o f the processes mentioned above the vegetation o f the C s ö m ö r i - t ó is in a
transitional phase. A n incomplete version of the original vegetation has developed. H i g h
abundance o f Typha angustifolia and Lastrea thelypteris is characteristic. Former open
areas (quadrat 34 in Table 5) have been inhabited by one or another species o f the i m ­
mediate neighbourhood.
The place o f the former Sphagnum island is only indicated by the difference o f
vegetation and by the still present cindery torso o f shrubs. Rare mosses (Sphagnum spp.,
Thuidium lanatum) and Epipactis palustris have disappeared from this area. I n spite o f
these losses, this part is still the relatively most species rich part o f the Csömöri-tó. A few
species (Phragmites australis, and more considerably Lastrea thelypteris) have i n ­
creased. Sphagnum spp. have been replaced by the more drought tolerant moss, Amhly-
stegium riparium (quadrats 35, 36 in Table 5). The northern part o f the lake is covered by
tall Typha angustifolia stands (quadrat 37 in Table 5) with tall sedge tuft (quadrat 38 in

Table 5. Phytosociological table of Scirpo-Pragmitetum of the

Csömöri-tó (abbreviations see HORVÁTH et al. 1995)
34 35 36 37 38 SM FLE COENS
Typha angustifolia 1 1-2 5 + E KOZ 22
Phragmites austrcdis ssp. maritima 2 1 4 E KOZ 22
Carex riparia 2 5 E EUA II
Typha latifolia 1 +-1 E CIR 22
Carex acutiformis 4-1 E EUA 11

Thelypteris palustris 5 3 K KOZ E3

Amblystegium riparium 4 3
Solanum dulcamara + +-1 2 2 TZ EUA 11

Rorippa amphibia 2 1 + K CIR 22

Polygonum persicaria + + GY KOZ 1

Galium palustre + + K CIR H

Lycopus europaeus + +-1 K EUA H
Lythrum scdicaria + 1-2 K KOZ 1
Mentha aquatica 4-1 1 K EUR 1

Carex pseudocyperus 1 1-2 V CIR 22421

Rorippa austriaca 1 GY PON I
Sonchus arvensis + GY KOZ A
Lysimachia vulgaris + K EUA I
Symphytum officinale 4-1 K EUR II
Number of species of the relevés 4 10 14 6 5 20
Table 5) at the margins. The western shore is bordered by w i l l o w scrub, whereas former
gallery wood (Salicetum albae-fragilis) remnants adjoin other parts o f the lake shore.

PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY

MATERIALS A N D METHODS

Phytosociological survey was carried out by using 2 x 2 m quadrats and the traditional
B R A U N - B L A N Q U E T - S O Ó method (ZÓLYOMI 1 9 5 1 ) . Fig. 4 shows the locations of the quadrats. In
this paper only relevés from the Csömöri-tó and two communities (Succiso-Molinietum, Caricetum
appropinquatae) of the Réti-dűlő are discussed. Unlike those of other communities, these samples
are appropriate to characterize the respective vegetation. Relevés of wet and mesic meadows and of
reed swamp are either too few in number or too heterogeneous for proper interpretation.
For analysing Succiso-Molinietum ( 1 6 relevés) numerical classification was also used. Sev­
eral hierarchical agglomerative clustering methods were tried. Here - as an example - only the re­
sults obtained by weighted averaging using Euclidean distance (JONGMAN et al. 1987).
For calculating the importance of nature conservation ranks, they were weighted by species
abundance.

RESULTS A N D DISCUSSION

Basic information o f all the 25 relevés are summarized in Table 6.

