TAMIL NADU NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, TIRUCIHRAPALLI

Submitted for the internal assessment for the course of

BA., LL. B (Hons.) – Third Semester

Academic Year: 2020-2021

Subject: Political Science

Fall of Afghan Government – Response of other

nations.

Course faculty: Dr. Subba Rao Submitted by: M

Yasodha

Assistant Professor
BA0200057
 TNNLU TNNLU

DECLARATION

I, M Yasodha, BA0200057, hereby declare that this Research Paper/ Research Project work
titled “Fall of Afghan Government – Response of Other nations” has been originally prepared
by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Subba Rao, Assistant Professor, Tamil
Nadu National Law University, Tiruchirappalli – 620027. This work has not been submitted
either in whole or in part of any Degree/ Diploma at any University.

Place: Tiruppur (Study from Home due to the pandemic)

Date: 25th October 2021

- M Yasodha (BA0200057)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my heartfelt gratitude towards Dr. Subba Rao, Assistant Professor, Tamil Nadu
National Law University, for giving me the opportunity to work on this project titled “Fall of
Afghan Government – Response of Other nations.” and for his persistent guidance in
completing this project successfully. The research process was not only informative and
interesting but also helped me expand my knowledge and awareness on the subject.

I thank my family for creating an environment where I could complete my research project
with ease. I thank my friends for their constant support and help in the successful completion
of the project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction…………………………………………… 6

2. Research Objectives…………………………………... 6

3. Research Questions…………………………………… 7

4. Review of Literature …………………………………. 7

5. Research Methodology ………………………………. 8

6. Hypothesis……………………………………………… 9

7. Results and Discussions………………………………. 9

7.1 Background of Taliban…………………………… 9

7.1.1 Birth and Objectives…………………………. 9

7.2 First Impression of Foreign nations …………….. 10

7.2.1 Global Support for America………………….11

7.3 Return of Taliban – 2021……………………………12

7.3.1 Recapturing Afghanistan – Taliban………….12

7.3.2 Role of US………………………………………13

7.4 Fear of local population …………..…………………14

7.4.1 Global response & UN…………………………15

8. Conclusion ………………………………………………..19

9. References…………………………………………………20
 ABSTRACT

The invasion of the Taliban in Afghanistan had led to the collapse of the local government in
the country owing to various factors. Taliban was formed in the year 1994 from the Pashtun
region of the Afghanistan as a result of civil war in the country post-soviet withdrawal from
the country. Even the Taliban’s rule was controversial as early as late nineties, it became a
matter of talk around the world and an international issue only after the 9/11 attack in the US.
Afghanistan had been free from Taliban from 2001 but it took a turn after the local
government collapsed recently owing to the capture of Kabul and other cities of the country
in September, 2021. The world nations responded in very unexpected way despite of the
awareness about the threat to human rights of the locals in the country.
 Fall of Afghan Government – Response of other nations

1. Introduction
While the neighboring countries were celebrating Independence Day, Afghanistan’s
people lost their independence as their government collapsed and fell in the custody
of Taliban. Post declaration by US about withdrawal from Afghanistan the collapse of
the local government was swift and so was the chaos and threat to human rights. It led
to social unrest in the country since they began fearing history of Taliban repeating
itself. Even though the Taliban promised to stay moderate unlike the previous rule
(1996-2001), they eventually started using violence against the locals especially,
against women and journalists.
Taliban were globally known for the first time after they proved their rivalry against
US with their 9/11 attack. The incident increased the insecurity in terms of terrorism
when one of the developed nations’ peace was disturbed by an unknown power.
International organizations and several countries stood in support of US after the
tragedy. The same drove US to invade Afghanistan which had been home to Taliban
since 1996 and ended its rule and misery in the country in 2001. Since then till August
2021, Afghanistan had been in the hope of restoring its glory that it had lost in the
past decades. Unfortunately, it once again fell under the control of Taliban. This time
the foreign countries had so far only raised hands to serve the financial crisis ongoing
in the country. International organizations have condemned the use of violence by
Taliban through several reports. The global response has come in a unexpected
manner when there has been threat to human rights and life in Afghanistan which will
be discussed in this project in detail.

