jhmtirjs  / pudlmsbjrs
Ajrk`khi Eàrqujz Cjcmlm` y Tmcb`rh Ljvjkj, `rqumtjctis  

hmrjctir  / jhmtir hmstrmducmók mktjrk`cmik`l / mktjrk`tmik`l hmstrmdutmik

Ajrk`khi Eàrqujz Cjcmlm`
Ojre`ky, @ustrm`, Djlomue, Ar`kcj, Xbj Kjtbjrl`khs, Zkmtjh Gmkohie,
sudhmrjctir / hjputy jhmtir Sc`khmk`vm`, Swmtzjrl`kh, Cjktr`l `kh J`stjrk Juripj, @ustr`lm`,
C`k`h`, Zkmtjh St`tjs, F`p`k, X`mw`k, Biko Giko, Smko`pirj, ^`cmamc Tme
F`cidi Eàrqujz Eujl` MHJ@ DIIGS
Kmjuwj Bjewjo 1T. 0>03DO @estjrh`e. Bil`kh`
tjl6 4>-14410:8/148?3?1.
4>-14410:8/148?3?1. a`x6 4>-14>=4==
rjh`ccmók jhmtirm`l / jhmtirm`l st`aa j-e`ml6 mhj`Nmhj`diigs.kl   Dmior`aå`   8
^`lie` ^ivjh` Mt`ly  Dmior`pby
MKXJT LIOIS S.T.L.
Qm` Curt`tik`, :/4. 800>>. Eihjk`. Mt`lm`
prihuccmók oràamc` tjl6 3=->:=-804
3=->:=-804182.182. a`x6 3=->:=-804880 Hj @ ` D 1 
Crmstmk` ^ivjh` . j-e`ml6
bttp6//www.lmdrm.mt j-e`ml6 cieejrcm`ljNliois.kjt
Arie @ ti D
^irtuo`l
HMSXTMDZXMIK @TX DIIGS E@ZTMCMI ^JVI & SIAM@ QIK JLLTMCBSB@ZSJK
aitior`aå`   @vh`. Ajrkàkhjz L`tirrj, :. 0:>>1 @ Ciruð`. Jsp`ð`
Bms`i Suzugm y Fjsös Or`k`h` tjl6 +38 2202?=114 C`d`lli hj Fuoujtj 302 
j-e`ml6 mkaiNhmstrmdutmik`rtdiigs.cie
Xiy Birsj
tr`huccmók   @rojktmk`
LMDTJTÅ@ CIKCJKXT@ E@ZTMCMI ^JVI & SIAM@ QIK JLLTMCBSB@ZSJK
F`emj Djkyjm y Lmlm`k` C. Id`l Eiktjvmhji, =32. C0>0=@DX Dujkis @mrjs. @rojktmk`
tjl/a`x6 :800-8208-48?=
j-e`ml6 lmdrjrm`cikcjktr`Ncikcjktr`.cie.`r
hicuejkt`cmók LMDTJTM@ XJCKMC@ C^1? QM@A S@
Dj`trmz Tmci Alirmh` 123 - Lic`l 02. C0>>:@@E Dujkis @mrjs. @rojktmk`
tjl6 >>:8-00-830813>3
j-e`ml6 lmdrjrm`cp1?Noe`ml.cie
e`rgjtmko hmomt`l / jcieejrcj Ciliedm`
H`kmjl Pujs`h` HJTOLMSB C@SXTI TIHTMOZJV   ^ILM   38  TIHJ 011 
C`llj ?2 sur # 8>-400 `pti 00>1
>::8:> S`d`kjt`-@ktmiqum`. Ciliedm` Cjktri Cultur`l jk Cilmuei  C`s` jk Cbikcbm 
`hemkmstr`cmók  / `hemkmstr`tmik tjl6 308 320 38 82 Cultur`l Cjktrj mk Cilmuei
j-e`ml6   hjrolmsb?=Nbite`ml.cie
j-e`ml6 Biusj mk Cbikcbm
E`rm`ki hj l` Cruz y @k` Oikzàljz
Cist` Tmc` CMJK   81 
FITOJ D@TT@KXJS ZE@Ð@ LID@ 024 
suscrmpcmikjs   C`s` jk Cikcjpcmók 
Zrd. Fisí E`. Vjljhók, Ki. P04. Currmh`d`t-S`k Fisí. Cist` Tmc` C`s` jk Xiej 
]il`kh` Eujl` y E`ytj Sàkcbjz tjl6 :>1-44:3 :383.
:383. a`x6 :>1-442> 3>42 Biusj mk Cikcjpcmók
j-e`ml6   d`ues`Nr`cs`.ci.cr 
j-e`ml6 Biusj mk Xiej
Eíxmci SILI 14 
hmstrmducmók y hjp`rt`ejkti ciejrcm`l AJTK@KHI JHZ@THI ^ÍTJV BJTKÀKHJV B@LL 0=4 
@k` ^írjz C`stjll`kis ^¶ Juc`lmptis Ez ?. LX 38. C`s` :. Cil. Zkmh`h B`dmt`cmik`l @rdil`h` C`s` jk Crjt`s 
:1:3> Mxt`p`luc`/Jst`hi hj Eíxmci Biusj mk Crjt`s
^`djllók jk Bull  
tjl6 >88::0=:8>4?>
sjcrjt`rå`   j-e`ml6 ajrk`khi.lmdris`rqumtjctur`Noe`ml.cie   ^`vmlmik mk Bull
A`dmil` Eujl` Msr`jl 
O@OI   ?1 
DIIG_ITE C`s` jk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z   EMLI 0=1 
=, Gmg`r T`dmk. 18013 Xjl @vmv Cjktri Cultur`l jk @k`am  
hmsjði y prihuccmók / hjsmok `kh prihuctmik tjl6 =?4-3-:4=28=> Biusj mk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z
j-e`ml6 diigwireNz`b`v.kjt.ml   Cultur`l Cjktrj mk @k`am
JL CTIPZMS JHMXITM@L
Girj`  EMKJ => 
EOBDiigs Ciep`ky JCBI 408 
aitiejcàkmc` j meprjsmók   O`rhjk : _irgs D:00. 42= Eiik-Fjiko Hiko. Sikop`-Ou. Sjiul 032-=10 Siutb Girj` ^`djllók jk Hjkvjr 
tjl6 24-4-4>8?>31>.
24-4-4>8?>31>. a`x6 24-4-4>8?>313 ^`djllók jk Emlàk 
HLB Oràamc` / @rtjs Oràamc`s ^`ljrei j-e`ml6 eobdiigs:00Noe`ml.cie / irhjrNeobdiig.cie ^`vmlmik mk Hjkvjr
^`vmlmik mk Eml`k
Ljd`kik, S`uhm @r`dm`, Joypt, Guw`mt,
jkcu`hjrk`cmók   Syrm`, P`t`r, Zkmtjh @r`d Jemr`tjs OZK@   =8 
LZK@ 402
@TCBMXJCXZTJ @SSICM@XMIK SXZHMI
Sucjsirjs hj Ajlmpj Eíkhjz O`rcå`, S.L. K`br Jl Eit-Ejtk @l S`rmb Bmobw`y. V=?: dumlhmko, 4kh Aliir C`s` jk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z   Cjktri Cultur`l jk ]uko`y  
Djmrut ^ist`l Cihj 410: 42>:. Ljd`kik Biusj mk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z Cultur`l Cjktrj mk ]uko`y
tjl6 +=10 0 2=1 ?3=. e6
e6 +=10 3 >=> 030
pudlmcmh`h  / `hvjrtmsmko j-e`ml6 jseN``stuhmi.e  
KJR HJ ^ZDLMCMH@H EJTM   00>  DJ@T 411 

Tiejri Tidljhi, 00. J-42>>2 E`hrmh C`s` jk Alirmh`   C`s` y ^`djllikjs jk @spjk
hmstrmducmók k`cmik`l / k`tmik`l hmstrmdutmik
tjl.6 +38 =0: :=3 >>3. a`x6 +38 =0: 808 41= JL CTIPZMS JHMXITM@L Biusj mk Alirmh` Biusj `kh ^`vmlmiks mk @spjk
j-e`ml6 ejhm`kjxNejhm`kjx.js
j-e`ml6  ejhm`kjxNejhm`kjx.js @vh`. hj lis Tjyjs C`tólmcis, =. J-4242> Jl Jscirm`l. E`hrmh. Jsp`ð`
W^udlmc`cmók ciktril`h` pir IFHU   MKJS  04>  T@JE 42> 
tjl6 +38 =02 =1= 803. a`x6 +38 =02 =1= 804
j-e`ml6 hmstrmducmikNjlcriqums.js Cjktri hj Mkkiv`cmók jk Cikcjpcmók   C`s` jk Cur`c`vå 
Mkkiv`tmik Cjktrj mk Cikcjpcmók Biusj mk Cur`c`vå
 © 4>44 LcriqumsSL
qujh`k jxprjs`ejktj pribmdmh`s l` rjprihuccmók, l` hmstrmducmók y l` cieukmc`cmók pödlmc`, KMH@   08>  LJSS
LJSS 4=8 
mkclumh` su eih`lmh`h hj pujst` ` hmspismcmók, hj l` tit`lmh`h
i p`rtj hj lis ciktjkmhis hj jst` pudlmc`cmók, C`s` jk K`vmh`h  ^`djllók jk C`edjrr` 
jk cu`lqumjr sipirtj y pir cu`lqumjr ejhmi tíckmci, smk l` `utirmz`cmók prjvm` hj jst` jhmtirm`l
`ky rjpudlmc`tmik, rjprihuctmik, hmstrmdutmik, `kh prjsjkt`tmik ti tbj pudlmc, Biusj mk K`vmh`h ^`vmlmik mk C`kdjrr`
mkcluhmko a`cmlmt`tmko tbj `v`ml`dmlmty, ia `ll ir `ky p`rt ia tbj ciktjkts ia tbms pudlmc`tmik,
mk `ky tjcbkmc`l aire`t, wmtbiut prmir pjremssmik dy tbms pudlmsbjr ms strmctly pribmdmtjh PZML 0:4  ^@T@ 3>4 

l` jhmtirm`l ki sj b`cj rjspiks`dlj hj l` hjvilucmók hj cu`lqumjr hicuejkt`cmók Cjktri Cultur`l jk Cilmk`  Cjktri hj Qmsmt`ktjs jk C`edjrr` 
jkvm`h` ` l` rjh`ccmók smk b`djr smhi jxprjs`ejktj silmcmt`hi pir íst` Cultur`l Cjktrj mk Cilmk` Qmsmtir Cjktrj mk C`kdjrr`
tbj jhmtirs hi kit e`gj tbjesjlvjs rjspiksmdlj air tbj rjturk ia
e`tjrm`l sjkt wmtbiut b`vmko djjk jxprjssly rjqujstjh
MSSK6 >404-:133 Q@T@   014  ^IKH 3>2  
hjpósmti ljo`l6 E-00:-0=24 ^`djllók jk Qjkjcm`  ^`djllók y Tjst`ur`ktj jk Oyjikoom-Hi 
MSDK6 =?2-28-043330-2-3
L criqumsjhmtirm`l
criqumsjh mtirm`l Jhmcmók hmomt`l6 MSSK 40?8->3:1
meprjsi y jkcu`hjrk`hi jk E`hrmh
^`vmlmik mk Qjkmcj ^`vmlmik `kh Tjst`ur`kt mk Oyjikoom-Hi
@v. hj lis Tjyjs C`tólmcis, =.
J-4242> Jl Jscirm`l. E`hrmh. Jsp`ð`
bttp6//www.jlcriqums.js   L criqums  js uk` pudlmc`cmók emjedri hj @TCJ
y hj l` @sicm`cmók hj Jhmtirjs hj E`hrmh

TJH@CCMÓK - tjl.6 +38 =02 =1= 808. a`x6 +38 =02 =1= 804 ^rjemi CI@E ^udlmc`cmikjs 0=2:
jlcriqumsNjlcriqums.js ^rjemi ` l` JR^ITX@CMIK  0==4 hj l` Càe`r` hj Ciejrcmi j Mkhustrm` hj E`hrmh
Ejh`ll` A@H WAiejkti hj ljs @rts Hjcir`tmvjsU 4>>8
SZSCTM^CMIKJS - tjl.6 +38 =02 =1= 80>. a`x6 +38 =02 =1= 804 ^udlmc`cmók ciktril`h` pir IFH
suscrmpcmikjsNjlcriqums.js 4>>:/4>44

HMSXTMDZCMÓK  - tjl.6 +38 =02 =1= 803. a`x6 +38 =02 =1= 804 Jst` rjvmst` b` rjcmdmhi uk` `yuh` ` l` jhmcmók hjl
hmstrmducmikNjlcriqums.js Emkmstjrmi hj Jhuc`cmók, Cultur` y Hjpirtj ^jzi vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk

^jzi vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk

^jzi vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk js uk jstuhmi hj `rtj y `rqumtjctur` aukh`hi jk ^jzi vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk ms `k `rt `kh `rcbmtjcturj stuhmi aiukhjh mk
4>>4 pir E`urmcmi ^jzi (k. Tjk`mci, Cbmlj, 0=?3) y Siaå` vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk 4>>4 dy E`urmcmi ^jzi (d. Tjk`mci, Cbmlj, 0=?3) `kh Siam` vik
(k. D`rmlicbj, @rojktmk`, 0=?1). Qmvjk y tr`d`f`k `l sur hj Cbmlj, jk uk` or`kf` Jllrmcbsb`usjk (d. D`rmlicbj, @rojktmk`, 0=?1). Xbjy lmvj `kh wirg mk
`l pmj hj l` cirhmlljr` hj l is @khjs. siutbjrk Cbmlj, mk ` a`re `t tbj aiit ia tbj @khjs Eiukt`mks.

^jzi y vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk ciep`rtjk l` càtjhr` hj  ^riajssir ia tbj ^r`c-

^r`c-  Xbj t j`e sb `rjs tb j ^riajs sir ia tbj ^ r`ctmcj cb`mr `t @@^ Cirkj ll
j jk jl @@^ hj l` Zkmvjrsmh`h hj Cirkjll, y b`k smhi priajsirjs vmsmt`ktjs
tmcj
tmc Zkmvjrsmty mk Kjw ]irg. Xbjy b`vj `lsi djjk Qmsmtmko ^riajssirs `t tbj
jk jl OSH hj l` Zkmvjrsmh`h hj B`rv`rh, jl Mllmkims Mkstmtutj ia Xjcbkilioy OSH B`rv`rh Zkmvjrsmty, tbj Mllmkims Mkstmtutj ia Xjcbkilioy mk Cbmc`oi,
hj Cbmc`oi, jl ZXSI@ hj l` Zkmvjrsmh`h hj Xjf`s, l` ^irti @c`hjey y l` tbj Zkmvjrsmty ia Xjx`s mk @ustmk, tbj ^irti @c`hjey `kh tbj Zkm-
Zkm -
Zkmvjrsmh`h C`tólmc` hj Cbmlj.  vjrsmh`h C`tilmc` hj Cbmlj.

Su idr` b` smhi jxpujst` jk l` Tiy `l @c`hjey ia @rts hj Likhrjs, jl E@RRM
jk Tie` y ciei p`rtj hj l` Ciljccmók ^jre`kjktj hjl @rt Mkstmtutj hj
Cbmc`oi, jl C`rkjomj Eusjue y jl Eusji hj @rtj Eihjrki hj Kujv` ]irg.
B`k smhi mkvmt`his ` l` Jxpismcmók Mktjrk`cmik`l hj @rqumtjctur` hj l`
Dmjkk`lj hm Qjkjzm` (4>0>, 4>01), hikhj `hjeàs, jk 4>>2, aujrik lis ciem-
s`rmis hjl ^`djllók Cbmljki.
 Xbjmr wirg b`s djjk jxbmdmtj h `t tbj Tiy`l @c`hjey ia @rts mk
Likhik, tbj E@RRM mk Tiej `kh ms p`rt ia tbj ^jre`kjkt Cilljctmik
`t tbj @rt Mkstmtutj ia Cbmc`oi, tbj C`rkjomj Eusjue `kh tbj Eusjue
ia Eihjrk @rt mk Kjw ]irg. Xbjy b`vj djjk mkvmtjh ti tbj Qjkmcj
Dmjkk`lj Mktjrk`tmik`l @rcbmtjcturj Jxbmdmtmik (4>0>, 4>01), wbjrj
tbjy wjrj `lsi tbj cur`tirs air tbj Cbmlj`k ^`vmlmik mk 4>>2.

Jktrj itr`s mkstmtucmikjs, b`k mep`rtmhi cikajrjkcm`s jk jl EMX, l` Zkm -
vjrsmh`h hj ^rmkcjtik, l` Zkmvjrsmh`h hj Ciluedm`, Xbj Ejtripilmt`k
Eusjue ia @rt, @rcbmtjcturj Lj`ouj hj Kujv` ]irg, X`tj Eihjrk,
 Qmctirm` & @ldjrt Eusjue , jl @lv `r @`lti Syepismue y jl Tiy `l Mkstmtut j
ia Drmtmsb @rcbmtjcts.
 Xbjy b`vj ljcturj h `t tbj EMX, ^rmkcjt ik Zkmvjrs mty, Ciluedm`
Zkmvjrsmty, tbj Ejtripilmt`k Eusjue ia @rt, tbj @rcbmtjcturj Lj`ouj
ia Kjw ]irg, tbj X`tj Eihjrk, tbj Qmctirm` & @ldjrt Eusjue, tbj
 @lv`r @`lti S yepismu e `kh tbj T iy`l M kstmtu tj ia Drmtmsb @rcbmtj cts,
`eiko itbjr vjkujs,

Jl tr`d`fi hjl jstuhmi b` smhi hmstmkoumhi cik jl ^rjemi Jejrojktj Emjs  Xbj wirg ia tbj stuhmi b`s djj k hmst mkoumsbjh wmtb tbj Emjs Criwk
Criwk B`ll hj @ejrmc` hjl MMX (Cbmc`oi, 4>08), jl ^rjemi hj l` Tmcj Hjsmok B`ll @ejrmc`s Jejroj ^rmzj dy tbj MMX (Cbmc`oi, 4>08), tbj Tmcj
 @llm`kcj (Biustik, 4>04), jl ^rjemi hj l` Q Dmjk`l Mdjri`ejrmc`k` hj Hjsmok @llm`kcj ^rmzj (Biustik, 4>04), tbj :tb Mdjri`ejrmc`k
 @rqumtjctur` y Zrd`kmsei (Eiktjvmhji, 4>>1), jl ^rjemi hj l` RQ Dmjk`l hj  @rcbmt jctur j Dmjkkm `l @w`rh (Eiktjv mhji, 4>>1) , tbj Cbmlj`k
 @rqumtjctur` hj Cbmlj (S`ktm`oi, 4>>1) y jl ^rjemi Tjomik`l hj @rqumtjctur`  @rcbmtjc turj Dmjkkm`l @w`rh (S`ktm`oi, 4>>1) `kh tbj Tjomik`l
(Cikcjpcmók, 4>08).  @rcbmtjct urj ^rmzj ( Cikcjpcmók, 4>08).

Su idr` b` smhi `eplm`ejktj pudlmc`h` y ciepml`h` jk jhmcmikjs eikiorà-  Xbjmr wirg b`s djjk wmhjly pu dlmsbjh mk eikior`pbm c mssujs ia @TP
amc`s6 @TP
amc`s6  @TP   (S`ktm`oi, 4>>?),  4O (D`rcjlik`, 4>04),  @+Z (Xigmi, 4>03) y  @Q  
 4O (D`rcjlik`, (S`ktm`oi, 4>>?), 4O (D`rcjlik`, 4>04), @+Z (Xigmi, 4>03) `kh @Q
(E`hrmh, 4>0?). B`k pudlmc`hi lis lmdris Sp`tm`l Structurj 
Structurj  (D @rcbmtjcturj (E`hrmh, 4>0?), `kh mk tbj diigs Sp`tm`l Structurj (D
Structurj (D @rcbmtjcturj
pudlmsbjr) y K`évj
y  K`évj Mktjktmik (@ct`r). pudlmsbjr) `kh K`évj
`kh  K`évj Mk tjktmik (@ct`r).

E`urmcmi ^jzi idtuvi jl or`hi hj E`omstjr jk @rqumtjctur` jk l` E`urmcmi ^jzi ciepljtjh ` E`stjr mk @rcbmtjcturj `t tbj Zkmvjrsmh`h
Zkmvjrsmh`h C`tólmc` hj Cbmlj (S`ktm`oi, 0==2), jl tåtuli h j @rqumtjcti pir l` C`tilmc` hj Cbmlj (S`ktm`oi, 0==2) `kh ` hjorjj mk @rcbmtjcturj `t tbj
   k
Zkmvjrsmh`h hjl Dåi-Dåi (Cikcjpcmók, 0===) y b` smhi hmstmkoumhi cik jl Zkmvjrsmh`h hjl Dmi-Dmi (Cikcjpcmók, 0===). Bj b`s djjk `w`rhjh tbj
   j
   s
   u
   `
^rjemi @rqumtjcti Fivjk itiro`hi pir jl Ciljomi hj @rqumtjctis hj Cbmlj  ]iuko @rcbmtjct ^rm zj dy tb j Cbmlj`k @rc bmtjcts @ss icm`tmik (S`ktm`oi,
    b
   s
    b
   c
(S`ktm`oi, 4>>1) y jl ^rjemi Eukmcmp`l hj @rtj (Cikcjpcmók, 4>03). 4>>1) `kh tbj Eukmcmp`l @rt ^rmzj dy tbj Cikcjpcmik Cmty B`ll (4>03).
    m
   r
    l
    l
    J
   k
   i
   v
   i
Siaå` vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk js @rqumtjct` pir l` Zkmvjrsmh`h hj Dujkis @mrjs, Siam` vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk bilhs ` hjorjj mk @rcbmtjcturj arie tbj
   z
   j
    ^ hikhj lj auj itiro`hi jl Hmplie` h j Bikir A@HZ-ZD@ (Dujkis @mrjs, 4>>4). Zkmvjrsmh`h hj Dujkis @mrjs (4>>4) wbjrj sbj w`s hmstmkoumsbjh
    ©
   6
   i
   t
Jk 4>02 auj prjsmhjkt` hjl fur`hi hj l` Jxpismcmók Mktjrk`cmik`l hj @rqum-
@rqum-  wmtb tbj A@HZ-ZD@ Bik iurs Hmplie` . Sbj w`s tbj Bj`h ia tbj f ury
   i
    b
    ^ tjctur` hj l` Dmjkk`lj hm Qjkjzm`. `t tbj Qjkmcj Dmjkk`lj Mktjrk`tmik`l @rcbmtjcturj Jxbmdmtmik (4>02).