The 16 relevés describing Succiso-Molinietum are shown in Table 7. According to
the results o f several numerical classifications (an example is shown in Fig. 1), t w o con­
sistent groups can be distinguished. There were 4 relevés (No. 9,10 13, 22) that behaved
inconsistently (either separated from the otherwise consistent two clusters, or grouped
w i t h one o f them) in different analyses. The separation o f the two quadrat groups can be
explained by two main differences. The first group (No. 4, 8, 16, 2 1 , 26 ) is characterized
by less species (13-16) than the other group (No. 7, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 27) (21-28
species) ) . A significantly higher dominance o f Molinia hungarica is also characteristic
of the first group. According to the comparision w i t h classical phytosociological tables
( K O V Á C S 1962) the first group resembles Succiso-Molinietum molinietosum, whereas the
second group is similar to Succiso-Molinietum caricetosumpaniceae.
It is worthy o f noting, that these two types are not separated spatially (cf. F i g . 4). I t
is also interesting that these numerical analyses were insensitive to the otherwise sensible
impression o f the field botanist. More damp parts w i t h many protected species ( c f . F i g .
2) are not necessarily grouped together. On the other hand this conspicuous separation o f
Molinia-nch and Molinia-poor relevés indicates, that the applied quadrat size coincide
with the spatial scale o f a characteristic pattern o f this community.
Table 4 shows the phytosociological data o f sedge tuft (Caricetum appropinquatae)
association. The comparison with classical data ( K O V Á C S 1957) indicates that some valu­
able fen species (e.g. Menyanthes trifoliata, Eriophorum latifolium) are missing from
these fragments.
-5
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 Table 6. Basic data of the 25 phytosociological relevés
No. of relevé 11 20 24 28 34 35 36 37
Date 1993
VI.2. VI.28.
Cover of herb layer (%) 80 90 90 100 90 100 100 100
Cover of moss layer (%) - - - - - 60 40 -
No. of relevé 38 4 7 8 9 10 13 14
Date 1993 1991 1993 1991 1991 1991 1993 1993
VI.28. IX.4. VI.2. 1X4. V.22. IX.4. VI.28. VI.2.
Cover of herb layer (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Cover of moss layer (%) - 5 - - - - - -
No. of relevé 15 16 18 19 21 22 23 26
Date 1991 1993 1991
VI.15. IX.4. VI.15. V I . 15. IX.4. VI.2. VI.15. IX.4.
Cover of herb layer (%) 100 100 100/95 100 100 100 100 100
Cover of moss layer (%) - - - - - - - -
No. of relevé 27
Date 1993. VI.28.
Cover of herb layer (%) 100
Cover of moss layer (%) -

As the results in Table 2 show, these t w o communities (unlike the complete flora of
the R é t i - d ű l ő ) are relatively free from the effects of serious degradation in terms o f na­
ture conservation rank distribution. (Unusually high importance o f strictly protected
plants in the sedge tuft community is caused by the dominant Carex appropinquata)
Table 5 shows the phytosociological data collected from the C s ö m ö r i - t ó . Most
relevés belong to Scirpo-Phragmitetum typhetosum (incl. former Typhetosum angustifo-
liae)

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Long-term survival of this small isolated area is endangered by several factors. It

lies close to a village, surrounded by arable fields and the water regime o f the area has
been changed. Consequently the still valuable vegetation can only be preserved by active
conservation measures.
Apart from the completely destroyed Spagnum bog, the vegetation of this area con­
tains the characteristic species pool o f valuable fen, swamp and meadow communities. I n
addition to these floristic values, natural composition of these communities has also been
 Table 7 . Phytosociological table of Succiso-Molinietum (abbreviations see HORVÁTH et al. 1995)

4 8 16 21 26 A-D FR 7 14 15 18 19 23 27 A-D FR 9 10 13 22 A-D FR SM FLE COENS

Angelica 2-3 2 2 2-3 1-2 1-3 V 1-2 1 1-2 +-1 1 1 2 4-2 V 2 3 1 +-1 +-3 V K EUA H
sylvestris
Equisetum 1 1 + 3 3 4-3 V + 4 + + 1-2 2 1 +-2 V 4 + 4 1 +-3 v K CIR 21
palustre
Ranunculus acris 2 1-2 1 2-3 2 1-3 V +-1 + + 1 1 2-3 1 4-3 V 2-3 1 1 1 4-3 V TZ EUA H

Cirsium canum 2 1-2 + 1 2 1-2 V 1 1-2 1 4 +-1 1 4-2 V 2 1-2 4 4-1 +-2 v K CON 533