2. Research Objectives
 To identify the driving factors for the fall of Afghan government.
 To study the Fall of Afghan government in relation with the course ‘International
relations’
 To explore the external agents or forces in the collapse of the government (if any).
 To study the relation of the Afghanistan with other nations before its collapse.
 To elucidate the role that America played in the fall of government in Afghanistan.
3. Research Questions
 Is this the first time for the Afghan government to collapse against Taliban?
 Is America one of the reasons for the collapse of the government in Afghanistan?
 What kind of response can be seen from the developed nations?
 Are the foreign nations doing anything to help the locals of Afghanistan?
 Are there nations staying silent and, in a way, supporting the Taliban take over?

4. Review of Literature
1) Shahrani, Nazif M (2001), it can be understood that the awareness and the
curiosity surrounding the interrogation – ‘who is Taliban?’ rose in the US after
several attacks in the country widely known as 9/11 attacks. Only after the said
attack the world started to think of the victims of Taliban and rose curious about
the kind of Islam they were propagating in Afghanistan. The author highlights that
the social unrest in Afghanistan post-Soviet withdrawal paved a way for becoming
a safe spot for the Taliban yet the external factors responsible for the rise of
Taliban in Afghanistan are notably explained as well. The literature provides a
detailed and chronological description and causes of events leading to Taliban’s
power making it a reliable source for the chosen project.1
2) One major concern amidst the fall of Afghan government have been the fear of
change in women’s rights and status in the country. Taliban has posed a fear
among the citizens of the nation with their repressive rules during their previous
reign. Ahmed- Ghosh (2003), elucidates the women right issues were a concern in
the country even if not because of Taliban. The author argues that the natives
themselves in some cases contributed to resisting modernization that affected the
patriarchal norm in the Afghan society. The emphasis of the article is on the
oppression of the women even in the absence of Taliban therefore it appears that
the change of laws that was much more oppressive after Taliban’s take over
between (1996-2001) is overshadowed. The literature carries a brief history of the

1
Shahrani, Nazif M. "War, factionalism, and the state in Afghanistan." American Anthropologist 104.3
(2002): 715-722.
 Afghanistan along with the focus on the issues of women rights in the country
making it a good source of background study for this project. 2
3) Laub- Zachary (2014) is a descriptive text about the rise and fall of Taliban in
Afghanistan. It deals with the rise of Taliban in the country in the late 90s and the
events that led to its downfall in 2001. Taliban is found to be the based on the
Pashtuns’ pre – Islamic tribal code and interpretations of sharia in their unique
way which is often a reason for disputes related to Taliban rule. Since the text is
published in the year 2014, it is entirely about the Taliban’s rule between those
four years in Afghanistan. It doesn’t include the response of international
organizations or other nations therefore the text is exclusively about the Taliban’s
rule and its nature within Afghanistan and its origin in early 1990’ as students
among the Pashtuns. 3
4) Taliban was never officially recognized by the United Nations even after its
control in Afghanistan 1996. The text elaborated on how the western governments
opposed the Taliban tactics especially after the 9/11 attack in the US. It can be
found from Bajoria, Jayshree (2011) that how the Taliban made a fraction of
public in Afghanistan believe that the external factors were real threat to the
security crisis in the country to make their rule stronger among the public. The
text also states the countries that acted as supporters and those countries that
opposed Taliban tactics which provides an insight into the international
perspective on the issue. 4

5. Research Methodology
The research methodology is Qualitative in nature which includes in depth analysis of
literature and written documents relevant to the subject of the Project. The author will
rely on secondary sources such as journal articles, books and newspapers articles
predominantly. All the sources are online based owing to the ongoing pandemic
situation (COVID-19).

2
Ahmed-Ghosh, Huma. "A history of women in Afghanistan: lessons learnt for the future or yesterdays and
tomorrow: women in Afghanistan." Journal of international Women's Studies 4.3 (2003): 1-14.