Hj @ ` D
E`urmcmi ^jzi y Siaå` vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk
Hj @ ` D js uk prmkcmpmi rjl`cmik`l dàsmci. Lis his tíremkis hj jst` sjkcmll` jxprjsmók sik ökmcis6 @ js cu`lqumjr cis` ejkis D7 y
vmcjvjrs`, D js tihi ejkis @. L` emse` jxprjsmók rjvjl` uk eivmemjkti, l` priyjccmók hj uk tíremki b`cm` jl itri, y hjscrmdj uk`
hmrjccmók, uk irmojk y uk hjstmki ‘uk `utir y uk` idr`, uk hmdufi y uk` cikstruccmók, uk jhmamcmi y itri jhmamcmi‘. ], sm dmjk p`r`
kisitris l` tr`huccmók hj @ y D js smokmamc`tmv`, t`edmík li js `qujlli quj jxmstj jktrj jllis.
L` emse` huplmcmh`h t`edmík pujhj b`ll`rsj jk l` cikstmtucmók y jl irmojk hj uk` idr` hj `rtj. @hjeàs hj l` tr`hmcmik`l hmstmkcmók
jktrj jl `utir y jl pödlmci ‘uk idsjrv`hir, uk` `uhmjkcm`, uk icup`ktj, jtc.‘, l` `utirå` hj uk` idr` hj `rtj pujhj mou`lejktj
sjr suscjptmdlj hj rjp`rtmrsj jktrj his. Jk t`l c`si, l` p`rjf` hj `utirjs ki sóli hjvmjkj uk` sil` ukmh`h, l` ukmh`h sicm`l eàs
aukh`ejkt`l, smki `hjeàs uk såedili hj mou`lh`h. Zk rjtr`ti hidlj pihrå` sjr l` jxprjsmók jxtrje` hj js` rjl`cmók prmv`h` jst`-
dljcmh` jktrj l` p`rjf`6 uk` rjprjsjkt`cmók quj, jk uk` sil` me`ojk, hjscrmdmrå` ` his amour`s i c`r`ctjrjs mkhjpjkhmjktjs. Zk
`kàlmsms hj l` prmkcmp`l rjl`cmók ciep`r`tmv` jktrj js`s his amour`s ki pihrå` sisl`y`r l`s mhj`s hj fjr`rquå`, jqumlmdrmi i pjsi,
jst`dljcmh`s y` hjshj Q`k Jycg ` Bicgkjy7 uk `kàlmsms quj, tr`kscjkhmjkhi lis m ktjrjsjs ciepismtmvis, sj vilvjrå` eàs dmjk uk
pridlje` ítmci ‘pirquj ki js li emsei ciksmhjr`r l` p`rjf` quj aire`d`k E`rtmk Bjmhjoojr y su eufjr, cuyi kiedrj pjre`kjcj
hjscikicmhi p`r` eucbis, 0 quj jl höi Omldjrt `kh Ojiroj, hikhj, jk `usjkcm` hj uki hj sus emjedris, l` ukmh`h hjf`rå` hj sjr
uk` 'idr` hj `rtj vmv`'‘. Jl rjtr`ti hidlj rjprjsjkt`rå` `så li quj lis his emjedris sjrå`k jk silmt`rmi y, `l tmjepi, `qujlli quj
ki sik6 l` vmsmók qumeírmc` hj uk` tjrcjr` mhjktmh`h.
Hj bjcbi, l` a`ls`, me`omk`rm` jxprjsmók hj 'uk sili `utir' pihrå` mhjktmamc`rsj cik l` mkvjkt`h`, y `eplm`ejktj `cjpt`h`, sjp`r`cmók
jktrj jl sufjti y jl idfjti, jktrj jl `utir y l` idr`, i jktrj uk mepulsi irmomk`l y su rjsult`hi ciksjcujktj.
ciksjcujktj. Hj bjcbi, l`s cis`s bue`-
k`s tmjkjk ariktjr`s rjl`tmv`s, sik idfjtis sudfjtmv`his quj ipjr`k ciei aljcb`s cik hidlj hmrjccmók6 hj uk l`hi, sik l` priyjccmók
sudfjtmv` hj qumjk l`s bmzi7 hjl itri, t`edmík, sik l` priyjccmók sudfjtmv` hj qumjkjs l`s utmlmz`k. L` r`zók js quj, p`r`hófmc`ejktj,
l`s cis`s bue`k`s pjre`kjcjk sudfjtmv`s sm sj hjscikicj su pripósmti irmomk`l, i mkclusi `l `utir hj l`s emse`s. ^ir jsi, jl ljk-
ou`fj p`rjcmjr` jrismik`rsj, `dstr`jrsj,
`dstr`jrsj, jkc`psul`rsj jk smokis jxplåcmtis `ktj jl smljkcmi hj l` e`yirå` hj lis idfjtis e`tjrm`ljs
`kókmeis hj lis quj b`cjeis usi (lis jhmamcmis, jktrj itr`s cis`s).
Sm cujstmik`r jl emti hj uk sili sufjti idfjtmvi js l` prmejr` eitmv`cmók p`r` jscrmdmr jstj tjxti ‘uk tjxti quj `tmjkhj ` cóei l`s
cis`s sik smjeprj pjks`h`s y bjcb`s jk cieukmók‘, l` sjoukh` eitmv`cmók, y su prmkcmp`l pripósmti, js icup`rsj hj pir quí l`
vå` jljomh` js rjljv`ktj ‘sm ki l` ökmc` pismdlj‘ p`r` uk` cråtmc` aukh`ejkt`l hj l` `rqumtjctur`.
`rqumtjctur`.
 @så pujs, jstj jxp jrmejkti js crmti li j ktjkhjeis c iei uk` aire` hj cirrjc cmók ` l` b`dmtu`l m kspjccmó k y jv`lu`c mók ‘jsti, jk jl
ejfir hj lis c`sis7 jk jl pjir, uk` `pilioå`‘ rj`lmz`h` pir uk bmstirm`hir/priajsir/ciems`rmi
bmstirm`hir/priajsir/ciems`rmi sidrj l`s hjlmcm`s j mkairtukmis hj l`
`rqumtjctur`,
`rqumtjctur `, sidrj lis `cmjrtis i tirpjz`s hj hjtjremk`his jhmamcmis jk rjl`cmók cik itris `ktjrmirjs i cik itris ciktjepiràkjis
suyis. Zk` cirrjccmók, ki uk` rjprid`cmók km uk rjcb`zi, quj mkvmjrtj jl p`pjl hjl cråtmci, y` ki uk idsjrv`hir ‘i uk ciejkt`rms-
t`‘ jxtjrki, smki jl prit`oikmst` emsei6 jl pripmi jhmamcmi. Jl aukh`ejkti p`r` t`l cirrjccmók js hjcmhmh`ejktj hmscmplmk`r6 jl cråtmci
lmtjr`rmi, hj Histijvsgy ` ^ij, hj D`uhjl`mrj ` Sikt`o i ` Dliie, js jl ökmci cråtmci quj p`r` jfjrcjr su cråtmc` ‘sidrj uk` pijså`,
i sidrj uk` pmjz` jscrmt` jk pris`‘ jeplj` l`s pripm`s bjrr`emjkt`s hj jsj emsei `rtj, sus kire`s, eítihis y ljkou`fjs. ^`r`
jfjrcjr l` cråtmc` sidrj tih`s l`s hjeàs aire`s `rtåstmc`s (pjksjeis jk l` eösmc`, l` h`kz`, jl tj`tri i l` pmktur`) jl cråtmci ‘íl i
jll`‘ jeplj` itris ejhmis, hmstmktis hj lis utmlmz`his jk jl `rtj jk cujstmók. ]` sj` uk `rtåculi jk uk pjrmóhmci, y` sj` uk` aitior`-
aå`, i uk hicuejkt`l, y eàs `llà hj l` jljv`h` c`lmh`h quj pujh` `ciep`ð`r `l ejhmi utmlmz`hi, l` cråtmc` jstà idlmo`h` ` jeplj`r uk
mhmie` jxtr`ði, ` pjre`kjcjr jk uk tjrrmtirmi `fjki, aujr` hj lis låemtjs hj l` idr` hj `rtj jscruhmð`h`.
0  E`rtmk Bjmhjoojr (022=-0=?1) vmvmó cik su eufjr, Jlarmhj ^jtrm (02=3-0==4), jk uk` pjqujð` c`d`ð` jk Xihtk`udjr o, jk l` ariktjr` hj l` Sjlv` Kjor`, jk jl sur hj @lje`km`, jktrj
0=44 y 0=?1. Qjr @h`e Sb`rr,  Bjmhjoojr”s But , C`edrmhoj, E`ss., Xbj EMX ^rjss, 4>>1
1 ?
Jl pridlje` js quj jl smljkcmi hjl `utir, mkclusi `ktjs hj su hjsjkl`cj a`t`lmst` `kukcm`hi pir Til`kh D`rtbjs, 4 js mkvjrs`ejktj
pripircmik`l ` l` smjeprj crjcmjktj kjcjsmh`h hj jxplmc`r ‘i hj b`cjr 'jvmhjktj' (hjl mkolís jxpl`mk, 'b`cjr pl`ki')‘ l` idr` hj `rtj
prihucmh`, eucbi eàs tr`tàkhisj hj uk` idr` hj `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`
` y hj lis bjcbis y ciksjcujkcm`s quj p`r` jl eukhi ic`smik`k su
cikstruccmók.. ^irquj hj uk jhmamcmi sj jspjr` uk` rjspujst`, uk` silucmók c`d`l ` uk pridlje` idfjtmvi suscmt`hi jk uk eiejkti
cikstruccmók
 y jk uk luo`r hj tjremk`hi ‘jk c `edmi, pir j fjepli, uk` pm ktur` js `cj pt`h` ciei uk` priyjccmó k `rdmtr`rm` hj sudfjtmv mh`h‘. @ök
`så, cu`lqumjr cl`sj hj k`rr`tmv` `rqumtjctókmc` c`j, i dmjk jk uk` hjscrmpcmók fustmamc`tmv` hj l`s cikhmcmikjs pir l`s quj jl jhmamcmi
jxmstj ‘`tjkhmjkhi ` lis pridlje`s cikcrjtis hj `h`pt`cmók `l ciktjxti, hj su prior`e` y cikstruccmók‘,
cikstruccmók‘, i dmjk, jk uk` fustmam-
c`cmók eir`l hj sus pismdljs ciksjcujkcm`s, `hirk`h` hj prmkcmpmi ` amk cik jcis urd`kis, sicm`ljs, pilåtmcis y `edmjkt`ljs.
Kisitris `piy`eis tit`lejktj
tit`lejktj l` `utikieå` hmscmplmk`r hj l` `rqumtjctur`, `ukquj kis p`rjcj quj jsti ki tmjkj k`h` quj vjr cik
l` quj sj supikj pujh` tjkjr uk jhmamcmi, ` kujstri jktjkhjr `loi mepismdlj, pir li ejkis cu`khi jstà cikstrumhi y ljv`kt`hi jk
uk luo`r cikcrjti. Sm l`s p`l`dr`s sik p`r` jl jscrmtir, jl pijt` y jl cråtmci lmtjr`rmi, l`s bjrr`emjkt`s ` tr`vís hj l`s cu`ljs priyjct`k
hj `cà p`r` `llà su  me`oi eukhm ‘sus emjhis eàs priaukhis, sus sujðis eàs jxcjlsis, tihi jlli jk aire` hj ir`cmikjs, pàrr`ais
 y c`påtulis ‘, lis euris, l is sujlis , l`s cudmj rt`s y sus `rtm cul`cmikj s sik p`r` jl `rqumtjcti l `s bjrr`emjk t`s quj priyjc t`k jl suyi.
^irquj, mksmstmeis, `ukquj lis ejhmis priyjctu`ljs hj l` `rqumtjctur` sj`k cmjrt`ejktj `utókieis, t`kti lis hmdufis ciei l`s
e`qujt`s, pir ki b`dl`r hj l`s p`l`dr`s, ki hjf`k hj sjr hídmljs `prixme`cmikjs ` l` ciepljf` or`eàtmc` hjl jsp`cmi `rqumtjctók `rqumtjctókm-m-
ci, mkc`p`cjs hj tr`ksemtmr l` jxpjrmjkcm` jk su mktjrmir hjl eivmemjkti y jl p`si hjl tmjepi. ] `ök eàs, ` pjs`r hj jxmstmr bjrr`-
emjkt`s jspjcåamc`s p`r` hjcihmamc`r j mktjrprjt`r `loukis hj sus `spjctis, l` rj`lmh`h aåsmc` y ejkt`l hj uk jhmamcmi ki pujhj ejhm`-
tmz`rsj km rjhucmrsj jktjr`ejktj km ` hicuejktis km ` mkscrmpcmikjs.
Jk tihi c`si, sjoök li jktjkhjeis, uk` pripujst` `rqumtjctókmc`, uk` s`tmsa`ctirm`, hjdjrå` ipjr`r p`r` `edis jxtrjeis hj l`
pmràemhj mktjljctu`l6 hjdjrå` sjr mkspmr`hir` p`r` jl jruhmti siamstmc`hi y, ` l` vjz, ljomdlj p`r` jl pria`ki. ^irquj l` `rqumtjctur` js
pir hjamkmcmók uk `rtj tr`ksvjrs`l7 ` l` vjz, cikcjptu`l y pipul`r.
^`r` jktjkhjr c`d`lejktj hjtjremk`his
hjtjremk`his `spjctis hj l` `rqumtjctur`, pir jfjepli, uk` hmejksmók hj uk` c`s`, i l` jxtjksmók y pri-
aukhmh`h hj lis pridlje`s quj `rtmcul`, sj hjdj jxclusmv`ejktj `tjkhjr ` su rjl`cmók cik itr` c`s` ‘quj pujhj sjr uk` c`s` `ktj-
rmir, i dmjk, tih`s l`s c`s`s hjl eukhi‘ y, ` su vjz, íst` hjdjrå` jktjkhjrsj jk rjl`cmók t`edmík cik uk` jscujl`, uk omek`smi i
uk` dmdlmitjc` (l` C`s` A`rkswirtb,  pir jfjepli, hjdj jktjkhjrsj jk rjl`cmók cik l` Ol`ss Biusj,  pjri t`edmík jk rjl`cmók cik  L`gj
Sbirj Hrmvj, y ístj jk rjl`cmók cik l`  Dmdlmitjc` ^ödlmc` hj Sj`ttlj i cik l`  Dmdlmitjc` hj Jxjtjr , pjri t`edmík jk rjl`cmók cik tih`s
l`s c`s`s jk l`s quj b`y`eis b`dmt`hi ` li l`roi hj kujstr` vmh`). Jk hjamkmtmv`, uk jhmamcmi hjdj jktjkhjrsj jk rjl`cmók ` itris, `
pjs`r hj l` mktjkcmók, jl hmscursi i l` cikscmjkcm` quj hj íl tjko`k su `utir i su cråtmci.
Xih`vå` eàs, crjjeis quj sm b` hj `d`rc`rsj jl eukhi cikstrumhi kire`l, jl citmhm`ki, rjemtmrsj t`k sili ` c`tjhr`ljs y eusjis
js `loi jstrjcbi hj emr`s. Tjajrmrsj sóli ` li jspjct`cul`r, ` l`s amour`s jxótmc`s, kis p`rjcj uk rje`kjktj hj uk` `ctmtuh cili-
km`lmst`, fjràrqumc` j mepismtmv`, ciei js` `ctmtuh `ktmcu`h` quj hmstmkouå` jktrj cikstruccmók y @rqumtjctur` cik '`' e`yöscul`.
^irquj p`r` kisitris l` `rqumtjctur` hjdjrå` sjr eihjst`, uk bjcbi c`ll`hi, smljkcmisi, uk` cikstruccmók "ki cikscmjktj hj så
emse`",3 pir jeplj`r l` hjamkmcmók quj Djrk`rh Tuhiasgy utmlmz` p`r` l`s tr`hmcmikjs vjrkàcul`s, eucbi eàs `ktmou`s quj cu`lqumjr
tr`t`hi hj `rqumtjctur`. ^ir jsi, ciksmhjr`eis quj l` cråtmc` `rqumtjctókmc` eàs `utirmz`h` js l` `rqumtjctur` emse` ‘jl jhmamcmi
mkeóvml, pjs`hi, eàs i ejkis sólmhi7 jsj or`k idfjti arjktj ` cuy` mktr`hucmdlj prjsjkcm`, y smk ciejkt`rmis km ejhm`cmikjs, pihj-
eis jst`r, pihjeis eivjrkis ` su `lrjhjhir i pihjeis hj`edul`r pir su mktjrmir‘, pirquj crjjeis jk l` prjsjkcm` hj l`s
cis`s, hj l`s cis`s smk p`l`dr`s ‘`ktjrmirjs `l ljkou`fj, `ktjrmirjs `l b`dl`‘7 jk l` `utirmh`h hj lis jhmamcmis quj hjs`rrill`k su
pripm` lóomc`, su or`eàtmc` ukmvjrs`l ‘`ktjrmir ` l` sjeàktmc` pist-jstructur`l, `ktjrmir ` l`s rjhjkcmikjs pisteihjrk`s i ` l`s
c`kikmz`cmikjs eihjrk`s‘7 jk jl jhmamcmi kire`l, cirrmjktj, `p`cmdlj y pris`mci, jk jl jhmamcmi `ktjrmir `l irhjk clàsmci, `ktjrmir
mkclusi ` l` bmstirm`, jk jl jhmamcmi quj hjshj l` prjbmstirm` b`cj prjsjktj su pripm` mkhmajrjkcm`.
Tjtie`khi lis tíremkis hj l` jxprjsmók mkmcm`l, sm @ js uk jhmamcmi hjtjremk`hi y D itri, uki pihrå` ljjr l` rjl`cmók cråtmc` jktrj jllis
ciei sm hj uk` prjsjkcm` smeultàkj` sj tr`t`r`. ^jri ki jxmstj km rjprjsjkt`cmók km c`us`-jajcti jktrj @ y D. Hj `bå quj, `ukquj D
pujh` prjcjhjr ` @, y rjvjl`r `loi sidrj íl hjscikicmhi b`st` jktikcjs, D rjaljf` ` @ t`kti ciei li ciktr`hmcj. Jk rjsuejk, l` prj-
sjkcm` `kcl`h` hj uk jhmamcmi, js` sujrtj hj `rtja`cti amfi quj lj c`r`ctjrmz` ‘` hmajrjkcm` hj lis quj ki li sik, uk `utieóvml i uk
làpmz, pir jfjepli‘ b`cj l` cråtmc` c`sm mepismdlj. ^irquj uk jhmamcmi ki sóli ki pujhj icup`r jl luo`r y jl tmjepi jx`ctis hj itri
jhmamcmi, js quj t`epici sj pujhjk vmsmt`r his jhmamcmis ` l` vjz. ^ir jsi, @ y D js uk` t`utilioå` mepismdlj. ], `hjeàs, js quj, `air-
tuk`h`ejktj,
tuk`h`ejkt j, l` jxpjrmjkcm` hj uk` prjsjkcm` `rqumtjctókmc` sj hmsujlvj jk jl prjcmsi eiejkti jk quj mktjkt`eis jqump`r`rl`
jqump`r`rl` cik
itr`. Kujstr`s meprjsmikjs mkejhm`t`s hjvmjkjk rjcujrhis, rjprjsjkt`cmikjs y, cik jl tmjepi, uk` aire` hj cikicmemjkti. Js`
euhjz `tàvmc` p`rjcj sjr jl hjstmki bjreítmci hj kujstr` hmscmplmk`, pujs jk jl prjcmsi eiejkti jk quj lis jhmamcmis ciemjkz`k `
cieukmc`r su jtbis hjvmjkjk bjrejkíut
bjrejkíutmcis
mcis i pur` mktjrprjt`cmók.
Kis oust`rå` crjjr quj uk` pràctmc` cråtmc` ki js jxtjksmv` smki mktjksmv`. X`l vjz, jl jspjfi ciljctmvi quj jl ljctir tmjkj `bir` jk
su e`ki ‘lljv`hi ` c`di hj aire` rjeit`8 y jk jl tr`kscursi hj uk` p`khjem` olid`l, uk` crmsms jcilóomc` y uk` priaukh` `omt`cmók
sicm`l jk kujstri p`ås‘ b` pihmhi ` c`edmi, `lmvm`r kujstri hj itri eihi sidrjc`ro`hi sjktmhi hj l` rjspiks`dmlmh`h y rjvjl`r, qum-
zàs, l` rieàktmc`, sjksmdlj, `ljorj, vjbjejktj j mkclusi a`kàtmc` hjvicmók pir tihi li quj b`cjeis.
4  Til`kh D`rtbjs (0=0:–0=2>), 'Xbj Hj`tb ia tbj @utbir, mk  Me`oj, Eusmc, Xjxt . Likhik6 Aikt`k` ^rjss, 0=??, pp. 084-082. (irmomk`l6 'L` eirt hj l”`utjur', 0=1?).
3  Djrk`rhTuhiasgy (0=>:-0=22), @rcbmtjcturj_mtbiut@rcbmtjcts6@ SbirtMktrihuctmikti Kik-^jhmorjjh@rcbmtjcturj
orjjh@rcbmtjcturj6Kjw]irg,XbjEusjueiaEihjrk@rt,0=18.WB`ytr`huccmók`lc`s-
tjll`ki6Djrk`rh Tuhiasgy, @rqumtjctu
 @rqumtjctur`smk `rqumtjctis.Zk` drjvjmktrihuccmók` l``rqumtjctur`smk pjhmorå. Lioriði6^jpmt`shj C`l`d`z`,4>4>.Xr`huccmókhj Jkrmquj@lh`Hjlo`hiU
8  @ktjs hj jkvm`rljs uk p`r hj prjoukt`s hmajrjktjs ` ikcj p`rjf`s hj `rqumtjctis, k isitris emseis ciktjst`eis ` js`s emse`s vjmktmhós prjoukt`s. L` prjsjktj jhmcmók js uk`
sjljccmók hj jstj hmàlioi me`omk`rmi. Kujstr` or`tmtuh, uk` vjz eàs, sj hmrmoj ` c`h` uki hj kujstris p`rjs, rjeitis pjri cjrc`kis.
2 =
Arie @ ti D
E`urmcmi ^jzi & Siaå` vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk
Arie @ ti D ms ` d`smc rjl`tmik`l prmkcmplj.
j . Xbj twi tjres mk tbms smeplj jxprjssmik `rj ukmquj6 @ ms `kytbmko dut D, `kh vmcj-vjrs`.
Xbj jxprjssmik rjvj`ls ` eivjejkt, ` prifjctmik arie ikj tjre ti tbj itbjr, `kh hjscrmdjs ` hmrjctmik `kh tbus `k irmomk `kh `
hjstmk`tmik6 `k `utbir `kh ` wirg, ` hr`wmko `kh ` cikstructmik, ` dumlhmko `kh `kitbjr dumlhmko. @kh wbmlj tbj tr`ksl`tmik arie @
`kh D ms ej`kmkoaul ti us, si ms wb`t jxmsts mk djtwjjk tbje
Xbms huplmc`tmik c`k `lsi dj aiukh mk tbj cikstmtutmik `kh tbj vjry bue`k siurcj ia ` wirg ia `rt. Djsmhjs tbj tr`hmtmik`l hmstmkctmik
djtwjjk `utbir `kh pudlmc (` vmjwjr, `k `uhmjkcj, `k iccup`kt, jtc.), `utbirsbmp c`k `lsi dj splmt mk twi. Mk sucb ` c`sj, tbj
`utbir ciuplj ms kit ikly ` smkolj ukmt, tbj eist aukh`ejkt`l sicm`l ikj, dut `lsi ` syedil ia jqu`lmty. @ hiudlj pirtr`mt emobt dj
tbj jxtrjej jxprjssmik ia tb`t prmv`tj rjl`tmiksbmp mk ` ciuplj6 ` rjprjsjkt`tmik wbmcb, mk ` smkolj me`oj, hjpmcts twi mkhjpjkhjkt
amourjs ir cb`r`ctjrs. @k `k`lysms ia tbj jssjktm`l ciep`r`tmvj rjl`tmiksbmp djtwjjk tbjsj twi amourjs c`kkit `vimh tbj cikcjpts
ia bmjr`rcby, d`l`kcj `kh wjmobt, hjscrmdjh dy e`ky, arie Q`k Jycg ti Bicgkjy. Xr`kscjkhmko tbjmr ciepismtmik`l mktjrjst, tbjy
djciej eirj ia `k jtbmc`l mssuj. Xbj ciuplj airejh dy E`rtmk Bjmhjoojr `kh bms wmaj, wbisj k`ej rje`mks ukgkiwk ti e`ky, 0 
ms kit tbj s`ej `s tbj Omldjrt `kh Ojiroj hui, mk wbmcb c`sj tbj ukmt cj`sjs ti dj ` 'lmvmko wirg ia `rt' wbjk ikj ia mts ejedjrs
ms `dsjkt. Xbj hiudlj pirtr`mt tbus rjprjsjkts wb`t tbj twi ejedjrs wiulh dj `likj `kh, `t t bj s`ej tmej, wb`t tbjy `rj kit6 `
pb`ktie vmsmik ia ` tbmrh mhjktmty.
Mk a`ct, tbj amctmtmius jxprjssmik
i k ia ` smkolj `utbir ciulh dj jqu`tjh wmtb tbj wmhjly `ccjptjh dut mkvjktjh sjp`r`tmik djtwjjk sudfjct
`kh idfjct, djtwjjk `utbir `kh wirg, djtwjjk `k irmomk`l hrmvj `kh mts sudsjqujkt iutciej. Mk a`ct, bue`k-e`hj tbmkos b`vj rjl`tmvj
diukh`rmjs. Xbjy `rj sudfjctmvmzjh
sudfjctmvmzjh idfjcts tb`t ipjr`tj `s twi-w`y `rriws6 tbjy `rj ditb tbj sudfjctmvj prifjctmik ia tbj `utbir `kh
`lsi tbj sudfjctmvj prifjctmik ia tbjmr usjrs. Xbj rj`sik ms tb`t p`r`hixmc`lly, bue`k-e`hj tbmkos rje`mk sudfjctmvj ma tbjmr irmomk`l
purpisj ir jvjk tbjmr `utbir ms ukgkiwk. Xbus, mk tbj smljkt `kikyemty ia eist ia tbj tbmkos wj usj (dumlhmkos `eikost tbje), l`kou`oj
sjjes ti dj jrihjh, `dstr`ctjh, `kh jkc`psul`tjh mk meplmcmt smoks.
Ma tbj amrst eitmv`tmik air tbms tjxt ms ti qujstmik tbj eytb ia `k idfjctmvj sudfjct ‘smkcj mt rjajrs ti biw tbmkos `rj `lw`ys tbiuobt
`kh e`hj mk cieeukmik‘ tbj sjcikh, `kh tbj ultme`tj pripismtmik ia ` hiudlj jss`y, ms ti `sg wby tbj cbisjk p`tb ms rjljv`kt, ma
kit tbj ikly pissmdlj ikj, ik tbj w`y ti ` aukh`ejkt`l crmtmquj ia `rcbmtjcturj.
_j tbus rjo`rh tbms wrmttjk jxpjrmejkt `s ` aire ia cirrjctmik ia tbj usu`l bmstirm`k / priajssir / cur`tir mkspjctmik `kh jv`lu`tmik
mk tbj djst ia c`sjs ‘`k `pilioy mk tbj wirst‘ ia tbj hjlmobts `kh emsairtukjs ia `rcbmtjcturj, tbj pris `kh ciks ia cjrt`mk dumlhmkos
mk rjl`tmik ti itbjr dumlhmkos arie tbj s`ej ir prjvmius tmejs. @ cirrjctmik, kit ` rjprid`tmik ir hmsemss`l, wbmcb mkvjrts tbj crmtmc”s
rilj arie `k iutsmhj idsjrvjr ‘ir cieejkt`tir‘ ti tbj prit`oikmst ia tbj pl`y, m.j., tbj dumlhmko mtsjla. Xbj r`tmik`lj air tbms cirrjctmik
ms cjrt`mkly hmscmplmk`ry6 tbj lmtjr `ry crmtmc, arie Histijvsgy ti ^ij, arie D`uhjll`mrj ti Sikt`o ir Dliie, ms tbj ikly crmtmc wbi jepliys
tbj `rt (tbj kires, ejtbihs, l`kou`ojs, jtc.) ia tbj `rt bj ir sbj ms crmtmqumko (` pmjcj wrmttjk mk jmtbjr prisj ir pijtry). @ll tbj itbjr
`rt aires (tbmkgmko ia eusmc, h`kcj, tbj`trj, p`mktmko) jepliy hmaajrjkt rjsiurcjs arie tbj `rt mk qujstmik. Tjo`rhljss ia mts bmob qu`lmty
ir wbjtbjr mt ms ` kjwsp`pjr `rtmclj, ` pbitior`pb ir ` hicuejkt`ry, tbj crmtmquj ms aircjh ti usj ` airjmok l`kou`oj mk ` airjmok l`kh,
iutsmhj tbj lmemts ia tbj scrutmkmzjh wirg ia `rt.
0  E`rtmk Bjmhjoojr (022=-0=?1) lmvjh wmtb bms wmaj, Jlarmhj ^jtrm (02=3-0==4) mk ` se`ll c`dmk mk Xihtk`udjro, ik tbj jhoj ia tbj Dl`cg Airjst mk siutbjrk Ojre`ky, djtwjjk 0=44 `kh 0=?1. Sjj @h`e
Sb`rr, Bjmhjoojr”s But , C`edrmhoj, E`ss., Xbj EMX ^rjss, 4>>1.
Xbj pridlje ms tb`t tbj `utbir”s smljkcj (jvjk djairj D`rtbjs”s a`t`lmstmc iutciej 4 ) ms mkvjrsj ly pripirtmi k`l ti tbj j vjr-oriwm ko kjjh
ti jxpl`mk (ir ti e`gj 'pl`mk') tbj rjsultmko wirg ia `rt, `ll tbj eirj si mk tbj c`sj ia ` wirg ia `rcbmtjcturj, `kh mts ciksjqujkcjs air
tbj wirlh. @ dumlhmko ms jxpjctjh ti dj ` rjspiksj, tbj ultme`tj silutmik, ti `k idfjctmvj pridlje `t ` omvjk tmej `kh pl`cj, wbmlj `
p`mktmko ms `ccjptjh `s `k `rdmtr`ry prifjctmik ia sudfjctmvmty. Kjvjrtbjljss, `rcbmtjctur`l k`rr`tmvj jmtbjr a`lls mkti ` e`ttjr-ia-a`ct
hjpmctmik ia tbj cikhmtmiks dy wbmcb tbj dumlhmko jxmsts (wmtb tbj spjcmamc pridljes ia amttmko prior`e `kh cikstructmik ti ciktjxt) ir
` eir`l fustmamc`tmik ia mts pissmdlj rjvjrdjr`tmiks, `hirkjh arie st`rt ti amkmsb wmtb urd`k, sicm`l, pilmtmc`l ir jkvmrikejkt`l jcbijs.
_j tit`lly suppirt tbj hmscmplmk`ry `utikiey ia `rcbmtjcturj, `ltbiuob mt sjjes ti us tb`t `utikiey b`s kitbmko ti hi wmtb tbj
mepissmdlj `utikiey ia ` dumlhmko, `t lj`st wbjk mt ms pbysmc`lly jrjctjh mk ` p`rtmcul`r pl`cj. Ma wirhs `rj tbj tiils dy wbmcb tbj wrmtjr,
tbj pijt `kh tbj lmtjr`ry crmtmc prifjct d`cg `kh airtb tbjmr me`oi
tbjmr  me`oi eukhm  (tbjmr
 (tbjmr hjjpjst aj`rs `kh bmobjst hrj`es mk tbj aire ia sjktjkcjs,
p`r`or`pbs `kh cb`ptjrs), tbjk w`lls, aliirs, riias `kh tbjmr `rtmcul`tmiks `rj tbj tiils dy wbmcb wj `rcbmtjcts prifjct iurs.
_bmlj tbj hjsmok rjsiurcjs ia `rcbmtjcturj cjrt`mkly b`vj `utikiey, hr`wmkos `kh eihjls, kit ti ejktmik wirhs, `rj ajjdlj
`pprixme`tmiks
i ks ia tbj ciepljx or`ee`r ia `rcbmtjctikmc sp`cj, eivjejkt `kh tbj p`ss`oj ia tmej. Eirjivjr, hjspmtj tbj jxmstjkcj
ia spjcmamc tiils ti hjcihj `kh mktjrprjt siej ia mts a`ctirs, tbj pbysmc`l `kh ejkt`l rj`lmty ia ` dumlhmko c`kkit dj ejhm`tjh ir
jktmrjly rjhucjh ti hicuejkts ir mkscrmptmik
mkscrmptmiks.
s.
Mk `ky c`sj, mk iur vmjw, `k `rcbmtjctur`l pripismtmik,
i k, ` succjssaul ikj, sbiulh wirg air ditb jxtrjejs ia tbj mktjlljctu`l pyr`emh. Mt
sbiulh dj stmeul`tmko air sipbmstmc`tjh scbil`rs `kh ljomdlj air l`y pjiplj, dj`rmko mk emkh tb`t `rcbmtjcturj ms, dy hjamkmtmik, `
tr`ksvjrs`l `rt. Mt ms ditb cikcjptu`l `kh pipul`r `t ikcj.
Cjrt`mk `spjcts ia `rcbmtjcturj sucb `s, air jx`eplj, ` hmejksmik ia ` biusj ir tbj drj`htb `kh hjptb ia tbj mssujs mt `rtmcul`tjs, c`k
ikly dj aully cieprjbjkhjh mk rjl`tmik ti `kitbjr biusj, ` prjvmius biusj ir stmll jvjry biusj mk tbj wirlh. Xb`t biusj, mk turk, sbiulh
`lsi dj ej`surjh mk rjl`tmik ti ` scbiil, ` oyek`smue ir ` lmdr`ry. A`rkswirtb Biusj,
Biusj, air mkst`kcj, sbiulh dj ukhjrstiih mk rjl`tmik
ti Ol`ss Biusj dut
Biusj dut `lsi mk rjl`tmik ti L`gj Sbirj Hrmvj,
Hrmvj , tbj l`ttjr mk rjl`tmik ti tbj Sj`ttlj
S j`ttlj Lmdr`ry , Jxjtjr Lmdr`ry  `kh
 `kh jvjry ikj ia tbj
biusjs wj b`vj lmvjh mk hurmko tbj ciursj ia iur lmvjs. Jssjktm`lly, ` dumlhmko sbiulh dj ukhjrstiih mk rjl`tmik ti `kitbjr dumlhmko,
rjo`rhljss ia tbj mktjktmiks, hmsciursj ir cikscmiuskjss ia mts `utbir ir mts crmtmc.
Aurtbjreirj, wj djlmjvj tb`t `lluhmko siljly ti c`tbjhr`ls `kh eusjues ms `k jxcjssmvjly k`rriw ljks air `k jedr`cj ia tbj kire`l,
jvjryh`y dumlt wirlh. Tjajrjkcj ti tbj spjct`cul`r ir jxitmc amourj ms ` rjek`kt ia `k mepismko, cilikm`lmst, bmjr`rcbmc`l `ttmtuhj. Mt ms
smeml`r ti tbj iut-h`tjh hmstmkctmik djtwjjk dumlhmko `kh @rcbmtjcturj wmtb ` c`pmt`l '`'. Air us, `rcbmtjcturj sbiulh dj eihjst, ` t`cmt
a`ct, ` cikstructmik "uk`w`rj ia mtsjla"3  (ti usj Tuhiasgy”s hjamkmtmik ia tbj vjrk`cul`r tr`hmtmiks, wbmcb `rj eucb ilhjr tb`k `ky
trj`tmsj ik `rcbmtjcturj). Xb`t ms wby wj tbmkg tb`t tbj hjamkmtmvj `rcbmtjctur`l
`rcbmtjctur`l crmtmcmse ms tbjrjairj tbj `rcbmtjcturj mtsjla, m.j., ` eirj
ir ljss silmh, meeidmlj, wjmobty dumlhmko, tbj uktr`ksl`tjh, uk`kkit`tjh, ukejhm`tjh prjsjkcj ia ` l`roj idfjct tb`t wj c`k st`kh mk
arikt ia, eivj `riukh `kh jxplirj mksmhj. _j djlmjvj mk tbj prjsjkcj ia tbmkos, ia tbmkos wmtbiut wirhs, djairj l`kou`oj, djairj
spjjcb. _j djlmjvj mk tbj `utbirmty ia dumlhmkos tb`t ukailh tbjmr iwk liomc, tbjmr ukmvjrs`l or`ee`r, djairj pist-structur`l sje`ktmcs,
djairj pisteihjrk rjhjeptmiks ir eihjrk c`kikmz`tmiks7 mk tbj ejjg, eukh`kj, irhmk`ry dumlhmko,
dumlhmko, djairj tbj cl`ssmc`l irhjr, jvjk
djairj bmstiry, tbj dumlhmko tb`t smkcj prjbmstiry e`gjs mts iwk mkhmaajrjk
mkhmaajrjkcj
cj prjsjkt.
Tjturkmko ti tbj tjres ia iur mkmtm`l jxprjssmik, ma @ ms ` p`rtmcul`r dumlhmko
dumlhmko `kh D ms `kitbjr dumlhmko, ikj c`k mktjrprjt tbjmr crmtmc`l
rjl`tmiksbmp `s ` smeult`kjius prjsjkcj. Dut tbjrj ms kjmtbjr rjprjsjkt`tmik kir c`usj-`kh-jaajct djtwjjk @ `kh D. Bjkcj, D rjaljcts
 @ `s eu cb `s mt ciktr`hmct s mt, w bmlj D c `k prjcjh j @ `s mt ukvjmls siejtbmko `diut mt ukgkiwk ukt ml tbjk. Xbj prjs jkcj ia tbms gmkh
ia amxjh `rtja`ct, tbj dumlhmko, `s ippisjh ti ` c`r ir ` pjkcml, e`gjs crmtmquj `leist mepissmdlj. Mt ms kit ikly tb`t ` dumlhmko c`kkit
iccupy tbj jx`ct pl`cj `kh tmej ia `kitbjr dumlhmko dut, eirjivjr, twi dumlhmkos c`kkit dj vmsmtjh `t ikcj. @ `kh D ms tbjrjairj `k
mepissmdlj t`utilioy. Zkairtuk`tjly,
Zkairtuk`tjly, tbj jxpjrmjkcj ia `k `rcbmtjctikmc prjsjkcj hmssilvjs tbj vjry eiejkt wj `ttjept ti jqu`tj mt
wmtb `kitbjr c`sj. Xbisj meejhm`tj meprjssmiks djciej rjcilljctmiks, rjprjsjkt`tmiks
rjprjsjkt`tmiks `kh, jvjktu`lly, ` aire ia gkiwljhoj. Xbms
`t`vmstmc eutjkjss sjjes ti dj tbj bjrejtmc hjstmky ia iur hmscmplmkj. @t tbj prjcmsj eiejkt wbjk dumlhmkos st`rt ti cieeukmc`tj,
tbjmr jtbis djciejs bjrejkjutmc ir purj mktjrprjt`tmik.
_j wiulh lmgj ti djlmjvj tb`t ` crmtmc`l pr`ctmcj ms kit jxtjksmvj dut mktjksmvj. ^jrb`ps tbj cilljctmvj emrrir tb`t tbj rj`hjr ms kiw
pjrusmko, wbmcb tiig pl`cj rjeitjly8 mk tbj ciursj ia ` olid`l p`khjemc, `k jciliomc`l crmsms `kh hjjp sicm`l tureiml, mk jxcb`koj
emobt bjlp ti `lljvm`tj iur itbjrwmsj ivjrstrjssjh sjksj ia rjspiksmdmlmty, `kh pjrb`ps rjvj`l tbj rie`ktmc, sjksmtmvj, fiyaul, vjbjejkt
`kh jvjk a`k`tmc`l hjvitmik air jvjrytbmko wj hi.
4  Til`kh D`rtbjs (0=0:–0=2>), 'Xbj Hj`tb ia tbj @utbir', mk Me`oj, Eusmc, Xjxt 6 Likhik, Aikt`k` ^rjss, 0=??, pp. 084-082. (irmomk`l6 'L` eirt hj l”`utjur', 0=1?).
3  Djrk`r h Tuhiasgy (0=>:-0=22), @rcbmtjcturj
(0=>:-0=22),  @rcbmtjcturj _mtbiut @rcbmtjcts6 @ Sbirt Mktrihuctmik ti Kik-^jhmorjjh @rcbmtjcturj6
@rcbmtjcturj6 Kjw ]irg, Xbj Eusjue ia Eihjrk @rt, 0=18.
8  Djairj sjkhmko ` p`mr ia hmaajrjkt qujstmiks ti jljvjk `rcbmtjct ciupljs, wj `kswjrjh tbj s`ej 44 qujstmiks iursjlvjs. Xbj prjsjkt jhmtmik ms ` sjljctmik ia tb`t me`omk`ry hm`liouj. Iur or`tmtuhj,
ikcj eirj, oijs ti j`cb ia iur rjeitjly lic`tjh dut clisj pjjrs.

