Pacts , Treaties & Alliances of the Pakistan.

1. Canal Water dispute with India May 04, 1949

2. Friend Pact with Iran February 18, 1950
3. South East Asia Treaty Organization. SEATO December 08, 1954
4. Central Treaty Organization. SENTO September 23, 1955
5. Border Agreement with Iran May 21, 1960
6. Indus Basin Treaty with India September 19, 1960
7. Trade Agreement with China January 05, 1963
8. Border Agreement with China February 24, 1963
9. Cultural Pact with India March 01, 1965
10. Tashkent Pact with India January 10, 1966
11. Simla Pact with India July 03, 1972
12. Delhi Pact with India: POW August 28, 1973
13. Nuclear Cooperation Pact with India September 15, 1988
14. Geneva Pact: Pak-Ussr-USA-Afghanistan April 14, 1988
15. Silk -Trade Agreement with China June 19, 1992
16. Nuclear Pact Agreement with China October 14, 1997
17. Agesta Marine with France June 06, 1999
18. Lahore Declaration 1999. India & Pakistan February 22, 1999
19. Washington Declaration 1999. India & Pak & USA July 04, 1999
20. Non-Nato Alliance with America November 16, 2001
21. Agra Summit Declaration 2001 India & Pakistan July 16, 2001
22. Chasma-Nuclear Cooperation Pact with China June 25, 2003
23. Gwadar Port Agreement with Singapore March 20, 2007
24. CPEC: China Pakistan Economic Corridor. October 13, 2013
25.

Major Industries of the Pakistan:

1. Textile Industry.
2. Sugar Industry& Paper Board.
3. Telecom & IT. Software Industry.
4. Automobiles, Parts & Tyers.
5. Fertilizers Industry.
6. Cement Industry.
7. Chemicals Industries.
8. Engineering Industries.
9. Real Estates Building.
10. Agriculture Industry, Food Serial.
11. Iron ore & Steel, Metals. Aluminum.
 12. Vegetable Ghee and Cooking Oil Industry.
13. Mining & Extraction; Oil & Gas in Pakistan.
14. Paper Mills, Press & Publications.
15. Foot Wear, Glass, Paper& Plastic Industries.
16. Food Hotel & Cuisine; Beverages & Juices.
17. Electronic Media; Fashion & Designing.
18. Pharmacy & Pesticides, Surgical Equipment’s.
19. Electronics Goods. Fan, W. Machines, Gizzars, Ovens.
20. Ordnance Industry, Arms, Aircrafts, Armed Car, Tanks

Major Exports of the Pakistan

1. Textile Goods.
2. Cement.
3. Leathers Goods.
4. Surgical Goods & Sports.
5. Rice, Fruits & Food Serials.
6. Fisheries, Sea Food.
7. Defense Equipment.
Major Imports of the Pakistan
1. Petroleum Goods & CNG- LNG.
2. Automobiles & Heavy Vehicles.
3. Machinery & Iron Ores, Metals.
4. Palm Oil & Tea, Cell Phone & Dry Milk.
5. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Products.
6. Medicines, Medical Machinery & Equipment.

Foreign Trade of Pakistan:

Pakistan’s external sector continued facing stress during 2016–17. But still Pakistan’s
merchandise trade exports grew by 0.1 percent during the fiscal year 2016–17. The imports
continued to grow at a much faster rate and grew by a large percentage of 18.0 during the FY
2017 as compared to the previous year. World imports had been stagnant between 2011 and
2014 but registered significant drop since early 2015 because of weak commodity and product
prices and weak global economic activity. Economic growth was lackluster in
the OECD countries which contributed to the slowdown in China. Furthermore, the ratio
between real growth in world imports and world real GDP growth substantially declined. This
decline in the import content of economic activity triggered a shift in consumption worldwide
from traded towards non-traded goods, import substitution, a slowdown in the pace of trade
liberalization, and gave currency to protectionist measures. A bulk of Pakistan’s exports are
directed to the OECD region and China. Historical data suggest strong correlation between
Pakistani exports to imports in OECD and China. As per FY 2016 data, more than half of
country's exports are shipped to these two destinations . OECD and China. A decline in Pakistan
overall exports, thus occurred in this backdrop. Pakistan's imports are showing rising trend at a
relatively faster rate (18.0 percent) due to the increased economic activity as part of China
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), particularly in the Energy sector. The construction projects
under CPEC require heavy machinery that has to be imported. It is also observed that the
economy is currently being led both by investments as well as consumption, resulting in
relatively higher levels of imports. The sharp increase in imports may not be a cause for major
worry, the imports during the current fiscal year included around $12 billion of capital
goods (machinery, metals etc.), which would eventually increase the country's industrial capacity
and help exports flourish. The increase in import of machinery will have multiplier effect on the
economy as the manufacturing has the highest backward linkage among the major sectors. As
the demand for manufacturing grows, it in turn will help in the creation of jobs, investments, and
innovations.

