Assignment Brief 1 (RQF)

Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Business

Student Name/ID
Võ Nguyễn Duy Nam / GCS200888
Number:

Unit Number and Title: Unit 43 – Internet of Things

Academic Year: 2022

Unit Assessor: Ho Hai Van

Assignment Title: Assignment 1 – Internet of Things

Issue Date:

Submission Date:

Internal Verifier Name:

Date:

Submission Format:

Format: This assignment is an Individual assignment and specifically including 1 document:

You must use font Calibri size 12, set number of the pages and use multiple line spacing at
1.3. Margins must be: left: 1.25 cm; right: 1 cm; top: 1 cm and bottom: 1 cm. The
reference follows Harvard referencing system. The recommended word limit is 2.000-
2.500 words. You will not be penalized for exceeding the total word limit. The cover page
of the report has to be the Assignment front sheet 1.
Submission Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by
the Tutors. The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on
http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/
Note: The Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student or from
books etc. If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you
must reference your sources, using the Harvard style. Make sure that you know how to reference
properly, and that understand the guidelines on plagiarism. If you do not, you definitely get fail

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1 Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software applications
LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, frameworks, tools,
hardware and APIs
LO3 Develop an IoT application using any combination of hardware, software, data, platforms and
services.
LO4 Evaluate your IoT application and detail the problem your IoT application solves, the potential
impact on people, business, society and the end user and the problems it might encounter when
integrating into the wider IoT ecosystem

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

You currently work as a product developer for a new startup where you design IoT products for the
consumer, corporate, government and defence clients. As part of your role your manager has tasked you
to plan and develop a new IoT product, service or application for a potential client. You are required to
identify a target user and conduct tests with this user and include this feedback into multiple iterative
versions of your product.

Part 1 (Assignment 1): For the first part, you must:

 Plan an IoT application for a specific target end user and the tests you intend to conduct with this
user. This plan will be in the form of a document and will include supporting evidence and
material, such as user personas and customer journey maps.
 Create multiple iterations of your application and modify each iteration with enhancements
gathered from user feedback and experimentation. This will follow the pathway outlined in your
plan.(log book,)

Part 2 (Assignment 2): For the first part, you must:

 Show evidence about Developed IoT application using any combination of hardware, software,
data, platforms and services (video or images of your IoT system with code snippet)
 Evaluate your IoT application and detail the problem your IoT application solves, the potential
impact on people, business, society and the end user and the problems it might encounter when
integrating into the wider IoT ecosystem
Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Pass Merit Distinction

LO1 Analyse what aspects of IoT are necessary and appropriate when designing software applications

P1 Explore various forms of IoT
functionality.
P2 Review standard architecture,
frameworks, tools, hardware and
APIs available for use in IoT
development.
M1 Evaluate the impact of common IoT D1 Evaluate specific forms of IoT
architecture, frameworks, tools, architecture and justify their usage
hardware and APIs in the software when designing software applications.
development lifecycle.
M2 Evaluate the impact of common IoT
architecture, frameworks, tools,
hardware and APIs in IoT security.

LO2 Outline a plan for an appropriate IoT application using common architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs

P3 Investigate architecture, M3 Select the most appropriate IoT D2 Make multiple iterations plan of
frameworks, tools, hardware and architecture, frameworks, tools, your IoT application and modify each
API techniques available to develop hardware and API techniques to include iteration to improve your IoT
IoT applications. in an application to solve this problem. application security.

P4 Determine a specific problem to M4 Apply your selected techniques to

solve using IoT. create an IoT application development
plan.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LO1 ANALYSE WHAT ASPECTS OF IOT ARE NECESSARY AND APPROPRIATE WHEN DESIGNING SOFTWARE
APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 1-24

P1. EXPLORE VARIOUS FORMS OF IOT FUNCTIONALITY. ............................................................................. 1-5

1. IoT Definition. .............................................................................................................................................. 1

2. How does IoT Work? ................................................................................................................................ 1-2

3. Functionally. ............................................................................................................................................. 2-3

4. Applications of IoT ....................................................................................................................................3-5

P2 REVIEW STANDARD ARCHITECTURE, FRAMEWORKS, TOOLS, HARDWARE AND APIS AVAILABLE FOR USE IN
IOT DEVELOPMENT. ..................................................................................................................................6-12

1. IOT Standard architecture ........................................................................................................................... 6

2. Advantage and disadvantage of IoT architecture ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3. IoT frameworks ......................................................................................................................................... 7-9

3.1. Definition .......................................................................................................................................... 7

3.2. Common IoT frameworks .............................................................................................................. 8-9

4. IoTtools ...................................................................................................................................................9-10

4.1. Definition ..........................................................................................................................................9

4.2. Pros and cons of several IoT tools ...............................................................................................................9-10

5. IoT hardware ......................................................................................................................................................11

5.1. Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 11

5.2. Several components of IoT hardware ..............................................................................................11