3
Laub, Zachary. "The Taliban in Afghanistan." Council on Foreign Relations 4.7 (2014): 1-9.

4
Bajoria, Jayshree, and Zachary Laub. "The Taliban in Afghanistan." Council on Foreign Relations 6 (2011).
 6. Hypothesis
The countries that supported Taliban between 1996-2001 have expressed their support
after the Taliban’s recent success.

7. Results and Discussions

7.1 Background of Taliban:

To understand the causes and driving factors of the Taliban rule in Afghanistan it
is necessary to study the emergence of Taliban and about how they rose to power.
Post-soviet withdrawal period can be called as the beginning stage of Taliban
formation. After the Soviet withdrew in 1989s, Afghan society fell into social
unrest and tension grew among the locals. A group of leaders called Mujahedeen
started gaining hatred and lost faith from the Afghans since the situation of
famine couldn’t be improved. Restoring peace appeared impossible task amidst
the civil war during that time. Major cities including Kabul become the place of
stifle due to lack of enough security and people started fleeing to other cities to
save their lives. The unity that the people showed while fighting against Soviets
lost its significance after its withdrawal leading to the rise of Taliban5. Taliban6
began as a movement to eradicate social evils and increasing crimes such as
molestation, physical harassment especially against the Heratis but when rose to
power, the original objectives disappeared slowly and they themselves become a
reason for fear among the Afghans. The first city to come under Taliban’s control
was Kandahar, soon after which their very own interpretation of Islam and way of
abolishing the crimes in the country came to limelight in the year 1994. 7

7.1.1 First time in Power and Objectives:

From the year 1994, Mohammad Omar led Taliban started capturing
provinces after provinces in Afghanistan from Kandahar to the capital city
Kabul. It was in the year 1996 that Taliban took control of the entire
country after President Burhanuddin Rabbani and his allied Ahmad Shah
5
Mostly comprising of Pashtun tribes.
6
First leader – Mohammad Omar
7
Fatima, Qamar. "The Rise and Fall of Taliban Regime (1994-2001) In Afghanistan: The Internal
Dynamics." IOSR Journals19 1 (2014): 35-46.
 forces abandoned it. The public were relieved by the take over of Kabul-
the capital city by Taliban since they were hoping for positive changes and
restoration of peace in the nation. 8 The name of Afghanistan was changed
from Islamic State of Afghanistan to Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan. To
declare and propagate Islamic sharia as the law of land, a separate agency
was formed in the title ‘Amar Bin Maroof Nahi Anil Munkir’ which
became responsible for the extremist punishment system. The original
objectives of the Taliban sought to take turns when common people where
unjustifiably punished and were forced to obey rigid laws. Taliban’s
interpretation of sharia was considered to be the supreme form of Islamic
law and anything contradicting their beliefs were considered to be
disrespecting the religious sentiments of Islam.

7.2 First impression of Foreign Nations (1990s – 2005)

There were so many instances of threat to life and human rights in Afghanistan
post-Taliban take over yet not much attention was paid by the foreign nations.
The US which had funded the Madrassas institutions in Pakistan kept silent and
didn’t show concern towards the situation in Afghanistan. The condition of
women and girl children were the worst affected in the country which will be
discussed in the later half of this paper. After several protest by the women
organizations and condemnation by social activists, for the very first time after
Taliban take over the US reacted towards it in 19979. The then secretary of state –
Madeleine Albright stated that “U.S. Will Not Recognize Taliban Government
Due to Its ‘Despicable’ Treatment of Women and Children.”10 Once again,
Taliban gained attention from the US after simultaneous attacks in its embassies
in Kenya and Tanzania in which around two hundred lives were taken. Due to its
repeated human rights violations, the Bamiyan Statute issue, and their refusal to
give over Osama Bin Laden to US authorities, the Taliban administration was at
its lowest ebb with the US and international society. He was the main suspect in
the August assaults on the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. The
United States' first reaction to the Taliban's triumphs was based on the hope that,