HJ L@ ^TÀCXMC@ @ L@ ^JH@OIOÅ@  M
Jepjcjeis pir uk `sukti pràctmci. ¹Cóei tr`ksamjrjk ustjhjs su jxpjrmjkcm` priajsmik`l `l àedmti `c`híemci9 ¹Jkcujktr`k quj b`y rjcmpricm-
h`h jk js` tr`ks`ccmók9
Jl jfjrcmcmi `c`híemci jstà rjstrmkomhi ` uk jstrjcbi e`rci tjepir`l, hj `bå quj lis pridlje`s `rqumtjctókmcis ` jx`emk`r hjd`k
sjljccmik`rsj, lmemt`rsj
lmemt`rsj y, ` ejkuhi, smeplmamc`rsj jk jxcjsi. @ukquj l` `c`hjem` ki sj` itr` cis` quj uk eihjli hj rj`lmh`h, uk
smeul`cri, uk` mhj`lmz`cmók hj l` 'vmh`' y jl 'eukhi', pujhj quj, hj mou`l aire`, tihi priyjcti ki sj` eàs quj itr` mhj`lmz`cmók `cjr-
c` hj l`s cikhmcmikjs jspjcåamc`s quj `ajct`k ` uk jhmamcmi… hj eihi quj `ed`s p`rtjs, jl jfjrcmcmi `c`híemci y l` pràctmc` pri-
ajsmik`l, ki p`rjcjk t`k `ljf`h`s. @ök `så, kujstris priyjctis priajsmik`ljs sik cmrcukst`kcm`ljs y, ` l` vjz, mhjilóomcis. Js hjcmr,
quj, `ukquj rjspikh`k jk rj`lmh`h ` cujstmikjs euy cikcrjt`s, kisitris lis pricur`eis pjks`r p`r` prieivjr silucmikjs ojkj-
r`ljs. Jk c`edmi, kujstri `dirh`fj hj lis priyjctis `c`híemcis js hmstmkti ‘`ukquj jktjkh`eis lis jhmamcmis ciei cikstruccmi-
kjs ` l` vjz aåsmc`s y ejkt`ljs‘, pirquj, jktrj itr`s cis`s, jstj tmpi hj priyjctis c`rjcjk hj `ctu`lmh`h y hj rjspiks`dmlmh`h6 ki
tmjkjk quj `fust`rsj ` uk eiejkti tjepir`l cikcrjti7 km hjdjk `tjkjrsj, jk eucbis c`sis, ` lis `spjctis jcikóemcis i ` l`s kir-
e`tmv`s p`rtmcul`rjs hj uk ciktjxti sicm`l hjtjremk`hi. ^ir hjsor`cm`, rjsult` mkjvmt`dlj quj cu`lqumjr mktjkti `c`híemci pir `fus-
t`r jl priyjcti ` uk` `ctu`lmh`h i uk` rjspiks`dmlmh`h, jcikóemc` i kire`tmv`, sj hjsvåj b`cm` itr` r`e` hmajrjktj hj l` cmjkcm`,
cik jl rmjsoi `ð`hmhi hj `d`khik`r l` dösqujh` hj cu`lmh`hjs `rqumtjctókmc`s. ^jsj ` tihi, pricur`eis sjr amjljs ` lis pridlje`s
hmscmplmk`rjs, jkaic`rlis hjshj uk pukti hj vmst` `rtåstmci y hjshj uk` hmejksmók sudfjtmv`, mktjkt`khi pikjr hj rjlmjvj l`s pjr-
cjpcmikjs, l`s mktumcmikjs y l`s sjksmdmlmh`hjs hj kujstris jstuhm`ktjs, mkclusi sus ejr`s ipmkmikjs.
¹^r`ctmc`k ustjhjs uk` mkvjstmo`cmók p`r`ljl` cu`khi jfjrcjk jk jl àedmti `c`híemci9
 @ pjs`r h j quj prj tjkhjeis e`k tjkjr, t`kti jk l` prà ctmc` pri ajsmik`l ciei jk l` `c`híemc` , uk` sjks mdmlmh` h y uk lj kou`fj smem -
l`r, sieis cikscmjktjs hj l` mepismdmlmh`h aukh`ejkt`l hj jksjð`r `loi quj jk rj`lmh`h hjscikicjeis. Kis p`rjcj quj íst` js uk`
hj l`s ciktr`hmccmikjs hj l` e`yirå` hj l`s jscujl`s hj `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`,
`, sm ki hj tih`s6 l` hj l` 'mlusmók hj l` tíckmc`',0 pir us`r uk`
jxprjsmók hj _mllm`e D`rrjtt quj `luhj ` js` crjjkcm` jk l` c`p`cmh`h hj l` `rqumtjctur` p`r` `ktmcmp`r smtu`cmikjs
smtu`cmikjs i jvjktis autu-
ris. L` mlusmók rjsmhj jk jl kmvjl hj cjrtjz`, hj `utjktmcmh`h y hj v`lmh`cmók hjktri hj uk hjtjremk`hi smstje`. Biy, lis jstuhm`ktjs
hj `rqumtjctur` sik `hictrmk`his jk uk` psjuhi-rjspiks`dmlmh`h, h`h, jk uk` ciepjtjkcm` eir`l p`r` rjsilvjr tihis lis pridlje`s hjl
eukhi. @uk kisitris
jxmstmjr` jrrir hjjsti kis p`rjcj
cikcjpti hj uk`liptmemsei
jk cu`kti jx`ojr`hi,
`lc`kcj hj uk` mlusmók
l` `rqumtjctur`. quj pujhj
Cmjrt`ejktj, jkcudrmr uk`
jl cikicmemjkti
cikicmemjkt aire` hj` kmbmlmsei.
i rjl`tmvi Js cieisj
kujstr` hmscmplmk` sm
pujhj tr`ksemtmr jk lis cursis hj bmstirm`, i jk lis hj jstructur`s, i jk lis hj ciepirt`emjkti cikstructmvi,
cikstructmvi, jtc. pjri tihis s`dj-
eis quj l` `rqumtjctur` js uk` hmscmplmk` `eplm`, cik eàrojkjs meprjcmsis, uk` hmscmplmk` quj sj supjrpikj p`rcm`lejktj ` itr`s
eucb`s, y pir jsi, uki jspjr`rå` quj hjktri hjl àedmti hj uk` jscujl` hj `rqumtjctur` sj `d`rc`r` ki sóli l` prihuccmók hj uk jhm-
amcmi smki, t`edmík, l` c`r`ctjrmz`cmók sjksmtmv` hj su c`lmh`h, su mktjksmh`h y su djlljz`.
¹Jstàk rjmvmkhmc`khi uk` sujrtj hj rjtirki `l `rtj hj l` cikstruccmók, ` l` `utikieå` bue`kåstmc` hjl `rtmst`7 uk` `utikieå` sudfjtmv` y je`kcmp`h`9
Ki js quj rjcl`ejeis li `rtåstmci7 y eucbi ejkis, jktjkhmhi ciei uk` priyjccmók mrrjspiks`dlj y joiåst` hj l` sudfjtmvmh`h hjl
`utir. Li quj jst`eis sudr`y`khi, `c`si mrókmc`ejktj,
mrókmc`ejktj, js l` tjkhjkcm` ` fustmamc`r jk jxcjsi l`s jxplmc`cmikjs r`cmik`ljs sidrj uk
jhmamcmi y, ` l` vjz, l` tjkhjkcm` ` jx`ojr`r l` prjhmccmók hj sus jajctis auturis. Kujstr` jv`lu`cmók js quj b`y uk` sujrtj hj cik-
alujkcm` mkstmtucmik`l jkcudmjrt`6
jkcudmjrt`6 l`s jscujl`s hj `rqumtjctur`, l`s `sicm`cmikjs hj `rqumtjctis, l`s jeprjs`s hj cikcursis y lis sms-
tje`s hj hmausmók jxmojk, biy eàs quj kukc`, jxplmc`cmikjs lóomc`s, bjcbis sólmhis y hjcl`r`cmikjs eir`ljs. Xihi jlli ljs smrvj
p`r` v`lmh`r su pripm` dujk` vilukt`h. ^ir supujsti, `l amk`l tihi jsi ki js eàs quj uk` e`qumk`rm` `utirrjoul`h` quj `ukquj
p`rjzc` kjcjs`rm` rjsult` hjl tihi jsqujeàtmc` y, jk uk jfjrcmcmi hj pihjr, tmjkhj ` rjcb`z`r cu`lqumjr pràctmc` `ltjrk`tmv`.
Jst`eis tit`lejktj hj `cujrhi jk l` mepirt`kcm` hj l`s pràctmc`s `ltjrk`tmv`s7 hj bjcbi, lis hmscursis bjojeókmcis sj b`k vujlti trmvm`ljs y prj-
hjcmdljs. Jl pridlje` js quj mkclusi l` tjckilioå` pujhj sjr e`kmpul`h` d`fi hmscursis eir`ljs, ciei p`s` cik tihis jsis r`sc`cmjlis hj vmhrmi
quj cujkt`k cik jl `pl`usi hj l` prjks`, cjrtmamc`cmikjs vjrhjs y prjemis cik cuit` hj mkscrmpcmók.
HJ L@ @DSXT@CCMÓK @ L@ K@XZT@LJV@  
¹Crjjk ustjhjs quj b`y uk` hmstmkcmók cl`r` jktrj li `rtmffcm`l y li k`tur`l jk uk jhmffcmi9 ¹Ljs mktjrjs` l` pjrcjpcmók hj l` `rqumtjctur` ciei `loi k`tur`l9
Kis mktjrjs` l` pjrcjpcmók k`tur`l hj c`sm tihi, sm pir pjrcjpcmók k`tur`l jktjkhjeis uk sjktmemjkti
sjktmemjkti hj k`tur`lmh`h, hj jspikt`-
kjmh`h, hj sjks`cmók hj jst`r lmdrj hj rjstrmccmikjs. Jk itr`s p`l`dr`s, kis mktjrjs` li k`tur`l jktjkhmhi ki sóli ciei li ipujsti
` li `rtmamcm`l, `l `rtja`cti bue`ki, smki t`edmík ciei cikhmcmók dmilóomc`, mkk`t`, prmemojkm`, mkkjo`dlj.
mkkjo`dlj. ^ir jsi ki jst`eis hj
`cujrhi cik l` hmstmkcmók jktrj djlljz` k`tur`l y djlljz` `rtåstmc`7 y pihjeis `hemtmr jl oicj jstítmci quj kis prihucj l` sjks`cmók
k`tur`l quj b`y jk uk` alir ‘mkclusi jk uk` alir pmkt`h`‘, t`kti ciei l` quj tr`ksemtj uk` pjrsik`. Kis p`rjcj tit`lejktj vàlmh`
l` hmstmkcmók rieàktmc` jktrj `dstr`ccmók y jep`tå` pripujst` pir _mlbjle _irrmkojr 4 b`cj eàs hj cmjk `ðis. L` ciksmhjr`eis uki
hj lis cmemjktis hjl `rtj eihjrki, jk l` ejhmh` jk quj iscml`, hj `cà p`r` `llà, jktrj l` tjkhjkcm` jspmrmtu`l ` l` `dstr`ccmók pl`k`
 y l` `tj kcmók rj` lmst` b`c m` li vmvi, b`cm ` l` rj prjsjkt`cm ók k`tur`l mst`.
M D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Xie Jejrsik & Stjpb`kmj Echik`lh, 1@ `rcbmtjcts, Likhrjs, Tjmki Zkmhi.   M
0  _mllm`e D`rrjtt (0=03-0==4), Xbj Mllusmik ia Xjcbkmquj6 @ Sj`rcb air Ej`kmko mk @ Xjcbkiliomc`l Cmvmlmz`tmik . Kujv` ]irg6 @kcbir Diigs, 0=?=. WB`y tr`huccmók `l c`stjll`ki6
_mllm`e D`rrjtt,  L` mlusmók hj l` tíckmc`6 l` dösqujh` hj sjktmhi hjktri hj uk` cmvmlmz`cmók tjckilóomc`. S`ktm`oi hj Cbmlj6 Cu`tri Qmjktis, 4>>0. Xr`huccmók hj E`rå` Jljk` Smlv`
 y Bíctir IrrjoiU.
4  _mlbjle _irrmkojr (0220-0=1:),  @dstr`ctmik `kh Jep`tby6 @ Ciktrmdutmik ti tbj ^sycbilioy ia Stylj. Kujv` ]irg6 Mktjrk`tmik`l Zkmvjrsmtmjs ^rjss, 0=:3 (irmomk`l6  @dstr`gtmik ukh
 Jmkabluko, 0=>2). WB`y tr`huccmók `l c`stjll`ki6 _mlbjle _irrmkojr,  @dstr`ccmók y k`tur`ljz`. Eíxmci6 Aikhi hj Cultur` Jcikóemc`,0=11. Xr`huccmók hj E`rm`k` ArjkgU.
0>
¹Ki jkcujktr`k uk` ciktr`hmccmók jk jl bjcbi hj quj uk` jxprjsmók bue`k`, uk` cikstruccmók `rtmamcm`l, pujh` sjr pjrcmdmh` ciei sm budmjr`
je`k`hi jspiktàkj`ejktj hj l` k`tur`ljz`9
L` vjrh`h js quj ki. Js hjcmr, sjrå` uk` ciktr`hmccmók sóli sm uki sj `hscrmdmjsj ` js` hm`líctmc` tr`hmcmik`l quj ciktr`pikj li
bue`ki vjrsus li ki-bue`ki, li mktjkcmik`l vjrsus li ki-mktjkcmik`l, i l` rj`lmh`h smokmamc`tmv` vjrsus l` rj`lmh`h smk sjktmhi. ^irquj
`l amk`l, 'jl eukhi', ¹js k`tur`l, i `rtmamcm`l9 Jl pridlje` hjvmjkj sjeàktmci, pirquj jtmqujt`r l` `rqumtjctur` ciei 'iroàkmc`',
smoumjkhi ` _rmobt i ` Vjvm, ki smokmamc` quj sj vujlv` eàs i ejkis p`rtj hjl jcismstje` k`tur`l hj li quj puhmjr` sjrli uk cudi
dl`kci `dstr`cti, i cu`lqumjr` hj lis jfjeplis eihjrkis `sicm`his `l Jstmli Mktjrk`cmik`l. Hj mou`l eihi quj jtmqujt`r l` `rqumtjc-
tur` ciei 'vjrhj' ki smokmamc` quj tjko` uk mep`cti eåkmei jk jl ejhmi`edmjktj7 `loi aàcmlejktj hjeistr`dlj sm `tjkhjeis ` js`s
tirrjs hj vmhrmi quj ustjhjs `pukt`k, rjhmemh`s hjl mkamjrki pir su lmst` hj 'prjemis jcilóomcis' y sus cjrtmamc`cmikjs pl`tmki.
Cimkcmhmeis cik su vmsmók sidrj l` cikstruccmók cultur`l hj l` mhj` hj 'k`tur`ljz`' . 'Jcilioå` smk  jl rmourisi jks`yi hj Xmeitby Eir-
K`tur`ljz`', 3
tik, priaukhmz` jk js` cl`sj hj kicmók jko`ðis`7 jk cóei, jk rj`lmh`h, jl pjks`emjkti ejhmi`edmjkt`l jstà dliquj`hi pir l` me`ojk emse` hj
l` k`tur`ljz`. Jk eucbis sjktmhis, jl `pjllmhi 'vjrhj' hj uk jhmamcmi sj b` tr`ksaire`hi jk uk idstàculi   p`r` su k`tur`l, i mkicjktj, jxpjrmjkcm`
y `prjcm`cmók. Xihis sieis cikscmjktjs hj lis a`ctirjs quj jstàk jk fujoi, lis pilåtmcis y lis ojkjr`his pir jl ejrc`hi.   Lis jhmamcmis sik utmlm-
z`his ciei eikjh` jk uk ejrc`hi vilàtml y jspjcul`tmvi. B`k hjvjkmhi uk` sjoukh` k`tur`ljz`, uk` huhis` rj`lmh`h vmrtu`l.
Kis oust` l` mhj` hj 'sjoukh` k`tur`ljz`', `ukquj ki jk jl e`rci hj jsj hjs`drmhi cikcjpti hj eikjh` `l quj `luhjk, smki jk jl
sjktmhi hj jscjk`rmi sjcukh`rmi, hj tjlók hj aikhi sidrj jl quj sj hjsplmjo` l` vmh`. Zk` 'sjoukh` k`tur`ljz`' quj pihrå` ljjrsj
ciei uki hj lis mktjrjsjs jsjkcm`ljs, ítmcis, hj l` `rqumtjctur`. ^ir jsi, kis oust` pjks`r lis jhmamcmis ciei 'uk` sjoukh` k`tu-
r`ljz`', ciei `loi t`k a`emlm`r p`r` uki, p`r` su mkhmvmhu`lmh`h, ciei pujh` sjrli jl rjspmr`r, c`emk`r i eikt`r jk dmcmcljt`, `loi
quj uki pujh` b`cjr aàcmlejktj smk smqumjr` pjks`r jk jlli (js ` li quj H`kmjl G`bkje`k sj rjamjrj ciei 'pjks`emjkti ràpmhi').8 Zk
jhmamcmi js k`tur`ljz` jk l` ejhmh` jk quj jstà bjcbi hj k`tur`ljz`6 hj e`hjr` cirt`h` hj lis àrdiljs, hj pmjhr` jxtr`åh` hj l`s
eikt`ð`s i hj vmhrmi idtjkmhi ` p`rtmr hj emkjr`ljs y aujoi. L` prjsjkcm` e`tjrm`l hj uk jhmamcmi js uk` crmst`lmz`cmók tjepir`l hj
jkjroå`. Jk jstj sjktmhi, b`y uk` tit`l ciktmkumh`h jktrj jl jst`hi `ctu`l hj uk jhmamcmi (su aire`), su ciktmku` aire`cmók hjshj uk
p`s`hi mkejeirm`l y su ciktmku` hmsilucmók b`cm` uk auturi mkme`omk`dlj . "Pumzàs, jl tmjepi prjsjktj y jl tmjepi p`s`hi jstík
 `edis prjsjktjs jk jl tmjepi a uturi" . Kis jkc`kt`k js`s p`l`dr`s hj X. S. Jlmit. : 
¹Ki sj jstàk ustjhjs hjsvm`khi `bir` b`cm` uk jktjkhmemjkti k`tur`lmst` hj l` `rqumtjctur`, b`cm` uk jktjkhmemjkti hj lis jhmamcmis ciei uk cik-
tmkuue e`tjrm`l jk l` mkamkmtuh hjl tmjepi9 ¹^ihrå`k sjr eàs jspjcåamcis9 Håo`kkis, ¹hj quí eihi uk` c`s` js p`rtj hj l` k`tur`ljz`9  
Jk kujstr` ipmkmók, uk jhmamcmi js p`rtj hj l` k`tur`ljz` pir jl ejri bjcbi hj sjr uk cikalmcti aåsmci hj aujrz`s k`tur`ljs. L` ljctur`
hjl lmdri hj E`tml` Obyg`,  Jstítmc` hj l`s pripircmikjs jk l` k`tur`ljz` y jk l`s `rtjs, 1 auj p`r` kisitris tih` uk` rjvjl`cmók6 jktjk-
hjr jl p`ms`fj ciei jl sidr`ktj vmsmdlj, jl 'rje`kjktj cmc`trmz`hi', hj uk cikalmcti jktrj aujrz`s k`tur`ljs. Hjshj jktikcjs, ki pihj-
eis pjks`r jk uk` ejfir hjscrmpcmók hj li quj js uk priyjcti `rqumtjctókmci7 pirquj jktikcjs ki b`drå` hmajrjkcm` iktilóomc`
jktrj uk` c`s` y uk` ric`, mou`l quj ki l` b`drå` jktrj uk` ric` y l` `cu`rjl` hj uk` ric` bjcb` pir Fibk Tusgmk. ] ki sóli jsi6
uk` c`s` sjrå` k`tur`ljz` jk t`kti jk cu`kti js `ctmv`h` pir lis cmclis k`tur`ljs, pir jl hå` y l` kicbj, pir l`s jst`cmikjs, pir l`s
prjsmikjs `teisaírmc`s, jtc. @l mou`l quj sjrå` k`tur`ljz` jk l` ejhmh` jk quj sj cikvmjrtj jk p`rtj hj kujstris pricjsis dmilóom-
cis6 `llå hiremeis, sið`eis, kis hjspjrt`eis, cicmk`eis i ciejeis. Zk` b`dmt`cmók js kujstri àedmti k`tur`l6 k`cjeis, vmvm-
eis, tr`d`f`eis y eirmeis jk uk` b`dmt`cmók.
HJ SIEDTJTI @ SIEDTJTI  MM
Sj hmrå` quj tmjkhjk ustjhjs ` hjsvm`rsj b`cm` pridlje`s jxmstjkcm`ljs…  B`dljeis hj su prihuccmók hj   pmktur`, hj su ljctur` `smhu` hj pijså`
y amlisiaå`. ¹B`st` hókhj `lc`kz` su p`pjl ciei `rqumtjctis9
Cik tit`l bikjstmh`h, ki vjeis hmajrjkcm` jktrj b`cjr uk` pmktur` i uk jhmamcmi. X`epici l` vjeis jktrj pjks`r l` `rqumtjctur` y b`cjr
`rqumtjctur`. Eàs `ök, ki jktjkhjeis cóei l` `rqumtjctur` pujhj sjr prmv`h` hj su hmejksmók rjaljxmv`, mktjljctu`l y ciktjepl`tmv`.
 @ök `så, jktjkhjeis l` `rqumtjctur` jk tíremkis jq umv`ljktjs `l hj uk` jxplir`cmók am lisóamc`, ciei uk p ridlje` jk så emsei. Zk pri-
dlje` quj kis pjremtj t`edmík cieprjkhjr itris pridlje`s hj l` vmh`, ciei lis sjktmemjktis quj sj tmjkjk b`cm` lis itris, jl `rr`moi,
l` lmdjrt`h, jl cikamk`emjkti i jl pridlje` emsei hj l` `ccjsmdmlmh`h, quj biy jk hå` sj `dirh` ciei sm aujr` uk ejri `sukti tíckmci.
MM D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Sjd`stmàk @h`ei & E`rcjli A`mhjk, Dujkis @mrjs, @rojktmk`.
3  Xmeitby Eirtik (0=12-),  Jcilioy _mtbiut K`turj. Tjtbmkgmko Jkvmrikejkt`l @jstbjtmcs. C`edrmhoj, E`ss6 B`rv`rh Zkmvjrsmty ^rjss, 4>>?.
8  H`kmjl G`bkje`k (0=38-), Xbmkgmko A`st `kh Sliw . Kujv` ]irg6 A`rr`r, Str`us `kh Omriux, 4>00. WB`y tr`huccmók `l c`stjll`ki6 H`kmjl G`bkje`k,  ^jks`r ràpmhi, pjks`r hjsp`cmi.
Jsp`ð`6 Hjd`tj, 4>04. Xr`huccmók hj Fi`quåk Cb`eirri EmjlgjU.
:  X.S. Jlmit (0222-0=1:),  Aiur Pu`rtjts, Likhrjs6 A`djr & A`djr, 4>0= (Irmomk`l, 0=83). WB`y tr`huccmók `l c`stjll`ki6 X. S. Jllmit6 Cu`tri cu`rtjtis. Jsp`ð`6 Càtjhr`, 4>>1. Xr`huccmók
hj Jstjd`k ^uf`ls Ojs`lmU.
1  E`tml` Obyg` (0220-0=1:), Jstítmc` hj l`s pripircmikjs jk l` k`tur`ljz` y jk l`s `rtjs. Dujkis @mrjs6 Jhmtirm`l ^isjmhik, 0=:3. "Xih` jstructur` ojilóomc` lic`l y l`s aire`s rjsul-
t`ktjs quj sik jl jsqujljti hjl p`ms`fj, rjprjsjkt`ràk jl rjsmhui, l` bujll` cmc`trmz`h` hj uk cikalmcti hj aujrz`s k`tur`ljs7 uk` eikt`ð` rjcirh`rà uk vmiljkti jsp`sei aåsmci
quj ljv`któ l` cirtjz` tjrrjstrj y quj, jk vjz hj qujh`r ilvmh`h` ciei uk` il` jk jl icí`ki, hjf` uk jajcti quj eucbi tmjepi hjspuís hj l` hjs`p`rmcmók hj l` aujrz` emse`,
jvic` su mktjksmh`h y amf` su rjcujrhi", p. 4>.
04
ATIE ^T@CXMCJ XI ^JH@OIO] M 
Ljt”s st`rt wmtb ` pr`ctmc`l mssuj6 Biw hi yiu tr`ksajr yiur priajssmik`l jxpjrmjkcj ti `c`hjem`9 Hi yiu amkh rjcmpricmty mk tb`t tr`ks`ctmik9 
 @c`hjemc wir g ms rjstrmct jh ti ` k`rriw t mej ar`ej, wbmcb e j`ks tb`t tbj `rcbmtjctu r`l mssujs ukhjr jx`emk`tmik b` vj ti dj sjlj ctjh,
lmemtjh `kh iatjk ivjrsmeplmamjh. @ltbiuob `c`hjem` ms ikly ` eihjl ia rj`lmty, ` smeul`tmik, `k mhj`lms`tmik ia ”lmaj' `kh tbj ”wirlh', dy
tbj s`ej tigjk, j`cb prifjct e`y wjll dj fust `kitbjr mhj`lms`tmik ia tbj spjcmamc cikhmtmiks tb`t `aajct ` dumlhmko. Si ultme`tjly, ditb
smhjs, `c`hjemc pr`ctmcj `kh priajssmik`l pr`ctmcj, hi kit sjje si a`r `p`rt. Jvjk si, iur priajssmik`l prifjcts `rj `t tbj s`ej tmej
cmrcuest`ktm`l `kh mhjiliomc`l. Mk itbjr wirhs, `ltbiuob tbjy rjspikh ti spjcmamc mssujs, wj try ti cikcjmvj tbje mk ` w`y tb`t
jkciur`ojs ojkjr`l silutmiks. @ltbiuob wj rjo`rh dumlhmkos `s ditb pbysmc`l `kh ejkt`l cikstructmiks, iur `ppri`cb ti `c`hjemc
prifjcts ms hmaajrjkt djc`usj, `eiko itbjr tbmkos, tbjsj gmkhs ia prifjcts l`cg ciktjepir`kjmty `kh rjspiksmdmlmty6
rjspiksmdmlmty6 tbjy hik”t b`vj
ti `h`pt ti ` p`rtmcul`r pimkt mk tmej, `kh mk e`ky c`sjs, tbjy hik”t b`vj ti `h`pt ti tbj jcikiemc `spjcts ir tbj p`rtmcul`r rjoul`tmiks
ia ` omvjk sicm`l ciktjxt, jmtbjr. Zkairtuk`tjly, `ky `c`hjemc `ttjept ti `hfust tbj prifjct ti `k jcikiemc ir rjoul`tiry cmrcuest`kcj
mkjvmt`dly ojts hmvjrtjh ti ` hmaajrjkt dr`kcb ia scmjkcj, wmtb tbj `hhmtmik`l rmsg ia `d`khikmko tbj sj`rcb air `rcbmtjctikmc qu`lmtmjs.
j s.
Kjvjrtbjljss, wj try ti rje`mk a`mtbaul ti tbj hmscmplmk`ry mssujs, ti `ppri`cb tbje arie `k `rtmstmc pjrspjctmvj `kh ` sudfjctmvj
hmejksmik, `kh trymko ti jlmcmt iur stuhjkts” pjrcjptmiks, mktumtmiks `kh sjksmdmlmtmjs, jvjk tbjmr ipmkmiks. 
Hi yiu jko`oj mk p`r`lljl rjsj`rcb wbjk yiu `rj wirgmko mk `c`hjem`9
 @ltbiuob wj mkt jkh ti e`mkt`mk ` smeml` r sjks mdmlmty `kh l`ko u`oj m k iur priajssmik` l `kh `c`hjemc pr`ctmcj, wj `rj gjjkly `w`rj
tb`t mt ms uttjrly mepissmdlj ti tj`cb `diut siejtbmko wj `rj kit rj`lly a`emlm`r wmtb. Xb`t ms ikj ia tbj ciktr`hmctmiks mk eist ma kit `ll
`rcbmtjcturj scbiils6 tbj ”mllusmik ia tjcbkmquj', ti dirriw `k jxprjssmik dy _mllm`e D`rrjtt0 tb`t rjajrs ti tbj djlmja mk `rcbmtjcturj”s
`dmlmty ti `ktmcmp`tj auturj smtu`tmiks `kh jvjkts. Xbj mllusmik rjsmhjs mk tbj ljvjl ia cjrt`mkty, `utbjktmcmty `kh v`lmh`tmik wmtbmk ` omvjk
systje. Kiw`h`ys, `rcbmtjcturj stuhjkts `rj mkhictrmk`tjh mkti ` psjuhi-rjspiksmdmlmty, ` eir`l rjspiksmdmlmty ('eir`l jktrjprjkjur'
ms ` cikcjpt, pripisjh dy @ejrmc`k sicmiliomst Biw`rh Djcgjr, wbmcb hjamkjs ` sudfjct tb`t t`gjs tbj rjspiksmdmlmty
ty ia pjrsu`hmko
sicmjty ti hjvjlip ir jkaircj ruljs `ccirhmko ti mts iwk eir`l djlmja) ti silvj `ll tbj wirlh”s pridljes. _j amkh tb`t ms `k jx`oojr`tjh
iptmemstmc, `k mllusmik tb`t c`k cikcj`l ` aire ia kmbmlmse. Mt”s `s ma tbjrj w`s ` emscikcjptmik `diut tbj scipj ia `rcbmtjcturj.
Gkiwljhoj `diut iur hmscmplmkj c`k cjrt`mkly dj tr`ksemttjh mk ciursjs `diut bmstiry ir structurj, ir ciursjs `diut dumlhmko
pjraire`kcj, jtc. Dut wj `ll gkiw tb`t `rcbmtjcturj ms ` dri`h hmscmplmkj wmtb dlurrjh jhojs. Mt”s ` hmscmplmkj tb`t p`rtm`lly ivjrl`ps
wmtb e`ky itbjrs, si ikj wiulh jxpjct kit ikly tbj prihuctmik ia ` dumlhmko dut `lsi tbj sjksmtmvj hjscrmptmik ia mts qu`lmty, mts mktjksmty
`kh mts dj`uty ti lmj wmtbmk tbj scipj ia `k `rcbmtjcturj scbiil. 
Si `rj yiu c`llmko air siej gmkh ia rjturk ti tbj `rt ia dumlhmko, ti tbj `rtmst”s bue`kmstmc `utikiey, ti ` sudfjctmvj, je`kcmp`tjh mkhjpjkhjkcj9 
Mt ms kit tb`t wj `rj c`llmko air tbj `rtmstmc `spjct ir, eucb ljss si, rjo`rhmko mt `s `k mrrjspiksmdlj `kh sjlamsb prifjctmik ia tbj
`utbir”s sudfjctmvmty. _b`t wj `rj bmoblmobtmko, pjrb`ps mrikmc`lly, ms tbj tjkhjkcy ti ivjr-fustmay r`tmik`l jxpl`k`tmiks ia `
dumlhmko `kh tbj tjkhjkcy ti jx`oojr`tj prjhmctmiks ia mts auturj jaajcts. Mk iur `ssjssejkt, tbjrj ms ` gmkh ia civjrt mkstmtutmik`l
cikalujkcj6 kiw eirj tb`k jvjr djairj, `rcbmtjcturj scbiils, `rcbmtjcts' oumlhs, ciepjtmtmik ciep`kmjs `kh dri`hc`stmko
systjes `ll hje`kh liomc`l jxpl`k`tmiks, silmh a`cts `kh eir`l st`tjejkts. @ll tbms bjlps tbje ti v`lmh`tj tbjmr iwk oiihwmll.
Zltme`tjly, ia ciursj, `ll ia tbms ms ki eirj tb`k ` sjla-rjoul`tmko e`cbmkjry wbmcb emobt sjje ti dj kjcjss`ry dut ms `ctu`lly
jktmrjly scbje`tmc `kh, mk `k mepismtmik ia piwjr, tjkhs ti rjfjct `ky `ltjrk`tmvj pr`ctmcj.  
 _j `orjj ciepljtjly `diut t bj mepir t`kcj ia `ltjrk`tm vj pr`ctm cjs. Mk a`ct, bjojeikmc hmsciursjs b`vj djcie j trmvm `l `kh prjhmct`dlj . Xbj
pridlje ms tb`t jvjk tjcbkilioy c`k dj e`kmpul`tjh dy eir`l hmsciursjs
hmsciursjs,, `s wj sjj mk tbj c`sj ia `ll tbisj ol`ss sgyscr`pjrs tb`t rjcjmvj
`ppl`usj dy tbj ejhm`, orjjk cjrtmamc`tmiks `kh `w`rhs wmtb jktry ajjs air ciepjtmtirs.
ATIE @DSXT@CXMIK XI K@XZTJ  
Hi yiu tbmkg tbjrj ms ` clj`r hmstmkctmik djtwjjk `rtmamcm`l `kh k`tur`l mk ` dumlhmko, `kh `rj yiu mktjrjstjh mk `rcbmtjcturj djmko pjrcjmvjh `s k`tur`l9
_j `rj mktjrjstjh mk ` k`tur`l pjrcjptmik ia `leist jvjrytbmko, ma dy k`tur`l pjrcjptmik yiu ej`k ` ajjlmko ia k`tur`lkjss `kh
spikt`kjmty, ` sjksj ia djmko arjj ia rjstrmctmiks. Mk itbjr wirhs, wj `rj mktjrjstjh mk k`tur`l kit ikly `s tbj ippismtj ia `rtmamcm`l, tbj
bue`k `rtja`ct, dut `lsi `s `k ukhjkm`dlj, mkk`tj, prme`l, dmiliomc`l cikhmtmik. Xb`t ms wby wj hms`orjj wmtb tbj hmstmkctmik djtwjjk
k`tur`l dj`uty `kh `rtmstmc dj`uty. _j `ccjpt tbj `jstbjtmc jkfiyejkt wj ojt arie tbj k`tur`l sjks`tmik mk ` aliwjr ‘jvjk ` p`mktjh
aliwjr‘ `s eucb `s tbj ikj mk ` pjrsik. _j tbmkg tbj rie`ktmc hmstmkctmik djtwjjk `dstr`ctmik `kh jep`tby tb`t _mlbjle _irrmkojr
e`hj ivjr 0>> yj`rs `oi,4  ms stmll jktmrjly v`lmh. _j sjj mt `s ikj ia tbj aiukh`tmiks ia eihjrk `rt, mksia`r `s mt iscmll`tjs d`cg `kh
airtb djtwjjk tbj spmrmtu`l tjkhjkcy tiw`rhs al`t `dstr`ctmik `kh tbj rj`lmstmc `ttjktmik ti tbj lmvmko, ti k`tur`lmstmc rjprjsjkt`tmik. 
D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Xie Jejrsik & Stjpb`kmj EcHik`lh, 1@ `rcbmtjcts, Likhik, ZG.  
0  _mllm`e D`rrjtt (0=03-0==4), Xbj Mllusmik ia Xjcbkmquj6 @ Sj`rcb air Ej`kmko mk @ Xjcbkiliomc`l Cmvmlmz`tmik . Kjw ]irg6 @kcbir Diigs, 0=?=.  
4  _mlbjle _irrmkojr (0220-0=1:), @dstr`ctmik
(0220-0=1:),  @dstr`ctmik `kh Jep`tby6 @ Ciktrmdutmik ti tbj ^sycbilioy ia Stylj.
Stylj . Kjw ]irg6 Mktjrk`tmik`l Zkmvjrsmtmjs ^rjss, 0=:3 (irmomk`l6  @dstr`gtmik ukh Jmkabluko,
Jmkabluko,
0=>2). 
00
Hik”t yiu sjj ` ciktr`hmctmik mk tbj a`ct tb`t ` bue`k jxprjssmik, `k `rtmamcm`l cikstructmik, emobt sjje ti b`vj jejrojh spikt`kjiusly
arie k`turj9
Dut tbj trutb ms tb`t mt b`sk”t. Mk itbjr wirhs, mt ms ikly ` ciktr`hmctmik ma yiu `ccjpt tbj tr`hmtmik`l hm`ljctmc tb`t ciktr`sts bue`k
vjrsus kik-bue`k, mktjktmik`l
mktjktmik`l vjrsus kik-mktjktmik`l, ir ` ej`kmkoaul rj`lmty vjrsus ` ej`kmkoljss rj`lmty. @t tbj jkh ia tbj h`y, ms
”tbj wirlh' k`tur`l ir `rtmamcm`l9 Xbj pridlje djciejs sje`ktmc, djc`usj l`djllmko `rcbmtjcturj `s ”iro`kmc' mk tbj lmkj ia _rmobt ir
Vjvm hijsk”t e`gj mt `ky eirj ir ljss p`rt ia tbj k`tur`l jcisystje tb`k `k `dstr`ct wbmtj cudj, ir `ky ia tbj Eihjrk jx`epljs
`ssicm`tjh wmtb tbj Mktjrk`tmik`l Stylj. Mk tbj s`ej w`y, l`djllmko `rcbmtjcturj
`rcbmtjcturj ”orjjk' hijsk”t ej`k mt b`s ` emkme`l mep`ct ik tbj
jkvmrikejkt, wbmcb ms j`smly privjk dy tbj ol`ss tiwjrs tb`t yiu ejktmik, s`vjh arie bjll dy tbjmr lmst ia ”orjjk `w`rhs' `kh tbjmr
pl`tmkue cjrtmamc`tmiks. 
cjrtmamc`tmiks.
 _j ci mkcmhj wmtb yiur t`gj ik t bj cu ltur` l ci kstruct ia t bj m hj` i a ”k `turj'  , Jcilioy wmtbiut K`turj, 3 
`turj'..  Xmeitb y Eir tik”s rmoir ius j ss`y 
hjlvjs mkti tb`t gmkh ia emslj`hmko kitmik, `kh biw mk rj`lmty, jkvmrikejkt`l tbmkgmko ms dlicgjh dy iur me`oj ia k`turj. Mk e`ky w`ys, `
dumlhmko”s ”orjjk' l`djl b`s djciej `k idst`clj ti mts k`tur`l, ir mkkicjkt, jxpjrmjkcj `kh `pprjcm`tmik. _j `rj `ll `w`rj ia tbj pilmtmc`l
`kh e`rgjt-ojkjr`tjh a`ctirs `t pl`y. Dumlhmkos `rj usjh `s currjkcy mk ` vil`tmlj, spjcul`tmvj e`rgjt. Xbjy b`vj djciej ` sjcikh
k`turj, ` hudmius vmrtu`l rj`lmty. 
_j lmgj tbj mhj` ia ` ”sjcikh k`turj', kit mk tbj ciktjxt ia tbj ukp`l`t`dlj cikcjpt ia st`gjs tb`t yiu b`vj ejktmikjh dut mk tbj
sjksj ia ` sjcikh`ry scjkjry, ` d`cghrip `o`mkst wbmcb lmaj pl`ys iut. Xb`t gmkh ia ”sjcikh k`turj' ciulh dj rjo`rhjh `s ikj ia tbj
jssjktm`l, jtbmc`l mktjrjsts ia `rcbmtjcturj. Xb`t ms wby wj lmgj ti tbmkg ia dumlhmkos `s ` ”sjcikh k`turj', siejtbmko tb`t ms `s a`emlm`r
ti yiu, ti yiur mkhmvmhu`lmty,
m ty, `s drj`tbmko, w`lgmko ir cyclmko7 siejtbmko yiu hi j`smly, wmtbiut jvjk tbmkgmko `diut mt (wb`t H`kmjl
G`bkje`k c`lls ”qumcg tbmkgmko'). 8   @ dumlh mko ms k`turj mksia`r `s mt ms e`h j ia k`turj6 tmedjr cut a rie tr jjs, stikj qu`rrmjh arie
eiukt`mks, ol`ss e`hj arie emkjr`ls `kh amrj. Xbj e`tjrm`l prjsjkcj ia ` dumlhmko ms ` tjepir`l cryst`llms`tmik ia jkjroy. Mk tb`t
sjksj, tbjrj ms ` tit`l ciktmkumty djtwjjk tbj prjsjkt st`tj ia ` dumlhmko (mts sb`pj), mts ikoimko aire`tmik arie `k meejeirm`l p`st
`kh mts ikoimko hmssilutmik mkti `k ukme`omk`dlj auturj . "Xmej prjsjkt `kh tmej p`st. @rj ditb pjrb`ps prjsjkt mk tmej auturj"
auturj ". _j
livj tbisj wirhs ia X. S. Jlmit. :  
 @rjk”t yiu hmvjr omko kiw tiw` rhs ` k`tur`lm stmc ukhjrst`kh mko ia `rcbm tjcturj7 tiw`r hs tbj mhj` ia duml hmkos `s ` e`tj rm`l ciktmk uue
 mk tbj mkamkmty
ia tmej9 C`k yiu dj eirj spjcmamc9 C`k yiu tjll us biw ` biusj ms p`rt ia k`turj9 
_j tbmkg ` dumlhmko ms ` p`rt ia k`turj dy tbj ejrj a`ct ia djmko ` pbysmc`l cikalmct ia k`tur`l aircjs. E`tml` Obyg`”s diig, @jstbjtmc
diig, @jstbjtmc s
ia ^ripirtmiks mk K`turj `kh tbj @rts,
@rts ,1 w`s ` rjvjl`tmik air us6 bj s`w tbj l`khsc`pj `s tbj vmsmdlj ljativjr, tbj ”sc`rrjh rjek`kt', ia
` cikalmct djtwjjk k`tur`l aircjs. _j b`vj djjk uk`dlj ti tbmkg ia ` djttjr hjscrmptmik ia `k `rcbmtjctur`l prifjct, djc`usj mk tb`t
c`sj, tbjrj wiulh dj ki iktiliomc`l hmaajrjkcj djtwjjk ` biusj `kh ` ricg, fust `s tbjrj wiulh dj ki hmaajrjkcj djtwjjk ` ricg `kh
Fibk Tusgmk”s w`tjrciliur ia ` ricg. @kh kit ikly tb`t6 ` biusj wiulh dj k`turj mk tbj sjksj tb`t mt ms `ctmv`tjh dy k`tur`l cycljs, dy
h`y `kh kmobt, dy tbj sj`siks, dy `teispbjrmc prjssurj, `kh si ik. Mk tbj s`ej w`y, mt wiulh dj k`turj mk tbj sjksj tb`t mt djciejs
p`rt ia iur dmiliomc`l pricjssjs6 mt ms wbjrj wj sljjp, hrj`e, w`gj up, ciig `kh j`t. @ riie ms iur k`tur`l jkvmrikejkt6 wj `rj dirk,
lmvj, wirg `kh hmj mk ` riie.
ATIE B@X XI B@X MM 
 ]iu sjje ti hrm at tiw`rhs jx mstjktm`l m ssujs. Ljt”s t`l g `diut yiu r p`mktmko s `kh yiur `ss mhuius rj`hm ko ia pijtr y `kh pbmli sipby. Biw a`r h ijs
 yiur ril j `s `rcb mtjcts strjtc b9
Mk `ll bikjsty, wj sjj ki hmaajrjkcj djtwjjk himko ` p`mktmko `kh ` dumlhmko. Kir hi wj sjj `ky hmaajrjkcj djtwjjk me`omkmko
`rcbmtjcturj `kh e`gmko `rcbmtjcturj. _b`t”s eirj, wj hik”t ukhjrst`kh biw `rcbmtjcturj c`k dj hjprmvjh ia mts ejhmt`tmvj, mktjlljctu`l
`kh ciktjepl`tmvj hmejksmiks. @ll tbj s`ej, wj hi `ppri`cb `rcbmtjcturj mk jqumv`ljkt tjres ti ` pbmlisipbmc`l jxplir`tmik7 `s `
pridlje mk mtsjla, ` pridlje tb`t `lsi `lliws us ti ukhjrst`kh itbjr mssujs mk lmaj lmgj tbj jeitmiks tb`t ikj ajjls air itbjrs, ikj”s sjksj
ia djmko riitjh, arjjhie, cikamkjejkt ir jvjk tbj pridlje ia `ccjsmdmlmty, wbmcb kiw ms t`cgljh `s ma mt wjrj ` ejrj tjcbkmc`l mssuj. 
MM D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Sjd`stmàk @h`ei & E`rcjli A`mhjk, Dujkis @mrjs, @rojktmk`.  
3   Xmeitby Eirtik (0=12-), Jcilioy _mtbiut K`turj. Tjtbmkgmko Jkvmrikejkt`l @jstbjtmcs.
@jstbjtmcs. C`edrmhoj, E`ss6 B`rv`rh Zkmvjrsmty ^rjss, 4>>?.  
8   H`kmjl G`bkje`k (0=38-), Xbmkgmko A`st `kh Sliw.
Sliw. Kjw ]irg6 A`rr`r, Str`us `kh Omriux, 4>00.  
:   X.S. Jlmit (0222-0=1:), Aiur Pu`rtjts,
Pu`rtjts, Likhik6 A`djr & A`djr, 4>0= (Irmomk`l, 0=83).  
1  E`tml` Obyg` (0220-0=1:), @jstbjtmcs
(0220-0=1:), @jstbjtmcs ia pripirtm iks mk k`turj `kh tbj `rts
`rts.. Dujkis @mrjs6 Jhmtirm`l ^isjmhik, 0=:3. "@ll lic`l ojiliomc`l structurjs `kh tbj rjsultmko aires, wbmcb `rj tbj
sgjljtik ia tbj l`khsc`pj, rjprjsjkt tbj rjsmhuj, tbj sc`rrjh meprmkt ia ` cikalmct ia k`tur`l aircjs. @ eiukt`mk ms tbj rjcilljctmik ia ` vmiljkt pbysmc`l sp`se tb`t lmatjh tbj j`rtb”s crust `kh,
mkstj`h ia djmko airoittjk lmgj ` w`vj mk tbj icj`k, lj`vjs `k jaajct tb`t liko `atjr tbj hms`ppj`r`kcj ia tbj aircj mtsjla, jvigjs mts mktjksmty `kh amxjs mts ejeiry", p. 4>.  
03