6. IoT APIs ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

6.1. Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 12

P3 INVESTIGATE A SPECIFIC IOT PLATFORM (INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE, FRAMEWORKS, TOOLS, HARDWARE,
AND APIS) HAS BEEN CHOSEN TO DEVELOP AN IOT SYSTEM. .................................................................. 13-20

1. IoT architecture development ...................................................................................................................13

1.1. IoT Architecture with Three Layers (Tiers) .....................................................................................13

2. Framework ........................................................................................................................................... 14-15

2.1. Google Cloud Platform – Internet of Things framework .......................................................... 14-15

3. Tools .......................................................................................................................................................... 16

3.1. Arduino ........................................................................................................................................... 16

4. Hardware ..............................................................................................................................................17-18

4.1 Arduino Uno R3 ............................................................................................................................... 17

4.2 Keypad. ............................................................................................................................................ 17

4.3. 5V relay module .............................................................................................................................18

4.4. Solenoid door lock ..........................................................................................................................18

4.5. 9V battery. ......................................................................................................................................18

4.6. LEDs Red and blue. ......................................................................................................................... 18

5. APIs .......................................................................................................................................................19-20

5.1. Advantage .......................................................................................................................................19

5.2. Disadvantage .................................................................................................................................. 19

5.3. Libraries use in program. ...............................................................................................................20

P4 EXPLAIN ABOUT YOUR IOT DEMO SYSTEM, INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE AND HOW IT WORKS ........... 21-24

1. Scenario ..................................................................................................................................................... 21

2. Block diagram ............................................................................................................................................ 21

3. Flow chart. ................................................................................................................................................. 22

4. Source Code. .........................................................................................................................................22-23

5. physical entity diagram. .............................................................................................................................24

REFERENCES. ............................................................................................................................................... 25
Table Of Figure

Figure 1 - Example of IOT systems ..................................................................................................................2

Figure 2 - IOUT ................................................................................................................................................4

Figure 3 - IONT ................................................................................................................................................5

Figure 4 - IOT architecture. ...........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 5 - Flow chart .....................................................................................................................................22

Figure 6 - Setup .............................................................................................................................................22

Figure 7 - loop ...............................................................................................................................................23

Figure 8 - keypressed * .................................................................................................................................23

Figure 9 - key pressed # ................................................................................................................................23

Figure 10 - Circuit diagram ........................................................................................................................... 24

 ASSIGNMENT 1 ANSWER

LO1 ANALYSE WHAT ASPECTS OF IOT ARE NECESSARY AND APPROPRIATE WHEN DESIGNING
SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS

P1. EXPLORE VARIOUS FORMS OF IOT FUNCTIONALITY.

1. Iot Definition.

- The internet of things, or IoT, is a network of interconnected computing devices, mechanical and
digital machinery, items, animals, or people with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to send data
across a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer contact.

- A person implanted with a heart monitor, a farm animal implanted with a biochip transponder, a
car with built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low, or any other natural or man-
made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and can transfer data over a
network are examples of things in the internet of things.

- Organizations across multiple industries are increasingly leveraging IoT to run more efficiently,
better understand customers to provide better customer service, improve decision-making, and
increase business value.

2. How Does Iot Work?

- An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems such as
processors, sensors, and communication hardware to collect, transmit, and act on data from their
surroundings. Sensor data is exchanged between IoT devices by connecting to an IoT gateway or
other edge device, where it is either transferred to the cloud for analysis or examined locally. These
devices occasionally communicate with one another and act on the information they receive.

- The devices do the majority of the work without human intervention, though people may interact
with them to set them up, give them instructions, or view the data.

- The IoT applications that are implemented heavily influence the connection, networking, and
communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices.

- The IOT may also use AI and data collection easier and more dynamic.

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 Figure 1 - Example of IOT systems
3. Functionally.

3.1. Characteristic.

 Connectivity

- Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should be

connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this should be guaranteed
at all times. For example, connection between people through internet devices like mobile phones ,and
other gadgets, also connection between Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors, etc.

 Intelligence and Identity

- The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example, a sensor
generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a
unique identity. This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times for querying its
status.

 Scalability

- The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup
should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is enormous,
and it should be handled appropriately.

 Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)

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 - IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing contexts and scenarios. Assume a
camera meant for the surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in different conditions and different
light situations (morning, afternoon, night).

 Architecture

- IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting different

manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by anyone engineering branch.
IoT is a reality when multiple domains come together.

 Safety

- There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting compromised when all
his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data security is
the major challenge. Besides, the equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also be at the risk.

- Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

 Self Configuring

- This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are able to upgrade their
software in accordance with requirements with a minimum of user participation. Additionally, they can
set up the network, allowing for the addition of new devices to an already-existing network.

4. Applications of IoT

4.1. Internet Of Underwater Things.

- The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is defined as a global network of smart, linked
underwater devices that enables the monitoring of vast uncharted aquatic regions. The purpose of this
article is to look at how the IoUT can be used to learn about, exploit, and protect natural undersea
resources.