Vicia cracca 2 1 1 + + +-2 V +-1 2 +-1 1 1 2 4-2 V 2-3 4-1 + +-3 V TZ CIR H

Molinia caerulea 5 5 5 4 4 4-5 V 3 2 3 3 3 2 2-3 V 3 3-4 2-5 V K END 53

ssp. hungarica
Centaurea 1-2 + 1 3 +-3 IV 4-1 + + 1 1 2 +-2 V 1 4 4 2 4-3 V TZ DKEU H
pannonica
Achillea + 1-2 1 2 +-2 IV + + 4 1 4-1 4-1 IV 4 I 4 4 4-2 V K PAN 52
asplenifolia
Carex flacca 3-4 1 1 1-4 III 1 1 2 + 3 + 2 4-3 v 3-4 2 2 1-2 +-4 V K EUR I

Holcus lanatus 1-2 1 1 1-2 III 2 1-2 3 2 1 2-3 4 4-3 V + 1 4-1 2 +-3 V K EUR 5

Tetragonolobus 1-2 1 1 1-2 III 2 1 2 2 2-3 1-3 IV 2-3 1-2 1-3 IV K CEU 536
maritimus ssp.
siliquosus
Trifolium + + + + III + I 4-1 II 4 +-1 II TZ EUA 4
pratense
Parnassia 2 + +-2 II +-1 4-1 I 1 +-2 II V CIR 53
palustris
Sanguisorba 2 1 1-2 II 1-2 2-3 1-3 II 1-3 II K CIR 5
officinalis
Galium verum 2 2-3 2-3 II 1 1-3 I K EUA I

Amblystegium 1 + +-1 II +-1 I

riparium
 4 8 16 21 26 A - D FR 7 14 15 18 19 23 27 A - D FR 9 10 13 22 A-D FR SM FLE COENS
Salix fragilis 4-1 I 4-1 II 4-1 I K EUA El 13
Mentha aquatica + + I + + 4- 4 4- 4- IV 4 4-1 4-1 4-1 III K EUR I
Phragmites aus­ 1 1 1 + 4-1 1-2 2 1 4-2 IV + 3 1-2 4-3 III E KOZ 22
tralis ssp. mari­
tima
Poa pratensis 4 + I 4 4-1 + 4-1 1 4-1 IV 4 4 4-1 4-4 III K KOZ 1
Prunella vulgaris + 4- 1 4 + 4-1 1 4-1 + 4-1 V 4 4-1 III TZ KOZ I
Alopecurus 1 1 1 + + + II 4-1 I E EUA H
pratensis
Lotus tenuis + + I + 4 I + + I K S ME 62
Ononis spinosa 2 2 I 1-2 + 1 4-2 II 4-2 I GY EUR H
Carex acutiformis 1 1 I 4 4-1 I E EUA H
Deschampsia ces- 2 2 1 + 4 I 4-2 I K KOZ 53
pttosa
Galium palustre 1 1 I 4 4 I +-1 I K CIR H
Rumex acetosella + + I + 4 1 + I K KOZ I
Centaurium litto­ + + 1 4 I K PoP 53
rale ssp. uligino-
sum
Festuca pratensis 4 - 1 2-3 1 + 1 1 + 4-3 V 4-1 2 + 1 4-3 IV E EUA H
Carex panicea 2 3 2 4 2 3 3 2-4 V 3 1 1-4 III K CIR 533
Briza media 4-1 + + + 1-2 + 4 2 V + 1 4 4 4-2 IV K KOZ 5
Lychnis flos-cu- 4 + 1 + 1 1 4-1 V 4 4 + 4-1 III TZ EUA 5
culi
Salix cinerea + + 1-2 1 4 + 4-4 V 4 1 4-4 III E EUA E3
Valeriana dioica 1 1 4 1-2 1-2 4-2 IV 4-1 1 4-2 III K SAT 533
 4 8 16 21 26 A - D FR 7 14 15 18 19 23 27 A - D FR 9 10 13 22 A-D FR SM FLE COENS
Dactylorhiza 1 2-3 1 4 4-3 III 1 +-3 II V EUA 53
incarnata
Juncus 4-1 + + 4 4-1 III + +-1 II TZ EUA 1

compressus
Ranunculus 4 + + 4 III + + II TZ EUA 1

repens
Caltha palustris 4-1 4 +-1 II +-1 4-1 I K CIR 1

ssp. cornuta
Juncus inflexus 4 + 4 II f I TZ EUA I
Lotus corni- + 4 4 II 4 I TZ EUA 1

