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    142 views55 pages

    Health and Hygiene Notes NCC

    Uploaded by

    Monty Sharma

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    oo d & e ar INTER DIRECTORATE HEALTH & HYGIENE COMPETITION oritreerera eared qd ators wfcefan Aim (sae 1. To judge the knowledge of SD cadets in Health & Hygiene in order to promote professional skill involved in these subjects and thus making them useful citizens, a rt tte A caren WG ear Tech aera Th ET, ga Mea a GS aaa Bes wy aera Sr eI SS ‘ahh arate arr) Venue /wr 2. Competition will be held during TSC (Boys). seater Saceutho were 3b cers ef 3. __ Five Senior Division Cadets per Directorate, including one reserve, sets Peres a a ate worn Hen, sa we Dress /term 4. Uniform. x Allocation of Marks / fey eee bosovd dso dd dd dbdbdddddd | | | > d d uw 29 (b) sAfon_niwtftral_(nvoluntary Muscles) a sates meiftal oan & an erates Thy RIE (autonomic nervous system) frie ef tH Tavoluntary Muscles. These are called involuntary muscles, Pecause they are ‘controlled by the autonomic nervous system.) (©) za Afral_ (Cardiac Muscles) eR gea Meat endian eh a ECA A Gere (heart wal) #1 HA AT eral | (Cardiac Muscles. Though cardiac muscles dare striated structurally, they form the main part of heart wall) oa. ewer a we re Rs FREE? (White a short rote on the Circulatory Syslo™ ) Ans. warn a (circuatory system) EZ. Tt aiftanalt ate waa 8 wm Stat B1 AAT 2 Se eye a 9 Aa £1 RE BE COP TO ay en Pepe ee SM Tso er ae ae cee TT Hse) TH a A aad vert aris og alfeeres Sy gaat & ere Pree oe & cee awe BI (The Gireulatory system consists of the Heart, Blood Vessels ard Blocs Each time the heart cee Yicod is pumped along the blood vessels. It is thereon kept in a state of corte cpus motion By blood circulaion, oxygen, nutients ane other substances are Brought 10 the fissues and the waste products carbon ‘dioxide formed by the fissue are constantly removed.) 4, ea we Ge ater Ro Fi] (Wee a short mole oF the Heart.) ‘ans. @a ee. ARRON GH (ood circulation system) LE TE t) an dot 3 ae fa Fe rm ff gee oe RD ST ata sa Lee Soe on cone tan whee SELES Og ae See HS cag oe a en A ET ETA To aria (AURICLE) @ fae (VENTRICLE) 4 ¥ sr ‘er aie ures area aTaT Fee! & ( Hearts the (Ao Meaportant organ of blood aculation. tis stuateg in oer between the lungs and on to the left side of the body. The size of heart in equal to a closed fist ‘and the average wt of to the Jet Sina is about 300 gre, and in @ female Sm 250 gm. It is divided into two Compartments, the right and the left "Fhe ight side contains impure blood while left side contains pure blood. Each side is again divided into AURICLE sand VENTRICLE. Auricles Se the receiving chambers.) 5, aura #7 Whatis Respiration? 1S. veer an et on gow fo & FH fer w in EL TT SE, nse See Set aes ry ae OES ALE Te Bae fe ee ah oka TE oie Be ait ‘afta, after fare, aa atk bas ea eI (Respiration or breathing is a process by wrich, oxygen, obiained fore fresh air, is absorbed in to the blood stream and proven dionide, formed by the tissue action, is smnoved from the blood and expelled into Garrsir, that is then expired. Its a process Seal to life. It involves the taking in of eigen and giving out of carbon diovide, The Tele organs ofrespiratory system are Nose, Ser Larynx, Trachea, Brorch, and the Lungs.) 30 ra aut @? What is Digestion? _ hemicaly sftban @ foreta ier eet fans, (a> afta se stanaPn fonecharical and chemical TN cy fo, meat ist wert (complex food) #Y UTA yar (simple food) 9 Rae pe se are Gaara a semifta (absorbed) fi at wh ote EN 2 A TT at, Te eer SE TANT fren a a | FIG EA TT, AN HAT ee Shares, ferrg, Bra) ata ate aia Z| (Digestion is a mechanical and aa iy ee eech complex food substances are converted info simple substances £0 Wm AY tat ‘easily absorbed by blood and utilized by the various tissues of the body Re requirements. The mainorgans of digestive system are mouth, salivary I Pp 7 ‘esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine and the large intestine.) Q7. scot aut 8? (Whatis Excretion?) ans, sachs sian # and went at ae @ arse Frere Tar BL Goa A eta Set wus, Az ote See-sita AT (gastro-inlestinal tract) wf& #1 (Excretion is a process by which waste products are removed out of the body. Among the organs that contribute towards the elimination of waste products are the skin, lungs, kidneys and the gastro-intestinal tract.) 08, = da we Ua aiftrer feeah fefeae? (Write a short Note on Nervous System) Ans. 18 da (nervous system) Wa_sriearal da (endocrine system) @ gral STAT see BY araftera aed ge AA We Sa wy (internal balance) #1 wird 81 aS Fa By ‘fa ari % aier aTar 21 (Internal Balance of the human body is maintained within normal limits by the nervous system and the endocrine system. The nervous system may be sub divided into three main portions:-) (a) &=#a_=re) (Central Nervous) da- gv aftren vd Awevs ed #1 (The Central Nervous System. This consists of brain and spinal cord.) () ufgfira_rg) (Peripheral Nervous) da — ya da wi wid daha aa aa fafr=1 Sim va iweftal # eh 21 (The Peripheral Nervous System. This forms the connections between the central nervous syster cones ysiem and the various organs and (c) 4ufaa_argi_(Autonomic Nervous) da- ue da a da A ew TET {ofenosr) a saatesa Fa te, sitet otk YATE Ta GA sifpT3it (Blood vessel) a ete frufaa eed 81 ue aga wi yl & ara (secretions) wf ao 21 ve afta 4 at aarfem da a aaa afafaferat @ wea een e sie a . bapa eae (The Autonomic Nervous System. tis an offshoot system and controls the