- The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) was first investigated in 2012, following the successful
implementation of IoT. IoUT refers to the application of IoT to our water bodies. The Internet of
Underwater Things (IoUT) is a network of interconnected smart underwater things. The goal of this
technology is to digitally connect all of the world's water bodies, including oceans, lakes, streams, and
rivers.

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 Figure 2 - IOUT

- Several smart underwater items, such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), remotely
operated underwater vehicles (ROV), autonomous surface vehicles, and others, have been
developed in recent years. Because of these advancements, underwater wireless sensor networks
have been deployed and have proven to be a largely effective network system. The main
components of this network architecture are underwater sensors; the sensors used are nodes with
acousticmodems.
- These sensors are linked to smart devices underwater by nodes and send data such as water
quality, temperature, and pressure using acoustic modems. While this is an appealing promise, it
cannot yet be fully realized due to the challenges that IoUT faces.

4.2. Internet of Nano Things.

- The Internet of Nano Things is a rapidly evolving technology that has the potential to solve
many of the world's most pressing issues. It works in the same way that the Internet of Things does,
but the main difference is that it can connect nano components, which the Internet of Things
cannot. As a result, it ushers in a cutting-edge revolution in nano scale electromagnetic
communicationdomains.
- The Internet of nano things (IoNT) is a platform for connecting various nano devices across
high- speed networks. Using this technology, nano devices can be combined with other modern
technologies such as cloud computing, big data, and machine learning.
- The Internet of Nano Things can be used to build a Body Sensor Network (BSN) that
monitors any patient's health and biological activities using in-body nano sensors. Patients and
doctors can both access the data collected by nano sensors on a wearable device. IoNT allows
doctors and patients to access vital health data in real time. Such data can be useful in preparing
medical reports and assessing the impact of various therapies on a patient.

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Figure 3 - IONT

- Nano sensors can be used to identify difficult-to-detect viruses. When such viruses or bacteria
are detected, nano sensors can alert doctors and patients, allowing healthcare professionals to
make informed treatment decisions. Using Nano sensors, healthcare practitioners may be able to
detect virus outbreaks such as the Nipah virus. Nano sensors could also be used to monitor the
temperature of living cells in the human body.

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P2 REVIEW STANDARD ARCHITECTURE, FRAMEWORKS, TOOLS, HARDWARE AND APIS AVAILABLE FOR USE IN
IOT DEVELOPMENT.

1. Iot Standard Architecture

1.1. IOT architecture.

- The Internet of Things(IoT)technology has a wide range of applications,and its use is rapidly expanding.
It operates in accordance with the many Internets of Things application areas for which it
wadesigned/developed. However, it lacks a standard defined working architecture that is rigidly adhered to
globally.The architecture of IoT is determined by its use fullness and application in various areas. Still, there is a
fundamental process flow upon which IoT is constructe

Figure 4 - IOT architecture.

Sensing Layer: This layer contains sensors, actuators, and devices. These Sensors or Actuators receive
data(physical/environmental characteristics), process it, andthentransmititacrossa network.

NetworkLayer: This layer contains Internet/Network gateways and DataAcquisitionSystems(DAS). DAS

oversees data aggregation and conversion(Collecting data and aggregating data then converting analog data of
sensors to digital data etc.) .Advanced gateways,which primarily link Sensor networks to the Internet,also
handle several fundamental gateway functions such as Virus protection and filtering,as well as decision making
based on inputted data and data management services, among others.

Data processing Layer: This is the IoT ecosystem's processing unit. Data is evaluated and pre-processed
here before being sent to a data center, where it is accessible by software programs known as business
applications, where data is monitored and maintained, and subsequent actions are planned. As a result, edge
IT or edge analytics enters the picture.

ApplicationLayer: TheapplicationlayeristhefourthandfinalstepofIoTarchitecture.Data centersor the

cloud are data management stages where data is maintained and used by end-user applications such as
agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming, military, and so on.
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2. Advantage and disadvantage of IoT architecture

2.1. Pros

It can help with better house and city control via mobile phones. It improves security and
provides personal safety. We save a lot of time by automating processes. Even though we are far
away from our actual location,information is freely available and constantly updated in real time.
Electric devices are connected directly and interact with a controller computer, such as a
mobile phone, leading in efficient power utilization. Consequently, no superfluous electricity
equipment will be used. IoT apps can give personal help by alerting you to your routine plans. It
is important for safety since it detects possible hazard sand alerts people.

2.2. Cons

Hackers may obtain access to the system and take sensitive data. Because we are connecting so
many gadgets to the internet,thereisapossibilitythatourinformationmaybe exploited. They are
completely reliant on the internet and would be unable to function successfully without it.There
are several ways for systems to fail due to their complexity.We lose control of our lives they
will be completely regulated and dependant on technology. People become ignorant because of
their overuse of the Internet and technology because they rely on smart devices instead of
completing physical work, causing them to become lazy.Unskilled individuals face asignificant
chance of job loss.