Pakistan Major Exports Commodities for last four fiscal years are listed in the table below:

FY 2015
FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018
Commodities (million
(million US $) (million US $) (million US $)
US $)
Cotton Cloth 2486.783  2,331.587  2,123.042  2,168.461
Knitwear 2264.114  2,309.248  2,334.599  2,612.672
Ready-made Garments 2044.018  2,156.033  2,279.450  2,472.052
Bed wear 2207.477  2,126.360  2,156.753  2,343.665
Rice 2037.841  1,852.708  1,574.950  1,938.548
Cotton Yarn 1818.196  1,266.127  1,140.214  1,240.206
Chemical & Pharmaceutical
1249.959  1,052.316  1,113.300  1,381.636
Products
Exports & Imports of Pakistan from 2012-2017: Pakistan Major Imports
Commodities for the last four fiscal years are listed in the table below:
FY 2015
FY 2016 (million US FY 2017 (million US FY 2018 (million US
Commodities (million
$) $) $)
US $)
7,773.62  5,098.139  6,379.880  6,768.246
Petroleum Products
0
4,393.22  2,569.696  2,764.648  4,310.250
Petroleum Crude Oil
3
1,813.41  2,094.016  1980.112  2,546.316
Iron and Steel
2
1,771.75  1,791.303  1,875.104  2,310.158
Plastic Material
8
Electrical Machinery &  1,650.692  1,317.167  1,800.541
935.290
Apparatus
1,681.17  1,600.041  1,775.118  1,907.138
Palm oil
0
Power Generating  1,356.328  1,336.598  1,495.723
897.940
Machinery
1,024.97  1,263.807  1,774.141  2,182.263
Road Vehicles
2
1,225.07  1,201.062  1,023.021  1,396.576
Telecom
8
Liquefied Natural Gas 135.232  578.924  1,270.680  2,035.506

External Imbalances: During FY 2017, the increase in imports of capital equipment and fuel
significantly put pressure on external account. A reversal in global oil prices led to increase in
POL imports, accompanied by falling exports, as a result the merchandised trade deficit grew by
39.4 percent to US$26.885 billion in FY 2017. While remittances and Coalition Support Fund
inflows both declined slightly over the same period last year, however, the impact was offset by
an improvement in income account, mainly due to lower profit repatriations by Oil & Gas firms.

Current Account: The Current account deficit increased to US$12.4 Billion in FY 2017,

against US$3.2 Billion in FY 2016. However, the impact of high current deficit on Foreign
Exchange Reserves was not severe, as financial inflows were available to the country to partially
offset the gap; these inflows helped ensure stability in the exchange rate. Net FDI grew by 12.4
percent and reached US$1.6 billion in the nine months period, whereas net FPI saw an inflow of
US$631 million, against an outflow of US$393 million last year. Encouragingly for the country,
the period saw the completion of multiple merger and acquisition deals between local and
foreign companies. Moreover, multiple foreign automakers announced their intention to enter
the Pakistani market, and some also entered into joint ventures with local Conglomerates. This
indicates that Pakistan is clearly on foreign investors' radar, and provides a positive outlook for
FDI inflows going forward. Government's successful issuance of a US$1.0 Billion Sukuk in the
international capital market, at an extremely low rate of 5.5 percent. Besides, Pakistan continued
to enjoy support from international financial institutions (IFIs) like the World Bank and Asian
Development Bank, and from bilateral partners like China, in the post-EFF period: net official
loan inflows of US$1.1 billion were recorded during the period. As a result, the country's FX
reserve amounted to US$20.8 billion by May 4, 2017 sufficient to finance around four month of
import payments.

GDP: Gross Domestic Production of the Pakistan

Contributed to Pakistan Economy Different Sectors::::::::::
Services 51.52%
1. Wholesales & Trade: 17.25%
2. Transport: 11.80%
3. Finance& Insurance: 04.59%
4. Ownership & Dwelling: 02.22%
5. Community & Social Services: 10.22%
6. Public Administration: 05.40%
Industries 23.93%
1. Manufacturing: 17.53%
2. Mining: 02.39%
3. Construction: 02.19%
4. Electricity & Gas: 01.80%
Agriculture 24.43%
1. Crops: 12.90%
2. Livestock: 10.97%
3. Fishing: 0.33%
4. Forestry: 0.25%

Statistic of the Pakistan:

1. Population of Pakistan:December-2018....................210,174,223 6thW
2. Birth Rate 2.41%
3. Death Rate 1.8%
4. Literacy Rate 60% to 62%
5. Unemployment Rate 6.3%
6. Forest 1.9% Decreased 4.9 to 1.9.
7. Inflation 7.0
8. Labor Force 61.15 Million
9. GDP 5.80----------------------2017-18.
10. Budget of Pak. 5.42 TRILLION Rs 2017-18.
11. Income Per Capita 3.80 DOLLER $ 1640 Annual.
12. Fiscal Year 1ST JULY – 30 JUNE.
13.

BOOKS: Relevant to Pakistan Movement::::