involuntary functions of the various interval organs sich as the stomachirtestne bladder ‘and also the tiny muscles of blood vessels and also controls the secretions of the Liver and Kidneys. A person is neither conscious for the normal activiti es iaswalneny activities of the autonomic system nor he oe eevee ee eee ede eoesdadd ‘atch _ > . e See eGEA SG 39 (b) fag gu feet 4 ort 4 Gfaa (suspended) veel @) ora wer fen aT 21 gh WA, Ge of ta 8 UM do we 8 Ye BUI Vie Al (Clarification. This is the removal of suspended matter through filtration, by passing it though filer beds of gravel and sand or through properly sterilized filters.) (0) tarp ats fe sik fin ore ge ga at Atey wea fear ait a (Sterilization. This is done by using chlorine gas or bleaching powder.) (6) fea AAR ton eh ee & ates BOT A cream gee sree Ur a ae fa GT 1 (Pinking. During cholera epidemic potassium permanganate should be used for pinking of wells.) (e) BRAG or UM gH AAA Ur aA eae A Pewd m UAd war BE Ahh GERI ot ut a ara we OE Ye Per ore 1 ew AA A oT a eR a Ga at A ae Te @ ol Ye ah unet 2) eae ae eh vrR ea aw fer ata e) (Precipitation. This is done by adding alum or some similar chemical to water, which makes all impurities. accumulate at the bottom and leaves pure water. This water is then passed through filter) QS, are stk Ge we Be 2 ard at car werT aly? (What aspects need to be kept in ind to obtain clean and safe milk) Ans. f= ara ar 3 we? afty~ Following aspects should be ensured to oblain clean and safe milk:- (a) ara & art fk ewer a aw ara eh thy GU Peay Be GTA at dia axe thar wfc) (The animal and its surroundings shoud be healthy and clean, The animal should be properly washed before mulching.) (b) qi fara ad a) eared al eit IRE (Milk handler should be free from any communicable disease.) (co) ea wee Gt we 8 Ty, BR Rw a TT AT | (Milk vessels should be totally ‘lean, saritized and kept covered.) (4) A ara gta a at (Water supply must be safe.) (c) water gi at om tan a we a yo Aten a ae TH we frm wae Hes =e 7'¥17 wl (Pasteurization. tis the healing of mik to such temperature and for ssuchperiods of time, as are required to destroy any pathogens without destruction of nutritive value. t' does not alter taste. (Temperature 130 C and time 1 to 2 seconds). art a a eS ee aT aw WETS fh 2 art wT aA eT ee? 3. (What. wall ‘you keep in mind when looking into hygiene of cooking / dining places?) ~ s y , ) 4 4 y f E 40 caftedl & Pane, arRNT TEAS WIA, TIE TTS not be located near filthy places. id other such places.) (a) Ga aA BA TE. ei age & ore Raa 78 et ‘afty | (Eating places should ‘open drains, animal sheds, manure/soakage pits an (oy wl sd ame TH @ sah aE # = AIF MIRE (Floors should be easy 10 clean, and should be preferably tiled.) wa eh ore eareR, HS WE a Gea a eer ae Gabe wT A der etl (Rooms ilated, insect and rat proof and should have e tet (©) for storage of food should be well ven adequate lighting.) (6) WY a ASA aa GAT saz WaT ATT | (Perishable and non perishal should be kept separately.) (e) aah wT AA AGA @ aT B aH we ara et) (Furniture should be strong and ¢ easy'o clean) : é () a a ee RBar 4 aaa Palka Gas WI (Refuse should be collected in covered bins and removed regularly.) (9) wi wt ate ea ha 7 BAT BI (Water supply should be independent, adequate and safe.) a (bh) @T S get & fee wayTa wT WET! aI (Proper place for clear of utensil should be provided) mina of Mens QT. tar daraat A awa F fay fa ai GI as 4 esa TARY? (What are the aspects to be kept in mind for hygiene of food handlers?) c Ans. fefeftra atel a1 ei waar aif’ — The following should be ensured :~ “ (2) tv daeel A ews we Ga GT HARA Pe oar ay art ay 1 (Complete ‘ ‘examination of food handlers must be done at the time of emptor) piete medical (b) raft enétte Fitter @-1 arf | (Regular health checkups should be done.) (Cc) stor Farce a fen ord fea GY weve a tea SB fea ‘should be'regularly educated on health andhygiene aspects.) a (©), Barat at Pata ger aa, aE TEA, are at wo, L LR OHS TET mh om ord m1 qa Eh He Oe we! (hey shou coe ee a hand washing, trimmit . trimming of nails, covering of hai aia mouth while Coughing ond sneezing dureg cooking) "OT"? OF o¥ealIS and covering ble items bt bE 98. 98, ge ton were # aH waTgl? (Name some types of waste products /refuse ) Ans. §5 OR Gare # (Some types of the waste products are) :- -~ SOR F FF OBR EHEE . a (a) arta Heme Gd Fa (Human excreta - faeces & urine.) (bo) Rae qei-ws 4714 aI AIR Stable litter horses & cow dung. (oy en mere we rw hw a a RT BT GST Dry refuse & garbage - household, municipality, industrial & agricultural. (4) wa vad ww aL atcha a TR PI aT GBT (Liquid wastes: household sullage, municipal & industrial effluent. (e) arate eeorst nr EBT! (Offensive trade wastes). (yaad S waa we vr F af aI GI (Dead animals, carcasses & offal of slaughtered animals.) 99. wa w Pera a a MARU am 8? (What are the various methods of disposal of refuse?) Ans. a8 % PRas A FEI Pa FE (Various methods for disposal of refuse are:-) (a) ae Ga AAT wet ar var et aS Re oe ah A aT TH oH BR TT sens & fend Fr oer 81 ga wee a ore Pare wie Ba A BA 100 a80 ie a gl RA! fet of ak BY 72 ge 8 SU GaT = BE! (Filling. In this method the refuse is generally utilized in filing up pits, unsanitarytanks or in reclaiming low land. The area selected ‘Should be af least 100-150 feet away from any habitation. No refuse should be left uncovered for more than 72 hrs.) (oy Pree a era sae TT # rete Pe ot er ta eer, oR dam Gwe aaa AM 2 wel wafer ore ay TMU ate stk wie Te eA wai @ a1 1 (Controlled Tipping. Controlled tipping or sanitary landfil’is the most satisfactory method of refuse disposal where suitable land is available. Chemical, bacteriological and physical charges occur in buried refuse.) (©) 2a (Incineration) savers wat ah a agT waRTE chet t weOT Te we a tea aRiaT SR FAS BA Z| (Incineration. Hospital refuse, which is paricularly dangerous, is best disposed off by incineration. (2) SAE (Composting)— FH RA A aw Mea a ag oh Goer HS TE FT ‘aren 21; Composting. It is a method of combined disposal of refuse and night soll or lc sludge. . 