8
Muslim Rebels Overrun Kabul - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
9
In Afghan Refugee Camp, Albright Hammers Taliban - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
10
Secretary of State Madeleine Albright Tells Afghan Refugees, U (apnews.com)
 at long last, a force would be able to bring peace and stability to Afghanistan just
how the locals of Afghanistan were hoping. The US was cautious in the initial
phase dude to several commercial interests. For instance, the benefits that US
could enjoy form the oil and gas reserves of central Asian countries could be
possibly carried only through the Afghanistan route but the Taliban rule didn’t
turn out as expected. Instead of restoring peace as stated as the main objective of
Taliban the group started propagating their new interpretation of sharia as the
purest form. Worldwide attention towards Afghanistan and Taliban’s policies
were noted after the 9/11 attack in 2001. The September 11 attacks, often known
as the 9/11 attacks, were a series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks carried
out in 2001 by 19 militants affiliated with the Islamic extremist organization al-
Qaeda against targets in the United States, making them the most destructive
terrorist operations in US history.
7.2.1 Global support for America
After the capital city of America saw a tragic disaster caused by militant
organization named Al-Qaeda, it gained global attention and support for the loss
it faced. That particular incident proved Al-Qaeda to be a global concern and
several nations showed empathy towards the US. Upon investigation it was found
that Al-Qaeda had prepared the attack in bits and pieces across the globe from
Malaysia, Hamburg, Germany, Dubai and flight lessons from the US itself.11
Eventually it came to light that the Al-Qaeda were sheltered safely in the Taliban
lead Afghanistan. It was during this time that the leaders of foreign nations and
international organizations began understanding the policies of Taliban and the
awareness grew before it became a global concern. The impact of 9/11 attack
extended from loss of lives to drastic loss in the American economy. International
connections of America were ocular during that time when several countries such
as France, India, Russia, Germany, Canada, China and countries including Cuba,
Libya, North Korea allied with it to support aftermath the tragedy in the country.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) invoked Article 5, empowering
its members to respond collectively in self-defense, for the first time in its history,
and on October 7, US and ally military forces launched an operation against
Afghanistan. Furthermore, the US administration launched a concerted effort to
seek down additional al-Qaeda members and sympathizers around the world, and
11
September 11 attacks - The attacks | Britannica
 made counter-terrorism a priority in US foreign policy. Within the United States,
security measures at airports, government buildings, and sporting arenas have
been significantly increased. To aid the domestic response, Congress quickly
passed the USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by
Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of
2001), which significantly but temporarily expanded the FBI's and other law-
enforcement agencies' search and surveillance powers. It took such an event for
the world nations to drive their attention towards Taliban led Afghanistan.

7.3 Return of Taliban -2021

Taliban’s re-emergence in Afghanistan had similarities in the way they captured
power in the year 1996. Alike the last time the Taliban captured Afghanistan
region wise and the government fell after Ashraf Ghani – the country’s president
fled over the capture if Taliban.

7.3.1 Recapturing Afghanistan - Taliban

The onset of Afghan government’s fall could be said as the announcement
made by the US regarding its withdrawal of troops from the country after
two decades since 2001. While the US president declared that the last
troop would leave by August month of 2021, the Taliban slowly started
their mission of regaining control which they lost after US invasion in
2001. The Taliban began capturing districts in Afghanistan as early as
May, 2021. By the month of June, they were able to take over 50 of 370
districts in the country as stated by the UN envoy of the country. 12 The
US’ withdrawal was made official when it pulled out of its main military
base in Bagram air base near Kabul – the capital city. The fall of Afghan
government became inevitable when the important cities such as Herat,
Kandahar were captured in the month of August. In most cities the local
defense force didn’t fight and the cities were captured easily by Taliban.
For instance, the city of Jalalabad was taken without a fight. On August
15th, after the country’s president fled the country, it officially marked the
fall of the Afghan government and the Taliban took control of the whole
country. Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada, one of the founders of the
12
Timeline: The Taliban's rapid advance across Afghanistan - World News (indiatoday.in)
 Taliban was declared as the supreme commander of the country by the
Taliban itself.