3. IoT frameworks

3.1. Definition

- An IoT framework is a middleware layer that sits beneath one or more IoT applications and
provides a network-facing application interface through which peer framework nodes can communicate.
Frameworks frequently offer a variety of communication protocols and message carrying methods. IoT
frameworks also provide security features to apps and peer framework nodes, such as hardware-roots-
of-trust.

- The Internet of Things framework is a fundamental component of modern technology, with

applications in practically every industry. One of the most important uses of the Internet of Things is the
creation of smart homes.

- The notion of the IoT framework is also used in the design of many physical items, such as
thermostats, electrical gadgets, security and alarm systems, and vending machines, among many others.

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3.2. Common IoT frameworks

3.2.1. KAA IoT

- Kaa IoT is one of the most powerful and feature-rich Open-Source Internet of Things Cloud
Platforms, allowing anybody to freely execute their smart product designs. On this platform, you may
manage a N number of devices that are connected to each other via cross-device interoperability. By
supplying and installing remote devices, you may monitor your system in real time. Kaa facilitates data
flow between networked devices, the IoT Cloud, information and visualization systems, and other IoT
Ecosystem components.

 Pros

 Personalized microservice architecture

 Technology choice is unrestricted, and implementation is simple.

 IoT protocols that are open

 Gateway is compatible with

 Versioning of applications

 based on open components

 Cons

 it has very limited processing power so it can’t be used for projects which need
high processing like computer vision, speech recognition, deep learning etc.

 Fewer hardware modules are supported.

 Expensive price

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 3.2.2. Node RED
- The open-source Node-Red serves as a visual interface for connecting any linked hardware
devices, services, and APIs. This open-source IoT framework often wires in novel and distinct ways that
other open-source frameworks do not. Node-Red open source is based on Node.js and can run on the
Raspberry Pi as well as other 60,000 distinct modules.

 Pros

- Node-RED, which is based on Node.js, is a tool for programming visually without having
to write any code. It has a browser-based flow editor that makes it simple to link hardware
devices and APIs, making it a great tool for rapidly designing programs for IoT devices.

- It visually displays relationships and functions and allows the user to program without
having to enter a language. Node-RED is a browser-based flow editor that allows you to add
and delete nodes as well as wire them together to make them interact with one another.

 Cons

- Despite the benefits indicated above, using a Node RED flow as an orchestrator, and
performed as a function would result in a double billing issue since the orchestrator function
would have to wait for the orchestrated functions to complete

4. IoTtools

4.1. Definition

- IoT Tools is an abbreviation for Internet of Things Tools. It is a network or link of gadgets,
cars, equipment with embedded electronics, household appliances, and buildings, among other things.
This aids in the collection and exchange of many types of data. It also enables the user to remotely
operate the gadgets over a network.

- IoT has seized the IT sector and is the latest term in today's internet-driven society. It has
opened a plethora of new opportunities for firms and developers working on IoT. As a result of
IoT app development, several amazing items have been created. Companies that provide Internet of

- Things solutions are developing hardware and software designs to assist IoT developers in
developing new and exceptional IoT devices and apps.

4.2. Pros and cons of several IoT tools

4.2.1. Tessel 2

- It is used to create rudimentary Internet of Things prototypes and apps. It assists because to
its multiple modules and sensors. A developer may use the Tessel 2 board to get Ethernet, Wi- Fi, two
USB ports, a micro-USB port, 32MB of Flash, and 64MB of RAM. Cameras, accelerometers, RFID, GPS,
and other modules can also be incorporated.

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  Pros

 Out-of-the-box support for NodeJS

 It supports Node 4.x LTS out of the box and does not require any configuration.

 System of coprocessors

 A 580MHz MediaTek router-on-a-chip with an asynchronous 48MHz SAMD21

coprocessor for GPIO, ADC, I2C, SPI, PWM, and UART programming runs Linux
and user application code.

 USB or Wi-Fi programming is possible.

 The method of installing software, whether in JavaScript, Python, or Rust, is

presented in the same way for USB and Wi-Fi connections.

 Simple to get started with

 The "Getting Started" experience in Tessel 2 involves just the installation of

Node.js and a single package (the CLI) via npm. Complete and up-to-date
walkthroughs for Linux, Mac, and Windows are available.

 Cons

 There is little memory. RAM capacity of 64 MB. This puts it more in line with an
Arduino-style board than a Raspberry Pi-level SBC.

4.2.2. Eclipse IoT

Eclipse is a computer programming integrated development environment. It has a base

workspace as well as an extendable plug-in framework for personalizing the environment.