1. Emergence of Pakistan. Ch. Muhammad Ali
2. Partition of India, Myth &Realty. H. M. Seerwai
3. The Story of Nation. G. Alana
4. Transfer of Power in India. V. P. Memon
5. Evolution of Pakistan. Sharif-ud-Din Pirzada
6. Quaid-e-Azam & Pakistan. Ahmad Hasan Danni
7. Jinnah of Pakistan. Stanley Wolpert
8. Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan. Hector Bolitho
9. Revolution in Pakistan. Herbart Feldman
10. The Making of Pakistan. K. K. Aziz
11. The Making of Pakistan. Richard Symond
12. The Political System of Pakistan. Khalid Bin Saeed
13. The Political Parties in Pakistan. Rafiq Afzal
14. Pakistan: The Formative Phase. Khalid Bin Saeed
15. The Great Divide H.V. Hudson
16. Foundation of Pakistan. Sharif-ud-Din Pirzada
17. Pathway to of Pakistan. Ch. Khaliq-e-Zaman
18. Towards Pakistan. Waheed Zaman
19. The State of Pakistan. Rush brook William
20. Pakistan Transition. W.H. Wrigzins
21. Divide & Quite -----------------------------------------------------------Paneral Moon
22. Mission with Mountbatten ---- --------------------------------------------------Johnson
Political Alliance & Agreements of the Pakistan
1. I J I ---Islami Jamhori Iethad. 1990
2. P N A--- Pakistan National Alliance. 1977
3. R C D - Regional Cooperation Development. 1965
4. E C O---- Economic 1985
5. OI C ---- Organization of Islamic Countries.1969
6. E U ---- European Union. 2001
7. U N O---- United Nation Organization. 1945
8. IWT- Indus Water Treaty –September 19, 1960.
9. Tashkent Declaration -- January 10th 1966.
10. Simla Accord----- July 2-3, 1972.
11. L F O--- Legal Frame Work Order.1970
12. LOC---- Line of Control 1949 to onward
13. P C O----- Provisional Constitutional Order.
14. A R D --- Alliance for Restoration of Democracy. 2001
15. M R D --Movement for Restoration of Democracy.1981
16. P O D O---- Public Office Disqualification Order. 1962
17. E B D O----- Elected Bodies Disqualification Order. 1962
18. SAARC-- South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation.
19. ASEAN---Association of Southeast Asian Nations
20. NAFTA----
21. Geneva Accord----- April 10, 1988
22. P RO D A--- Public Office & Representatives Disqualification Act.
23. Lahore Declaration – February 21, 1999.
24. Washington Declaration July 04, 1999.

Demographic Profile of the Pakistan:

National Census is mandated by the Constitution of Pakistan to be held every ten years. Post
1947; first census conducted on 1951 under  Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan. Since 1951; only 6
Censuses (1961, 1972, 1981, 1998 & 2017). Delays and postponements have often been due to
politicization. Pakistan completed census took place in 2017. The next national census was
scheduled to take place in 2001 and later 2008, and again in 2010, but none of those plans could
materialize. There were multiple census counts completed for the latest round in April 2012, but
were subsequently thrown out as being “unreliable”. A UN led census was to be conducted with
staff training and GPS digitization. As of 2015, the population of Pakistan is estimated at
191.71 million. As of 2016, the population of religious minorities in Pakistan have increased to 3
million. On August 25, 2017, the official results declared Pakistan's population to be 207.74
million. Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951)

Religious 1981: According to the Census1981, the population of

Group in Population1951
Pakistan Pakistan was 83.783 Million.
Hindu 84.1% 1998: According to the Census1998, the population of
Muslim 9.8% Pakistan was 132,352,279.
Christian 2.3%
2017: According to the Census2017, the population of
Sikh 1.89%
Pakistan was 207,774,521.
Buddhist 0.74%
Animist, others 0.43% 2027: The Seventh National Census is scheduled to
Jain 0.46% take place in 2027.

According to Census of 1951; Pakistan (East & West Pakistan) had a population of 75 million
population, West Pakistan with population of 33.7 million and East Pakistan ( Bangladesh) has a
population of 42 million. In 1951, Hindus constituted 12.9% of the Pakistani population (this
includes East Pakistan, modern day Bangladesh),which made Dominion of Pakistan second
biggest Hindu-population country after India. In the 1951 census, West Pakistan had 1.6% Hindu
population, while East Pakistan (modern Bangladesh) had 22.05%. After Partition of India in
1947, two-thirds of the Muslims resided in Pakistan (both east and West Pakistan) but a third
resided in India. As per Census of1961; the size of population of Pakistan was 93 million, with
42.8 million in West Pakistan and 50 million in East Pakistan. The literacy rate was 19.2%, in
which East Pakistan had a literacy rate of 21.5% while West Pakistan had a literacy rate of
16.9%. Hindus in East Pakistan were 18.4% while the population growth rate was 2.4%. 1972:
The scheduled 1971 Census was postponed due to the political crisis of 1970 followed by
the War of 1971 and subsequent loss of East Pakistan In 1970, the population was 65 million in
the east Pakistan and 58 million in the west Pakistan. According to the 1972 Census, the
population of Pakistan was 65.3 million. After 1972, the Census Organization was merged
into the Ministry of Interior.

The Census of the Pakistan 2017: was began on March 15, 2017 & ended on May 25, 2017.
The census was conducted by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics for the first time in 21st century,
after 19 years. The Census was conducted in 2 phases. The first phase started from March 15,
2017 to April 13, 2017 and covered 63 districts of country. The second phase began on 25 April
2017 and lasted until 24 May 2017 covering the remaining 88 Districts. However, the census in
the Islamabad Capital Territory and neighboring districts of Attock and Rawalpindi, although
included in the second phase, began on 30 March 2017 and concluded on 23 May 2017. Initial
estimates put the population at 20 Core (210–220 million). The provisional results were finally
presented to the Council of Common Interests on August 25, 2017, and then approved and
released to the public. The results showed a total population of Pakistan including of that
of Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir at 212,742,631.
The Census performed by 91,000 employees from different government sectors, of which
the Pakistan Army provided security with 200,000 personnel.  Furthermore, for administrative
purposes, the census in the Kech District of Baluchistan was spread over both phases. The
Provisional Results of the 2017 Census were presented to the Council of Common Interests on
25 August 2017. According to the results, the total population in Pakistan was 207,774,520,
representing a 57% increase in 19 years. The provisional results exclude data from Gilgit-
Baltistan and Jammu & Kashmir, which is likely to be included in the final report in 2018. The
urban population in Pakistan stood at 75,580,000 or 36.4% of the total population.
Total Total
Administrative Annual Share in
Households Population Population
Unit Growth Population
(1998) (2017)
KPK 3,845,168 17,743,645 30,523,371 2.89% 14.69%