¹Ki tjejk r`cmik`lmz`r jk jxcjsi l` prihuccmók hj uk jsquje` `rqumtjctókmci9
Jk `dsiluti. ^jks`r l` `rqumtjctur` ciei uk pridlje` jk så emsei meplmc` jl hjlmkj`r lis låemtjs hj su pripmi tjrrmtirmi. Ki kis mktj-
rjs` fuo`r jl p`pjl hjl priajsmik`l quj kjcjsmt` hjsjepjð`r hmajrjktjs riljs p`r` rjspikhjr ` l`s hje`kh`s hjl eukhi jxtjrmir.
Js` `ctmtuh pr`oeàtmc` hjl priajsmik`l ciei silucmik`hir hj pridlje`s ki kis `tr`j.
Smk jed`roi, b`k aukh`hi su pripm` jeprjs` cikstructir`7 hj bjcbi, b`k cikstrumhi `louki hj sus priyjctis, b`k jscrmti pijså`, b`k bjcbi
emljs hj pmktur`s, b`k rj`lmz`hi sus pripm`s aitior`aå`s hj `rqumtjctur`, b`k ciems`rm`hi v`rm`s jxpismcmikjs, b`k jhmt`hi lmdris, e`ktmjkjk uk
ciepriemsi rjoul`r cik l` jksjð`kz`, jk amk...
Så, js vjrh`h. Jk Cbmlj li ll`e`eis 'jl cmrci pidrj', cu`khi kis rjajrmeis ` uk emkösculi kjoicmi jk jl quj l` emse` pjrsik` `ctö`
hj prjsjkt`hir, `cród`t`, hie`hir y p`y`si. Zk eihi hj supjrvmvjkcm` mkstmktmvi.
mkstmktmvi.
¹] ki ljs p`rjcj uk eihjli dàsmci9 Js hjcmr, quj aukcmik` ciei li b`cjk eucb`s pràctmc`s ciktjepiràkj`s, quj sik jeprjs`s eultmaukcmik`ljs.
Ki, t`epici li vjeis `så. Ki b`cjeis li quj b`cjeis pir fustmamc`r uk` ítmc` sicm`l, km pir cueplmr cik jl `rqujtmpi hj uk` pràc-
tmc` v`rm`h` (hj bjcbi, sispjcb`eis hj js`s pràctmc`s quj sj prjsjkt`k ` så emse`s ciei eultmhmscmplmk`rjs). X`k sóli pjrsj-
oumeis kujstri p`rtmcul`r eihi hj supjrvmvjkcm`… Pumzàs, l` cujstmók r`hmquj jk li quj uki ciksmhjr` aukh`ejkt`l p`r` l` sud-
smstjkcm`, p`r` e`ktjkjrsj vmvi. Ki crjjeis quj sj` uk `sukti pur`ejktj pr`oeàtmci, i dmilóomci. Kis oust` jkarjkt`rkis ` uk
pije`, uk` pmktur` i uk jhmamcmi ciei sm aujr` uk `s ukti hj vmh` i eujrtj (rjcujrhjk li quj sj kis b` hmcbi sidrj l` rjspiks`-
dmlmh`h, l` lmdjrt`h y jl ipirtukmsei). ?  @ök `så, kisitris me`omk`eis jl ril hjl `rtmst` ciei jl hj uk jxplir`hir quj c`emk` pir
tmjrr`s hjsil`h`s, uk ril hjl quj sm lujoi qujh` uk` bujll` ‘uk` sjkh`, `ukquj sj` sutml‘ quj itris pujh`k sjoumr, ki sjrå` eàs
quj uk auo`z jajcti cil`tjr`l.
HJL @KIKME@XI @ L@ MHJKXMH@H  ATIE @KIK]EMX] XI MHJKXMX]
Jk kujstri c`si, jktjkhjeis js` bujll` y jsj c`emki ciei ejtàair`s vmdr`ktjs p`r` l` cikstruccmók hj smokis.  ¹Ljs mktjrjs` ` ustjhjs l` mhjktmh`h
hj lis jhmffcmis9 @ vjcjs, uki vj uk jhmffcmi kujvi quj ki p`rjcj kujvi, quj ciksmouj b`cjrsj mkvmsmdlj, qumzàs hje`sm`hi a`emlm`r, hje`sm`hi kire`l.
¡^ir supujsti! Xihi `quíl quj jstí mkvilucr`hi jk cu`lqumjr jxprjsmók `rtåstmc` jstà pir hjajcti mktjrjs`hi jk l` mhjktmh`h, `uk cu`k-
hi js` mhjktmh`h tjko` quj vjr cik jl eutmsei, l` mkhmajrjkcm` i l` mkjxprjsmvmh`h. C`h` idfjti jspjcåamci tmjkj uk c`ràctjr `sicm`hi.
 Q`lj, v`lj, rjaireuljeis l` prjoukt`... Li quj qujrjei s s`djr js su ipmkmók rjspjcti ` l` smkoul`rm h`h hj l` `rqumtjctur`6 ¹quí ipmkmók ljs ejrjcj
uk jhmamcmi quj js jxplåcmt`ejktj jxudjr`ktj, quj js `fjki ` su ciktjxti mkejhm`ti9 ¹Puí ipmkmók ljs ejrjcj uk jhmamcmi quj pujhj ljjrsj ciei
uk` amour` mcókmc` `utirrjajrjktj9
^ujs hjpjkhjrà hjl tr`saikhi cultur`l, hj l`s jxpjct`tmv`s quj pujh` tjkjr l` cieukmh`h ` l` quj v` hmrmomhi jsj jhmamcmi. ^ir jfje-
pli, uki pihrå` ljjr jl Eusji Ouoojkbjme hj Dmld`i, hj Ar`kg Ojbry, ciei 'jl ki v` eàs' hj l` `rqumtjctur` jxprjsmikmst`, ciei l`
`utíktmc` amre` hj uk `rtmst`, ciei uk` idr` `fjk` jk li aire`l y jk li e`tjrm`l ` tihi li quj l` rihj`. Ki idst`ktj, h`hi su mep`cti
jk jl p`ms`fj y jk l` jcikieå` lic`ljs, js uk jhmamcmi quj t`edmík pihrå` ljjrsj ciei uk jfjepli p`r`hmoeàtmci hj `rqumtjctur`
`rqumtjctur` smo-
kmamc`tmv`ejktj
kmamc`tmv`ejkt j ciktjxtu`l, uk` jktmh`h hjpismt`rm` hj l` mhjktmh`h hj tih` uk` cmuh`h.
¹^ihrå`eis ciep`r`rli cik ^ILM, uk jhmamcmi quj –` pjs`r hj su eihjst` jsc`l`, hj jkciktr`rsj `ljf`hi hj lis jpmcjktris `rtåstmcis  y hj sjr uk
eikilmti ridusti y ip`ci‘ sj b` cikvjrtmhi jk jljejkti cl`vj hj uk` mhjktmh`h lic`l d`s`h` jk uk idfjti `p`rjktjejktj `lmjk`hi9
Så, pirquj l` `rqumtjctur` tmjkj jl pitjkcm`l hj tr`ksaire`r uk p`ms`fj, jk jspjcm`l cu`khi jl aikhi js eàs dmjk kjutri. Jk uk cik-
tjxti `durrmhi, pici kitirmi, mkcirpir`r uk` kujv` pmjz` quj sj` jxtr`irhmk`rm`, jxudjr`ktj y sjks`cmik`l js uk` `pujst` idvm` ‘
js ciei mkvjkt`r `loi hj l` k`h`, i o`r`d`tj`r `loi jk uk` bif` jk dl`kci‘. 2 Js a`scmk`ktj quj cu`lqumjr aire` hj smkoul`rmh`h
sidrj uk luo`r ojkírmci y `durrmhi tjko` mep`cti, ciei icurrj cik cu`lqumjr eåkme` pmkcjl`h` hj cilir sidrj uk lmjkzi jk dl`kci.
Hj eihi quj js prjvmsmdlj quj uk jhmamci cik curv`s y plmjoujs, rjvjstmhi hj drmll`ktj tmt`kmi, ciktr`stj y `ctmvj su jktirki, y pir
jxtjksmók, i pir ejr` curmismh`h, tjko` uk mep`cti sicm`l. ^jri ` kisitris kis p`rjcj quj uk `rtja`cti mkvjkt`hi sj cikvmjrtj jk
`loi eucbi eàs sutml y siamstmc`hi cu`khi sj mkamltr` jk uk ciktjxti `p`rjktjejktj cikicmhi, jk uk jktirki a`emlm`r y kire`l. Sjrå`
ciei pmkt`r uk` pmkcjl`h` dl`kc` sidrj uk lmjkzi jk dl`kci.
?  Sjoök @h`ei A`mhjk6 "¹Jxp`khmeis kujstri p`pjl ciei `rqumtjctis c`h` vjz quj kis prjoukt`eis quí cl`sj hj `rqumtjctis qujrjeis sjr9 Jst` smeplj prjoukt` js l` eitm-
v`cmók mkmcm`l p`r` l` l`dir quj kis jkc`ro`eis ` kisitris emseis".
2  Sjo ök @h`ei A`mhjk6 "Smk huh`, jst`eis mktjrjs`his jk jl tr`d`fi hj itris `rqumtjctis y jk su c`p`cmh`h p`r` hjstml`r tíckmc`s jspjcåamc`s p`r` c`h` priyjcti… Kukc` jst`eis
 silis cu`khi tr`d`f`eis jk uk priyjcti. Kukc` jepjz`eis hj cjri".
08
HJL BIO@T @ IXTIS LZO@TJS   MMM   ATIE BIEJ XI JLSJ_BJTJ  MMM
Euy dmjk, pjri jl 'jajcti Dmld`i' = ki aukcmik`rå` smk uk idfjti jxudjr`ktj suscjptmdlj hj sjr c`ptur`hi jk uk` pist`l. Ísj js jl `lc`kcj cieukm-
c`tmvi hj l` `rqumtjctur` mcókmc` `ctu`l, y l` p`r`hif` hj lis ejhmis y hj tih` uk` mkhustrm` hjl turmsei quj omr` ` su `lrjhjhir... ] y` quj b`dl`eis
hj `rqumtjctur` jk cmuh`hjs hj Jurip`, ¹quí `rqumtjctur` ljs mktjrjs` eàs ` ustjhjs cu`khi vm`f`k pir itris p`åsjs9 ¹@ajct`k sus arjcujktjs vm`-
 fjs ` lis priyj ctis quj tmjkjk jk e`rcb`9
^ujs, lóomc`ejktj, `hjeàs hj suscrmdmr su `puktj sidrj l` mepirt`kcm` hj jxpjrmejkt`r jl luo`r `ktjs hj jepjz`r ` hmsjð`r, 0> y hj jst`r
hj `cujrhi cik ustjhjs t`edmík jk quj vjr uk` pist`l hj Dmld`i ki js jk `dsiluti ciep`r`dlj ` l` jxpjrmjkcm` hj jst`r `llå, bjeis hj
hjcmr quj kisitris r`r` vjz vmsmt`eis `rqumtjctur` ciktjepiràkj` cu`khi vm`f`eis. Ki pihjeis jvmt`r ljjrl` ciei jl rjsult`hi hj uk`
tr`ks`ccmók ciejrcm`l, t`kti jk su lóomc` aire`l ciei jk sus smstje`s tíckmcis. ^rjajrmeis hj`edul`r pir lis c`scis `ktmouis, vjr
c`s`s buemlhjs, p`sj`r `lrjhjhir hj moljsm`s, jhmffcmis `ktmouis, rumk`s, jtc. ki sóli pir jl pl`cjr hj pjrcmdmr jl p`si hjl tmjepi pir sus
supjrffcmjs i jep`p`rkis hj sus `teósajr`s c`ro`h`s hj ciktjkmhi, t`edmík pir hmsarut`r hj su prjsjkcm` jkmoeàtmc`, smk prjtjksmikjs.
^jri b`drà `loök jhmamcmi cuy` jxpjrmjkcm` ljs b`drà c`us`hi uk mep`cti priaukhi, i mkclusi `ajct`hi hj `loök eihi ` su tr`d`fi…
¡Cl`ri, b`y eucbis! ], hjshj lujoi, pihrå`eis cmt`r jhmamcmis smokmamc`tmvis hj l` `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`
` eihjrk` ‘ciei l` Qmll` E`mrj` i l`
Qmll` S`viyj‘ pjri prjajrmeis pikjr jl `cjkti, pir jfjepli, jk l` jxpjrmjkcm` hj uk cl`ustri ejhmjv`l, ki mepirt` jl kiedrj, jk jl
quj puhmeis sjktmr ki sóli jl pjsi hj l`s pripircmikjs jk jl jsp`cmi, smki t`edmík l` hjksmh`h hj lis smokmamc`his quj sj jstr`tmam-
c`d`k jk su priaukhi smljkcmi. Zk jsp`cmi cuy` cikamour`cmók ki idjhjcå` ` uk` jxplmc`cmók jvmhjktj7 jk jl quj ki b`då` jsquje`,
cikcjpti i ejtàair`s, ki b`då` `utir, ki b`då` priyjcti. Zk jsp`cmi jk jl quj tihi sj mktjor`d` jk uk` jstructur` e`kmamjst`, jk
uk tihi ökmci6 sus `trjvmh`s ciluek`s, su f`rhåk jk siedr`, l` luz tríeul` hjl cmjli, l`s bmjhr`s jk lis euris y jk l`s dóvjh`s…
HJL LZO@T @L ^@MS@FJ
Jktikcjs, ¹`prujd`k jl quj lis jhmamcmis jstík mktjor`his jk sus ciktjxtis, i ciksmhjr`k quj pujhjk sjr `fjkis ` íl9 @l e`rojk hj su e`kjr`
hj b`cjr pjrsik`l, ¹hj quí aire` pujhj l` `rqumtjctur` cikvjrtmr uk p`ms`fj jk uk luo`r ökmci9
 @ktjs b`dlàd`ei s hj quj l` `rqum tjctur` jxmstj p `r` sjr cikstrumh ` jk uk luo`r. ^`r` kisi tris, `l cikstrum rsj jk uk luo`r y, pir t`kti ,
jk uk eiejkti ökmci, mrrjpjtmdlj, uk jhmamcmi cu`lqumjr` qujh` mktjor`hi jk su ciktjxti. ^ir supujsti, js` mktjor`cmók tmjkj eucbis
or`his, y l` pripm` kicmók hj ciktjxti tmjkj eucb`s mktjrprjt`cmikjs t`edmík. 00  L` mkhmajrjkcm` b`cm` jl ciktjxti js b`dmtu`lejktj
uk `t`fi p`r` rjcurrmr ` l` `dstr`ccmók y `l ciktr`stj6 sm jk uk ciktjxti ricisi y eikt`ðisi uk jhmamcmi tmjkj uk pjraml mrrjoul`r y euris
hj pmjhr`, sj tmjkhj ` jktjkhjr ciei 'ciktjxtu`l'7 pjri sm aujr` rjhikhj`hi y dl`kci, jktikcjs sj lj vjrå` ciei uk `lmjkåojk` emkm-
e`lmst`, ciei uk ivkm quj budmjr` `tjrrmz`hi `llå cik mkhmajrjkcm`. Me`omk`eis quj jsti ojkjr` uk eiktók hj rj`ccmikjs jk l` ojktj
pria`k`, pirquj p`rjcjrå` quj meplmc` uk hjshík pir l`s cu`lmh`hjs prjjxmstjktjs hjl luo`r. Cik tihi, uki pihrå` jkciktr`r c`sis
jfjepl`rjs hj jhmamcmis `lmjk`his y joicíktrmci
joicíktrmciss quj ki suomjrjk kmbmlmsei7 pir jfjepli, l`  C`s` E`l`p`rtj. Jsj dliquj rifi, hjsc`k-
s`khi `l dirhj hj uk `c`ktml`hi, sóli cidr` sjktmhi `l sjkt`rsj `ktj l` ejs` hjl jscrmtir jkarjkt`h` `l sudlmej birmziktj.
HJL IDSXÀCZLI @L AT@C@SI  MQ
 Xr`tjeis itri tje`. Hjspuís hj b`djr pjrhmhi uk cikcursi i hj c`kcjl`r sj uk priyjcti, ¹rjc mcl`k sus mhj`s jk kujvis priyjctis 9 ¹Cóei
jktmjkhjk js` mktjrprjt`cmók mktjrk`, quj sj h` jk eucbis c`sis9
 @ktjs hj b`dl`r sid rj jsj pricjsi m ktjrki hj ciktmkumh` h y v`rm`cmók pir jl q uj ustjhjs prjoukt` k, qumsmír`eis s udr`y`r, jk rjl`cm ók
` lis cikcursis, quj kisitris hjcmhmeis ki p`rtmcmp`r jk cikcursis `dmjrtis, y r`r` vjz `cjpt`eis cikcursis pir mkvmt`cmók. @uk-
quj, pir supujsti, sieis cikscmjktjs hj quj supikjk uk` aujktj hj rjcursis p`r` eucb`s iamcmk`s, ki pihjeis jvmt`r jktjkhjr lis
cikcursis ciei l` aire` eàs mkstmtucmik`lmz`h` hj e`ltr`ti crj`tmvi. Jk kujstr` ipmkmók, lis cikcursis aire`k p`rtj hj uk smstje`
idsiljti, pjrvjrsi y cirrupti quj ciedmk` l` v`lmh`cmók hjl prjstmomi cik l` rjoul`cmók hjl ejrc`hi. Ciei eåkmei, kis p`rjcjk
hje`sm`hi jstrjcbis hj emr`s, prjhjcmdljs y jst`kh`rmz`k
jst`kh`rmz`ktjs.
tjs. Xihis s`djeis quj lis cikcursis `dmjrtis, sidrj tihi `qujllis quj
iro`kmz`k l`s mkstmtucmikjs pödlmc`s, jstàk mepuls`his pir uk priaukhi tjeir ` l` ipmkmók ojkjr`l. Emjktr`s jl jkc`roi hmrjcti pujhj
suscmt`r huh`s `cjrc` hj iscur`s cikjxmikjs, a`virjs icultis i prmvmljomis sicm`ljs, uk` mlusirm` jljccmók jcuàkmej tmjkhj ` priei-
vjr prjfumcmis, oustis ciksjksu`his
ciksjksu`his y rjspujst`s ejhmicrjs.
ejhmicrjs. Jl pridlje` js quj jl sujði hj l` a`e` y jl íxmti jstà euy jkr`mz`hi
jk l`s jxpjct`tmv`s hj auturi hj lis `rqumtjctis fóvjkjs ‘li pihrå`eis ll`e`r jl 'såkhriej hj Syhkjy'‘, 04 y ` k`hmj lj mepirt` cujs-
tmik`r l` v`lmhjz hj jstj smstje`. ^jri p`r` kisitris js uk` aire` hj jxplit`cmók (b`st` uk` mkstmtucmók priemkjktj ciei jl Ouoojk-
bjme cikvicó uk 'cikcursi `dmjrti' p`r` su amlm`l jk Bjlsmkgm quj, tr`s l` pilíemc` hjs`t`h` pir su rjsult`hi, kukc` sj lljvó ` c`di.) 03
MMM D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Eieiyi G`mfme` & ]isbmb`ru Xsug`eiti, @tjlmjr Diw _iw, Xigmi, F`pók.
=  Qjr 'Xbj Dmld`i jaajct7 Ma yiu dumlh mt, wmll tbjy ciej9' Xbj Jcikiemst , 08/>2/4>02. Cbrms Emcb`jl, 'Xbj Dmld`i Jaajct6 ms 'st`rcbmtjcturj' `ll mt's cr`cgjh up ti dj9' Xbj Ou`rhm`k, 3>/>:/4>0:.
0>  Sjoök Diw _iw6 " ^`r` kisitris, vmsmt`r luo`rjs y cikicjr ojktj js aukh`ejkt`l p`r` jepjz`r ` hmsjð`r ".
00  Sjoök Diw _iw6 " Jk kujstri tr`d`fi rjcmjktj jk pujdlis hj pjsc`hirjs y c`epis hj cultmvi hj `rriz, ciksmhjr`eis quj l` `rqumtjctur` js p`rtj hj uk` mkhustrm` prme`rm`".   00  @ccirhmko ti Diw _iw, "Mk
MQ D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Je`kujl Cbrmst & Cbrmstipb O`ktjedjmk, D`smlj`, Sumz`.
04 Jk rjajrjkcm` ` l` Ópjr` hj Syhkjy (0=?3) hj Firk Ztzik. Jl priyjcti auj sjljccmik`hi jktrj 433 pripujst`s privjkmjktjs hj 34 p`åsjs ejhm`ktj uk cikcursi mktjrk`cmik`l cik-
vic`hi jk jl `ði 0=::, cu`khi Ztzik tjkå` 31 `ðis.
03 Jl cikcursi mktjrk`cmik`l `dmjrti, pri eivmhi pir l` Aukh`cmók S`lieik T. Ouoojkbjme fukt`ejktj cik l` cmuh`h hj Bjlsmkgm), rjcmdmó 0?0: pripujst`s privjkmjktjs hj ?? p`å-
sjs, jk fukmi hj 4>08. Xr`s uk rjcb`zi rjmtjr`hi hj l` pripujst` o`k`hir`, jl priyjcti kukc` sj lljvó ` c`di.
01
 @rjk”t yiu `ar`mh ia ivjr-r` tmik`lms mko tbj pr ihuctmik ia `k `rcbm tjctur`l hm `or`e9 
Kit `t `ll. Xbmkgmko ia `rcbmtjcturj `s `k mssuj mktrmksmc`lly meplmjs hjamkmko
k o tbj diukh`rmjs ia mts iwk tjrr`mk. _j `rj kit mktjrjstjh mk
`ctmko mk tbj rilj ia tbj priajssmik`l wbi kjjhs ti pl`y hmaajrjkt riljs mk irhjr ti ejjt tbj rjqumrjejkts ia tbj iutsmhj wirlh. Xb`t
pr`oe`tmc `ttmtuhj ia tbj priajssmik`l `s pridlje-silvjr hijsk”t `ppj`l ti us.
 ]jt yiu b`vj sjt up yiur iwk cik structmik ciep`ky. Mk a`ct, yiu b` vj duml t siej ia yi ur iwk hjsmoks, yiu b`v j wrmtt jk pijtr y, yiu b`vj
p`mktjh tbius`khs ia p`mktmkos, yiu b`vj t`gjk yiu iwk pbitis ia `rcbmtjcturj, yiu b`vj cur`tjh sjvjr`l jxbmdmtmiks, pudlmsbjh diigs, gjpt `
rjoul`r cieemtejkt ti tj`cbmko, mk sbirt.... 
]js, tb`t”s truj. Mk Cbmlj, wj hjscrmdj ` se`ll dusmkjss mk wbmcb tbj s`ej pjrsik ms tbj rmkoe`stjr, `crid`t, t`ejr `kh cliwk `s ”`
piir cmrcus'. @k mkstmkctmvj survmv`l eihj. 
 @kh hi jsk”t tb`t sj je lm gj ` d`smc eihjl9 Mk itb jr wir hs, m t wir gs mk tbj s` ej w`y `s ` lit ia ci ktjepir` ry p r`ctmcjs , wbm cb `rj eultm-
aukctmik`l jktjrprmsjs.
Ki, wj hik”t sjj mt tb`t w`y jmtbjr. _j hik”t hi wb`t wj hi ti fustmay ` sicm`l jtbmc, kir ti e`tcb tbj `rcbjtypj ia ` v`rmjh pr`ctmcj
(mk a`ct, wj `rj suspmcmius ia pr`ctmcjs tb`t prifjct tbjesjlvjs `s eultmhmscmplmk`ry). _j fust pursuj iur p`rtmcul`r survmv`l eihj...
^jrb`ps tbj mssuj lmjs mk wb`t ikj t bmkgs ms jssjktm`l air ikj”s sudsmstjkcj, air st`ymko `lmvj. _j hik”t tbmkg mt”s ` purjly pr`oe`tmc
ir dmiliomc`l mssuj. _j lmgj ti tbmkg ia ` pije, ` p`mktmko ir ` dumlhmko `s ma mt wjrj ` e`ttjr ia lmaj `kh hj`tb (rjejedjr wb`t wj
b`vj djjk tilh `diut rjspiksmdmlmty, arjjhie `kh ippirtukmse).? Kjvjrtbjljss, wj me`omkj tbj `rtmst”s rilj `s djmko lmgj `k jxplirjr
w`lgmko `criss ` hjsil`tj l`khsc`pj, ` rilj wbmcb, ma mt hijs lj`vj ` tr`cj ‘` tr`ml, biwjvjr a`mkt‘ air itbjrs ti ailliw, ms ejrjly
` aljjtmko smhj-jaajct.
 