7.3.2 Role of US: Before the withdrawal of the Soviet, massive funding from
the United States and Saudi Arabia, as well as parallel support from
Pakistani official institutions, were instrumental in the expansion of
extremist Madrassas in the country. The students graduated from
Madrassa’s institutions later joined to form Taliban. It is evident that
unintentionally these countries funding has nurtured the rise of Taliban
which later emerged into something unexpected and threatening to the US
itself. 13 The situation changed after it was known to the world that Taliban
made Afghanistan a safe spot for the militant group of Al-Qaeda as
discussed in previous sections. After invading Afghanistan in October
2001, US troops quickly ousted the Taliban. The Taliban then fought an
insurgency against the Afghan government, which was backed by the
United States. Over the course of a conflict that killed over 6,000 US
personnel and contractors and over 1,100 NATO troops, the group
withstood counterinsurgency efforts from the world's most powerful
security alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and
three US administrations. Between 2007 and 2021, an estimated 73,000
Afghan army and police officers were killed, including 47,000 civilians. In
2003, NATO took command of foreign forces for the first time, marking
the alliance's first operational commitment outside of Europe. NATO has
about 130,000 troops from fifty countries stationed in Afghanistan at its
peak. The United States agreed to withdrawal all U.S. and NATO forces
from Afghanistan by 2020 if the Taliban kept their promises, which
included breaking links with terrorist groups. After two decades of US’
investment in Afghanistan it was believed that there the miserable past
wouldn’t be repeated in the country until US declared to officially
withdraw its troops from the country.
However, this time in 2021, when Afghanistan government fell into the

13
East African Embassy Bombings — FBI
 Taliban once again the US stated that it expected the country’s government
to fight for its people’s freedom, which ended in vain. Over the last two
decades, the United States and its NATO allies have spent billions of
dollars training and equipping Afghan security personnel only to leave the
country in the hands of the Taliban. Although the US cannot be made
entirely responsible for the dismay of Afghanistan, the concern is about the
response and the lack of sensitivity towards the Afghan population. When
the operation of the Taliban to take control of Kabul – the capital city was
ongoing the US kept its operation of evacuating its troops and officials
who had worked there on behalf of US.