Tribal Areas 558,379 3,176,331 5,001,676 2.41% 2.41%

Sindh 8,585,610 30,439,893 47,886,051 2.41% 23.04%

Punjab 17,103,835 73,621,290 110,012,442 2.13% 52.95%

Baluchistan 1,775,937 6,565,885 12,344,408 3.37% 5.94%

Islamabad-Capital 336,182 805,236 2,006,572 4.91% 0.97%

PAKISTAN 32,205,111 132,352,279 207,774,520 2.40% 100%
 Total Total
Administrative Annual Share in
Households Population Population
Unit Growth Population
(1998) (2017)
A J Kashmir TBA TBA 4,045,366 TBA TBA
Gilgit-Baltistan TBA TBA 922,745 TBA TBA
PAKISTAN TBA TBA 212,742,631 TBA N/A

Population By Gender:

Population
Total 207,774,520

Males 106,443,520

Female
101,331,000
s

The population of 10 major cities of the country has increased by 74.4 per cent since 1998, when
the last census was conducted, according to the data of recently concluded 6th Population and
Housing Census 2017.The total population of the 10 cities surged to 40,956,232 individuals as
per the 2017 census from 23,475,067 registered during the 1998 census, the data revealed.

Divisions of the Pakistan:

Divisions of Baluchistan Province;

Population Population
Division Area (km2) Capital
1998 Census 2017 Census
Kalat 140,612 1,443,727 2,509,230 Khuzdar
Makran 52,067 832,753 1,489,015 Turbat
Naseerabad 16,946 988,109 1,591,144 Dera Murad Jamali
Quetta 64,310 1,713,952 4,174,562 Quetta
Sibi 27,055 630,901 1,038,010 Sibi
Zhob 46,200 956,443 1,542,447 Loralai
Divisions of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province
Population Population
Division Area (km2) Capital
1998 Census 2017 Census
Bannu 4,391 1,165,692 2,044,074 Bannu
Dera Ismail Khan 9,005 1,091,211 2,019,017 Dera Ismail Khan
 Divisions of Baluchistan Province;

Population Population
Division Area (km2) Capital
1998 Census 2017 Census
Hazara 17,194 3,505,581 5,325,121 Abbottabad
Kohat 7,012 1,307,969 2,218,971 Kohat
Malakand 29,872 4,262,700 7,514,694 Saidu Sharif
Mardan 3,046 2,486,904 3,997,677 Mardan
Peshawar 4,001 3,923,588 7,403,817 Peshawar
Divisions of Punjab Province
1.Bahawalpur 45,588 7,635,591 11,464,031 Bahawalpur
2.Dera Ghazi Khan 38,778 6,503,590 11,014,398 D. G. Khan
3.Faisalabad 17,917 9,885,685 14,177,081 Faisalabad
4.Gujranwala 17,206 11,431,058 16,123,984 Gujranwala
5.Lahore 11,727 8,694,620 19,581,281 Lahore
6.Multan 17,935 8,447,557 12,265,161 Multan
7.Rawalpindi 22,255 6,659,528 10,007,821 Rawalpindi
8.Sahiwal 10,302 5,362,866 7,380,386 Sahiwal
9.Sargodha 26,360 5,679,766 8,181,499 Sargodha
Banbhore 31,436 2,219,466 3,566,300 Thatta
Hyderabad 33,527 4,610,071 7,026,335 Hyderabad
Karachi 3,528 9,856,318 16,051,521 Karachi
Sukkur 24,505 3,447,935 5,538,555 Sukkur
Larkana 15,543 4,210,650 6,192,380 Larkana
Mirpur Khas 28,171 2,585,417 4,228,683 Mirpur Khas
Shaheed Benazirabad 18,175 3,510,036 5,282,277 Nawabshah
Divisions of Gilgit-Baltistan 2017 Census
Population
Division Area (km2) 1998 Census Capital

1.Gilgit - Gilgit
2.Baltistan Dimer - Skardu
Divisions of Azad Jammu Kashmir
Population Population
Division Area (km2) Capital
1998 Census 2017 Census
1. Mirpur - Mirpur
2. Muzaffarabad - Muzaffarabad
3. Poonch - Rawalakot
 Divisions of Baluchistan Province;

Population Population
Division Area (km2) Capital
1998 Census 2017 Census

List of Largest Cities of Pakistan According to the 2017 Census

Rank Name Province Population Rank Name Province Population

1 Karachi Sindh 14,916,456 11 Bahawalpur Punjab 762,111

2 Lahore Punjab 11,126,285 12 Sargodha Punjab 659,862

3 Faisalabad Punjab 3,204,726 13 Sialkot Punjab 655,852

4 Rawalpindi Punjab 2,098,231 14 Sukkur Sindh 499,900

5 Gujranwala Punjab 2,027,001 15 Larkana Sindh 490,508

6 Peshawar KPK 1,970,042 16 Shekhupura Punjab 473,129

7 Multan Punjab 1,871,843 17 Rahim Yar Khan Punjab 420,419

8 Hyderabad Sindh 1,734,309 18 Jhang Punjab 414,131

9 Islamabad Capital 1,009,832 19 Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab 399,064

10 Quetta Baluchistan 1,001,205 20 Gujarat Punjab 390,533

Mountains Range of thePakistan:
1.MAJOR MOUNTAINS:
1-THE HIMALAYAS 2-KARAKORAM 3-HINDU KUSH
Maximum Height from 5000 to 8000 meters and above;
Medium Ranges of Mountains of Pakistan;
Maximum Height from 4000 to 5000 meters and above;
1. The Siwaliks
2. The Lesser Himalayas
3. The Central Himalayas