5 (e). _ ae 1ee/ Manure Pits— BL STAY Br hee ARI ote afte wT wre GTA TS af creat 4 TAT fear are ah ara SAE ow MW ord uote fea wet ay ews} ae] Manure 9 Pits. The garbage, catle dung, straw and leaves should be dumped into the manure . pits and covered with earth, after each days dumping, wR 2 42 i Ao ato ae aeTHI/ Burial— we fat wre fae S fed saan 2) wel gH Ted a 1-5 Sea st Broad at Gv GAA toe 840 oO anh gt Mee A ae soy ef @1 Burial. This method is suitable for small camps. A trench 1-5m wide and 2m deep is excavated. When the level in the trench is 40 cm from ground level, the trench is filed with earth and comported (9) RoI BEI Sorting gH AA H goed wa wy Ga sez an A Pee fear oe 21 Sorting. This method consists of storing refuses in three separate paris for easy disposal:- (i) ise Bae # we a gad sist @ g2 aah ard @) Breeze. Cinders and pieces of coal are used for making bricks. (i) Sve ae Gr w wRrAH wr TeTEPe eR! TE aay S ahr A oTeT 81 Soft Core. Animal and vegetable organic matter, which is used as manure. Gil) BS GR-wE A ate ate aA ar way ang a afeai aM ¥ eter 2) Hard Core. Broken bottles and crockery is used for metaling of roads Q10. Ha & wiaR 4 aia a fe acai at ena Par ara 8? (What are the different steps involved in treatment of sewage? ) Ans, a 3 sar a1 onl aerate waged aterm Barer fer aren 21 ge aT A yea we ad wifia ur ara @:~ (Treatment of sewage is brought about by the action of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The different steps involved in this process are:-) (@) fe) Screening. (i) ze afe=1| Chambering, (>) wees see Primary Sedimentation, (vjera7 farar eI aT! Tricking Filter. (©) @ay a1 skt ae] Activated Sludge Process. (vi) @ze. ot erie aRATISludge Digestion. (4) 18 GFA a Per! Disposal of Effluent Qn. wg these} & aa-aty @ yar & ot Rar asad at amet 4 ad 2? (What are the types of domestic latrines found in un-severed areas?) Ans. tg stage stra & ctaea 8 @ of ui ahr fd ord & ai af ata Ree ee ee (Domestic Latines. These are those latrines Which are used in houses in areas not having a sewage system. These are of following types:) (a) 3X Se shag as thas 2-0 dp are 4 ga gu teat dart at 4-8 Ao ww ata a Ga WA fred 4 rect aia weg a Ped 8 at fers aor oe ® (Bore Hole Latrine. The latrine consists of a circular hole 30-40 cm in diameter dug vertically in the ground to a depth of 4 to 8 mi. nk i with bamboo matting or earthenware lining.) ee ° s Ss 8 9 oe Someta dd ad 43 > i (bo) ster vera gaara A 75 defo ae ar heen 3-H 8 BD Tew AT ST e s aa dare Tea Oat 8 a Us yew fed Aer 81 arg aT Gere wR We TET eR 15 82 fo aa a aia @ (Dug Well Latrine. A circular pit about 75 cm in diameter and 3 to 5 cm > deep is dug into the ground for the reception of the night soil . In sandy soil the depth s of the pit may be reduced to 1.5 to 2 mtr.) (©) wert rarer arentta eiteraa & gen ot and ww ae attest A after & eae 2 ate ae gra B ae G1 aerial 3 Wiel AS sreowtoyo aR B ta a oe sor ToT eI ‘(Water Seal Latrine. The water seal performs two important functions e.g. it prevents ‘access (0 flies and it prevents escape of foul odour. Out of many designs of water seal latrines, the RCA type is widely adopted.) Q12. fae eteret & vor st é oh fA sad ara wrt # od GT BI (What are the types of ‘camp latrines found in un-severed areas?) > a ad Ans. 4 f= var & a @& These are of following types:- e 6 (a) wet 78e are sharea— wei we 3 G2 tha ate 0 Be Tee oh Haale aa ae Tee GO) cay wen Er Ree eS A cw she ore eh fH eee Rea fat ae & eM sel © 4 Sr aren 2 Se a TG ee, GE aT BA Hora ta ay ara are #1 MRT ~ eee are A ee Pree 8 ae Aa a & ae ec a Ree a oe otal & ee ‘ wb (Deep Trench Latrines. A pit three feet wide, at least eight feet deep and of a jength suitable to the requirement is constructed and wooden seats placed over it s with proper parlitons and curtains. Soil may necessitate reverting of sides with Sand bags, bamboos or wire netting. On vacation of camp, these are filed up with 3 soil to assist in disintegration and prevent breeding of fies.) t 3 (0) ad res a eh w Tae Ho aah aS RA 3 fe gw ee F atetaTt ot CO) Seer ET ge real Bt wee A ata are to were et Eomete ect 9 ie wet te Sher ong 2 whe vem dit f1 veto Tek BW fh 2 He A afke| aqua age s eel ost . Bea eh vee eh erat 3 Flat cer Aa weet ar ara tate Fak fa ore ate weeT see Peel & Ray ar a A aw Rr are C1 wee on eS me wy fed aT Bah A Tee 3 ‘az ett ar 21'(Shallow Trench Latrines. For camps of less than a week's duration, dig a row of trenches in parallel, each trench being 3 feet long, 1 foot wide Ghd 2 feet deep. Each trench should be 2 feet apart. The ratio is § trenches for the Fret hundred users and three for each subsequent hundred. After defecation, the Crereta is covered with loose earth with a shovel or a scoop. These trenches are filled up after 24 hours and new trenches are dug up.) ©) gor wu 8 ae ee RR H Pees eh Pet er 8 at eT EY aa “Si i gad 7a €1 (Urinals. The most common urinal used for camps |S the Funnel Urinals which are constructed over a simple soakage pit) Short Notes 1 ey eee reg TE AAT He UT a ir Ge BI wl at Fe get Fee ia he oth 1 TB NT, CHEAT aT TE aT ea wT 44 sabe & fed rea S oee @ AD are oH ote VA ate oD vie a ah ura Glan aa Serer art a AMY 2g ware sae al er enRG aT ATH GA yore TGA ug eT RTI (Meat Hygiene. The word meat includes various tissues of animal origin. The diseases which may be transmitted through meat are ‘Tapeworm Infestation’ and ‘Bacterial Infections” like anthrax, tuberculosis or food poisoning. The animal intended for slaughter, must be subjected to proper ante mortem and post mortem inspection. Good meat should neither be pale pink nor deep purple nor should it be should not be slimy. Good meat should be elastic to touch and should have agreeable color.) 