Mk iur c`sj, wj rjo`rh tb`t aiitprmkt `kh tb`t tr`ml `s vmdr`kt ejt`pbirs air tbj cikstructmik ia smoks. @rj yiu mktjrjstjh mk tbj mhjktmty ia dumlhmkos9
Siejtmejs yiu sjj ` kjw dumlhmko tb`t hijsk”t liig kjw, `kh e`k`ojs ti djciej mkvmsmdlj, pjrb`ps tii a`emlm`r, tii kire`l. 
Ia ciursj! @kyikj mkvilvjh mk `ky gmkh ia `rtmstmc jxprjssmik ms dy k`turj mktjrjstjh mk mhjktmty, jvjk ma tb`t mhjktmty ms rjl`tjh ti smljkcj,
mkhmaajrjkcj ir mkjxprjssmvjk
mkjxprjssmvjkjss.
jss. Jvjry spjcmamc idfjct b`s `k `ssicm`tjh cb`r`ctjr.
IG, IG, ljt ej rjpbr`sj tbj qujstmik. _b`t wj w`kt ti gkiw ms yiur ipmkmik `diut tbj ukmqujkjss ia `rcbmtjcturj6 wb`t hi yiu tbmkg ia
` dumlhmko tb`t ms jxplmcmtly jxudjr`kt, ir `lmjk ti mts meejhm`tj ciktjxt9 _b`t hi yiu tbmkg ia ` dumlhmko tb`t c`k dj mktjrprjtjh `s ` sjla-
rjajrjktm`l mcikmc amourj9 
_jll, tb`t hjpjkhs ik tbj cultur`l d`cgoriukh,
d`cgoriukh, tbj jxpjct`tmiks ia tbj cieeukmty tb`t tbj dumlhmko ms mktjkhjh air. Air jx`eplj, ikj
ciulh mktjrprjt Ar`kg Ojbry”s Ouoojkbjme Eusjue mk Dmld`i `s tbj ”l`st wirh mk jxprjssmikmst `rcbmtjcturj', tbj truj smok`turj ia `k
`rtmst, ` crj`tmik tb`t ms aire`lly `kh e`tjrm`lly `lmjk ti jvjrytbmko `riukh mt. Ik tbj itbjr b`kh, ciksmhjrmko mts mep`ct ik tbj lic`l
l`khsc`pj `kh jcikiey, mt ciulh `lsi dj mktjrprjtjh `s ` p`r`hmoe`tmc jx`eplj ia smokmamc`ktly ciktjxtu`l `rcbmtjcturj, ` rjpismtiry
ia tbj mhjktmty air `k jktmrj cmty.
Ciulh mt dj ciep`rjh ti ^ILM9 Xb`t dumlhmko b`s djciej ` cirj p`rt ia ` lic`l mhjktmty d`sjh ik `k `pp`rjktly `lmjk`tjh idfjct,
idfjct, hjspmtj mts
eihjst sc`lj, mts hmst`kcj arie `rtmstmc buds `kh mts ridust, ip`quj eikilmtbmc k`turj. 
]js, djc`usj `rcbmtjcturj b`s tbj pitjktm`l ti tr`ksaire ` l`khsc`pj, jspjcm`lly wbjk tbj d`cgoriukh ms siejwb`t kjutr`l. Mk ` hull,
ukrje`rg`dlj
ukrje`rg`dlj ciktjxt, tbj mksjrtmik ia `k jxtr`irhmk`ry, jxudjr`kt, sjks`tmik`l wirg ia `rcbmtjcturj ms idvmiusly ` s`aj djt. Mt”s lmgj
mkvjktmko siejtbmko arie kitbmko, ir scrmddlmko siejtbmko
k o ik ` dl`kg sbjjt ia p`pjr.2  Mt”s a`scmk`tmko tb`t `ky gmkh ia ukmqujkjss mk
` ojkjrmc, dirmko lic`tmik b`s `k mep`ct, lmgj ` tmky drusb strigj ia ciliur ik ` dl`kg c`kv`s. Si yiu c`k jxpjct ` dumlhmko cl`h mk
sbmky tmt`kmue wmtb curvjs `kh ailhs ti ciktr`st `kh `ctmv`tj mts surriukhmkos `kh, dy jxtjksmik ir dy ejrj curmismty, b`vj ` sicm`l
mep`ct. Dut mt sjjes ti us tb`t `k mkvjktjh `rtja`ct djciejs siejtbmko eucb eirj sudtlj `kh sipbmstmc`tjh wbjk mt mkamltr`tjs `
sjjemkoly a`emlm`r ciktjxt mk ` kire`l jkvmrikejkt. Mt”s lmgj p`mktmko ` wbmtj drusb strigj ik ` dl`kg c`kv`s.
?  @ccirhmko ti @h`ei A`mhjk, "_j jxp`kh iur rilj `s `rcbmtjcts jvjry tmej wj `sg iursjlvjs wb`t gmkh ia `rcbmtjcts hi wj w`kt ti dj9 Xbms smeplj qujstmik ms tbj mkmtm`l eitmv`tmik air tbj or`kh
ijuvrj tb`t wj cieemssmik ti iursjlvjs―.  
2  @ccirhm ko ti @h`ei A`mhjk, "_j `rj cjrt`mkly mktjrjstjh mk tbj wirg ia itbjr `rcbmtjcts `kh tbjmr `dmlmty ti hmstml spjcmamc tjcbkmqujs air ` prifjct... _j `rj kjvjr `likj wbjk wj wirg ik `
 prifjct. _j kjvjr st`rt arie scr`tcb.―  
0:
 