NORTH WESTERN MOUNTAINS Medium Range in Hindu Kush Maximum Height

5000 Meters.
1. Safed Hills 4712M.
2. Waziristan Hills 3513M.
3. Suleman Range 3383M.
4. Kirthar Range 2570M.
2.PLATEAU & Salt Range Kaller Kahar.
BALUCHISTAN PLATEAU PUNJAB PLATEAU& SALT RANGE
Maximum Height from 300 to 1000 meters and above;
1. Hala Hills. Salt Range 600to 1000Meters.
2. Siahan Hills. From Chakwal, Jhelum, Mianwali.
3. Makran Hills. Sakasar Zone 1527M.
4. Ras Koh Hills. Salt Mine Khewra. 160 KM from ISD
5. Toba Kaker Hills
6. Central Brahui Hills
3.DESERTS;
1-THER – Sind Province 2-Thal --KPK Province
3-ROHI Punjab Province 4-KHARAN Baluchistan Province.

4. FOREST;
Changa Manga , Lal Sohanrah, Peerowal, Chichawatni , Thal, Taunsa Barrage, Guddu
Barrage, Hyderabad, Islamabad. KPK & Baluchistan.

5. PLAINS: DELTA OF INDUS;

1-UPPER INDUS PLAIN 2-LOWER INDUS PLAIN
From Attock to Panjnad From Panjnad to Thatta
6. CASTAL LINE ;
From Makran, Lasbela, Pasni, Gwadar, Karachi and Thatta till. It covers 1100 Km long.