2. met een. gel & fa Aue aT sui amon gar aE) AMA FURR A TMS MHRA A ee ie aL RE HET BA 1 eer TAA a er AeA ‘GR Gal Wee @| (Fish Hygiene. Fish for human consumption should be fresh. In fresh fish, the gills are bright red and the eyes are clear and prominent. Consumption of contaminated fish may give rise to fish poisoning.) 3. eat A aT Ta aT aS A i sree a age der 81 affeh & Ha ere ancl aA atary ae S a Fowl S wr | ced GE awh sow 8 ch So aI! (Egg Hygiene. Though the maiority of freshly laid eggs are sterile inside, the eggshell may become contaminated by fecal matter from the hen, The egg must be properly washed before cooking.) 4. Fa i aftel ware wwe oh oe Bea thi wy qwatfta aefat em a, de 3 Ae at San OTF wa ed El oe wfeveh Ge ll aT dee wet a HS wat Ge wat BT aah awe @ Yao ‘te! (Fruits and Vegetables Hygiene. Fruits and vegetables are an important source for cane read of pathogenic organisms, protozoan and helminthes. Fruits and vegetables consumed raw must be washed well before eating.) & _ Sb REM Yara wend @ fats fy arms ed Gah BY Rae a Ree OFA @ aeie 2 Beer ra tan ore ca Roe er 6 6 Re Ta eR A OR we GE ea Ee ho Se Rey at ae 8 ak ods ge ae Rcd ag ar sehr mea A wey dad Uw Ry ond Rods 8g Beran Ge ove a Bg Way AY Ea Tee a ae a BE Sy te a Oh 6. rE Se wen 8 eh ora eRe ae ce & coMOR Ae BET HY wl LR bal TR 38 wer Y ce | TTT eA whe BT eT ay zoe ve From gr wart ord atte & ae ‘tt | (Disposal of Garbage. Disposal of solid Lelped shou en abage, bones eee, Cone by burial or burning. The household Qu < in a covered bin placed outside. improvised ke oil tt are notadvisable. Further disposal should be dene ander ‘municipal anangements))” ones > »>9>9R9ODG ee eeeetae »>7>9 a ddd J. aad ddd “ ‘ee @eeeeded d GbhEFEGHGHEHEBEOEH YU © * bbb GG ue e uo u we ¥ % 45 Potterve and Sangacrt the health of the Individual and of the community as @ Me 7 whole fezronal B py icws 9 a ea Bee & des NEAT ow IF RT oT @1__involves all aspects of the health of an individual. 3 are Ga wah A Se) — a) et 2! Responsibilly for the maintenance of personal health ies with bw.\ ol 4. —B aaw & fie afer aed age seas @/ Maintenance of personal hygiene is very importantin Laventing elise Ie. Gartourgation 5 a rot ge Ae ers get we TTT aw A eT Te araTTD deo TT Te gE fla api a ae oer t] is the heating of milk to such temperature and for suchperiods of time, as are required to destroy any pathogens without destruction of nutritive value and it does not alter taste. 6. afters woe & yw E—. components of personal hygiene are _< / « ——s——— | The main 04 yand paw 7. wen aie GA Hed wag! —— er alee! Good meat should be _ 9. Haiea ur rafters at sik Ne eI Organized games and physical exercise 10. aH a orf, wae ar ort ste yf wy Rain Water, Surface Water and Underground Steams 11. *eiqH Bore Wells. 12. 100 fé:ft #o 30 fe Te 100 degrees C for 30 min. € 13. Rice™t Clarification. 14. geht tty ait wfiRi See chlorine gas or bleaching powder, 15. defn ueiere potassium permanganate. 16, ta alum Mame wer dente de cen Ss aa INFECTIOUS & CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AND ITS PREVENTION Fill in the Blanks ce purest ov 1.0 ———aanp 8 de arch dtaai @ excreta (urine and faeces). 2. a Sot ote ara Rh wa BI, 7 a, Se HE A ear aR at daa Gah e Fi art 81 Droplet inlecton PERE, diseases which are communicated or transferred through germs which are sprayed out from the nose, throat or lungs in the air, in Small droplets of saliva during coughing, sneezing or even while talking. 3. Be Aero A a da aes ee a | ener a ote RerysH ERI gat eta wed : FFF eee bEKA AD IAA e @ @ eo oe & wubb eb & Joacks 47 we ae t wend ¢londech Jiccases are those diseases which are ‘Communicated or transferred when the germs pass from a sick person to a healthy person by actual body contact. 4. qa Aaa He S a Prery Va fe wits Sea MPT A aR OF ar ——oeaTd 8 KF bees cliceases are those diseases which are communicated or rred when the germs move from a sick person to a healthy person through Blood sucking insects Carts 5. we wai Ta As a ar ara ¢-— Blood sucking insects are also known as 6. ge daha at aa & vom em oat & Certain diseases spread due to infection carried through Water are called | a/¢ hey oli ser ded 1 Bat 9 ars Safe, oh are & aa @ aad atery arta e— ate a fir aT ERI——— In Animal Bome Diseases the germs are transmitted through the agency of animals by Dinix) yai/ oF through the agency of {1-0 8. ——ahe arate Ptoia 1 Land cus are natural disinfectants. 9. Some Gisinfection and stenization. — egies, ote Rio SRS et J! and ns ol Bee ‘are Physical agents of 10. wer a feiatig ae &, oh ‘até—ath——— | Heat can be used in two ways for sterilizing -__piciet | 5 and fee) 44, 34 wer Sow Fees B shea 8 ae PAT oT ZI Moist Heat in the form of Yat Dann kills germs very rapidly. 