culatus
Rhinanthus minor 1 4 +-1 II +-1 I K EUR 5
Eriophorum 4-1 4-1 1 4 + 4-1 I K CIR 51
latifolium
Carex distans 4-1 +-1 [ 1 4-1 I E EUR 52
Dactylis +-1 4-1 I + +-1 I TZ KOZ I
glomerata
Leontodon + + I + + I K EUR I
hispidus
Carex hirta + + I + I GY EUR I
Ele ocharis 4 + I 4 I K EUA I
palustris
Koeleria javorkae 1-2 1-2 I 1-2 1 V PAN
Orchis laxijlora 1-2 1-2 I 1-2 1 V CEU 53
ssp. palustris
Galium mollugo + 1 4-1 I K CIR 962
Juncussubnodu- 4 +-4 I E AsM 53
losus
 4 8 16 21 26 A - D FR 7 14 15 18 19 23 27 A-D FR 9 10 13 22 A-D FR SM FLE COENS
Agrostis stolo- + + 1 E KOZ I

nifera
Blysmus com- 1-2 1-2 K EUA A812
pressus
Cannabis sativa + + I A ADV A
Carex davalliana 2 2 I K CEU 531
Carex elata + + I E EUA 2241
Carex tomentosa 2 2 I K EUA 5
Cerastium + + 1 TZ KOZ I
fontanum
Epilobium + + 1 K EUA H
hirsutum
Epipactis 1 1 1 V EUA 531
palustris
Lathyrus 1 1 1 TZ EUA 5
pratensis
Lysimachia + + 1 K EUR I
nummularia
Lysimachia + + 1 K EUA I
vulgaris
Lythrum salicaria + + I K KOZ I
Poa angustifolia 2 2 I E CIR I
Number of 13 16 15 15 13 29 25 26 25 21 28 20 22 45 26 20 30 22 66
species in relevés
survived in smaller or larger fragments. However, as a consequence o f former deepening
o f the water course, there has been a continuous shift i n the proportion o f different c o m ­
munities. The trend is clear: valuable fen and mire communities - requiring continuous
h i g h ground water level - have been replaced by meadow communities tolerating shorter
or longer periods without water saturation in the soil profile. Another harmful side effect
o f varying ground water level is that under these circumstances Phragmites australis can
inhabit valuable fen communities. Once i t has established, it can spread vegetatively, and
becomes dominant.
Necessary conservation measures for the effective protection o f this area include:
1) Rehabilitation o f the water regime o f the area by active water management;
2) Regular m o w i n g is necessary to prevent (or slow down) the spread o f mire w i l ­
low scrub and to regulate competitive grasses.
H i g h botanical value o f the area and the available long-term (15 year) data on vege­
tation change call for future permanent plot studies o f vegetation change including the
hopeful regenerative succession o f the C s ö m ö r i - t ó .