Physical Features of the Pakistan

Location of Pakistan on Map: 23.50-S 37.75-N-- 61.00-E 75.50-
Physical Features of Pakistan has multiples verity. It is due to the existence of multiple regions
in Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the few countries in the world that has all regions. There are high
Mountains Ranges, Glaciers, Plateau, Desert and Plain Lands & Coastal Line too. So let’s
further discuss Physical Features of Pakistan and its regions. Due to variations in regions,
Physical features vary a lot. For example, you can see few mountain areas covered with snow.
Snowfall throughout the year on these places. Then there are mountain areas where snowfall
isn’t normal but they stay cold throughout the year, then there comes deserts and few more areas
that are extremely hot throughout the year and then at the last but not least, there are areas which
stay cold and also normal as well. So if you start to talk about Physical Features of Pakistan, then
you should note it down in the very first place that this is going to be a lengthy topic. Physical
Regions of Pakistan are normally divided into five categories. Total Area: 796,096 Sq. km
Altitude: Highest point: K-2 (8611m) Deepest point: Dasu Patan (6500m) Lowest point: Sea
level 0 (feet).
Borders with Neighboring of the Pakistan:
1. PAK-AFGHANISTAN 2430 KM North Side
2. PAK-CHAINA 595 KM North East
3. PAK- IRAN 959 KM West Side
4. PAK-INDIA 1610 KM East Side
5. PAK –INDIA Line of Control 780 KM East Side
6. COASTAL LINE 1046 KM South West-200Nutical Mi. 370Km
Generally; we can classify the Physical Features of Country into Five Major Divisions;
1. Mountains of Pakistan:
2. Plateaus and Salt Range:
3. The Indus Plains & Rivers:
4. Deserts & Forests & Climate:
5. Coastal Line: Sindh & Baluchistan:
There are three major Mountain Ranges in Pakistan, Northern Mountains Karakoram Ranges,
Himalaya Ranges Greater Himalayas Lesser Himalayas Siwaliks North Western Mountains
Hindu Kush Western Mountains Safed Koh Ranges Waziristan Hills Suleman and Kirthar
Range.
1. Northern Mountains: Northern Mountains Sub Himalayas Height: 600-1200 meter
Great Himalayas Height: more than 4600 meter Lesser Himalayas Height: 1800-4600
meter Himalayas:
 2. Northern Mountains: Northern Mountains Karakorum: Average height is about 6100
meter Goodwin Austin (K-2) 2nd highest peak
3. North Western Mountains: North Western Mountains Hindu Kush Originates from
Pamir Plateau. Highest peaks are Noshaq (7369 m) and Tirch Mir (7690 m) lies in the
west of Himalaya and Karakorum.
Western Highlands No 1: Western Highland comprises following three Mountain Ranges. The
Koh -e- Sufaid Ranges: Average height is about 3600 m highest peak is Sikaram (4700 m)
Located in East-West Direction Kurram and Kohat valley lies in this range.
Western Highlands No 2: Western Highlands Waziristan hills: Located between Gomel and
Kurram River. Its Height ranges from 1500 - 3000 meter. These range forms the border between
Afghanistan and Pakistan Famous Khyber pass lies in this Range.
Western Highlands No 3: Suleman and Kirthar Ranges starts from South of Gomel River Lies
between the Baluchistan Plateau and the Indus River. Average height is about 600 m. Takht-e-
Suleiman is the highest point (3487 m) in South The Suleman joins the Kirthar Range, Kirthar
merges into the Kohistan area of Sindh. The Suleman and Kirthar Ranges: The Suleman and
Kirthar Ranges: Here We can see the Relief of Suleman and Kirthar Ranges.
The Plateaus of Pakistan: The Plateaus of Pakistan contains about Baluchistan Plateau, Potohar
Plateau and Salt Range. The Baluchistan Plateau Located in Southwest of the Pakistan. Average
height is about 300--1000 meters. That is very enrich in mineral resources. Scanty Rain fall.
Inland drainage. The Plateau & Salt Range located between River Indus & River Jhelum Height
300--1000 meters from sea level. This area enrich in minerals like Rock Salt, Gypsum, Lime
Stone, Coal, Marble, Clays, Dolomite & Soapstone and Oil. While, average height of Salt Range
is 750 to 900m. Sakasar Peak is the highest point in the Salt Range at a height of 1527m.
The Indus Plains: Indus River is the largest river of the country. It originate from Northern
slopes of Kailash Range in Tibet (China) passing through the Himalaya and enters in Pakistan’s
territory near Gilgit. In the upper region a number of streams join in it, but at the later stage,
some of its western and eastern join in it, but to at the later stage, some of its western and eastern
tributaries make it more huge and vast in volume and speed. Its eastern tributaries are Sutlej,
Bias, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhelum, while its western tributaries include rivers Swat, Kumar,
Panjkora, Kabul, Kurram, Tochi, Gomel, and Bolan.  All the Plain areas of country have existed
by the Sediment brought by River Indus and its tributaries. The Indus Plains comprises the 20%
of the total Pakistan area. We can divide it into three parts;
1. Upper Indus Plain. 2. Lower Indus Plain. 3. Deltaic Plain & Mangroves.
The Upper Indus Plains: Extends from Attock to Kot Mithan. Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej
are the Eastern Tributaries of River Indus. The area between the two tributaries is called Doab.
All the Tributaries meet at the point of Panjnad. Name of Doab Name of Rivers Bari Doab River
Beas & River Ravi Rachna Doab River Ravi & River Chenab Chaj Doab River Chenab & River
Jhelum Sindh Sagar Doab River Jhelum & River Indus. The Lower Indus Plain spread from
Panjnad to Coastal Line of the Thatta. Mithan Kot is known as junction of Indus River and its
Eastern Tributaries. Beyond Kot Mithan; River Indus flows alone and carries not only its own
water, but also that of its eastern and western tributaries, while flowing from the Province of
Sindh, if becomes several miles wide especially during the flood season. The Indus flows very
slowly and the silt carried by if is largely deposited on its bed, thereby raising it above the level
of the sandy plain. The land on either side is, therefore, protected by the construction of
embankments of bunds a number of difficulties has to be faced during floods season.
The Deltaic Plain & Mangroves: The Indus Delta begins near Thatta and the River Indus by
distributing itself into a number of branches joins with the water of Arabian Sea. The Tidal
Deltaic land covers an area. It is submerged during high tides, it has mangrove swamps. The old
Deltaic land in the south are being reclaimed by the canals of the Ghulam Muhammad Barrage,
still most of the areas of lower plain are barren waste lands.
Deserts of Pakistan: Pakistan possesses numerous Deserts, Thar, Thal, Cholistan and Kharan.
Thal Desert lies between the River Indus and Jhelum. The area between River Indus and Jhelum
is known as Sindh Sagar Doab. This includes the areas of Mianwali, Sargodha, Muzaffargarh
and Dera Ismail Khan District in the Province of Punjab. These areas are called Thal Desert.
Here rainfall is very low and large numbers of sand dunes are found here & there, often there are
dust storms. Although a large area of this Desert has been irrigated by canals, still vast areas are
barren. Kharan Desert located in North West of Baluchistan. The average rainfall is less than
100 mm. Although, some desert areas of our country are parts of plain, but due to come
difference characteristics, these are known as Deserts.  The South boarder area of Bahawalpur
Davison is known as Cholistan. In fact, it is a part of Rajhistan Desert situated adjacent to in
India, due to shortage of rainfall these areas have become barren lands. This desert lies in the
South East of the Pakistan. This desert is the extension of Rajasthan Desert of India. The Section
of this desert situated in the Bahawalpur Division is called Cholistan. Although, the soil is
fertile enough, but due of scarcity of water cultivation is not possible. The Southern border areas
of Khairpur District in Sindh are known as Nara Desert and border areas of Mirpur Khas and
Sanghar District are called Tharparkar or Thar Desert. These are also part of Rajhistan Desert in
India. These are the deserts part of country.
Coastal Area of Sindh & Baluchistan: Pakistan holds around 1100 KM of Coastal Area
around Sindh and Baluchistan. The longest coastline belt lies 771 KM in Baluchistan. The
Coastal Area of Pakistan is in Sindh and Baluchistan, these coastal areas associated with Arabian
Sea and it connects Pakistan with other countries of the World. So it sums up to around each and
everything with the Physical Features of Pakistan below is some more information about
Pakistan that you might like to know. Total length of Deltaic Plains & Mangroves contains over
5th biggest natural forest of salt water. It lies in Thatta and Badin Districts in Sind. Mangrove
Forests are the significant feature of the Sind Deltaic Plain. The Coastal area lies in Baluchistan
are called Makran Coastal Plain.
Mountains of the Pakistan: Lakes of the Pakistan:

1 Goodwin Austen K-2

2 Naga Barbet 9th W 1. Ansoo Lake
3 Broad Peak K-3 2. Banjosa Lake
4 Gusher Burm 1st K-5
3. Borith Lake
5 Distalgir Sar
6 Manshar 4. Chitta Katha Lake
7 Raka Poshi 5. Daral Lake
6. Dudipatsar Lake
Ski Resorts of the Pakistan; 7. Hana Lake
1. Malam Jabba ski resort 8. Handarap Lake
2. Naltar ski resort 9. Karambar Lake
3. Nathia Gali 10. Kundol Lake
4. Shimshal 11. Lulusar Lake
5. Rattu 12. Mahodand Lake