12, —a——fray thet warm wt Le, or het at ._are forms of dry heat sterilization. \ 13. at feta dear cee RA megs one aT wT a het of ita ae & fert wart fa aa &1 Phenol, savion, potassium Pench peiees peroxide etc are commonly used Chimica! atent for disinfection and sterilization. 44. agwe Dee, df, sate, fear ate te S ste afe— feast 1 Typhoid fever, dysentery, diaorfeah, jaundice and intestinal worms are some of the important Qe fee mental I Diseases. ay phn, rer thee 6. a qo data gg a tah is are some common examples of Contact Diseases. Tape chor 46. or, Yer, walter, fear anfe-—— ¥ da arch Aatfai 1 Cholera, dysentery, diaorreah, jaundice are some of the important _toa Diseases. 17. Yaa, Se, Precis stk G4 safe—ent $y arch deal 1 Rabies, plague, anthrax and tuberculosis are some of the common Avimal ban. Diseases : 48 Answers 1 twadtiea df — Excremental Diseases. 2. geie Savi fe Droplet infection Diseases 3. 5. 7. 9. 10. 12 13. 15. 16. gargs dent} Contact Diseases. 4. ize aH dui Insect Borne Diseases ‘ai ‘Carriers’. 6. oi ZW Ta AT Water Borne Diseases. 4 a GU, SBE drinking milk , insects. 8. gu HR EI Sunlight and air alge, ave afk FRI Heat, cold and radiation. Moist Heat and Dry Heat. ‘fet wfc oie ait wale 11. ‘boiling’ sare Flaming or use of hot air oven, waft sie age A af ana at waht chemical agents. wea tirew 14. Excremental Diseases. teadticea daft ‘Syphilis, gonorrhea and skin infection ferefere, Arian ate rer saws Water Bome. of err seam dent 17. Animal Borne Diseases. arm @ En wom Short Answer Questions. au. Ans. a2. J ys Ans. What are the elements of good heath? ara} zareun & war ar & (@) Absence of disease. anftal & yact e711 () __ Ability to work hard with efficiency and enthusiasm. fa uftas aei # Pgmar ote ‘She ar TL (c) Ability to endure stress and strain. 7a 8 SRA H eet) (d) Btrara | Cheerfulness. (e) — steerféti Courage. (f) —_faiaTyaet @ATI Freedom from anxiety. (9) seafeeare cen sir Praia eT | Self control and self confidence. (h) 38 eit @y BGATIT! Sense of welll being. Q) wept aTrfra siffigfea | Wholesome mental attitude. Pie ER Sar ah Hai aa we? gE dad bad a Beis am 7 wae eevee? ‘What are the insect borne diseases — name some carriers and the diseases prea (2) FeR- waar, By ste wIEaRaT! Mosquito- Malaria, Dengue and Filaria. (>) ds vend-¥e wené GR, wat sa, yA Heres ‘Sand fly- Sand fly fever, Kala Zar, Oriental Sore. (©) gt G- crgwH, ueureft =R Lice- Typhus, Relapsing Fever, ddddd oo o SSeS R OOH S 2 classified? 49 (2) aRRaui- waka, BRN, Bat eTgwIES | Flies - Di ea Fics iaorreah, Dysentery, Cholera, (e) faey- SH, eTgwH Fleas- Plague, Typhus. (f) — feea-searadf “aR, cgHH Ticks- Relapsing Fever, Typhus Q3. agi 8 dak ard dean at Sa ctor aT wom & How can we prevent droplet infection? Ans. (a) 3m@ aT mtn aes Use of mask (i) Wh & MeN s se wT Bed Spacing, (b) A ay stort waa Screening. (iv) qa w Praia Dust Control. (©) ste ate a ahs ara wil 8g eeT Avoid over-crowding, © ‘sfira aTyHAIE Proper ventilation.(vil) wduf*w wrt # = qi Avoid spiting in public ces. ©) ‘afta ai I eT Proper sunlight. (ix) Benpiea ear sh zara | Proper disinfection ofair Wem 8 Sah ae ert whet aw A ater oT TeaT B?_How are communicable diseases Ans: ‘Feria ait wt Fra amt 4 ict at wast 2] Communicable diseases can be classified as follows: (a) re eideh Ana a ah Anal 2 aA ge aps Gay A ata ae BL ew sR Se a a aera Hor, TA a art aa oat S areal ae to tare f) cee Ae, Oe, seta ‘fern ate sich A as eh ar Ser Ta FEA WT 21 Excremental Diseases. These are those diseases which are communicated or transferred through human excreta (urine and faeces). The excreta can contaminate food, water or hands of cooks and thus pass on the infection. Typhus fever, dysentery, diaorreah, jaundice and intestinal worms are some of the important diseases belonging to this group. (>) gee a tet ae tom aT von wT dom, Gi, dior qwr a a 1 gee Arey ear Para vars aR wae A ke we TA Moa ay BEL ae a Hey store afer ek eRe ae Fw Hale Se aR GY A dae ae ar 2 at wet om, eager, Reta, APronefon (aftare A ar) oh ah anf ee AA aa tr Zl ‘Droplet Infection. These are those diseases which are communicated or ‘ransferred through germs which are sprayed out from the nose, throat or lungs in the air, in small droplets of saliva during coughing, sneezing or even while talking. These germs are inhaled by a healthy man if he happens to be near the sick. ‘Common cold, influenza diphtheria, meningitis(inflammation of the brain) and tuberculosis are the commondiseases in this group. c), eb arr ge ae AA ttl ew orem aes Yea afer A APRA AOR BMA Qe ate gaa 8 gear, Muse gu se wea tea) age er dee Yee Al Contact Uiseanes ‘These are those diseases which are communicated or transferred when the germs pass from a sick person to a healthy person by actual body contact. Venereal diseases i.e. syphilis, gonorrhea and skin infection are 9 Jebal J. ‘some common examples. > diteh aa de aa date’ ot fee Aaa a age wd ates © afte ard 8 1a Be wee ce O wi an me TN oes ae ae le Serge ah ge coe ait wee aH eat og Ete A eye Sey wa A gw DS) carmsresn temic iee iad ts awe eme | O | Insect Borne Diseases. These are those diseases which are communicated or transferred when the germs move from a sick person to a healthy person through Blood sucking insects known as ‘Carriers’. These insects first bite a sick person and then bite a healthy person, transferring the germs of the diseases in the blood of the healthy person. These germs then muttiply in the blood of the healthy person during the period of incubation, and at the end of which he starts showing symptoms of the disease carried by the insect. ™ & Jaa: Q5. Fa ak OFT a Say Te Safed & tae & aie feral? What are the ways of prevention of eT, excremental & water bom disease? — Ans. (a) 9a & Puibia a oe atey aa oer oT Phe ye oh GAT od Bae wT) Control of water route is easy by disinfecting water or providing safe water in place. ie 6) gaa o ara atery afta a1 Control of the mik route is ——p easy by subjecting the milk to boiling or pasteurization J (6), ator Bh aww we oa tar oA aio Phat fear oT groeT ay dee ate ay ahr = BAD ae, PTS THE wT AML alah A AONE Wate ahs aT Mel atk BA aS aa a ~> em atk sia at gebia was & fed flew af yer wera aT! Food born. infection may be controlled by standards of food hygiene, exclusion of sick persons from © 5 food handlings, strict attention to personnel hygiene, promotion of hand washing, a protection of foods against flies and rodents and providing facilities for‘ ~~, refrigeration, Bas (4) 7a Reacts A ah ae aad ait Ra owe dah Ta ae A teers aI Sale | disposal of excreta will block the transmission of disease by the faecal-oral route. o~, Qe. eid Bah oH deel at ely B alts frat? What is the way of prevention of Contact. © Disease? 6 “ Ans. (a) i a1 Rega sia w4 1 Complete segregation of patient. « ~ (b) tA ate erm Ma Pahl oA wo ae eit 7 AI No direct personal contact =. between patient & the staff. owe (©), ar A ty wear dR at tet @ Yet ti The early diagnosis will help in ¢ s Preventing the spread in the patient. e (6) ato & wa otk wh wee ay af wa @ alemPRa BY Proper disposal of al. the excreta and ‘disinfection of all articles _of the patient. ~e QT. Hei F serT Ay aah aka S tars } ahd at What is the way of prevention of — ¢ Le Insect Bome Disease? Ans. (a) wha gue ana, net aor wa a ata ai want oe omteaast OU Ae Dea date te eg Ree ie a See A TAS Ly 51 21 Filling, leveling and drainage of breeding places and water management will felpsin eliminating larvae. Adequate collection, removal and disposal of sewage and waste water are important in preventing culex 4 (b) vt ah coh ath & Pace fos ar oR wT de TTT eh BI : ( Use kerosene oil, fuel oil, or special oil to prevent larvae. (oc) Tage a aT gear ata Heeta] Use of residual sprays like malathion. (a) eaert a1 wa, wae Perefirat we are, aaah Rade a war a ge ele are we aT (1 Use of mosquito nets, screening of doors and windows, mosquito repellant and ‘sun down sleeves. (e) RS awl oy seal a aA ara aici w feta) Control the presence of rodents ‘and fleas in and around the home. e tt von ard GRA aa, don oA wR gh GACH Ta she BG BR WT! Avoid contact with any species of wild rodents, especially sick or ‘deadrodents. fat A son a den ok Re wa Boe a SO A af@q! Not to handle sick or dead animals or animal waste 08 Beh Ava A EAA deat ote aud Aergpl Heat # aw fee"? What preventive 8. ures are necessaly 0 ward off Infectivus & contagious diseases? e ‘Ans. (a) fa #1 sat Ga Segregation of the Patient (b) rears 3 ara Sata a Sa TS i} 7 FF | Destroy Agents (Germs) Causing Infectioninthe Surrounding Area or Premises. (©) __ faster Disinfection. (4) saa m4 w Pia Control of Food & Drink. (e) araeet sf daehFT| Inoculation and Vaccinations Qo. ecg Beat ate ee a fe oh gu seat eh how fe wat ae BL $e e some Important inoculations and vaccination and the diseases they prevent. Ans. Name of Vaccine Disease Prevented gaan VAR Inj Rabipur ‘Yaa Rabies Saar 45 # nj TAB ‘ergtigs Typhoid ‘War teeta A Inj Hepatitis 'B’ Bizgfea 4 Hepatitis B Sher 4 4 Inf TT ete Tetanus aia tifeat Oral Polio ‘feet Polio 52 miRe yd wh eaRey PHYSICAL & MENTAL HEALTH 1, waren 8 omg Fa WHE! g? Whatis health? Ans, aren a aiftara & ard ae wd Gorm ara) AEG A a waral Hae wafer, STE we MAR, arate wAttenfre vd wanferr ager # are @ | Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental, psychological and social changes. 22. faea eaRed ener ane waned wr fee HeR “Reale fear aT @? How has health been defined by the World Health Organisation? Ans. Seq Wao aio er vance ar oiftsrer & yol eTehhRe, infra, ue renftrey wu S KIRK, ‘Saat fanfeal @ "fat al | The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Q3. wefta FRPRPMAPR MPTP PAT He > 7 7 dad J dddjSdddJ dd J) dé She ovo eve dad ds nr 53 4. a Bowe fees fers oer Te 2 fH EF TET AMI B What are the most obvious and serious signs that we are unhealthy? ‘aera aT Waren f& fame far safe 21 Some of the most obvious and serious signs that we are unhealthy appear physically. Addressing this dimension is crucial for anyone attempting to sustain overall health and wellness. Q5, are earen } qur-2 Wed t ? What are the main elements of good health? Ans. 93 waned & ya Tai ® — The main elements of good health are:- (a) _ fasrf & yar Absence of disease. (b) same & wre ta wrlerara Ability to work hard with efficiency and enthusiasm. (c) Ara wi eer wT Seri # arTaT Ability to endure stress and strain. (4) sat Cheerfuiness a (e) Wee Courage. | (f) fait art Freedom from anxéety. (g) sncaftrare qa xaf*ziae Setf control and self confidence (bh) eaeer 2 @ aTeeT Sense of well being. () ser 7rAfta ate fa Wholesome menial attitude. ze ma 1s a Te = ow Ans. eat anager 2h & fer wae ore A feat & | wee wea tao Teg Hae mh “ss “ss —s Ss a aret & war Hew @ afte sera €? What are the components of Health ? BRB (o) mfiRew Partie — serene at wd wel at Sora era Poa at wee Gika Se aie we, gwen, teat Tor sik aH aie TI Goae AeA Rae ee |_Physical Activity. Most healthy children and adults should be active on a daily basis. This shoud be a mix of both leisurely physical activity and structured Sxercise. Examples of leisurely physical activity include hiking, biking, and walking. Examples of more structured forms of exercise include strength training, running, and sports. ~ > s 3 2 2 2 (b) ubwor_ya_amen — wd wepl ate # ore orderige she, ae, Aer ae era aa A & feet of ol aT aera mt warn Atos Staferee a tate A eat 2 SRA oN SMIRUTTT Fe wT AA Set we wea | stor wd cae food an fart dor 2 we Puffs erat mei | Nutrition and Diet. A wel-balanced diet 2 should contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Restricting Specific nutrients should only be done under the supervision of a licensed health a professional. Fluid, ideally in the form of clean water, should be regularly consumed. 