IG, dut tbj ”Dmld`i jaajct'= wiulhk” t wirg wmtbiut `k jxudj r`kt i dfjct c` p`dlj i a djmk o c`ptur jh ik ` pistc` rh. Xb` t”s tbj c ieeukm c`tmvj
scipj ia tih`y”s mcikmc `rcbmtjcturj, `kh tbj p`r`hix ia tbj ejhm` `kh tbj wbilj tiurmst mkhustry tb`t rjvilvjs `riukh mt. Ik tbj tipmc ia
`rcbmtjcturj mk Juripj`k cmtmjs, wb`t `rcbmtjcturj mktjrjsts yiu eist wbjk yiu vmsmt itbjr ciuktrmjs9 Hi yiur arjqujkt fiurkjys mkalujkcj
 yiur p rifjct s ukhjr w`y9
_jll, idvmiusly wj sudscrmdj ti yiur pimkt `diut tbj mepirt`kcj ia jxpjrmjkcmko
jxpjrmjkcmko tbj pl`cj djairj yiu st`rt tbj hjsmok 0> `kh wj `orjj
wmtb yiu tb`t liigmko `t ` pistc`rh ia Dmld`i c`k”t dj ciep`rjh wmtb tbj jxpjrmjkcj ia `ctu`lly djmko tbjrj, dut wj sbiulh pimkt iut
tb`t wj r`rjly vmsmt ciktjepir`ry `rcbmtjcturj wbjk wj tr`vjl. _j c`k”t `vimh rjo`rhmko mt `s tbj rjsult ia ` dusmkjss tr`ks`ctmik mk
ditb mts aire`l liomc `kh mts tjcbkmc`l systjes. _j prjajr ti w`khjr tbriuob ilh qu`rtjrs, liig `t eihjst biusjs, w`lg `riukh
cburcbjs, ilh dumlhmkos, rumks, jtc., kit ikly air tbj plj`surj ia sjksmko tbj p`ss`oj ia tmej ik tbjmr sura`cjs `kh si`gmko up tbjmr
`edm`kcj l`hjk wmtb ciktjkt, dut `lsi ti jkfiy tbjmr jkmoe`tmc, ukprjtjktmius prjsjkcj. 
Dut tbjrj eust dj siej dumlhmkos tb`t b`vj b`h ` priaiukh mep`ct ik yiu ir `aajctjh yiur wirg mk siej w`y. 
Ia ciursj tbjrj `rj e`ky ia tbje! @kh idvmiusly wj ciulh ejktmik mepirt`kt eihjrk `rcbmtjcturj lmgj Qmll` E`mrj` ir Qmll` S`viyj,
dut wj prjajr ti bmoblmobt tbj jxpjrmjkcj ia ` ejhmjv`l climstjr, wbjrjvjr mt emobt dj, wbjrj wj c`k sjksj kit ikly tbj wjmobt ia tbj
pripirtmiks mk mts sp`cj, dut `lsi tbj hjksmty ia tbj ej`kmkos tb`t `rj str`tmamjh mk mts priaiukh smljkcj. Xbj cikamour`tmik ia tbisj
sp`cjs hmhk”t amt `ky idvmius jxpl`k`tmik, tbjrj w`s ki scbjej, cikcjpt ir ejt`pbir, ki `utbir, ki hjsmok. Xbjy `rj sp`cjs mk
wbmcb jvjrytbmko w`s dljkhjh mkti ` e`kmajst structurj, ` smkolj wbilj6 tbj dilh cilueks, tbj sb`hy o`rhjk, tbj trjeulius lmobt arie
tbj sgy, tbj mvy ik tbj w`lls, tbj v`ults, `kh si ik.
ATIE ^L@CJ XI L@KHSC@^J
Si hi yiu `pprivj ia dumlhmkos djmko mktjor`tjh mkti tbjmr ciktjxts, ir hi yiu tbmkg tbjy c`k dj hjt`cbjh arie tbje9 Sjttmko yiur pjrsik`l
 w`y ia hi mko tbmko s ti ikj s mhj, biw c` k `rcbmtjc turj e`gj ` l`khsc` pj ukmquj9 
J`rlmjr wj ejktmikjh tb`t `rcbmtjcturj jxmsts mk irhjr ti dj dumlt mk ` pl`cj. _j tbmkg tb`t wbjk ` dumlhmko ms cikstructjh mk ` ukmquj,
ukrjpj`t`dlj pl`cj ‘`kh tbjrjairj tmej `s wjll‘ mt dljkhs mkti mts ciktjxt. Ia ciursj, tbjrj `rj e`ky hjorjjs ti tbms dljkhmko,
`kh tbj vjry kitmik ia ciktjxt b`s e`ky mktjrprjt`tmiks `s wjll. 00  Mkhmaajrjkcj ti ciktjxt ms iatjk ` sbirtcut ti `dstr`ctmik `kh
ciktr`st6 ma ` dumlhmko b`s `k mrrjoul`r iutlmkj `kh stikj w`lls mk ` ricgy, eiukt`mkius ciktjxt, mt tjkhs ti dj ukhjrstiih `s
”ciktjxtu`l'7 dut ma mt ms riukhjh `kh wbmtj, mt ms rjo`rhjh `s ` emkme`lmst `lmjk, lmgj ` ZAI tb`t b`s l`khjh tbjrj, mkhmaajrjktly. _j
me`omkj tb`t tbms gmkh ia tbmko trmoojrs ` lit ia rj`ctmiks mk irhmk`ry pjiplj djc`usj mt sjjes ti meply ` hmsh`mk air tbj prj-jxmstmko
qu`lmtmjs ia tbj pl`cj. Dut yiu c`k stmll amkh p`r`hmoe`tmc c`sjs ia `lmjk`tjh, joicjktrmc dumlhmkos tb`t hik”t suoojst kmbmlmse, lmgj
E`l`p`rtj Biusj,
Biusj , air jx`eplj. Xb`t rjh dlicg rjstmko ik tbj jhoj ia ` clmaa ikly e`gjs sjksj wbjk yiu smt hiwk `t tbj wrmtjr”s
hjsg `kh liig iut `t tb`t sudlmej birmzik.  
ATIE IDSX@CLJ XI A@MLZTJ MQ 
Ljt”s hmscuss `kitbjr mssuj. @atjr yiu lisj ` ciepjtmtmik ir b`vj ` prifjct c`kcjlljh, hi yiu rjcyclj yiur mhj`s mk kjw prifjcts9 Biw hi yiu
rjo`rh tb`t mktjrk`l mktjrprjt`tmik, wbmcb b`ppjks qumtj iatjk9 
Djairj wj hmscuss tbj mktjrk`l pricjss ia ciktmkumty `kh v`rm`tmik tb`t yiu b`vj `sgjh `diut, wj sbiulh jxpl`mk wmtb rjo`rh ti
ciepjtmtmiks tb`t wj b`vj hjcmhjh kit ti jktjr ipjk ciepjtmtmiks. _j r`rjly `orjj ti jktjr ciepjtmtmiks dy mkvmt`tmik, jmtbjr. @ltbiuob
wj `rj idvmiusly `w`rj tb`t ciepjtmtmiks `rj ` siurcj ia aukhmko air e`ky iaamcjs, wj c`kkit bjlp dut rjo`rh tbje `s tbj eist
mkstmtutmik`lmsjh aire ia crj`tmvj emstrj`tejkt. _j tbmkg ciepjtmtmiks `rj p`rt ia `k idsiljtj, pjrvjrsj, cirrupt systje tb`t ciedmkjs
tbj v`lmh`tmik ia prjstmoj wmtb e`rgjt rjoul`tmik. _j tbmkg tbjy `rj tii k`rriwly aicusjh, prjhmct`dlj `kh st`kh`rhmsmko, `t tbj vjry
lj`st. _j `ll gkiw tb`t ipjk ciepjtmtmiks, jspjcm`lly tbj ikjs tb`t `rj iro`kmsjh dy pudlmc mkstmtutmiks, `rj hrmvjk dy ` hjjp aj`r ia
pudlmc ipmkmik. Hmrjct cieemssmiks c`k r`msj hiudts `diut idscurj cikkjctmiks, bmhhjk a`viurs `kh sicm`l prmvmljojs, dut tbjk `o`mk,
`k mllusiry d`l`kcjh cbimcj tjkhs ti prieitj prjfuhmcjs, ciksjksu`l t`stjs `kh ejhmicrj rjspiksjs. Xbj pridlje ms tb`t tbj hrj`e
ia succjss `kh a`ej ms hjjply riitjh mk yiuko `rcbmtjcts” jxpjct`tmiks ia tbj auturj, wb`t ikj emobt c`ll tbj ”Syhkjy sykhriej',04  
`kh ki ikj ms rj`lly ditbjrjh qujstmikmko tbj v`lmhmty ia tb`t systje. Air us, mt”s ` gmkh ia jxplimt`tmik (jvjk ` priemkjkt mkstmtutmik
lmgj tbj Ouoojkbjme bjlh `k ”ipjk ciepjtmtmik' air tbj Bjlsmkgm dr`kcb, wbmcb w`s kjvjr mepljejktjh `atjr mts ciktrivjrsm`l
iutciej).03  
MMM D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Eieiyi G`mfme` & ]isbmb`ru Xsug`eiti, @tjlmjr Diw _iw, Xigyi, F`p`k.  
=  Sjj Xbj Dmld`i jaajct7 Ma yiu dumlh mt, wmll tbjy ciej9  Xbj Jcikiemst, @uoust 08, 4>02. Cbrms Emcb`jl, Xbj Dmld`i Jaajct6 ms ”st`rcbmtjcturj' `ll mt”s cr`cgjh up ti dj9  Xbj Ou`rhm`k, @prml 3>, 4>0:  
0>  @ccirhmko ti Diw _iw, "Air
"Air us, vmsmtmko smtjs `kh ejjtmko pjiplj ms aukh`ejkt`l air us wbjk wj st`rt hjsmokmko ".  
"Mk iur rjcjkt wirg mk amsbmko vmll`ojs `kh rmcj p`hhmjs, wj ciksmhjr `rcbmtjcturj ti dj p`rt ia ` prme`ry mkhustry. " 
MQ D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Je`kujl Cbrmst & Cbrmstipb O`ktjedjmk, D`sjl, Swmtzjrl`kh.  
04 Mk rjajrjkcj ti Firk Ztzik”s Syhkjy Ipjr` Biusj (0=?3). Xbj prifjct w`s sjljctjh arie 433 pripis`ls arie 34 ciuktrmjs mk `k mktjrk`tmik`l ciepjtmtmik bjlh mk 0=::, wbjk Ztzik w`s 31
yj`rs ilh.
03  Xbj ipjk mktjrk`tmik`l ciepjtmtmik, prieitjh dy tbj S`lieik T. Ouoojkbjme Aiukh`tmik mk cikfukctmik wmtb tbj Cmty ia Bjlsmkgm, rjcjmvjh 0?0: pripis`ls arie ?? ciuktrmjs mk Fukj 4>08.
 @atjr rjpj`tjh rjfjctmik ia tbj wm kkmko pripis`l, tbj prifjct w`s kjvjr rj`lmsjh.
0?

^jri lis cikcursis sik, ` ejkuhi, l` pujrt` hj jktr`h` quj pjremtj ` lis fóvjkjs priajsmik`ljs ciejkz`r su pràctmc`, jxplir`r sus mhj`s, jfjr-
cmt`rsj jk jl hmsjði, tjkjr `loi quj eistr`r.   ],
], `hjeàs, ¹quí icurrj jktikcjs cik tihi jsj pricjsi mktjrki hj rjcmcl` hi quj sj h` jk eucb`s
pràctmc`s jk jl quj ukis priyjctis `lmjkt`k ` itris or`cm`s ` l` ciktmku` jxpjrmejkt`cmók hj sus mhj`s9 08 Xihi jsti js pismdlj, jktrj itr`s ci s`s,
or`cm`s ` l` pràctmc` hj lis cikcursis.  
L` mhj` emse` hj ciepjtmr pir uk jkc`roi, hj `suemr l` c`rrjr` priajsmik`l ciei uk jsprmkt cirti ciktr` tus ciljo`s, l` mhj` hj
rmv`lmh`h, hj o`k`hirjs y pjrhjhirjs, kis rjsult` pjrvjrs`. Cik jl pridlje` `hmcmik`l hj quj l` ojktj, cu`khi o`k` uk cikcursi,
sujlj sjktmr mkejhm`t`ejktj quj y` "li b` lior`hi", y pir puri jktusm`sei hjf` hj sjr cråtmc` ciktr` jl smstje`. @p`rtj, kisitris
pjks`eis quj uki tmjkj ` li l`roi hj su vmh` uk` sil` mhj` quj ejrjzc` l` pjk` hjs`rrill`r, `l ejkis uk` mhj` mktjrjs`ktj, smkoul`r
‘his, ciei eucbi‘. X`edmík pjks`eis quj l` `rqumtjctur` js uk` c`rrjr` hj l`ro` hmst`kcm`, c`sm uk` e`r`tók, `l ciktr`rmi hj
li quj hjf`rå` tr`slucmr uk` pràctmc` cjktr`h` jk lis cikcursis, js` sujrtj hj jsprmkt ciktmkui. @så quj prjajrmeis jktjkhjr lis pri-
 yjctis ciei p`rtj hj uk ökm ci y cikst` ktj 'jxpjrm ejkti ejkt`l,' 0: ciei v`rm`cmikjs hj uk` emse` e`kjr` hj b`cjr, hj uk` emse`
`ctmtuh. Hj bjcbi, hjscikam`eis hj jsis `rqumtjctis quj `amre`k pihjr `arikt`r c`h` priyjcti hj aire` hmstmkt`. ¹Hj vjrh`h js
pismdlj ki rjcirh`r k`h` hj lis mktjrjsjs, l`s prjoukt`s y l`s mktumcmikjs quj uki tuvi jk jl priyjcti `ktjrmir9
`ktjrmir9
¹@så quj b`k jeplj`hi ustjhjs l` emse` mhj` jk hmajrjktjs priyjctis9 ¹B`k rjpjtmhi his vjcjs jl emsei 'cikcjpti'9
L`ejkt`eis quj sujkj t`k t`f`ktj, pjri kukc` bjeis jeplj`hi uk 'cikcjpti' p`r` uk jhmamcmi. Js hjcmr, cu`lqumjr rjprjsjkt`cmók
hj uk idfjti cikaire` ukis jsquje`s ejkt`ljs quj kisitris mhjktmamc`eis ciei jl cikcjpti hj jsj idfjti. ^ir jfjepli, jl cik-
cjpti hj smll`, jl hj vjkt`k`, cudmjrt`, jtc. Zk cikcjpti js uk` rjprjsjkt`cmók ejkt`l,
ejkt`l, 'jl ciepikjktj dàsmci hjl pjks`emjkti'. @ök
`så, kukc` jeplj`eis l` amour` rjtórmc` hjl cikcjpti p`r` rjajrmrkis ` uk` ciepismcmók `rqumtjctókmc`. Smk jed`roi, b`y uk` jstrj-
cb` prixmemh`h, uk` mktjrhjpjkhjkcm`, jktrj lis cikcjptis y jl ljkou`fj. ] sm e`ktjkjeis l` mhj` hj quj jxmstj uk ljkou`fj prmem-
tmvi, prjbmstórmci, smljkcmisi, jktikcjs t`edmík hjdjrå`eis jst`r mktjrjs`his jk l` aire` cirrjspikhmjktj hj uk `p`r`ti cikcjptu`l
mkk`ti p`r` rjl`cmik`rkis cik l` `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`.
`. 01 
Sjoök jsi, ¹pihrå`eis hjhucmr quj SILI y OZK@ pjrtjkjcjk ` uk emsei `p`r`ti cikcjptu`l9
Jx`ct`ejktj. ] quj ciep`rtjk
ciep`rtjk uk aire`ti hidlj, jl hjl plmkti y l` pl`c`. @ pjs`r hj l` jspjcmamcmh`h hj c`h` cikamour`cmók jsp`cm`l,
hj su pripircmók y ip`cmh`h, `edis priyjctis prjsjkt`k uk àedmti jljv`hi, uk` ukmh`h jsp`cm`l cjktr`lmz`h` rihj`h` pir ukmh`hjs
`uxmlm`rjs. Jl cjktri hjvmjkj uk v`cåi jk tirki `l cu`l pmvit` tihi7 y jl pjråejtri sj cikvmjrtj jk uk `kmlli ciktmkui hj b`dmt`cmikjs.
L` jstrmct` cmrcul`cmók ` tr`vís hj pmjz`s hj p`si jk jl prmejri, y l` `usjkcm` hj jst`s pmjz`s jk jl sjoukhi, sj sudirhmk` ` l` jxpj-
rmjkcm` hj uk eivmemjkti cmrcul`r, smk prmkcmpmi km amk`l, uk` sujrtj hj ritikh` p`kiràemc`, cik uk` jstructur` msieira`,
msieira`, ki fjràrqum-
c`, quj privic` uk tmjepi cmrcul`r, `dstr`cti7
`dstr`cti7 uk tmjepi quj, hj `loök eihi, sj ciktr`hmcj cik jl tmjepi lmkj`l hjl hå`. @l amk`l, sj
pmjrhj jl sjktmhi hj l` irmjkt`cmók. Zki sj smjktj pjrhmhi jk jl jsp`cmi b`st` quj l`s b`dmt`cmikjs sj vujlvjk a`emlm`rjs y sj jepmjz`
` prjst`r `tjkcmók ` itr`s cis`s eàs `llà hj l` pripm` `rqumtjctur`, ciei lis àrdiljs, l`s siedr`s, l` tjepjr`tur`,
tjepjr`tur`, jtc.
HJ L@ EJEITM@ @L @TPZJXM^I  ATIE EJEIT] XI @TCBJX]^J
¹^mjks`k ustjhjs quj uk jhmamcmi pujhj tjkjr c`p`cmh`h p`r` jvic`r `loi eàs9 ¹Jxmstj jsj eiejkti jk jl quj uk jhmamcmi pujhj rjemtmr ` uk
eihjli `dsiluti90?
Lis jhmamcmis sik ciei cu`lqumjr itri idfjti hjl eukhi, tmjkjk uk` prjsjkcm`, pjri t`edmík rjprjsjkt`k
rjprjsjkt`k `loi eàs. @ vjcjs, uk ejri
kiedrj6 jst` cis` js uk euri7 jst` itr` uk` vjkt`k`7 js` itr` uk` c`s` cik p`rjhjs y vjkt`k`s. Zt ^mctur` ^imjsms, 02  ciei js l`
pmktur` `så js l` pijså`, pihrå` tr`sl`h`rsj aàcmlejktj ` l` jxprjsmók 'Zt @rcbmtjctur` ^imjsms' , ciei js l` `rqumtjctur` `så js l` pij-
så`7 js hjcmr, uk` rjvjl`cmók jkmoeàtmc`. Jk kujstr` mktjrprjt`cmók, l` `rqumtjctur` js pir k`tur`ljz` uk hmspismtmvi hj rjvjl`cmók6 uk
tjxti me`omk`tmvi jscrmti smk p`l`dr`s. ] jl mep`cti hj uk jhmamcmi jk uk` pjrsik` sjksmdlj pihrå` sjr t`k sjvjri, t`k r`hmc`l, quj su
pripm` vmh` pihrå` jepjz`r ` vmr`r cik uk` pjrspjctmv` hmajrjktj. ^ir jsi sistjkjeis quj cu`lqumjr aire` hj `rtj, mkclumh` l` `rqum-
tjctur`, js uk` bjrr`emjkt`, ciei li pujh` sjr uk e`rtmlli i uk tjljscipmi, quj kis pjremtj jst`r jk jl eukhi hj uk` cmjrt` e`kjr`.
Cik tihi, `ukquj lis `rqumtjctis pih`eis prieivjr cmjrtis v`lirjs, cmjrtis mhj`ljs ` tr`vís hj lis jsp`cmis quj crj`eis, jk `dsi-
luti, idvm`ejktj, sieis rjspiks`dljs hj l`s cis`s, dujk`s i e`l`s, quj pujh`k sucjhjr jk jllis.
08 Sjoök Cbrmst & O`ktjedjmk6 "Jk tihis kujstris priyjctis, t`kti lis rj`lmz`his ciei lis ki rj`lmz`his, sj prihucj uk` pilmkmz`cmók cruz`h` cikst`ktj b`cm` itris priyjctis y
jsaujrzis".
0:  Zk 'jxpjrmejkti ejkt`l' js uk` smtu`cmók bmpitítmc` hmspujst` cik jl pripósmti hj pjks`r ` tr`vís hj sus ciksjcujkcm`s. Qjr Driwk, F`ejs Tidjrt `kh ]mat`cb Ajbmoj, 'Xbiuobt
Jxpjrmejkts', Xbj St`kairh Jkcyclipjhm` ia ^bmlisipby (_mktjr 4>0= Jhmtmik), Jhw`rh K. V`lt` (jh.), ZTL 5 bttps6//pl`ti.st`kairh.jhu/`rcbmvjs/wmk4>0=/jktrmjs/tbiuobt-jxpjrmejkt/
01  Jk jl C`påtuli 4 hj kujstri lmdri Sp`tm`l Structurj sj hmscutjk `loukis `rqujtmpis ejkt`ljs. Lis itris his c`påtulis sik eàs mhmismkcràtmcis. Smoumjkhi aukh`ejkt`lejktj ` E`rg
Fibksik, `k`lmz`eis, jktrj itr`s cis`s, kicmikjs hj cjktr`lmh`h, hj pjrmajrm`, hj jkcujktri, hj crucj, hj supjrpismcmók y hj sjcujkcm`. Jst`s rjl`cmikjs tipilóomc`s tjkå`k uk
jci suojrmhi jk l` sjljccmók hj cmjk pmktur`s `l ólji ‘uk` sjljccmók hj uk` sjrmj e`yir quj sjoumeis pmkt`khi `ctu`lejktj‘ jhmt`h`s ` mktjrv`lis rjoul`rjs jk jl lmdri.
0? Sjoök Cbrmst & O`ktjedjmk6 "Jktrj l` me`ojk y l` mhj`, jkciktr`eis jl cikcjpti hjl tmpi… Jl tmpi js uk` o`r`ktå` hj c`lmh`h, jk cmjrti sjktmhi, h`hi quj jl `rqumtjcti tmjkj jl
 rjcursi hj uk eihjli prjvm`ejktj hjs`rrill`hi, prid`hi y jks`y`hi. Jstj eihjli ki pujhj sjr `dsiluti, pjri `spmr` ` l` pjrajccmók".
02  Zt ^mctur` ^imjsms rjemtj ` uk` låkj` jxtr`åh` hj  @rs ^ijtmc` (  Jl @rtj hj l` ^ijså` ) hj Bir`cmi (Puktus Bir`tmus Al`ccus, 1:-2 `.C.) jscrmt` jk cmrc` 0= `.C. Qjr Tjkssjl`jr _. Ljj,
Zt ^mctur` ^ijsms7 tbj bue`kmstmc tbjiry ia p`mktmko . Kjw ]irg, Kirtik, 0=1?. WB`y tr`huccmók `l c`stjll`ki6 Tjkssjl`jr _. Ljj, Zt ^mctur` ^imjsms. L` tjirå` bue`kåstmc` hj l`
 pmktur`. E`hrmh6 Càtjhr`/ Jks`yis @rtj, 0=24. Xr`huccmók hj C. Luc` hj Xjk`U.
02
HJ LI QMJFI @ LI @KXMOZI  Q
B`dljeis hj l` bmstirm`. ¹B`y `loök eiejkti p`rtmcul`r hj l` bmstirm` quj mkspmrj su prihuccmók9 ¹Crjjk ustjhjs jk l` mhj` hj priorjsi, jk uk`
jspjcmj hj jvilucmók h`rwmkm`k` hj l` `rqumtjctur`9 0=
L` bmstirm` js p`r` kisitris uk tjrrmtirmi eàs dmjk rjeiti, uk emti, a`scmk`ktj pjri hmst`ktj. Crjcmeis jk jl sur hj @eírmc` hjl
Sur, 4> jk uk luo`r `l quj E`rtåkjz Jstr`h` ll`e` jl hj 'l` rj`lmh`h hjl jksujði cruhi' 40 ‘kis jkc`kt`k eucb`s hj sus r`hmior`aå`s
tjrrmtirm`ljs,
tjrrmtirm`ljs, ís`s jk l`s quj jeplj` jsj tiki suyi t`k rjsmok`hi, uk tiki quj jvic` t`kti l` kist`lom` ciei l` utipå`‘. ^ihjeis
mhjktmamc`rkis cik l` viz hjl `vjkturjri quj lljo` ` uk luo`r mkejksi, ` uk tjrrmtirmi jkirej, mktjremk`dlj,
mktjremk`dlj, hikhj l` tmjrr`, l`s eik-
t`ð`s, lis råis i lis àrdiljs emljk`rmis cikstmtuyjk l` ökmc` rjajrjkcm` jst`dlj7 uk tjrrmtirmi hikhj l` jxpjrmjkcm` hjl v`cåi y l` hj
cu`lqumjr bujll` `sicm`h` ` l` cikstruccmók bjcb` pir jl biedrj ‘`ukquj sj` tr`ksmtirm`, hídml i aràoml‘ js vjrh`hjr`ejktj pri-
aukh`. @quå, l` rjl`cmók cik l` tmjrr` js hj t`l e`okmtuh quj jxcjhj l` jsc`l` bue`k`. ¹Puí `ktmoüjh`h tmjkj jsi9 Mkclusi lis vjs-
tmomis k`tmvis hj l` icup`cmók bue`k` ‘ukis picis cjrc`his y c`emkis smkuisis‘, jk ciktr`stj cik lis hj l`s cultur`s E`y` j
Mkc`, sj tr`ksaire`k jk ajkóejkis k`tur`ljs smk `pjk`s lóomc` (`pjk`s, pirquj tmjkjk sjktmhi hjktri hj l`s aujrz`s prmemtmv`s). Hj
kujvi, uk cikalmcti hj aujrz`s, hj vjctirjs yjkhi hj uk l`hi p`r` itri, ciei `pukt`rå` Ojiroj Smeejl.44  
Ki s`djeis sm jst`r hj `cujrhi cik ustjhjs rjspjcti ` su kjo`cmók hj l` bmstirm`, rjspjcti ` su `p`rjktj a`lt` hj mktjrís pir l` bmstirm`. @l amk`l,
tihis `prjkhjeis hjl p`s`hi.
Cmjrti, pjri hjpjkhj hj li ljfis quj sj qumjr` rjtricjhjr. Ki jst`eis rjcb`z`khi l` bmstirm` ciei aujktj hj cikicmemjkti, `l cik-
tr`rmi, sjkcmll`ejktj ll`e`eis l` `tjkcmók sidrj jl `lc`kcj lmemt`hi hj l` bmstirm` quj kis jksjð`rik jk l` jscujl`. Ki kis sjktmeis
meprjsmik`his pir l`s mepirt`cmikjs hj kji-D`rrici, kji-Clàsmci, kji-Eihjrki i kji-^isteihjrki 'e`hj mk @eírmc`'.  @  @ kisitris,
lis jhmamcmis cikstrumhis smoumjkhi t`ljs jstmlis kis p`rjcjk hjc`hjktjs. Cikcjptu`lejktj
Cikcjptu`lejktj `l ejkis, kis h`k l` meprjsmók hj sjr
pidrjs cipm`s hj mhj`ljs airàkjis7 aukcmik`k ciei eihjlis hj `hictrmk`emjkti, c`rjcjk hj `utjktmcmh`h j mkhjpjkhjkcm`. Jk tihi
c`si, sóli qumsmír`eis rjmvmkhmc`r uk` jspjcmj hj hjrjcbi suh`ejrmc`ki ` l` irmomk`lmh`h7 uk hjrjcbi ` sjr k`tmvi, ` jst`r uk pici
eàs cjrc` hjl irmojk, `ukquj sóli sj` jk ciep`r`cmók cik kujstris `emois juripjis. Sm tmjkj `loök v`lir jkciktr`r l` prmemtmv` rjl`-
cmók jktrj jl sjr bue`ki y l` k`tur`ljz`, y su prmemtmv` ejhm`cmók ` tr`vís hj l` `rqumtjctur`, kis oust`rå` pjks`r quj kisitris, lis
dàrd`ris, l`s ejktjs s`lv`fjs, 43  l` ojktj mkcmvmlmz`h` hjl tjrcjr eukhi, kis jkciktr`eis, hj `louk` e`kjr`, jk uk` pismcmók prmvmlj-
om`h` p`r` b`cjrli. @så quj, qumzàs, jl tíremki p`r` rjajrmrkis ` tihi jsti ki hjdjrå` sjr jl hj vmjfi smki jl hj `rc`mci.  _j tbmkg tbjrj b`s ti dj siej sirt ia durmjh rjemkmscjkcj ia iur p`st culturjs. _j”rj kit t`lgmko `diut iur L`tmk @ejrmc`k cilikm`l
Ki jst`eis sjouris hj jktjkhjr dmjk ` li quj sj rjamjrjk. ¹@luhjk ` `loök tmpi hj bmstirm` ejt`aåsmc`9
 @ kisitris kis p`rjcj quj hj dj b`djr `louk` rjemkmscjkcm` sud tjrràkj` hj kujstr`s cultur`s p`s`h`s. ] ki kis rja jrmeis ` kujstr`
cultur` cilikm`l l`tmki`ejrmc`k`, i ` vujstr` cultur` ejhmtjrràkj`, smki ` l` cmvmlmz`cmók ciei uk tihi, ` l` sue` hj såedilis y ciepir-
t`emjktis ciep`rtmhis quj sj b`k tr`hucmhi ` aire` cikstrumh`. ^jks`eis quj hjdj b`djr uk cóhmoi or`d`hi jk kujstris cujrpis
quj hmluyj li smedólmci cik li `dstr`cti, li pràctmci cik li sidrjk`tur`l. ^ir jfjepli, ciksmhjrjeis l` `drue`hir` prjsjkcm` hj l` cir-
hmlljr` hj lis @khjs. Jst` aire`cmók ojilóomc` pujhj sjr hjscrmt`, h`h` su e`okmtuh ciktmkjkt`l, y eàs `llà hj l` `p`smik`h` bue`km-
z`cmók quj hj jll` b`cj Kjruh`, ciei uk` låkj` quj sjð`l` l` hmrjccmók kirtj-sur. Jstj `trmduti aire`l, jl hj uk` sjkcmll` ffour` or`d`h`
jk kujstri e`p` ejkt`l, js ` l` vjz `dstr`cti y smedólmci6 kis rjajrmeis ` l` cirhmlljr` ciei uk` e`s`, ciei uk euri hmvmsirmi, ciei
uk` ariktjr`, pjri t`edmík ciei uk` dröful`. Hj bjcbi, sj lj pujhj prjoukt`r ` cu`lqumjr c`epjsmki jk hókhj sj jkcujktr` y íl li
s`drà sjkcmll`ejktj pir su pismcmók cik rjspjcti ` l`s eikt`ð`s hjpjkhmjkhi hj l` bir` hjl hå`. Me`omkjk li c`ro`h` hj smokmffc`hi y
li jkr`mz`h` quj pujhj jst`r uk` c`s` irmjkt`h` kirtj-sur. Zk` jstructur` jsp`cm`l hmspujst` jk uk` sjcujkcm` lmkj`l quj sj cirrjs-
pikhj cik uk` jstructur` ojioràffc`, ciei `dstr`ccmók hj uk jsquje` ejkt`l, pihrå` sjr `l tmjepi sidrjciojhir` y rjcikairt`ktj.
HJ L@ TZMK@ @ L@ SZSX@KCM@
B`dljeis hjcikalmcti,
k`tur`ljs jk l` jrismók¹cóei
jk lishjjhmamcmis. Hjshjb`drå`
ciktukhjktj su pukti hjjlvmst`,
hj sjr y rjtie`khi
jsaujrzi pir jvmt`rl`js`
idsjrv`cmók
jrismók9 48hj
  Ojiroj Smeejl sidrj l`s aujrz`s bue`k`s y
Ísj js prjcms`ejktj jl tje` jk cujstmók jk jl jks`yi sidrj l`s rumk`s hj Smeejl. Ki sj tr`t` t`kti hj idsjrv`r quj b`y aujrz`s
jspmrmtu`ljs y k`tur`ljs ‘l` vilukt`h bue`k` jepuf`khi b`cm` `rrmd` emjktr`s l` or`vjh`h y itr`s 'aujrz`s k`tur`ljs' tmr`k hj jsis
‘ e e e e cikcluhmko tb`t `rcbmtjcturj ms ` arizjk pimkt ia jqumlmdrmue. Kit ikly tb`t, mt ms `lsi `diut `cgkiwljhomko tb`t tbj mkjvmt`dlj a`tj ia
e O e … e `kh mkjvmt`dlj a`ct. Mt”s ikly ` e`ttjr ia tmej. Xbj rilj ia tbj pjre`kjkcj ia `rcbmtjcturj mk rjl`tmik ti tbj jxjrtjh jaairt, `k jaairt tb`t
e e
e e e hmscussmik `diut jtbmcs. 4:
 Q D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik @któk O`rcå` @drml & Hídir` Ejs`, Jks`edlj Stuhmi, E`hrmh, Jsp`ð`.    Q
0=  Sjoök Jks`edlj6 'Zk`s c`p`s sucjsmv`s b`k pihmhi cijxmstmr y, hj `loök eihi, bmdrmh`r, cikstruyjkhi uk jstr`ti rmci y ciepljfi hj aire`s aåsmc`s y ejt`aåsmc`s… Sm b`y, hj
 bjcbi, uk` jvilucmók, ki tjkjeis km mhj` hj li quj l` mepuls`, pjri hjamkmtmv`ejktj ki tmjkj quj vjr cik l` sjljccmók k`tur`l'.
4>  Siaå` E`rtåkjz crjcmó jk jl sur hj @rojktmk`, jk D`rmlicbj, uk` cmuh`h a rjktj `l l`oi K`bujlbu`pm. E`urmcmi ^jzi, jk jl sur hj Cbmlj, jk L`f`, uk` cmuh`h a rjktj `l råi Dmi-Dmi.
40  Jzjqumjl E`rtmkjz Jstr`h` (02=:-0=18),  T`hmior`am` hj l` ^`ep`6 Dujkis @mrjs, Jhmtirm`l Lis`h`, 0=12 (iromk`l6 0=33).
44  Ojiroj Smeejl (02:2-0=02), 'Xbj Tumk', 0=00, mk Ojiro Smeejl, 02:2–0=0= , tr`huccmók6 Gurt _ilaa. Ciluedus6 Ibmi St`tj Zkmvjrsmty ^rjss, 0=:=.
43  Jk rjajrjkcm` ` 'l` ejktj s`lv`fj' ijl 'pjks`emjkti bue`ki mkhóemti'. Cl`uhj Lívm-Str`uss, Xbj S`v`vj Emkh . Cbmc`oi, Mllmkims, Zkmvjrsmty ia Cbmc`oi ^rjss, 0=11 (irmomk`l6 0=14).
WB`y tr`huccmók `l c`stjll`ki6 Cl`uhj Lívm-Str`uss,  Jl pjks`emjkti s`lv`fj. ^rmejr` jhmcmók jk c`stjll`ki, Eíxmci6 Aikhi hj Cultur` Jcikóemc`, 0=18U.
48  Sjoök Jks`edlj6 "…lis jhmamcmis pujhjk hjsmktjor`rsj p`r` cikvjrtmrsj jk uk kujvi sustr`ti tjrrjstrj".
4:  Sjoök Jks`edlj6 "(cikstrumr sidrj jhmamcmis),  ki sóli js ístj uk `dirh`fj piítmci ` l` cikstruccmók hj uk jhmamcmi i uk` cmuh`h, smki t`edmík jcilóomci, uk `dirh`fj jk jl quj
 l` e`tjrm` y jl luo`r sj rjcmcl`k cikst`ktjejktj" .
4>
Dut ciepjtmtmiks `rj iatjk o`tjw`ys tb`t `lliw yiuko priajssmik`ls ti djomk tbjmr pr`ctmcj, jxplirj tbjmr mhj`s, o`mk jxpjrmjkcj mk hjsmok `kh
b`vj siejtbmko ti sbiw. @kh tbjk, wb`t `diut tbj mktjrk`l rjcyclmko pricjss tb`t t`gjs pl`cj m k e`ky pr`ctmcjs, mk wbmcb siej prifjcts
jkciur`oj itbjrs tbriuob ikoimko jxpjrmejkt`tmik wmtb tbjmr mhj`s908  Xb`t”s `ll pissmdlj tb`kgs ti ciepjtmtmiks, `eikost itbjr tbmkos. 
Xbj wbilj mhj` ia ciepjtmko air ` cieemssmik, `ccjptmko
`ccjptmko tb`t yiur c`rjjr ms ` sbirt sprmkt `o`mkst yiur cillj`oujs, tbj mhj` ia rmv`lry,
wmkkjrs `kh lisjrs, sjjes pjrvjrsj ti us. @kh tbjk tbjrj ms tbj `hhmtmik`l pridlje tb`t wbjk pjiplj wmk ` ciepjtmtmik, tbjy tjkh ti
meejhm`tjly ajjl tb`t tbjy b`vj "e`hj mt", `kh iut ia sbjjr jktbusm`se, tbjy stip djmko crmtmc`l ia tbj systje. @p`rt arie tb`t, wj
tbmkg tb`t pjiplj b`vj fust ikj mhj` mk tbjmr lmajtmej tb`t ms wirtb hjvjlipmko7 ` ukmquj, mktjrjstmko ikj `t lj`st, e`ydj twi `t tbj
eist. _j `lsi tbmkg tb`t `rcbmtjcturj ms ` liko-hmst`kcj r`cj, `leist ` e`r`tbik, tbj ippismtj ia wb`t ` stuhmi aicusjh ik
ciepjtmtmiks `kh ` sirt ia pjre`kjkt sprmkt emobt suoojst. Xb`t”s wby wj prjajr ti sjj prifjcts `s p`rt ia ` smkolj, cikst`kt ”ejkt`l
jxpjrmejkt',0:  v`rm`tmiks ik tbj s`ej ejtbih, tbj s`ej `ttmtuhj. Mk a`ct, wj `rj suspmcmius ia `rcbmtjcts wbi cl`me tb`t tbjy `rj `dlj
ti `ppri`cb j`cb prifjct `kjw6 ms mt rj`lly pissmdlj kit ti rjejedjr `kytbmko `diut tbj mktjrjsts, qujstmiks `kh mktumtmiks tb`t yiu
b`h mk yiur prjvmius prifjct9  
Si hijs tb`t ej`k yiu b`vj usjh tbj s`ej mhj` mk hmaajrjkt prifjcts9 B`vj yiu jvjr rjpj`tjh tbj s`ej ”cikcjpt' twmcj9 
M”e sirry ma tbms siukhs dlukt, dut wj b`vj kjvjr usjh ` ”cikcjpt' air ` dumlhmko. M ej`k, `ky rjprjsjkt`tmik ia `k idfjct sb`pjs
ejkt`l iutlmkjs tb`t wj mhjktmay `s tbj cikcjpt air tb`t idfjct. X`gj air jx`eplj tbj cikcjpt ia ` cb`mr, ` wmkhiw, ` riia `kh si ik.
 @ cikcjpt ms ` ej kt`l rjprjsjkt `tmik, ”tbj d `smc dumlhmko dlicg i a mhj`s', `lt biuob wj kjvjr jep liy tbj rbjtirmc `l amourj ia tbj c ikcjpt
ti rjajr ti `k `rcbmtjctur`l ciepismtmik. Kjvjrtbjljss, cikcjpts `kh l`kou`oj `rj mk clisj prixmemty `kh mktjrhjpjkhjkt. @kh ma wj
bilh tbj mhj` tb`t tbjrj ms ` smljkt, prmemtmvj, prjbmstirmc l`kou`oj, tbjk wj `lsi iuobt ti dj mktjrjstjh mk tbj cirrjspikhmk
cirrjspikhmko
o aire ia
`k mkk`tj cikcjptu`l hjvmcj tb`t `lliws us ti rjl`tj ti `rcbmtjcturj.01  
Si ik tb`t d`sms, c`k wj hjhucj tb`t SILI `kh OZK@ djliko ti tbj s`ej cikcjptu`l hjvmcj9  
Jx`ctly. @kh tbjy `lsi sb`rj ` hiudlj aire`t, tbj plmktb `kh tbj sl`d. Hjspmtj tbj spjcmamcmty ia tbj sp`tm`l cikamour`tmik, pripirtmiks
pripirtmiks
`kh ip`cmty mk j`cb c`sj, ditb prifjcts b`vj ` r`msjh zikj, ` cjktr`lmsjh sp`tm`l ukmt surriukhjh dy `uxmlm`ry ukmts. Xbj cjktrj
djciejs ` vimh `riukh wbmcb jvjrytbmko pmvits, `kh tbj pjrmejtjr djciejs ` ciktmkuius rmko ia riies. Xbj strmct cmrcul`tmik
tbriuob p`ss`ojw`ys mk tbj airejr `kh tbj l`cg ia tbisj p`ss`ojw`ys mk tbj l`ttjr, ms sudirhmk`tjh ti tbj jxpjrmjkcj ia ` cmrcul`r
eivjejkt, wmtbiut ` st`rt ir `k jkh, ` gmkh ia p`kir`emc ritukh` wmtb ` kik-bmjr`rcbmc`l msieirpbmc structurj, wbmcb crj`tjs `
cmrcul`r, `dstr`ct tmej7 ` tmej wbmcb mk ` w`y ciktr`hmcts tbj lmkj`r tmej ia tbj h`y. ]iu ultme`tjly lisj yiur sjksj ia irmjkt`tmik.
]iu ajjl list mk tbj sp`cj, uktml tbj riies djciej a`emlm`r `kh yiu st`rt ti kitmcj itbjr tbmkos djyikh tbj `rcbmtjcturj, lmgj tbj
trjjs, tbj sb`hiws, tbj tjepjr`turj, jtc.
 