REFERENCES

HORVÁTH, F., DOBOLYI, Z . K:, MORSCHAUER, T., LŐKÖS, L . , KARAS, L . & SZERDAHELYI, T. (1995): FLÓRA
adatbázis 1.2. [Hungarian FLORA database 1.2.]- MTA ÖBKI, Vácrátót, 267 pp.
JONGMAN, R. H . G., TER BRAAK, C. J. F., TONGEREN, O. F. R. (eds) (1987): Data analysis in community and
landscape ecology. - Pudoc, Wageningen, 299 pp.
KOVÁCS, M . (1957): A Nógrádi Flórajárás Magnocaricion társulásai. [Magnocaricion associations of Neo-
gradense.] - Bot. Köziem. 47:135-155.
KOVÁCS, M . (1962): Die Moorwiesen Ungarns. - Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 214 pp.
STANDOVÁR, T. & SZOLLÁT, G Y . (1995): A csömöri Réti-dűlő növényzete, botanikai értékei és termé­
szetvédelmi értékelése. [Vegetational studies on the Réti-dűlő at Csömör.] - In: Botanikai jeltárások Bu­
dapest és Vác között. [Botanical explorations between Budapest and Vác] Göncöl Alapítvány, Vác, pp.
2-7. [Manuscript.]
STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E . (1982): The flora of the Csömör-pool. - Studia bat. hung. 16: 73-82.
STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E. ( 1988): The alga species of the Csömör-pool. - Studia bot. hung. 2 0 : 63-75.
STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E . (1991a): A csömöri Réti-dűlő védett és veszélyeztetett növényei. (Potentially endan­
gered and protected plant species of Csömör meadow.) - Termész.etvéd. Közlem. 1: 39-40.
STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E . (1991&): A Csömöri-tó algavegetációjának változása egy ökológiai stressz hatására.
(Change in algal vegetation of Csömör pool caused by an ecological stress.) - Természetvéd. Közlem.
2:13-28.
STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E . ( 1992): The alga species of the Csömör-pool I I . - Studia bot. hung. 2 3 : 17-48.
STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E . (1993a): A Csömöri-tó növényzetének változása. Milyen változásokat okozhat az
égetés egy lápos terület növényzetében? [Changes in the vegetation of Csömör pool.] - Calandrella 1
(1-2): 162-188.
STOLLMAYER-BONCZ, E . ( \993b): The flora of the Réti-dűlő near Csömör. - Studia bot. hung. 2 4 : 27-44.
ZÓLYOMI, B. (1951): Növényszociológiai alapfogalmak és felvételezési módszerek. [Basics of plant sociology.]-
In: Soó, R & ZÓLYOMI, B (eds): Növényföldrajzi-térképezési tanfolyam jegyzete. [Textbook of phyto-
geopgraphical and plant sociological course.] T T M Növénytár és Vácrátóti Botanikai Kutatóintézet, Bu­
dapest, pp.103-107.
 A P P E N D I X . L I S T O F SPECIES

Acer campestre L. Carex /aria L.

Achillea collina J. BECKER Carex n/'gra (L.) REICHARD
Agrimonia eupatoria L. Carex panicea L.
Agropyron repens (L.) P. B . Carex paniculata JUSL.
A g rost is stolonifera L. Carex pseudocyperus L.
Alisma lanceolatum WlTH. Carex riparia CURT.
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Carex spicata HUDS.
Alliariapetiolata ( M . B . ) CAVARA et GRANDE Carex stenophyila WAHLBG.
Allium scorodoprasum L. Carex tomentosa L .
Alopecurus geniculatus L. Carex vulpina L.
Alopecurus pratensis L. Ce/r/j occidentalis L.
Amaranthus retroflexus L. Cenchrus incertus M . A . CURTIS
Ambrosia artemisifolia L. Centaurea pannonica (HEUFF.) SlMK.
Anchusa officinalis L. Centaurium littorale (TURN.) GlLMOUR
Angelica sylvestris L. ssp. uliginosum ( W . et K . ) ROTHM.
Anthriscus cerefolium ( L . ) HOFFM. ssp. Cerastiumfontanum BAUMG.
trichosperma (SPR.) A R C . Ceratophyllum submersum L .
Arctium lappa L . Chelidonium majus L .
Aristolochia clematitis L. Chenopodium album L.
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) j . et C. PRESL Chrysanthemum leucanthemum agg.
Artemisia vulgaris L. Cichorium intybus L.
Asparagus officinalis L. Cirsium arvense (L.) SCOP.
Asperugo procumbens L. Cirsium canum ( L . ) ALL.
Aster tradescantii L. Colchicum autumnale L.
Ballota nigra L. Conium maculatum L.
Batrachium trichophyllum (CHAIX) Convolvulus arvensis L.
V A N DEN BOSCH Crepis biennis L.
Berteroa incana (L.) Dc. Crépis tectorum L.
Bidens tripartita L. Cynodon dactylon (L.) PERS.
Blysmus compressas (L.) PANZER Dactylis glomerata L. s. str.
ßn'za media L. Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) S o ó
Bromus sterilis L. Datura stramonium L.
Bryonia cdba L. Daucus carota L. ssp. carota
Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) R O T H Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. B .
Caltha palustris L. Descurainia sophia (L.) W E B B
Calystegia sepium (L.) R . B R . Eleocharispalustris (L.) R . et SCH. s. str.
Cannabis sativa L . Epilobium hirsutum L.
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) M E D I K . Epilobium parviflorum SCHREB.