2 2 2 2 Meals and snacks should be consumed throughout the day, and portion sizes should be sensible. \ 54 (oy rere ga ad were — seed oh gE a eT fm aE aH Tet BO ce array TTD ATTN ad A a SG carry aR A ara area Alcohol and Drugs. Substances that alter mood or other bodily processes should be limited or avoided. Those with addictive tendencies or other health risks should consider complete abstinence from these substances. (@) sneht_ fairer ae oe — wre Ae ore we fanftal ar gant wa fear oT aod & Toure ae aw WET Teh Rat & gers & fea Gafere S vale we gam gana ari | Medical Self-Care. Basic items, such as bandages, lozenges, and over-the-counter pain-relieving medications, should be easily accessible from home. Long-term coughing, fevers, or other ailments should be addressed through primary care. Emergency treatment should be sought when signs and symptoms are significant or life-threatening. (e) arya Aig at fea Rata wr a ard oe S ware aT TET a maa & 1 mere oer STO Gane orf aA S Tra a Ta Be 7 V9 awe ST aaa % wet wd at aaa # | Rest and Sleep. While regular activity is ‘essential for physical health, allowing the body to rest is just as important. Spending time relaxing or taking short naps can help rejuvenate the body. Sleep should take place in a quiel, dark environment and should last approximately 7-9 hours Consistent sleep that is much shorter or longer than this duration, or is ow quality, may need to be addressed bya health professional. Q7. iaftre eared am & ? What is Mental Health? Ans. afte art & afters wh anit at ancien Wa ort 8 2 1 Ror ere PART seareer foo gan ord Brae Ud ule acara H APA SAY OTE STAT 1 Mental health refers to the successful performance of mental functions, resulting in productive activities, futflling relationship with other people, ability to adopt to change and cope up with adversities. aorta qe oremaay weet tat A ge ane aT aToTERT wae B | GH SA inh waren 9 were BL Hatin } om TTT, aTRre, wtf wMnH wT a eared wafer & 8 1 ame seater aver 2 ea war Tes & | AEE wes eed fA Va ware BY Sek 8 gS wee TTT a wits wane shat A vee orate H ara & | ae. 8 der, Powraver aie here Ts | Parents and teachers play a major role in providing'anienvironment in which children develop healthy mental attitude. Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental heath is important at ever uel ry stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through Q8. eRe afta a aa fated} #7 What are the characteristics of a healthy mind? Ans. (a) STATI 47 Normal appetite. (b) Fifer after Cheerful outlook. 7 > A°OBPRBAVWH HD O >> » ep oO Jel ve diddddddddd oe +voeerevewev 55 (c) urafsr etter) sired Socially acceptable habits, Y (¢) wares tha Wi ara Positive outlook and attitude. ¢ J Q9. araftie fanftdi a aw cert aga | What are some of the indicators of mental disorders? Ans. (a) qadi & witnra 4 area nea BET Embarrassment in presence of others. (©) WER a FH Lack of courage. (c) #4 gferHaT Low intelligence. (a) —-danferer yet Prererardt gfteaitm Depressed and pessimistic outlook. dddddd (e) aaure fein Hea Wa farses Undue anxiety and Moodiness. G () tame TERT TET Bad Temper. Q10. arifte wre 4 qa o wa @ ate g | What are the measures to improve mental health? Ans, Following measures will help in improving mental health:- Ve vuvevvvUUEeHEEEY (a) % ae Wi BR wT aT Feder WF eI Favorable and stress free home and school environment. (b) Prather vareen afer Regular medical examination () ware we awh } ae TE fRuRéy MerT Provision of educational and vocational guidance! counseling. (a) fARI=T-vfBfaReat # feantter ery wt Frafeer Provision of co-curricular activities 14. faa ich wists ed emia caer wr firs sere sent eed 8? How can life style factors that can influence the state of both your physical and mental health? Ans. rat tteh arate qd ORF aren GT set aA By fe a wr A aE wy a Safere cafe ar Hint ed ema aed Tea vem 81 10 fae ar ta aera oh ia aprdenren, wife we, Wenrereat BT zat Zar B | The life style factors can influence the state of both your physical and mental health. Physical activity in any form is a great way to kesp Sou physically healthy as well as improving your mental wellbeing. Even a short burst of 10 yr inutes brisk walking increases our mental alertness, energy and positive mood. 12. safe eae wei areas @ ? Why is mental health important? 