0?  
Hi yiu tbmkg ` dumlhmko c`k jvigj siejtbmko jlsj9 Ms tbjrj ` pimkt wbjrj ` dumlhmko c`k rjajr ti `k `dsilutj eihjl9
Dumlhmkos `rj lmgj `ky itbjr idfjct mk tbj wirlh6 tbjy b`vj ` prjsjkcj, dut tbjy `lsi rjprjsjkt siejtbmko jlsj. Siejtmejs mt”s fust `
k`ej6 tbms tbmko ms ` w`ll, tb`t ikj ms ` wmkhiw, tb`t itbjr tbmko ms ` biusj wmtb w`lls `kh wmkhiws. Zt ^mctur` ^imjsms,02  ‒@s ms p`mktmko
si ms pijtry”, ciulh j`smly dj turkjh mkti ”Zt @rcbmtjctur` ^imjsms',
^imjsms', ‒@s ms `rcbmtjcturj si ms pijtry”, m.j., `k jkmoe`tmc rjvjl`tmik. Iur
mktjrprjt`tmik ms tb`t `rcbmtjcturj ms dy mts vjry k`turj ` hjvmcj air rjvjl`tmik6 `k me`omk`tmvj tjxt tb`t ms wrmttjk wmtbiut wirhs. @kh
tbj mep`ct ia ` dumlhmko ik ` sjksmtmvj pjrsik c`k dj si hr`stmc, si r`hmc`l, tb`t tbjmr lmaj ciulh st`rt ti sbmat tiw`rhs ` hmaajrjkt
pjrspjctmvj. Xb`t”s wby wj `rouj tb`t `ky `rt aire, mkcluhmko `rcbmtjcturj, ms ` tiil, lmgj ` b`eejr ir ` tjljscipj, tb`t `lliws us ti
dj prjsjkt mk tbj wirlh mk ` cjrt`mk w`y. B`vmko s`mh tb`t, `ltbiuob `s `rcbmtjcts wj c`k jkciur`oj cjrt`mk v`lujs, cjrt`mk mhj`ls,
tbriuob tbj sp`cjs wj crj`tj, wj `rj idvmiusly kit `t `ll rjspiksmdlj air tbj tbmkos tb`t emobt b`ppjk mk tbje, jmtbjr oiih ir d`h.
08  @ccirhmko ti Cbrmst & O`ktjedjmk, "@ll iur prifjcts, ditb rj`lmsjh `kh ukrj`lmsjh, cikst`ktly criss-pillmk`tj itbjr prifjcts `kh jaairts.―
jaairts.―  
0:  @ ”tbiuobt jxpjrmejkt' ms ` bypitbjtmc`l smtu`tmik pisjh air tbj purpisj ia tbmkgmko tbriuob mts ciksjqujkcjs. Sjj Driwk, F`ejs Tidjrt `kh ]mat`cb Ajbmoj, ”Xbiuobt Jxpjrmejkts', Xbj
St`kairh Jkcyclipjhm` ia ^bmlisipby (_mktjr 4>0= Jhmtmik), Jhw`rh K. V`lt` (jh.), ZTL 5 bttps6//pl`ti.st`kairh.jhu/`rcbmvjs/wmk4>0=/jktrmjs/tbiuobt-jxpjrmejkt/   
01  Cb`ptjr 4 ia iur diigSp`tm`l
diig Sp`tm`l Structurj hmscussjs siej ejkt`l `rcbjtypjs. Xbj itbjr twi cb`ptjrs `rj eirj mhmisykcr`tmc. E`mkly ailliwmko E`rg Fibksik, wj `k`lysj kitmiks ia cjktr`lmty,
pjrmpbjry, jkciuktjr, crissmko, ivjrl`ppmko `kh sjqujkcj, `eiko itbjr tbmkos. Xbjsj tipiliomc`l rjl`tmiksbmps `rj jcbijh mk tbj sjljctmik ia ikj bukhrjh iml p`mktmkos ‘arie ` l`rojr sjrmjs
tb`t `rj stmll p`mktmko kiw‘ mksjrtjh `t rjoul`r mktjrv`ls mk tbj diig.
0? @cc irhmko ti Cbrmst & O`ktjedjmk,"Djtwjjk
O`ktjedjmk, "Djtwjjk tbj me`oj `kh tbj mhj`, wj amkh tbj cikcjpt ia tbj typj... Xbj typj ms ` ou`r`ktjj ia qu`lmty, mk ` cjrt`mk sjksj, smkcj tbj `rcbmtjct b`s rjciursj
ti ` prj-hjvjlipjh, trmjh `kh tjstjh eihjl. Xbms eihjl c`kkit dj `dsilutj, dut mt sjjgs pjrajctmik".  
02  Zt ^mctur` ^imjsms rjajrs ti ` lmkj t`gjk arie Bir`cj”s  @rs ^ijtmc` (Puktus Bir`tmus Bir`tmus Al`ccus, 1:-2 D.C.) wrmttjk mk C. 0= D.C. Sjj Tjkssjl`jr _. Ljj, Zt ^mctur` ^ijsms7 tbj bue`kmstmc
p`mktmko . Kjw ]irg, Kirtik, 0=1?. 
tbjiry ia p`mktmko.
0=
ATIE ILH XI @KCMJKX  Q
Q 
Ljt”s t`lg `diut bmstiry. Ms tbjrj ` p`rtmcul`r eiejkt mk bmstiry tb`t mkspmrjs yiur wirg9 Hi yiu djlmjvj mk tbj mhj` ia priorjss `kh ` gmkh ia
`rcbmtjcturj90= 
H`rwmkm`k jvilutmik ia `rcbmtjcturj9
Bmstiry ms ` a`mrly rjeitj `rj` air us. Mt”s ` eytb, a`scmk`tmko dut hmst`kt. _j orjw up mk tbj siutb ia Siutb @ejrmc`, 4>   mk ` pl`cj tb`t
E`rtåkjz Jstr`h` c`lls ”tbj rj`lmty ia r`w rjvjrmj'.40  _j livj bms tjrrmtirm`l R-r`ys wmtb tb`t rjsmokjh tikj ia bms tb`t jvigjs kist`lom`
`kh utipm`. _j c`k mhjktmay wmtb tbj vimcj ia tbj `hvjkturjr wbi `rrmvjs mk `k meejksj pl`cj, `k jkireius, jkhljss l`kh wbjrj tbj
oriukh, tbj eiukt`mks, tbj rmvjrs `kh tbj emlljkkm`l trjjs `rj tbj ikly st`dlj rjajrjkcj7 ` tjrrmtiry wbjrj tbj jxpjrmjkcj ia jeptmkjss
`kh jvjry tr`cj `ssicm`tjh wmtb e`k-e`hj cikstructmik, ki e`ttjr biw drmja, a`mkt ir ar`omlj, ms truly priaiukh. Xbj rjl`tmiksbmp wmtb
tbj l`kh tbjrj ms si meejksj tb`t mt oijs djyikh tbj bue`k sc`lj. Biw ilh ms tb`t9 Zklmgj tbj E`y` `kh Mkc` culturjs, jvjk tbj
mkhmojkius tr`cjs ia bue`k iccup`tmik ‘tbj icc`smik`l ajkcj ir wmkhmko tr`cg‘ `rj tr`ksairejh mkti k`tur`l pbjkiejk` wmtb
sc`rcjly `ky liomc (sc`rcjly, djc`usj tbjy e`gj sjksj mk tbj ciktjxt ia prmemtmvj aircjs). @o`mk, mt”s ` qujstmik ia ` cikalmct ia aircjs,
ia vjctirs oimko d`cg `kh airtb `s Ojiroj Smeejl puts mt.44  
M”e kit surj tb`t wj `orjj wmtb yiu `diut yiur hjkm`l ia bmstiry `kh yiur `pp`rjkt l`cg ia mktjrjst mk bmstiry. Zltme`tjly wj `ll lj`rk arie tbj p`st.
Xb`t”s truj, dut mt `ll hjpjkhs ik biw a`r d`cg yiu w`kt ti oi. _j `rj kit rjfjctmko bmstiry `s ` siurcj ia gkiwljhoj. Ik tbj ciktr`ry,
wj `rj smeply hr`wmko `ttjktmik ti tbj lmemtjh scipj ia tbj gmkh ia bmstiry wj wjrj t`uobt `t scbiil. _j `rj kit meprjssjh dy ”e`hj
 mk @ejrmc`' kji-D`riquj, kji-Cl`ssmc`l, kji-Eihjrk ir kji-^isteihjrk mepirts.
mepirts . Dumlhmkos wmtb tbisj styljs sjje hjc`hjkt ti us.
Cikcjptu`lly `t lj`st, tbjy sjje ti dj piir cipmjs ia airjmok mhj`ls. Xbjy wirg `s eihjls air mkhictrmk`tmik, tbjy l`cg `utbjktmcmty
`kh mkhjpjkhjkcj. _b`tjvjr tbj c`sj, wj fust w`kt ti cl`me ` gmkh ia Siutb @ejrmc`k rmobt ti irmomk`lmty6 tbj rmobt ti dj k`tmvj, ti dj
` lmttlj clisjr ti tbj siurcj, jvjk ma mt”s ikly mk ciep`rmsik wmtb iur Juripj`k armjkhs. Ma tbjrj rj`lly ms ` v`luj mk hmscivjrmko tbj
prmemtmvj rjl`tmiksbmp djtwjjk e`k `kh k`turj `kh mts prmemtmvj ejhm`tmik tbriuob `rcbmtjcturj, wj wiulh lmgj ti tbmkg tb`t wj, tbj
d`rd`rm`ks, tbj s`v`oj emkhs, 43  tbj ukcmvmlmsjh pjipljs ia tbj Xbmrh _irlh, `rj ti siej jxtjkt mk ` prmvmljojh pismtmik ti hi si. Si
`rcb`mc . 
pjrb`ps tbj tjre air `ll ia tb`t sbiulh kit dj ilh dut `rcb`mc.
 _j”rj kit surj wj ukhjr st`kh wb`t y iu `rj rj ajrrmko ti. @rj yi u t`lgmk o `diut si ej gmkh i a ejt`pbysm c`l bmsti ry9 
culturj ir yiur Ejhmtjrr`kj`k culturj, dut r`tbjr cmvmlms`tmik `s ` wbilj, tbj sue ia tbj sb`rjh syedils `kh djb`vmiurs tb`t b`vj
djjk tr`ksl`tjh mkti cikstructjh aire. _j tbmkg tbjrj eust dj ` cihj jtcbjh mk iur dihmjs tb`t dljkhs tbj syedilmc wmtb tbj `dstr`ct,
tbj pr`ctmc`l wmtb tbj supjrk`tur`l. Xbmkg, air jx`eplj, `diut tbj mepismko prjsjkcj ia tbj @khjs eiukt`mks. Djyikh Kjruh`”s
p`ssmik`tj bue`kms`tmik ia tb`t ojiliomc`l aire`tmik, mt c`k dj hjscrmdjh, omvjk mts ciktmkjkt`l e`okmtuhj, `s ` lmkj pimktmko kirtb-
siutb. Xb`t aire`l `ttrmdutj, ` smeplj amourj jtcbjh mk iur ejkt`l e`p, ms ditb `dstr`ct `kh syedilmc6 wj hjscrmdj tb`t eiukt`mk
r`koj `s ` e`ss, ` hmvmhmko w`ll, ` ariktmjr, dut `lsi `s ` ciep`ss. @sg `ky pj`s`kt wbjrj tbjy `rj `kh tbjy”ll gkiw smeply dy tbjmr
pismtmik wmtb rjspjct ti tbj eiukt`mks, hjpjkhmko
hjpjkhmko ik tbj tmej ia h`y. Si me`omkj fust biw ej`kmkoaul `kh hjjply-riitjh ` kirtb-
siutb irmjktjh biusj c`k dj. @ sp`tm`l structurj l`mh iut mk ` lmkj`r sjqujkcj tb`t cirrjspikhs ti ` ojior`pbmc`l structurj, `s ma mt
wjrj `k `dstr`ctmik ia ` ejkt`l e`p, c`k dj ivjrwbjlemko dut cieairtmko `t tbj s`ej tmej. 
ATIE TZMK XI SZDSX@KCJ  
Ljt”s t`lg `diut jrismik mk dumlhmkos. ^mcgmko up ik Ojiroj Smeejl”s idsjrv`tmik `diut bue`k `kh k`tur`l aircjs mk cikalmct, biw piwjraul hi
 yiu tbmkg jrismik p rjvjktmik ja airts sbi ulh dj948  
Xb`t ms prjcmsjly tbj mssuj `t st`gj mk Smeejl”s jss`y `diut rumks. Mt ms kit si eucb ` qujstmik ia sjjmko tb`t tbjrj `rj spmrmtu`l `kh
k`tur`l aircjs ‘bue`k pusbmko upw`rhs, or`vmty `kh itbjr ”k`tur`l aircjs' pullmko tbisj s`ej aircjs hiwkw`rhs‘ `s ` qujstmik ia
`ll `rcbmtjcturj ms mts rumk6 mts hjc`y, mts hmssilutmik, mts hms`ppj`r`kcj
hms`ppj`r`kcj (jvjk mk tbj c`sj ia tbj Orj`t ^yr`emh ia Omz`) ms ` airjsjj`dlj
kit ikly mkcluhjs tbj cist ia dumlhmko mt, dut `lsi mts e`mktjk`kcj, rjp`mr ir amk`lly mts hjeilmtmik, ciulh dj ` oiih mllustr`tmik ia `
 