Valleys of the Pakistan: 13. Pari Lake

1. Astore Valley 14. Pyala Lake
2. Bagh Valley 15. Ratti Gali Lake
 3. Chitral Valley
4. Golaghmuli Valley 16. Saral Lake
5. Hunza Valley
17. Saiful Muluk
6. Indus Valley
18. Shangrila Lake
7. Ishkoman Valley
8. Jhelum Valley (Kashmir) 19. Shounter Lake
9. Leepa Valley 20. Sheosar Lake
10. Kaghan Valley 21. Satpara Lake
11. Kalasha Valleys
Waterfalls of Pakistan:
12. Khaplu Valley
1. Dhani Waterfall
13. Kumrat Valley
2. Chotok Waterfalls
14. Neelam Valley
3. Jarogo Waterfall
15. Nagar Valley
4. Manthokha Waterfall
16. Naltar Valley
5. Sajikot Waterfall
17. Skardu Valley
6. Shingrai Waterfall
18. Swat Valley
7. Pir Ghaib Waterfall
19. Soon Valley
8. Hanna-Urak Waterfall
20. Yasin Valley
9. Neela Sandh Waterfall

The Climate of thePakistan:

Temperature+++Rainfall+++Humidit++ +Atmosphere.
Pakistan has multiple verities in Seasons, due to its geographical regions different seasons are
found here. Inside Pakistan, the temperature went extreme on – 40 and some part of country
temperature goes up to 45 Degree Centigrade. Because of its location, the Coastal Line always
remains tropical average 33 Centigrade. The Weather conditions in Pakistan have immense
variation, Pakistan multiples regions so that it has different climate throughout the country.
Generally; the Scientists has divided the Pakistan Climate in Four Region:
1. Spring; From March to April. A. Highland Climate Zone.
2. Summer; From May to September. B. Lowland Climate Zone.
3. Autumn; From September to October. C. Coastal Climate Zone.
4. Winter; From November to February. D. Aridland Climate Zone.
5. Moon Soon, July, August & September.

6. Snow falling; November, December,

7. January, February. Northern Areas.
A. Highland Climate Zone: This area contains about the Highland kind of Mountains
Zone. Included Northern Mountains Karakoram Ranges, Himalaya Ranges Greater
Himalayas Lesser Himalayas Siwaliks. This area is Northern part of country and average
 highest is 5000 to 8000m, there is average temperature 30 Degree Centigrade in Summer
Season & -40 Degree Centigrade in winter recorded. The coldest point of the country is
Astor, in Gilgit Baltistan Province. The Winter Season spell prolonged and Summer
Season spell over two months. This area use to far Snowfall & Rainfall regularly. In
winter heavy snowfall occurs daily so that the life of this zone is very tough. Winter
Season is severally cold and almost freezing point. No crop and fruits produced. The
people live in nomadic life.
B. Lowland Climate Zone: This area contains about Northern Mountains Karakoram
Ranges, Himalaya Ranges Greater Himalayas Lesser Himalayas Siwaliks North Western
Mountains Hindu Kush Western Mountains Safed Koh Ranges Waziristan Hills Suleman
and Kirthar Range. Northern Mountains Sub Himalayas this area contains about the
Lowland kind of Climate Zone. This area is Northern Western part of country and
average highest is 2000 to 4000m, there is average temperature 25 Degree Centigrade in
Summer Season & -05 Degree Centigrade in winter recorded. This part of country
enjoyed the full benefits of the all Seasons. The weathers condition is very ideal; tourists
visited here and have a lot of fun. Due to its weather conditions, local crops of fruits and
dry fruits produced as much quantum. The Winter Season spell prolonged and summer
season spell over five months. This area use to far Snowfall & Rainfall regularly. In
winter Snowfall occurs daily so that the life of this zone is very tough.
C. Coastal Climate Zone This area contains about the Coastal Climate Zone. This area is
comprises on Makran to Thatta Coast Line, the weather condition of the area is generally
pleasant and not much hot; But in summer, Temperature maximum go to 31- 40 degree
centigrade and in winter it remains 19- 10 Degree Centigrade. The Coastal Winds keep
the influence on the weather conditions. The average Rainfall of the Coastal Area is
250mm annual. However, in summer season some low level cyclones also affected the
climate, they produced rains and heavy winds.
D. Arid land Climate Zone. These areas contain about the central part of country and
almost comprise the Indus Upper & Lower Plain area. Arid Zone possesses Desert areas
like Thal, Thar, Cholistan and Kharan up to Chaggi Hills. The average highest is 100-
500m. Arid land Zone started from Attock and ends at Thatta, the average temperature
remains 45 Degree Centigrade in Summer Season. The hottest point of the country is mid
 Punjab, mid Sindh and mid Baluchistan. The Summer Season spell prolonged over nine
months and winter season spell over three months. The Rainfall regularly occurred in
Moon Soon Season in different part of the country. But some parts faced the Drought;
the life of this zone is very tough this area also called the high temperature Zone.