Carex acutiformis EHRH. Epilobium tetragonum L.

Carex: appropinquata SCHUMACHER Epipactis palustris (MILL.) CR.

Equisetum arvense L.
Carex cuprina (SÁNDOR) NENDTVICH
Equisetum palustre L.
Carex davalliana SM.
Equisetum ramosissimum DESF.
Carex distans L .
Erige ron canadensis L.
Carex disticha HUDS.
Eriophorum latifolium HOPPE
Carex elata A L L .
Erodium cicutarium ( L . ) L'HÉRRIT.
Carex flacca SCHREB.
Euonymus europaea L.
Carex gracilis CURT.
Eupatorium cannabinum L .
Euphorbia esula L .
Euphorbia salicifolia H OST
Falcaria vulgaris Bernh.
Fallopia convolvulus ( L . ) A . LOVE
Festuca arundinacea S C H R E B .
Festuca pratensis HUDS.
Festuca pseudovina HACK.
Festuca rubra L . s. str,
Ficaria verna H U D S .
Galium aparine L .
Galium mollugo L .
Galium palustre L .
Galium uliginosum L .
Galium verum L .
Geranium dissection L .
Geranium rotundifolium L .
Glechoma hederacea L . s. str.
Glyceria maxima (HARTM.) HOLMBERG S. str.
Glyceria plicata FR.
Gratiola officinalis L .
Gypsophila fastigiata L . ssp. arenaria
( W . et K.) D O M .
Heracleum sphondylium L .
Hibiscus trionum L .
Holcus lanatus L .
Holoschoenus romanus ( L . ) FRITSCH
ssp. holoschoenus ( L . ) GREUTER
Holosteum umbellatum L .
Humulus lupulus L .
Hyoscyamus niger L .
//îw/fl britannica L .
/ m pseudacorus L ,
Juncus articulatus L .
Juncus compressas JACQ.
Juncus effusus L .
Juncus inflexus L .
Juncus subnodulosus SCHRANK
Knautia arvensis ( L . ) COULT.
Koeleria javorkae ÚJHELYI
Lactuca serriola L .
Lamium amplexicaule L .
Lamium purpureum L .
Lathyrus hirsutus L .
Lathyrus pratensis L .
Lathyrus tuberosus L .
Lavatera thuringiaca L .
Lemna minor L .
Lemna trisulca L .
Leontodon hispidus L.
Lithospermum arvense L .
Loitis corniculatus L .
L o t o tenuis W . et K.
Luzula campestris ( L . ) L A M . et De.
Lychnis jlos-cuculi L .
Lycopus europaeus L .
Lysimachia nummularia L .
Lysimachia vulgaris L .
Lythrum salicaria L .
Malva neglecta WALLR.
Matricaria maritima L . ssp. inodora (L.) S O Ó
Medicago falcata L.
Medicago lupulina L.
Medicago minima ( L . ) L.
Melandrium album (MlLL.) GARCKE
Mentha aquatica L .
Mentha arvensis L.
Mentha longifolia ( L . ) NATH.
Molinia coerulea MÖNCH ssp. horanszkyi
MILKOVITS
Myosotis palustris ( L . ) NATH.
Myosoton aquaticum ( L . ) MÖNCH
Oenanthe aquatica ( L . ) POIR.
Oenothera biennis L .
Ononis arvensis L.
Ononis spinosa L .
Onopordum acanthium L.
Orchis laxiflora L A M . ssp. palustris
(JACQ.) BONNIER et LAYENS
Ornithogalum boucheanum (KUNTH) ASCH.
Ornithogalum umbellatum L .
Papaver rhoeas L .
Parnassia palustris L .
Pastinaca saliva L .
Phragmites australis ( C A V . ) TRIN.
Physalis alkekengi L .
Plantago lanceolata L .
Plantago major L .
Plantago media s. str.
Poa angustifolia L.
Poa palustris L .
Poa pratensis L . s. str.
Poa triviális L .
Polygala comosa SCHKUHR ssp. podolica
(De.) SOÓ
Polygonum amphibium L .
Polygonum hydropiper L .
Polygonum mite SCHRANK
Polygonum patulum M . B. Solanum dulcamara L.
Polygonum persicaria L. Solidago canadensis L.
Populus alba L . Solidago gigantea A I T . ssp. serotina
Populus nigra L . (AIT.) MCNEILL
Populus tremula L. Sonchus arvensis L.