7.4 Fear of the Local Population

Following the takeover in 2021, tens of thousands of Afghans attempted to
evacuate the country, with the UN refugee agency estimating that more than half
a million Afghans may emigrate by the end of the year. In addition, in the remote
and hilly Panjshir Province, a resistance movement known as the National
Resistance Front was founded by former officials, local militia members, and
Afghan security officers. After more than a week of combat, the Taliban grabbed
control of the province, but the resistance group has pledged to fight on. Since
several cities fell into the hands of Taliban without any opposition or resistance
by the local government, the rapid change of power led to rapid spread of chaos
in the country. For instance, Some Afghans were so keen to get out of the country
that they clung to the outside of departing planes, killing seven people. They were
attempting to avoid the Taliban, supposed religious students, and their leaders,
who had taken control of the country with little resistance from US-trained
Afghan forces.
People who were unable to flee Afghanistan began to dress more conservatively,
in accordance with the dictates of a fundamentalist movement that allows no
alternative. Men have begun to grow beards again, and women lament the loss of
liberties enjoyed while US forces were stationed in Afghanistan. Because the last
time Taliban took control it was known for its repressive and rigid policies that
didn’t get along with human rights and especially women’s freedom became
question mark. All schools in the country were shut down leaving more than lack
of girls out of school and around 8000 teachers unemployed. Some of the laws
were such that women were not allowed to work, study, take part in any form of
art or even walk without a male companion in public. Women had to wear the all-
compassing burqa and when these rules weren’t followed, they were beaten up in
the public as a measure to bring fear among others. Music and all sorts of
entertainment were banned entirely. Another disturbing act of Taliban was that
they started abducting young children and married women without their consent.
This proved that Taliban totally deviated from the motive they took control over
the country. While they stated that their objective was to save people from
heinous crimes and protect the Islamic sentiments, their interpretation of Islam
turned out to be brutal and in coerced way. There was no choice for the local
people but to oblige by the laws since they knew failure of the same would cost
life and dignity.
After recapturing, the Taliban claimed that they have evolved and will adopt a
more moderate posture, claiming that they are no longer the same as they were
prior to 2001, but the reality is just the repetition of 1996-2001 rule of Taliban
establishing their repressive policies unrushed.
7.4.1 Global response and UN
During the first rule of Taliban in Afghanistan the United Nation’s
Security council passed a resolution as a sign of condemning the
repressive policies of Taliban in 1996. Not so surprisingly it didn’t have
much impact on the Taliban’s regime who had been assertive that the
western beliefs were polluting the sentiments of Islam. Therefore, the
Taliban’s stated that several states of the world do not comply with the
western standards of human rights. Currently the UN have reminded the
Taliban about “peaceful protests are protected under international human
rights law, including under Article 21 of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, to which Afghanistan is a State Party. Under
international human rights law, there is an obligation to ensure that any use
of force in response to protests is a last resort, strictly necessary and
proportionate and firearms must never be used except in response to an
 imminent threat of death or serious injury.” 14The countries of the world
became aware of Taliban only after the 9/11 attacks as discussed in the
previous sections. Till then the oppression and the brutal policies that were
on going in the country were known only within boundaries. It is not the
same in case of 2021, when once again Taliban took control of the
country. Despite the awareness about the chaos that have been taking place
in Afghanistan after the US’ withdrawal, the foreign countries couldn’t
make any efforts in support of the local people. Although the people who
could flee the country were given refuge in other nations, there is little to
nothing is done yet for the safety and protecting the rights of people who
are stuck under Taliban power. The Taliban have attempted to improve
relations with regional countries including as China, Pakistan, and Russia.
They have urged countries to maintain their embassies open and
international companies to continue doing business in Afghanistan.
However, these countries have stated that their relation with Taliban would
depend on their actions especially opposed ties with terrorists. The US and
other Western countries have yet to recognize the Taliban as Afghanistan's
government or define their relationship with them. Pakistan and Saudi
Arabia were the two countries who stood in support of Taliban in the late
nineties and it is interesting to know their reaction after recent success of
Taliban in Afghanistan. By assisting the Taliban in regaining power,
Pakistan has insured that two of its old anxieties are no longer a threat:
Afghan alignment with India and a refugee flow that may destabilize
Pakistan's Pashtuns. As Anatol Lieven points out, the Taliban have also
promised the Pakistani military that they will not back any Pashtun
Islamist insurrection within Pakistan for the time being. Since 1940, Saudi
Arabia has had a diplomatic relationship with the United States, and the
Americans have been one of the kingdom's most important trading and
security allies. The events of September 2001 hastened the alliance's
downfall. 15Later that month, both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
14
United Nations Human Rights. “OHCHR | Press Briefing Notes on Afghanistan.” OHCHR, 10 Sept. 2021,
www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27441&LangID=E.

15
Hindustantimes. “Saudi Arabia Bats for Taliban Regime in Afghanistan, Says No to ‘External Interference.’”
Hindustan Times, 10 Sept. 2021, www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saudi-arabia-bats-for-taliban-regime-in-
 Emirates severed all connections with the Taliban-led Afghan government.
The Taliban has been accused of defaming Islam by harboring terrorists,
according to the Saudis. The Saudi-American partnership is still
significant, and the country's ongoing cultural shifts are a factor. Saudi
Arabia's current ideology does not fit well with offering assistance to
Islamist radicals in other countries.16