 Pros

- This tool or instrument enables users to create, adopt, and promote open source IoT
solutions. It is ideally suited for the development of IoT devices, Cloud platforms, and gateways.
Eclipse provides support for several IoT-related projects. These projects include open-source
implementations of IoT protocols, application frameworks and services, and tools for the Lua
programming language, which is marketed as the finest programming language for IoT.

 Cons

- Because it is a very heavy IDE, dealing with low-end frameworks may be a hurried task.
Its start-up time is exceedingly slow and necessitates a significant amount of handling power.
Furthermore, if you are a novice, you will find it quite difficult to use, and its documentation is
also inadequate.

- It consumes memory and slows down the machine. The absence of a debugger for C++
is a shortcoming. There is no plugin available for the live server.

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5. IoT hardware

5.1. Definition

- On the Internet of Things, hardware may take numerous forms, including the underlying
processors that run the phones, sensors that gather data from the real environment, and edge
machines that process and analyse the data. IoT hardware is at the heart of every connected
endeavour, and the technological capabilities of these boards have only grown in importance as the
Internet of Things has evolved. However, because to the overwhelming amount of design boards and
modules in the room, selecting the correct IoT hardware for a project might be difficult. In this post,
we'll look at several components of IoT hardware and how these devices connect with the internet.

5.2. Several components of IoT hardware

 Sensors
- Sensors are the most important piece of hardware in IoT applications since they collect
data from their surroundings. Power management modules, RF, energy, and sensor modules
are all part of these systems. An RF module manages communication from Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
transceiver, BAW, and duplexer.

 Microcontroller

- A microcontroller is a single-chip integrated circuit device dedicated to performing a

specific task and operating an application. This includes programmable peripherals, a memory
unit, and a CPU. Microcontrollers are primarily developed for embedded applications and are
commonly employed in remotely controlled electronic equipment such as cell phones, washing
machines, microwaves, and cameras.

 Other Internet of Things hardware

- IoT hardware includes smart wearable gadgets such as smart memory, glasses, rings,
and shoes. As part of an IoT network, smart gadgets enable us to access more of the material
and resources we like, as well as establish a new way to cooperation. Desktops, mobile phones,
and tablets have become typical command canters and will continue to be a vital element of IoT
applications. Other network distribution equipment, including as switches, hubs, and routers,
play an important role in IoT applications.

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6. IoT APIs

6.1. Definition

- The application program (or programming) interface, or API, is perhaps what truly binds the
"things" of the "internet of things" together. IoT APIs are the points of contact between an IoT device
and the internet and/or other network elements. "APIs are strongly associated with IoT because they
allow you to securely expose connected devices to consumers, go-to-market channels, and other
applications in your IT infrastructure," says API management provider Axway.

6.2. Challenges and opportunities of IoT APIs

6.2.1. Challenges

- APIs, according to Mahbubul Alam, CTO and CMO of Movimento Group, are part of one
frequent pain issue he sees in the IoT ecosystem: suppliers offering a "all or nothing" IoT solution,
regardless of what elements a firm may already have - their own security and databases, for example.

- Corporations frequently boast "open APIs," but this simply means that each IoT application
speaks its own language, to which companies must adapt – as opposed to open-source APIs, which
provide more information.

- "APIs are producing a genuine pain point, which is not being fully open and thinking about
how we can mix and match and provide the client the greatest choice.

6.2.2. Opportunities

- For starters, the industry is likely to expand significantly as more businesses use IoT. There are
currently multiple platforms for consumer and industrial IoT, and this fragmentation has ramifications
for interoperability and the size of IoT installations.

- According to Michael Starsinic, technical track senior manager at InterDigital, this

fragmentation presents an opportunity for horizontal platforms that interface with all types of devices
and vertical applications. He emphasized the need of standardization, noting that there is present,
continuing work to standardize IoT APIs even while other sections of the ecosystem continue to use
their own API versions in the lack of an overarching common strategy.

- According to Vikram Saksena of NetScout's CTO office, which monitors IoT projects once they
are pushed out, there is opportunity for service providers in these early days of IoT. "This
fragmentation and silos present both obstacles and opportunities," he explained. "I believe that one of
the things that service providers may bring is through breaking down silos.

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P3 INVESTIGATE A SPECIFIC IOT PLATFORM (INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE, FRAMEWORKS, TOOLS, HARDWARE,
AND APIS) HAS BEEN CHOSEN TO DEVELOP AN IOT SYSTEM.

1. IoT architecture development

1.1. IoT Architecture with Three Layers (Tiers)

While a whole end-to-end IoT architecture is comprised of several bits, this design reduces it to three
key building elements [3]:

➢ Sensors, actuators, and edge devices that interact with the environment comprise the perception
layer.

➢ Network Layer — Discovers, connects, and translates devices across a network, working in tandem
with the application layer.

➢ Application Layer — Data processing and storage that provides consumers with customized services
and capabilities.