56 ‘Ans. Mental health is important because: fe) me ana aoe wt sent are @ | Han eee aE aunt a ot aat & Sa cre, ux afar, or we wd ofa! it affects your relationship with others. Mental health problems lead to new problems with friends, family, law enforcement or school officials. (bo) 38d rarer aE VarTeT B wena BRAT 21 Itaffects your attentiveness. () w WAR aM Sha wer gael wifes ao BM affects your concentration. (6) war ¥ erarct a senfra wea @ | Itaffects your classroom conduct. (ec) Sea & aren ay safe Tea ZI Itaffects your ability to organize. () ware aA erent aMafeer eA 2 It affects your ability to communicate Q13. Fill in the blanks. (a) BRET xa maT sawn ¢ | Healthis the level of fusebicoal and) efficiency. (>) Me area dred 4 ae Pratt fara fa ware yfser wie, aiaftre afk arnt ware Ht omer 8, 7 dat qu fenkal Bye | The World Health Orgarization (WHO), has defined health as “a state of complete Cyl) Manic. oct) __, and yet and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. % © dt mere Rh Renate ear 21 Pi aa eis the absence of disease and infirmity. = ee wed Pe amie a a wt wea 2 Phi he aH if _ is assessed by taking health state measurements of the body. () ak wae wre fi ah warat 2 wear et Pe on say eerie wollen, can lead to an increased risk of developing (wre wPR@ aE AT Phayieal f. FORTE ‘STerat &1 Poor mental health can have iagllend Weald iar = (9) &B THIN feet at are ver fen ar we Bt Some a the oye most obvious and serious signs that we are unhealthy appear ¢U a9 . de) ppp ppp yyy yyy » > Sse) 7 Idd ddd 5 6 dddd —|} s aoe ov ve beeaveoes 87 (mr) smere ew BR Re a Pate wi cor fet eA eaAea Most healthy cjldren and en and adults should be aclive on a daily basis which should be a mix of bothLe/ Suse! nica) ACrat cid OORCIAL @ serene arate amet & airy am 2 au of leisurely physical activity include wikivg + Biking sand keane &®) MARE arom} RA weet e : La en | Examples of noe structured forms ‘of exercise include acats an meas 'A welkbalanced diet should contain wine, and (mn) aRet veri Rafa we wa 4 GA Tea Fluid, ideally in the form of ||.) sss, should be reguiarly consumed ait Ra 8 Amite wat Hod den A aM should be consumed throughout the © wars we w A aT Fe wd ee 88 wool A aR 1 Basie fst aid ips, and sly Factessible from home. ©) dts caren & Prt At we area FR OTE TEL | Repwor acticiky is “essential for physical health, allowing the body to rest is just as 7 important. © (a) rafts carers ar oth acioT LE Ping egctacen RIV, Rea ome Lime oa aaa &1 (Mental health refers io Te successful performance Of tanta! Fucobinn’ ayes in Pcacluolivily aefividecs 4 oO wee i ne Rul aa Refit wet A recat apa ret we BVT ea Ty and “tachess play a major role in providing an environment in which children develop healthy mera attitude. 58 (s) are weg oir . Siar ai | Mental health includes our Psydolante al and soca) well-being | | . Sibel al pe ae tics, thy mind are o. hit) chow TaLacHal SE 2 (u) artes a et ah we are 4s at cies sie foe can influence the state of both your / Physical tana : +S ©) | fet Amer at are ene ea nae career gu Ee oF, #1 Phyaical eli in any form is a great way to heen you physi¢aly © healthyas well as improving -your mental wellbeing, ar} an (a) fares, surr7 functional, metabolic ‘ re) (©) MOR, sr, ate cre sac physical, mental, social weit being aa (©) eRe caren Physical health fy (@) efter eae Physical health ~ (e) "raft earex waeatait mental health problems, 2 > () sree Tare physical health, ' > (9) aWRifte cert physically. 7 ise (h) spreras ender fare, Praifea Pract aaa leisurely physical sctidty « e > structured exercise. o © wed, ergs wor, wta_aarHT hiking, biking, waking, —? (4) afte fret te, dora stengh raining, running, spore. i | Mamie RRS, SEM. Fer, Ras, afi aT carbolyrates, proteins, tts, (n) SH, Tre Meals, snacks 2 > (m) 81 Wt clean water . s 5 5 5 59 (0) vfteai, ak a teh, céftanm carat bandages, lozenges, —_over-the- counter pain-relieving medications, (p) raft feareite fafa Regular activity (q) AAfta feast, aarore fens, scare ert, Redhat Part A arm, qe Bl acai A aman, BBs GRA S Pavey a era mental functions, productive activiies, fufling relationship, ability to adopt to change, cope uP with adversities. i) ‘arei—fitn, steam Parents, teachers (s) were, FtemPre, urns WELT emotional, psychological, social well-being w Bray AE, we eafaea, wnfore dro oe, WENT ‘dra normal appetite, cheerful outlook, socially acceptable habits, positive outlook and attitude. (u) —_arafere, erga physical, mental (v) arate fiearefterat Physical activity afer tin a eed) or geal Va SUH! STAN TREATMENT & CARE OF FRACTURES TREATMENT & CARE OF FRAGT Qt, afer aT eed ge Se TH TET +? What do you understand by ‘Fractures’ ? Ans. pene & ara few wT GET re wv MAN aS eet al a 81 A Fracture’ is defined as a discontinuity or break in @ bone, resulting in the dissolution of the supporting frame work of the body. can, ee Rene ed Se THE GA ETD 7 Why proper treatment and care of fractures is extremely important ? Ans. ree wh Arco Her RAL wR saws Taft ew EL eer ce SB se RE Se a are 81 gy a a wl ER al ferry oh aS gh ede ors BT) €1 se, ge iter er €1 wr life, we do suffer from various types of fractures. Proper treatment and care of fractures is ‘extremely important for a healthy life, if some fractures are rot treated properly, they may cause various deformity or diseases lke gangrene leading 10 ‘amputation of affected limb. 3, was fer dae wr STE Fa HAS oT 2? Why treatment of fractures is more important for children especially ? 60 Ans. aft ao after vn or waa a soa aE fat oe 8 at aE EBSA wT Rega we APT ‘arial G1 GRe er gat 21 Hf some fractures are not treated properly, they may cause serious deformity or diseases of bones. Q4. daeR aur 8? gaat afer ”? -seoeoevvsddddddd ee ff Jd¢ yg Fy 61 Ans. shay & ex @ fe Symptoms & Signs of fracture are :- (a) 3d. qua, qares ert, onfter er eee GS Ge ERE) Pain, swelling and tenderness over the fractured part and around it. (b) Baar BT Wars MT! Loss of power(c) Wel VSR A A EAT! Abnormal mobility (d) esd) a Aaa va aPalRea! Deformity and irregularity of bones. (e) esd)

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