8. Conclusion
Afghanistan's demise is a geopolitical concern, with implications for the United
States, China, Pakistan, and India. Apart from being a matter of concern for local
population of the country, the fall of Afghan government to Taliban has become an
issue of international concern. Fall of nation to a power that has been proved to be in
ties with terrorism poses threat in the international community. After all the progress
that has been carried to protect human rights and increase awareness about the same
globally over the last two decades seemed to have lost its essence when many
countries kept silent about Afghanistan’s misery. In the past, when Taliban took over
and implemented their repressive policies the foreign countries kept quiet until the
9/11 attack in America. It is still doubtful if Taliban would have collapsed in 2001 if
they hadn’t rivaled against America. Afghanistan would have been under Taliban
even after 2001 perhaps if not for the counter attack of America against Taliban.
When it comes to Afghanistan, the country had been a place of war, violence and
social unrest for a very long time. Major reasons are that the country’s geographical
location acted beneficial to the neighboring countries and these countries funded
whoever they believed would make trade easy for them. This is how, the funding of
America and Saudi Arabia in the past benefitted in forming of Taliban since most of
the Taliban were from Madrassa institution of Pakistan. Afghanistan for these long
years survived under the shadow of America and it had no other way but to give up
when America declared that would withdraw its troops from the country. Moreover, it
left all its defense equipment behind in the country vesting more power in Taliban’s
afghanistan-says-no-to-external-interference-101631238643852.html.

16
Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com), and Cathrin Schaer. “Saudis and Taliban Unlikely to Revive Old Alliances.”
DW.COM, 28 Aug. 2021, www.dw.com/en/saudi-arabia-and-taliban-unlikely-to-revive-old-alliances/a-
59004881.
 hands. While human rights in Afghanistan in under threat, economy crisis in the
country has made headlines. The UN has been making impartial assistance to the
locals in the country amidst the social unrest and financial crisis.

9. References
1) Ahmed-Ghosh, Huma. "A history of women in Afghanistan: lessons learnt for the
future or yesterdays and tomorrow: women in Afghanistan." Journal of international
Women's Studies 4.3 (2003): 1-14.
2) Laub, Zachary. "The Taliban in Afghanistan." Council on Foreign Relations 4.7
(2014): 1-9.
3) Shahrani, Nazif M. "War, factionalism, and the state in Afghanistan." American
Anthropologist 104.3 (2002): 715-722.
4) Bajoria, Jayshree, and Zachary Laub. "The Taliban in Afghanistan." Council on
Foreign Relations 6 (2011).
5) Fatima, Qamar. "The Rise and Fall of Taliban Regime (1994-2001) In Afghanistan:
The Internal Dynamics." IOSR Journals19 1 (2014): 35-46.
6) Wahab, Shaista, and Barry Youngerman. A brief history of Afghanistan. Infobase
Publishing, 2007.
7) Ewans, Martin, Patrick Weber, and Robyn Carr. Afghanistan-A new history.
Routledge, 2002.
8) History.com Editors. “U.S. Embassies in East Africa Bombed.” HISTORY, A&E
Television Networks, 9 Feb. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-
embassies-in-east-africa-bombed.
9) Bergen, Peter L.. "September 11 attacks". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Sep. 2021,
https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-attacks. Accessed 21 October 2021.
10) Schott, Josh. “The Differences Between the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.” E-International
Relations, 22 Nov. 2012, www.e-ir.info/2012/11/17/the-differences-between-the-
taliban-and-al-qaeda.
11) Rashid, Ahmed. “The Taliban: Exporting Extremism.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 78, no. 6,
Council on Foreign Relations, 1999, pp. 22–35, https://doi.org/10.2307/20049530.
12) Jones, Seth G. “The Rise of Afghanistan’s Insurgency: State Failure and Jihad.”
International Security, vol. 32, no. 4, The MIT Press, 2008, pp. 7–40,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/30129790.
13) Sageman, Marc. “Confronting Al-Qaeda: Understanding the Threat in Afghanistan.”
Perspectives on Terrorism, vol. 3, no. 4, Terrorism Research Institute, 2009, pp. 4–25,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/26298421.
14) Reuters. “Timeline: The Taliban’s Rapid Advance across Afghanistan.” India Today,
16 Aug. 2021, www.indiatoday.in/world/story/taliban-advance-across-afghanistan-
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