A physical or perceptual IoT layer is made up of devices, which often contain sensors, actuators, and
other smart devices. These are the "Things" in the Internet of Things. In turn, devices interface with and
interact with the cloud through wire or localized Radio Frequency (RF) networks. Typically, this is
accomplished using gateways. IoT devices are frequently considered to be at the "edge" of the IoT network
and are referred to as "edge nodes." When choosing a device, consider the needs for specific I/O protocols
and potential delay, wired or RF connections, power, durability, and overall sensitivity. It's vital to figure just
how much device flexibility your architecture needs.

IoT Gateways are critical middlemen that act as messengers and translators between the cloud and
clusters of smart devices. They are physical devices or software programs that often run from the field near
edge sensors and other devices. Large IoT systems may employ a slew of gateways to service many edge
nodes. They can perform a variety of functions, but their primary job is to normalize, link, and transport data
between the physical device layer and the cloud. Every data that travels between the cloud and the physical
device layer must pass via a gateway. IoT gateways are sometimes known as "intelligent gateways" or "control
tiers."

The application layer is the Cloud. It connects with the gateway through wired or cellular internet. The "Cloud"
might be anything from AWS or Google Cloud services to server farms or even a company's on premises
remote server. It offers strong servers and databases that allow sophisticated IoT applications and combine
features like data storage, big data processing, filtering,
13 analytics, 3rd party APIs, business logic, alarms,
monitoring, and user interfaces. The "Cloud" is also used to control, configure, and trigger events at the
gateway and, eventually, the edge devices in a Three Layer IoT Architecture.
2. Framework

2.1. Google Cloud Platform – Internet of Things framework

Google is capable of accomplishing tasks. With its end-to-end platform, Google Cloud is one

of the greatest IoT systems available today. Google distinguishes themselves from the competition

by being able to process enormous amounts of data utilizing Cloud IoT Core.

It's a simple fact that corporations prefer their competitors' IoT products over Google's.

Element of this is likely due to Amazon and Microsoft having larger cloud client bases, and another

part is that Google isn't as well-known to companies. Instead, corporations may regard Google as a

social media firm, which is correct in terms of income.

Google's IoT technical tools are excellent, but the packaging of their IoT services differs

sufficiently from competitors that prospective purchasers may struggle to determine what's

required and how to utilize it.

• Processing of IoT Events

Google's proprietary ASIC (Edge TPU) was created to enable AI forward staging for latency sensitive
applications. The ASIC is open to device manufacturers, but Google has partnered with Coral to supply a
choice of edge controllers that use the chip. Other edge elements can be used for local event processing by
employing one of the devices linked IoT protocols or by establishing a bespoke link to Cloud Pub/Sub, Google's
message/event ingestion service.

In Google's IoT paradigm, Cloud Pub/Sub is the on-ramp for all event processing. It converts messages
and events into a generic publish/subscribe format, allowing any Google Cloud or Cloud IoT application, as
well as user applications, to subscribe to event flows and receive IoT messages based on their requirements.
Cloud Pub/Sub is a framework for ensuring event delivery, event steering, and even features that ensure all
events are properly handled. It also offers security/compliance capabilities that make developing compliant
IoT apps easier. 14
 Cloud Pub/Sub is a Google Cloud service that is used to link devices using the controlled Cloud IoT Core
Service’s Protocol Bridge element. As a result, IoT apps that do not use Cloud IoT Core for whatever reason
can still connect to the rest of Google's IoT-friendly cloud services, such as analytics. A Pub/Sub Lite version is
also available if complex processing skills are less critical than inexpensive cost.

• Analytics for IoT

The Cloud Pub/Sub interface connects events to any of Google's analytics products (Cloud Dataflow,
Big Query, Cloud Bigtable, Machine Learning, and Google Data Studio), as well as third party analytics or AI
apps that can use Cloud Pub/Sub. Google also provides a diverse variety of tools and apps that make use of
artificial intelligence and machine learning. These are accessible to IoT apps but are not directly connected
with Google's IoT products.

While Google offers certain digital twin solutions at the business process level (for example, its new
Supply Chain Digital Twin), it has not yet provided digital twinning of IoT apps or IoT infrastructure. As with
edge computing, Google may rely on third-party connections to provide a larger digital twin IoT application
architecture, albeit this has not yet been published.

15
3. Tools

3.1. Arduino

Arduino is a computer technology business established in Italy that creates interactive items and
microcontroller boards. It is an open-source prototyping platform that provides IoT hardware as well as
software. Interactive electronics can benefit from hardware standards, and software includes the Integrated
Development Environment (IDE). It is the most popular IDE among all IoT development tools. This platform is
basic and straightforward to use.

In comparison to other microcontroller systems, Arduino boards are comparatively affordable. The
cheapest Arduino module may be constructed by hand, and even pre-made Arduino modules cost less than
$50.

Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) is available for Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux. Most
microcontroller systems are only compatible with Windows.

Simple, straightforward programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is simple enough for
novices to use while yet being versatile enough for expert users to benefit from. It's convenient for teachers
since it's based on the Processing programming environment, so students who learn to code in that
environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.