Potamogeton nutans L . Sonchus oleraceus L.
Potentilla reptans L. Sonchus palustris L.
Prunella vulgaris L. Sparganium erection L .
Pulicaria dysenterica ( L . ) BERNH. Stellaria graminea L.
Ranunculus acris L . Stellaria media ( L . ) VlLL.
Ranunculus polyanthemos L. Stenactis annua ( L . ) NEES
Ranunculus repens L . Symphytum officinale L.
Ranunculus sardous CR. Taraxacum officinale WEBER
Ranunculus sceleralus L. Tetragonolobus maritimus ( L . ) ROTH
Reseda lutea L . ssp. siliquosus (L.) MURB.
Rhinanthus minor L . Teucrium scordium L.
Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Thalictrum minus L .
Rorippa amphibia ( L . ) BESS. Thelypteris palustris SCHOTT
Rorippa austriaca ( C R . ) BESS. Tragopogon orientális L.
/?o^<7 canina L . s. str. Trifolium campestre SCHREB.
Rubus caesius L. Trifolium hybridwn L.
Rumex acetosa L. Trifolium pallidum W . el K .
Rumex acetosella L. Trifolium pratense L.
Rumex crispus L . Trifolium repens L .
Rumex hydrolapathum HUDS. Tussilago farfara L.
Rumex stenophyllus LEDEB. Typha angustifolia L.
Sa/ù' a/oa L . Typha lat if o lia L .
S a / á cinerea L. Urtica dioica L .
Scdixfragilis L. Utricularia vulgaris L .
5a/ix rosmarinifolia L. Valeriana dioica L .
S a / ù triandra L. Valeriana officinalis L . s. str.
Salsola kali L . ssp. ruthenica (ILJIN) SOÓ Verbascum blattaria L.
Salvia nemorosa L. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.
Veronica chamaedrys L . ssp. vindobonensis
Sambucus ebulus L .
Sambucus nigra L . M . FISCHER
Sanguisorba officinalis L. Veronica hederifolia L.
Saponaria officinalis L. Veronica praecox ALL.
Scabiosa ochroleuca L. Viburnum opulus L .
Schoenus nigricans L. Weiß angustifolia L.
Scirpus sylvaticus L. VYc/a cracca L .
Scrophularia umbrosa DUM. VÍ'CÍŰ hirsuta ( L . ) S. F . GRAY
Scutellaria galericulata L. Vic/a lathyroides L.
Senecio erraticus BERT. ssp. barbareifolius Vi'ciV/ tenuifolia ROTH
( W . et G R . ) BEGER Vicia villosa ROTH
Seseli varium TREV. V/o/a arvensis MURR.
Setaria viridis ( L . ) P. B . V/o/a odorata L.
Si'/ene vulgaris ( M Ö N C H ) GARCKE
 The Flora of the
Kiskunság National Park
Vol. 1. The Flowering Plants
Edited by SZUJKÓ-LACZA, J. and D . KOVÁTS

The sixth part of the series Natural History of the

National Parks of Hungary comprises a collection of
papers discussing the climate, soils and flowering plants
of the region between the Danube and Tisza rivers.
The book opens with a Preface written by G.
FEKETE corresp. member of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, followed by the characterization of the climate
of the Danube-Tisza Mid-Region and the discussion of
soil formation i n the region. By far the largest part of the
volume is the check-list of the flowering plants (395
pages), which is followed by the discussion of new floris-
tical data. The book is closed with a list of References
and an Index to Authors.
Published by the Hungarian Natural History M u ­
seum in 1993.

ISBN 963 7093 19 2

469 pages, paperback with several figures and tables
Price: USD 30, excl. p. & p.

Orders should be sent to:

The Library, Hungarian Natural History Museum
H-1088 Budapest, Baross u. 13, Hungary
Fax:+36-1-1171-669