SUMMER SEASONS: In summer season, the rays of the sun fall vertically in the plain areas of
the country, the air when heated expands becomes high and develops a low pressure areas in
south western part of Pakistan. Thus in the month of July lowest (994.7 Millibars) pressure is
found around Multan and (29.40”) (29”45 inches) or (996.0 Millibars) near Lahore & (30.00”
inches) or (997.7 Millibars) Southward Karachi. As low pressure prevails over the land and
comparatively high pressures over the neighboring cooler oceans, so to fill up the gap of low
pressure found on the land areas, the cooler heavier air from high pressure areas of the ocean,
known as summer monsoon, brings rainfall in our country.
WINTER SEASON: In Winter the temperature over the land gradually increases and a high
pressure gets very low and the pressure over the area is created in the north west of Pakistan. In
January, the pressure at Peshawar, 30”. 15 inches or (1024.6 Millibars) and at Lahore 30”. 15
inches or (1017.4 Millibars) and near Karachi it is 30”. 4 inches or 1017.3 Millibars). Thus
winter months the winds from north to south began to prevail; these are known as winter
monsoon. As these winds blows from land towards the sea, so they are mostly dry.
RAINFALL: The northern mountains and south western region & also the western part of Indus
plain get food amount of rain from western disturbances or cyclone winds coming from the
Caspian Sea, areas during winter months. the rainfall of Peshawar for the year is 33.1 cm., out of
which 23.1 cm. from January to March and 11cm up to July. Similarly in northern Baluchistan
winter rains are more important than summer rains. The annual rainfall of Quetta is 24.4 cm. Out
of which 17.5 cm. is received during December to July. The rain fall received in our country is
not distributed evenly throughout the country. Most of the rainfall is received during the months
of July to September, but a small amount of rainfall comes during winter months, from
December to March, as rainfall is generally concentrated in a few monsoon months. The winter
rain falls in heavy showers and much of the runs off the surface without sinking in the ground.
The rain in our country varies from year to year. In Pakistan humidity is mostly low and they air
is dry for the greater part of the year. Only in coastal areas lied Karachi, there is enough amount
of humidity throughout the year. Thus keeping in view the various climatic factors Pakistan can
be divided into the following climatic regions:
1. SUB-TROPICAL CONTINENTAL HIGLAND TYPE: The region includes the mountains
in the north and west of the Indus plain. In this region winters are cold and lengthy and often the
temperature goes below the freezing point; and the higher peaks remain snow-covered
throughout the year. But here summer remains short, cool and temperate. The northeastern
mountainous areas (Murree and Hazara division) receive enough rainfall throughout the year,
but the maximum rainfalls during the summer months. Thus the northwestern areas have less
amount of rainfall as compared to north eastern mountains. from south of Kohat and Waziristan
rainfall decreases, so Quetta Division has a dry climate and there the mean annual rainfall is not
more than 50 to 100 millimeters, it mostly comes during winter and spring. In these areas
winters are cold & summers are hot. The northwestern mountainous areas receive lower rainfall
that is why these are less fertile and have barren rocks without any natural vegetation.
2. SUB-TROPICAL CONTINENTAL PLATEAU TYPE: This region includes the
northwestern part of Baluchistan Province. Here winters are cold, and in summer temperature
goes higher altitude, but due to poor rainfall, these have turned in to arid desert. In these areas
there is a scarcity of rain water and it is less than 10” inches or 25 cm annually, but in some of
the places of these areas have the lowest rainfall. Nokundi has only 1.95 inches or 5 cm of
rainfall annually, and rain often comes during the months of January & February.
3. SUB-TROPICAL CONTINENTAL LOW LANDS TYPE: This region includes the interior
areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces. It has generally arid and extreme climate. Here summer
remains long and hot, but winters are cool and short. It has the hottest places of the country, such
as Jacobabad or Sibi  The rainy season begins in the middle of the summer months. The places,
which are situated near piedmont areas, have enough rainfall, i.e. Sialkot has about 30 inches or
88.3 cm of annual rainfall. But the western part of this plain is drier than the eastern due to very
poor rainfall, e.g. Thal and Cholistan desert in Punjab and Nara and Tharparkar desert in Sindh.
4. SUB-TROPICAL COASTAL AREA TYPE: This region includes the coastal strip around
Karachi and Makran coast in Baluchistan. Here due to the influence of the sea, the temperature
remains moderate; the rainfall is about 7 inches of 18 cm annually, but due to proximity of the
sea, a large amount of humidity remains in the atmosphere. The influence of sea breeze during
daytime is felt throughout the summer.
Agriculture of the Pakistan.
The oldest profession the human is Agriculture; it was developed through the evolution. In
primitives human occupation was hunting and fishing but with the passage of time he moves
towards agriculture nearly 8,000 years ago. Today is age of science & technology, agriculture
had modified and structured with multiples dimension. Pakistan is blessed country that had a lot
of verity of seasons and fertile land so that it has a multiple Crops, Fruits, Vegetables, Dry
Fruits; Spices & Herbs are abounded here in Pakistan. Mainly we can divide the Crops of
Pakistan in to major category;
1. Kharif: Autumn Season to Moon Soon.
2. Rabbi: Winter Season.
3. Zaid Season.

 Major Crops of Pakistan:

Cotton, Maize, Rice, Sugar Cane, Tobacco, Wheat. CMRSTW.

 Medium Crops of Pakistan:

Barley, Millet, Sorghum, Oilseeds & Pulses.

 Seasonal Crops of Pakistan:

Vegetables, Fruits & Dry Fruits, Spices & Herbs.

Total Land of Pakistan is 881096/ Sq. km =337074 Sq. mi and only 25% is cultivation land.

 Area covered by Mountains & Plataea of Pakistan 20%

 Area covered by Rivers & Canals of Pakistan 25%
 Area covered by Deserts of Pakistan 20%
 Area covered by Forest & Water Logged Land 10%
 Area covered by Cultivation in Pakistan 10% & 15% still Un-Cultivated.

The Agriculture of Pak contributes the 25% of GDP & 45 % employed in Agro Economy.