Open source and extendable software - The Arduino software is provided as open-source tools,
allowing skilled programmers to extend it. The language may be expanded using C++ libraries, and those
interested in the technical intricacies can switch from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it
is based. Similarly, if you choose, you may incorporate AVR-C code straight into your Arduino applications.

Open source and extendable hardware - The Arduino board plans are given under a Creative Commons
license, allowing skilled circuit designers to create their own version of the module, expanding, and upgrading
it. Even unskilled users may construct the breadboard version of the module to learn how it works and save
money. 16
4. Hardware

4.1 Arduino Uno R3

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board that

is powered by a detachable dual-inlinepackage (DIP)
ATmega328 AVR microprocessor. It features a total of 20
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs and 6 can be used as analogue inputs). It may be
programmed using the simple Arduino computer software.

The FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip is absent from

the Uno, as is the case with all previous boards. Instead, it
has an ATmega16U2 that has been programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter. This extra microcontroller comes with
its own USB bootloader, allowing experienced users to
reprogram it.

4.2 Keypad.

The buttons on the keyboard are arranged in line and column. 3x4 keyboard has 4 rows and 3 columns
and 4x4 keyboard has 4 rows and 4 columns: 3x4 and 4x4 keyboard

Under each key is a switch. Each switch in a row is connected to other switches in the row by a
electrical link below the gasket. Each switch in a column is connected in the same way - one side of the switch
is connected to all other switches in that column with an electrical path. Each row and column are given a
single leg, with all 8 legs for 4x4 keyboard:

When a button is pressed, the switch will be closed between a column and a line of electricity, allowing
the current to run between a column leg and a line.

4x4 keyboard diagram shows how the rows and columns are connected:

Arduino discovered which buttons were pressed by detecting a pound and column that was connected to the
button.

17
4.3. 5V Relay Module

Relay module 5V 1 Channel is used as an electrical switch, used to

control large power devices (lights, motors, ...)

4.4. Solenoid Door Lock

Electric latch lock Solenoid Lock LY-03 comes with a latch,

functions as a door lock using Solenoid to open and close
electrically, widely used in smart homes or all kinds of
cabinets, electric doors,. .., the lock uses 12/24VDC voltage,
is normally closed type with good quality, high durability.

4.5. 9V battery.

- For projects that do not consume much power, you can use AAA batteries or 9v
batteries. But for projects that consume a lot of energy including motors, LCD
screens or audio, 18650 batteries are the optimal choice, both durable and
compact.

4.6. LEDs

- the lock will be opened and blue LED will is also turned ON and the red led is turned OFF.

18
5. APIs

5.1. Advantage

In the case of IoT devices, effective administration and handling can allow developers to choose which
API to use and when to withdraw access. App and IoT device developers can provide single or many
connection requirements. Continuous API monitoring is an important part of the process since it allows for the
early discovery of any unanticipated flaws or failure chances. It offers a clear picture of the value and
application of APIs in IoT.

Deeper insights into the API developer experience may be gained by comparing the standard
experience and delivering an end-user experience to identify shortcomings. IoT programming that necessitates
the deployment of an emergency API is fully supported since it provides information on API scalability and use
quotas.

IoT programming that necessitates the usage of an emergency API is fully supported, since it provides
information on API scalability, use quotas, and throttling.API version changes are now easier than ever, with
strong management standards being maintained when new version updates are made available on a timely
basis.

5.2. Disadvantage

There are two types of issues that must be handled:

• Everyone must adhere to the most recent OAuth requirements. This has shown to be the

simplest, most secure, and dependable method for consumers to communicate their data with
another system via APIs. Most large corporations have done this, but it must be done universally. The
OAuth standard is not used by the great majority of APIs.

Pulling data from a device becomes considerably more challenging in the absence of a common OAuth
implementation. When you attempt to connect to such APIs, the connection can quickly break, especially if
there are changes, such as when a user changes his or her password. The interruption of service reduces the
simplicity of use for the person attempting to turn it on.

• Obtaining reporting APIs as opposed to basic data APIs. Base data APIs enable you to retrieve
data, but if you want metrics or measurements, you must replicate the algorithms on your end to acquire the
statistics you want. With reporting APIs, which are required for most use cases, you may ask queries and get
the answer immediately away.

For example, if I wanted to retrieve all my sales from the previous year using a base data API, I would
have to acquire all of the data from that year and then add the figures to get what I wanted. With a reporting
API, I could request the year's sales and it would automatically provide the total for the year.

19
5.3. Libraries use in program.

 Include the library for the keypad. This library will

contain all the basic coding for interfacing a keypad and
some functions that we will use directly in the our main
code.

 Define one variable for relay input pin that is lock. Define one
pin for blue LED and one pin for red LED.
Create one count variable and store value 0 in it. We will use
this variable to count the number of times a particular key is
pressed.

 Create two more variable and assign total number of rows and column to them.

 Create one two dimensional array and store the key that are present on the keypad.

 Define the column and row pin of the keypad.

 Create a keypad by passing all the parameters that we have mentioned above.

20
P4 EXPLAIN ABOUT YOUR IOT DEMO SYSTEM, INCLUDING ARCHITECTURE AND HOW IT WORKS

1. Scenario

Parts for today families want to be more convenient and can support themselves the best things with
technologies, a supply system. The ability to help protect and support families with KEYPAD .First of all, the
unlocking with a password will help us quickly open the door and can help open electrical appliances indoors
quickly. As we can see. Therefore, the problem of security is essential. The birth of Smart Home is the solution
to this problem. For this reason, I decided to develop one. The system can help houses can use utilities at
affordable costs. As long as the quality of life is better, I will develop a full system of the system of resistance
to environmental health. However, this system will provide more. Technology in the future.

2. Block diagram

 Block Diagram

Sensor block

Arduino
synthesizes and
processes the Executive
signal from the block
sensor
(Processing
block).

 Description.

 Sensor block:

 Light: the output signal is a digital signal.

 Solenoid Lock: the output signal is a digital signal.

 Processing block:

 Arduino Uno R3.

 Executive block:

 Solenoid Lock.

 Led.

21
3. Flow chart.

Figure 5 - Flow chart

- This flowchart depicts the project's flow procedure. You're leaving the office to going home and need to
enter your password into your smart key to get into your house. After that, the process will perform its job,
which is to unlock and open the door so that you can enter the room. At this point, the sensor motion will
activate and switch on the led and fan if it detects somebody in the room.

4. Source Code.

Figure 6 - Setup

22
- In the void setup() function, set the baud rate for serial communication, set lock pin and LED pins as OUTPUT.
Set lock pin as HIGH to turn OFF the LOCK.

Figure 7 - loop

- In the void loop() function, write the code for reading the key of the keypad. If the key pressed is 3 then we
will increase the count by one. And if the count value reaches above 3 then we will reset it to 0 again.

Figure 8 - keypressed *

- After pressing the correct code, the user has to press ‘*’. If ‘*’ is pressed and the count value is equal to 3,
the lock will be opened and blue LED will is also turned ON and the red led is turned OFF.

Figure 9 - key pressed #

23 be closed and blue LED will be turned OFF and red
- IF the password is incorrect or ‘#’ is pressed the lock will
LED will be turned ON.
5. Physical Entity Diagram.

Figure 10 - Circuit diagram

- This is the circuit diagram that I gonna use for this project. I have one Arduino UNO board and a keypad is
connected to it. Its row pins are connected to the 5th,6th,7th, and 8th pin of Arduino UNO. Its column pins are
connected to the 9th, 10th, and 11th pin of the Arduino UNO.

- The negative terminal of both the LEDs is connected to the GND of Arduino UNO. The positive terminal of the
Blue LED is connected to a 220ohm resistor and then that resistor is connected to the 3rd pin of Arduino UNO.
Similarly, the positive terminal of Red LED is connected to a 220-ohm resistor and then the resistor is
connected to the 4th pin of the Arduino UNO.

- The VCC pin of the relay module is connected to the 5V pin or Arduino UNO. The GND pin of the relay is
connected to the GND pin of the Arduino UNO, and the input pin of the relay module is connected to the 2nd
pin of the Arduino UNO.

- The negative terminal of the battery is connected to the negative wire of the solenoid door lock. The positive
terminal of the battery is connected to the COM pin of the relay module and the positive wire of the solenoid
door lock is connected to the NO pin of the relay module.

24
 REFERENCES.

1. softwaretestinghelp.com (2021). 10 Best IoT Platforms To Watch Out In 2022.Available at:

https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/best-iot-platforms/ [December 9, 2022].

2. Hindawi.com (2021). Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications. Available at:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jece/2017/9324035/#introduction/ [December 9, 2022].

3. pareteum.com (2021). Internet of Things: The Five Types of IoT. Available at:
https://www.pareteum.com/internet-of-things-the-five-types-of-iot/type [December 9, 2022].

4. educba.com (2021). IoT Hardware Available at: https://www.educba.com/iot-hardware/ [December 9,

2022].

5. how2shout.com (2021). 9 Best & Top Open source IoT Platforms To Develop the IOT Projects. Available
at: https://www.how2shout.com/tools/best-opensource-iot-platformsdevelop-iot- projects.html
[December 9, 2022].

6. circuitdigest.com (2021). Top Hardware Platforms for Internet of Things (IoT). Available at:
https://circuitdigest.com/article/top-hardware-platforms-for-internet-of-things-iot [December 9,
2022].

7. Wikipedia.com (2021). What is IoT. Available at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things#How_SIoT_different_from_IoT? [December 9,
2022].

8. educba.com (2021). IoT tools Available at: https://www.educba.com/iot-tools/ [December 9, 2022]

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