D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb @któk O`rcå` @drml & Hídir` Ejs`, Jks`edlj Stuhmi, E`hrmh, Sp`mk.
0=  @ccirhmko ti Jksjedlj, ”Succjssmvj l`yjrs b`vj djjk `dlj ti cijxmst `kh siejbiw bydrmhmsj, dumlhmko ` rmcb `kh ciepljx l`yjr ia pbysmc`l `kh ejt`pbysmc`l aires... Ma tbjrj ms mk a`ct `k
jvilutmik, wj b`vj ki mhj` wb`t hrmvjs mt, dut mt hjamkmtjly b`s kitbmko ti hi wmtb k`tur`l sjljctmik'.  
4>  Siaå` E`rtåkjz orjw up mk siutbjrk @rojktmk`, mk D`rmlicbj, ` tiwk mk arikt ia L`gj K`bujlbu`pm. E`urmcmi ^jzi, mk siutbjrk Cbmlj, mk L`f`, ` tiwk mk arikt ia tbj Dm i-Dmi rmvjr.  
40 Jzjqumjl E`rtmkjz Jstr`h` (02=:-0=18), T`hmior`am` hj l` ^`ep` 6 Dujkis @mrjs, Jhmtirm`l Lis`h`, 0=12 (irmomk`l6 0=33).  
44  Ojiroj Smeejl (02:2-0=02), ”Xbj Tumk', 0=00, mk Ojiro Smeejl, 02:2-0=0=. Xr`ksl`tmik6
02:2-0=0=.  Xr`ksl`tmik6 Gurt _ilaa. Ciluedus6 Ibmi St`tj Zkmvjrsmty ^rjss, 0=:=.  
43  Mk rjajrjkcj ti ”tbj s`v`oj emkh' ir ”ukt`ejh bue`k tbiuobt'. Cl`uhj Lívm-Str`uss, Xbj S`v`oj Emkh . Cbmc`oi, Mllmkims, Zkmvjrsmty ia Cbmc`oi ^rjss, 0=11 (irmomk`l6 0=14).  
48 @cc irhmko ti Jks`edlj,"Dumlhmkos
Jks`edlj, "Dumlhmkos c`k hmsmktjor`tj ti djciej ` kjw tjrrjstrm`l sudstr`tj".  
4: @cc irhmko ti Jks`edlj, "(dumlhmko ik tip ia dumlhmkos) ms
dumlhmkos) ms kit ikly ` pijtmc `ppri`cb ti tbj cikstructmik ia ` duml hmko ir ` cmt y, dut `lsi `k jciliomc`l ikj, mk wbmcb e`ttjr `kh pl`cj `rj
rjcycljh".  
cikst`ktly rjcycljh".
40

Jajctmv`ejktj, sjrå` ítmc` jk t`kti quj meplmc` l` rjspiks`dmlmh`h sidrj uk rjcursi lmemt`hi.
Så, pjri t`edmík jk l` ejhmh` jk quj pispikj uk `sukti euy hjlmc`hi biy jk hå` hjdmhi ` l` jejrojkcm` hj l` crmsms clmeàtmc`6 jl
hj lis prjfumcmis jstítmcis i pilåtmcis rjspjcti ` cmjrtis e`tjrm`ljs y tíckmc`s. ^irquj sm hjf`eis quj jst` hmscusmók ítmc` sj` e`km-
pul`h` pir mktjrjsjs pilåtmcis y jcikóemcis kis `rrmjso`eis ` pil`rmz`r l` hmscusmók jktrj 'l` e`hjr` js dujk`' y 'jl biremoók js
e`li', li quj sjrå` t`k jko`ðisi ciei hjcmr 'jl vjrhj js vmh`' y 'jl orms js `durrmhi'. ^ihrå`eis
^ihrå`eis cmt`r eucb`s `rqumtjctur`s 'ljcbuo`'
quj mktjkt`k c`eual`r su lucr`tmv` supjrvmvjkcm` jscuhàkhisj jk dujk`s mktjkcmikjs.
^jri, `ök `så, t`edmík js uk bjcbi quj uk` vmo` hj e`hjr` privmjkj hj uk` k`tur`ljz` vmv`, y quj uk` vmo` hj biremoók privmjkj hj l` jxtr`ccmók
hj emkjr`ljs mkjrtjs, emkjr`ljs jk c`ktmh`h lmemt`h` jk kujstri pl`kjt`.
Ísj js jx`ct`ejktj jl pjlmori hj l`s `amre`cmikjs pilmtmz`h`s, rjhuctmv`s y p`rcm`ljs. Sm ustjhjs ciep`r`k jktrj l`s e`tjrm`s prme`s
rjkiv`dljs y l`s lmemt`h`s, l` rjspujst` js idvm`7 pjri sm ustjhjs ciksmhjr`k l` vmh` ötml hj c`h` jljejkti, qumzàs l` hmsp`rmh`h ki
sj` y` t`k jvmhjktj. Kujstr` ipmkmók js quj jst`eis `ktj uk eiejkti hmaåcml, y hje`sm`hi prjsmik`his pir l` mkhustrm` quj sistmjkj
l` prihuccmók `rqumtjctókmc`. ¹Cóei
¹Cóei cikam`r jk uk a`drmc`ktj hj vmo`s hj e`hjr` quj jstà amk`kcm`hi pir uk` jeprjs` airjst`l9
¹Sj b` hj cikhjk`r uk` jxpismcmók hj bmstirm` hjl `rtj sm l` amk`kcm` uk` ciep`ðå` pjtriljr`9 ¹Sj hjdj `l`d`r uk` cikstruccmók hj
`hidj arjktj ` uk` hj vmhrmi smepljejktj pir su cikhmcmók e`tjrm`l9 ¹Puí p`s` sm js` `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`
` hj `hidj js uk sp` prmv`hi hj
lufi, y l` hj vmhrmi uk` clåkmc` pödlmc` hjhmc`h` `l tr`t`emjkt
tr`t`emjkti
i hjl càkcjr9 L` rj`lmh`h hj l` `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`
` jstà jktrjl`z`h`, cik su ljk-
ou`fj `p`rjktjejktj
`p`rjktjejktj mkojkui, cik uk smstje` sjeàktmci ciepljfi, hjksi y rjl`tmvi.
HJ L@ CI^M@ @ L@ AZJKXJ   QM  ATIE CI^] XI SIZTCJ  QM
Smo`eis cik l` bmstirm`. ¹Sujljk ciksult`r `louk`s rjajrjkcm`s bmstórmc`s emjktr`s b`cjk uk priyjcti9 ¹Puí p`pjl fujo` l` irmomk`lmh`h jk sus jxplir`cmikjs9
 ]` bjeis b`dl `hi `ktjs si drj lis kuejr isis eihjl is juripjis mepirt`his hjshj Jurip ` ` @eírmc`. L` tr`sl`cm ók hjshj l ` aujktj
` l` cipm` meplmc` uk eivmemjkti, uk hjspl`z`emjkti quj ki sóli js aåsmci smki t`edmík cikcjptu`l. Js vjrh`h quj l` prihuccmók
`ctu`l hj l` `rqumtjctur`, qumzàs hjdmhi `l aàcml `ccjsi ` l`s rjajrjkcm`s, tmjkhj ` sjr v`lmh`h` jk d`sj ` mhj`s y ` aire`s pjks`h`s
 y bjcb`s pir itris, jk uk eih i jxplåc mti hj '`uti rmh`h `hip t`h`'. 41  Jk tihi c`si, cu`lqumjr rjajrjkcm` jstà sufjt` ` sjr ciksmhjr`h`
ciei uksjeihjli ` memt`r, ciei uk` luo`r,
`spmr`cmók ` sjoumr, pjsj `‘ciei
quj l` mktjormh`h hjl eihjli
cu`khi tr`t` hj `h`pt`rli ` itri hmstmkti y jspjcåamci p`s`, supikjeis, ciksjcu`lqumjr
vj` hmstirsmik`h`,
tr`sl`cmók mkclusi hmlumh`,
`rqumtjctó
`rqumtjctókmc`,
kmc`,
pir jfjepli, cu`lqumjr tr`ksamour`cmók hj hmdufis jk jhmamcmis‘. 4?  `ssuej b`ppjks wmtb `ky `rcbmtjctur`l tr`ksl`tmik lmgj, air jx`eplj, tbj tr`ksamour`tmik ia hr`wmkos mkti dumlhmkos.4?
¹Jstàk suomrmjkhi quj b`y uk` hjpjkhjkcm` fjràrqumc` jk js` tr`sl`cmók9
 @dsilut `ejktj. Jl ir momk`l tmjkhj ` sjr ljåhi jk eucb is sj ktmhis ciei ej fir quj l` ci pm`. Jl irm omk`l jstà c`ro`hi hj uk '`ur`'
quj l` rjprihuccmók tmjkhj ` `kul`r. Xihi jsti y` auj ciktukhjktjejktj `k`lmz`hi pir _`ltjr Djkf`emk jk su jks`yi sidrj l`
rjprihuctmdmlmh`h tíckmc`.42  
Smk jed`roi, js` `smejtrå` pripujst` ki js kjcjs`rm`ejktj kjo`tmv`, y jsi qujh` cl`ri jk uk` or`k v`rmjh`h hj pràctmc`s `rtåstmc`s ciktjepiràkj`s.
Jk l` ípic` hj Djkf`emk, l` hmscusmók sj cjktr`d` prmkcmp`lejktj
prmkcmp`lejktj jk l` aitior`aå`, i jk lis or`d`his, ukis aire`tis jk lis quj sóli
b`y uk` ökmc` aujktj irmomk`l ‘jl kjo`tmvi hj l` pjlåcul`, i l` pl`c` hj cidrj or`d`h`‘ suscjptmdlj hj sjr rjprihucmh` jk sjrmj, jk
cipm`s, quj lujoi, p`r`hófmc`ejktj, t`edmík sj amre`k ciei irmomk`ljs. Jstj cikalmcti jk l` tr`sl`cmók js tih`vå` eàs hjlmc`hi jk
kujstris hå`s, pujsti quj uk` idr` hj `rtj pujhj mkclusi sjr uk KAX 4=  c`rjktj hj cu`lqumjr cirpirjmh`h aåsmc`.
^jri, hj `loök eihi, y sm sieis iptmemst`s, p`rjcjrå` quj jst`eis jktr`khi jk uk kujvi p`r`hmoe`, jk uk` jr` jk l` quj l`s mhj`s prjv`ljcjrå`k
sidrj su jxprjsmók e`tjrm`l. ] jsti pihrå` tjkjr uk mep`cti jcilóomci r`hmc`l...
Jsi js jspjcul`cmók ciejrcm`l jkcudmjrt`. Ki sj pujhjk rjp`r`r lis p`hjcmemjktis hjl eukhi mkvjkt`khi uk` rj`lmh`h vmrtu`l p`r`-
ljl`, sjrå` ciei c`jr jk l` idsiljt` hmstmkcmók hm`líctmc`
hm`líctmc` jktrj jl cujrpi y l` ejktj. @ök `så, bjeis hj `hemtmr quj jl pridlje` hj l`
irmomk`lmh`h jstà priaukh`ejktj
priaukh`ejktj `rr`mo`hi jk l` prihuccmók hj jhmamcmis. Hj bjcbi, js uk pridlje` vmtruvm`ki  cuyi irmojk sjrå` uk
pridlje` pl`tókmci, js hjcmr6 jl jhmamcmi js uk` cipm` hjl hmsjði ‘mlustr`hi ejhm`ktj hmdufis, jl hmdufi ciei bujll`, i 'vjstmomi'‘ quj,
jk så emsei, js uk` cipm` hj uk` mhj` cikcrjt`7 ` su vjz, uk` cipm` hj uk` mhj` ojkjr`l, hj uk` aire` mhj`l.
¹Jstàk mksmku`khi quj jl jhmamcmi js uk vjstmomi, uk rje`kjktj hj uk` mhj`7 uk rjsti, y ki l` cis` irmomk`l9
Jst`eis mktjkt`khi sudr`y`r
sudr`y`r l` hmaus` y rjl`tmv` hjamkmcmók hj l` kicmók hj 'irmomk`l' jk jl àedmti hj l` `rqumtjctur`. Js eàs, jst`eis
mktjkt`khi suojrmr quj uk jhmamcmi js uk` cis` eàs jk jl eukhi, y pir t`kti, jstà cikstrumhi jk uk` hmejksmók aåsmc` y ejkt`l quj
pujhj sjr ljåh` j mktjrprjt`h`, `ukquj
`ukquj su or`hi hj ljomdmlmh`h3> hjpjkhjrà t`kti hj l` or`eàtmc` hjl idfjti ciei hj l` c`p`cmh`h
hj mktjrprjt`cmók hj qumjk li b`dmtj.
 QM D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Sb`rik Fibkstik & E`rg Ljj, Lis Àkojljs, JJZZ.
41  Sjoök Fibkstik E`rgljj6 "Kisitris ciksmhjr`eis pridljeàtmci quj l` bmstirm` sj` mkvic`h` ciei `utirmh`h `hipt`h`, ` amk hj jljv`r uk` idr` eàs `llà hj li quj js, i hj fus-
tmamc`r su silucmók".
4?  Sjoök Fibkstik E`rgljj6 "L` cl`rmh`h y l` jspjcmamcmh`h sik `trmdutis ` lis quj `spmr`eis".
42  _`ltjr Djkf`emk (02=4-0=8>), Xbj wirg ia `rt mk tbj `oj ia mts tjcbkiliomc`l rjprihucmdmlmty, `kh itbjr wrmtmkos ik ejhm`. C`edrmhoj, E`ss`cbusjtts, Xbj Djlgk`p ^rjss ia B`r-
v`rh Zkmvjrsmty ^rjss, 4>>2 (irmomk`l 0=3:). WB`y tr`huccmók `l c`stjll`ki6 _`ltjr Djkf`emk,  L` idr` hj `rtj jk l` ípic` hj su rjprihucmdmlmh`h tíckmc` . Eíxmci6 Åt`c`, 4>>3. Xr`-
huccmók hj @khrís J. _jmgjrtU.
4=  KAX, hjl mkolís  Kik-aukomdlj Xigjk (`ctmvi hmomt`l ki aukomdlj), js uk` ukmh`h hj h`tis ki mktjrc`edm`dlj `le`cjk`h` jk uk` c`hjk` hj dliqujs (  dlicgcb`mk
 dlicgcb`mk ) hmomt`l. Su cóhmo i
ökmci pujhj sjr ciejrcm`lmz`hi ejhm`ktj crmpti eikjh`.
3>   Sjoök Fibkstik E`rgljj6 "L` ljomdmlmh`h hj l`s rjajrjkcm`s hjl jhmamcmi js mktr`scjkhjktj".
44
HJ L@ KITE@ @ L@ T@XMI
^`sjeis ` itri `sukti. ¹Hj quí eihi l` ojiejtrå` `yuh` ` l` cieprjksmók hj uk jhmamcmi9 Jk su jxpjrmjkcm`, ¹js rj`lejktj kjcjs`rmi d`s`r uk
jhmamcmi jk uk` jstructur` e`tjeàtmc`9
Hj kujvi, jsti vujlvj ` sjr uk` cujstmók hj ljkou`fj y ljomdmlmh`h. Kis oust`rå` crjjr quj b`y uk pujktj hmrjcti jktrj uk` aire`
cl`r`, ciei uk cu`hr`hi i uk cårculi, y su pjrcjpcmók cl`r`7 uk` pjrcjpcmók quj `yuhj ` l` cieprjksmók hj js` aire` pir cu`lqumjr
pjrsik`. ^ir jfjepli, jk uk jhmamcmi cik uk vjståduli `dmjrti, ciei icurrj jk MKJS, kis oust`rå` quj sj hmjr` uk` rjl`cmók hmrjct`
jktrj l` ojiejtrå` cjktr`lmz`h` y l` jxpjrmjkcm` `lrjhjhir hj jsj v`cåi vjrtmc`l. L` aire` dàsmc` 30 ipjr` ciei uk `rqujtmpi tr`ks-
vjrs`l, ciei jl tmpi irmomk`l. Jk jl c`si hj MKJS, jl v`cåi cmrcul`r ipjr` ciei uk smoki hj så emsei, ciei uk` rjajrjkcm` vjrtmc`l
quj sjð`l` uk` pismcmók y quj tr`ksamour` l` jxtjksmók birmzikt`l hj l`s pl`kt`s cikhucmíkhil` b`st` uk` `usjkcm` eikuejkt`l. Jk
rj`lmh`h, ki kis mktjrjs`k l`s ojiejtrå`s ciepljf`s jk `r`s hj l` jxprjsmók jstítmc`7 crjjeis jk kit`cmikjs e`tjeàtmc`s smepljs,
ciei sjrå`k cu`hr`r uk` jsqumk`, kmvjl`r uk` vmo`, `plie`r uk` ciluek` i b`cjr uk` `pjrtur` cik uk` r`tmi 060, 064, 368, ojiejtrå`s
ki eucbi eàs ciepljf`s quj jsti. Jkciktr`eis jk l`s aire`s dàsmc`s ki sóli djlljz`, t`edmík uk` jstrjcb` lmo`zók cik lis iamcmis
tr`hmcmik`ljs y jl s`djr b`cjr hj cu`lqumjr c`rpmktjri.
HJ ME@OJK @ ME@OJK   QMM   ATIE ^MCXZTJ XI ^MCXZTJ  QMM
B`dljeis hj sus tíckmc`s hj prihuccmók. Xjkmjkhi jk cujkt` l` mkjvmt`dlj k`tur`ljz` ejhmàtmc` hj l` `rqumtjctur`, y jl alufi `cjljr`hi hj lis
ejhmis `ctu`ljs,34  ¹cóei `arikt`k ustjhjs l` cikstruccmók hj meàojkjs9
Mou`l quj sm bmcmír`eis uk hmdufi tíckmci. ^jrtjkjcjeis ` js` ojkjr`cmók prmvmljom`h` quj b` smhi tjstmoi hj l` tr`ksmcmók hj l`s
bjrr`emjkt`s
bjrr`emjkt `s `k`lóomc`s ` l`s hmomt`ljs (l` ojkjr`cmók `ktjrmir ` l` kujstr`, js `k`la`djt` hmomt`lejktj7 y l` pistjrmir, ` hur`s pjk`s
s`dj cóei utmlmz`r uk làpmz). @så quj k`vjo`eis hjl siatw`rj  ` li bjcbi ` e`ki smk cikalmcti eir`l6 ` vjcjs, hmduf`eis uk` pjrs-
pjctmv` ` e`ki y hjspuís li rjhmduf`eis tihi jk jl irhjk`hir7 y itr`s, ojkjr`eis uk` e`qujt` hmomt`l jk trjs hmejksmikjs y lujoi
sjljccmik`eis hjtjremk`h`s
hjtjremk`h`s vmst`s, quj pmkt`eis. Jl hmdufi y l` pmktur` jstàk smjeprj prjsjktjs jk kujstr` ejs` hj tr`d`fi… Crj-
jeis quj l`s bjrr`emjkt`s utmlmz`h`s p`r` prihucmr l`s mhj`s prjhjamkjk hj `loök eihi l` ciksmstjkcm` e`tjrm`l hj uk jhmamcmi, y
vmcjvjrs`. Sm ` uki lj mktjrjs` l` `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`` p`r`eítrmc`, cmjrt`ejktj kjcjsmt`rà mkvjrtmr tmjepi `ktj l` p`kt`ll` hj uk irhjk`hir.
Sm ` uki lj mktjrjs` l` pmjhr` l`dr`h` ` e`ki, qumzàs sj` uk` dujk` mhj` vmsmt`r uk` c`ktjr` y b`cjr `loukis prititmpis jeplj`khi
uk e`rtmlli y uk cmkcjl.
HJ L@ ^@TXJ @L XIHI
¹B`cjk ustjhjs e`qujt`s hj or`k jsc`l` `l hjs`rrill`r sus priyjctis9
Silå`eis b`cjrl`s `ktjs7 `bir` y` ki. ^rjajrmeis b`cjr ` e`ki uk` e`qujt` sjkcmll` p`r` usi hj lis ipjr`rmis jk l` idr`, ` jsc`l`
06:> y hj c`rtók pmkt`hi7 y lujoi, p`r` kujstr` ciljccmók hj emkm`tur`s, uk` pjqujð`, ` jsc`l` 064>>, pirquj b`y `loi `tàvmci `si-
cm`hi cik l` emkm`tur` quj kis tr`kspirt` ` kujstr`s ejeirm`s hj l` mka`kcm`. Jst` ciljccmók, quj ll`e`eis 'Km Eàs Km Ejkis', sj
b` prjsjkt`hi jk hmajrjktjs eujstr`s, smjeprj hjktri hj uk eusji amctmcmi, eihjl`hi ` jsc`l` 060>, quj cikvmjrtj jl ciktjkmhi pri-
hucmhi ` jsc`l` 064>> jk uk` rj`lmh`h ` jsc`l` 064>. Jk tihi c`si, `bir` jst`eis eucbi eàs cjktr`his jk l` prihuccmók hj pmktur`s
 y hmdufis . Kis ous t` jspjc ul`r cik hmajrjktjs tíckmc`s y t`e`ðis p`r` jxpl ir`r l` vjt` bue`k` jk sus s upjramcmj s.
¹Sjrå` js` uk` aire` hj dusc`r uk` ukmh`h y uk ciktril 33  prjvmis `l `rtja`cti cikstrumhi9
Hmrå`eis quj js fusti li ciktr`rmi. Ki kis mktjrjs` l` prjhmccmók prjcms` hjl idfjti `rqumtjctókmci, y` b`y eucbis tmpis hj prior`-
e`s p`r` l` iptmemz`cmók tíckmc`. Jk c`edmi, jkciktr`eis eucbi eàs siamstmc`hi `ktmcmp`r l`s mkkuejr`dljs cu`lmh`hjs hjl jsp`-
cmi. Jsti pihrå` jst`r rjl`cmik`hi cik jl tmpi hj priyjctis jk lis quj jst`eis `bir` mkvilucr`his, l` e`yir p`rtj jxpjrmejkt`ljs y
rjspujst`s ` jkc`rois hmrjctis. Me`omk`eis quj sj kjcjsmt` tjkjr itri cjrjdri y itr` tíckmc` hj prihuccmók p`r` priyjct`r bispm-
t`ljs, `jripujrtis i mkar`jstructur`s ciejrcm`ljs. Kisitris kjcjsmt`eis
kjcjsmt`eis hjhmc`r tmjepi ` l` pmktur`, pirquj kis `yuh` ` rjaljf`r jl
eukhi quj kis rihj`, ` hjstml`r uk tjepjr`ejkti, uk` jsc`l` bue`k` y ukis v`lirjs.
 QMM D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Bml`ry S`eplj & Emcb`jl Ejrjhmtb, EIS @rcbmtjcts, Kujv` ]irg, JJZZ.
30  Sjoök Fibkstik E`rgljj6 " Eàs quj jk l` purjz` hj l` aire` i l` ojiejtrå`, kujstri jkaiquj sj cjktr` jk tr`d`f`r sidrj l`s mktjrsjccmikjs, l`s mepjrajccmikjs y itris eiejktis
 mkcóeihis jktrj l`s amour`s, l`s jstructur`s i l`s tmpilioå`s quj sj `cjrc`k ` uk` ukmvjrs`lmh`h smk sjr sudsuemh`s pir jll`".   amourjs, structurjs, ir typjs eivmko tiw`rhs ` ukmvjrs`lmty wmtbiut djmko sudsuejh dy mt".
34  Sjoök EIS6 " L`s meàojkjs cmrcul`k jk aire`s quj rjsult`k mkvm`dljs p`r` lis jhmamcmis. Kis oust` l` cu`lmh`h ejhm`h` ki ejhm`tmz`h`… Hmsjð`h` y ki hmsjð`h`. Ztmlmz`eis l`
tjckilioå` y, `l emsei tmjepi, sieis jscíptmcis `cjrc` hj su mhj` hj priorjsi… Jxplmc`r hjt`lljs cik pmktur` hj hjhis, `loi mka`ktml, jamcmjktj. ^jks`emjktis mkciepljtis,
cis`s quj ` vjcjs lujoi sik mkhjscmar`dljs… Cik lis `ðis, kujstris hmdufis sj b`k vujlti eàs pjrsik`ljs p`r` kisitris, eàs hmrjctis y ciktukhjktjs, hj `loök eihi, `rtåstmcis
 y, `l emsei tmjepi, ejkis jxprjsmvis".   33  @ccirhmko ti EIS, "_j
33 Sjoök EIS6 " Jst`eis mktjrjs`his jk l` ukmh`h hj l` hjsukmók. Lis `rqumtjctis ki ciktril`eis kujstri ciktjxti7 lis mkspjctirjs, lis clmjktjs y lis ciktr`tmst`s kis prjsmik`k,
 pjri `uk `så tr`t`eis hj b`cjr `loi hjktri hj jsis låemtjs, hj js` hjsukmók, `loi quj sj sistjko` pir så emsei, `ukquj sóli sj` pir uk cirti tmjepi". 
48
 Xb`t”s truj. Mt ms jtbm c`l mk tb j sjksj tb`t mt mkvil vjs rjspiksm dmlmty a ir ` lm emtjh rjsi urcj. 
]js, dut `lsi mksia`r `s mt pistpikjs `k jxtrjejly sjksmtmvj mssuj rmobt kiw, ik `cciukt ia tbj clme`tj crmsms6 `jstbjtmc ir pilmtmc`l
prjfuhmcjs `diut cjrt`mk e`tjrm`ls `kh tjcbkmqujs. Ma wj `lliw tbj jtbmc`l hmscussmik ti dj e`kmpul`tjh dy pilmtmc`l `kh jcikiemc
mktjrjsts, wj rmsg pil`rmsmko tbj hmscussmik djtwjjk ”tmedjr ms oiih' `kh ”cikcrjtj ms d`h', wbmcb wiulh dj ki ljss emslj`hmko tb`k
s`ymko, ”orjjk ms lmaj' `kh ”orjy ms dirmko'. _j ciulh ejktmik ` lit ia ”ljttucj' `rcbmtjcturj tb`t trmjs ti c`eiual`oj mts lucr`tmvj survmv`l,
bmhmko djbmkh oiih mktjktmiks. 
Dut jvjk si, mt ms `lsi truj tb`t tmedjr dj`es ciej arie lmvmko k`turj, `kh cikcrjtj dj`es ciej arie tbj jxtr`ctmik ia mkjrt emkjr`ls `v`ml`dlj
mk amkmtj qu`ktmtmjs ik iur pl`kjt. 
Xb`t ms prjcmsjly tbj h`kojr ia p`rtm`l, pilmtmcmsjh, rjhuctmvj st`tjejkts. Ma yiu ciep`rj rjkjw`dlj `kh lmemtjh r`w e`tjrm`ls, tbj
`kswjr ms idvmius, dut ma yiu ciksmhjr tbj lmajsp`k ia j`cb jljejkt, pjrb`ps tbj hmsp`rmty ms kit si clj`r. Mk iur ipmkmik, wj `rj `t `
hmaamcult tmej, ukhjr jxcjssmvj prjssurj dy tbj mkhustry tb`t suppirts `rcbmtjctur`l iutput. _by sbiulh wj trust ` tmedjr dj`e
e`kua`cturjr tb`t ms aukhjh dy ` airjstry ciep`ky9 Sbiulh `k jxbmdmtmik `diut `rt bmstiry dj cikhjekjh ma mt ms aukhjh dy `k iml
ciep`ky9 Sbiulh `k `hidj dumlhmko dj pr`msjh eirj tb`k ` ol`ss dumlhmko smeply djc`usj ia mts e`tjrm`ls9 _b`t ma tb`t `hidj
`rcbmtjcturj ms ` prmv`tj luxury sp`
luxury  sp`,, `kh tbj ol`ss ikj ms ` pudlmc clmkmc air c`kcjr trj`tejkt9 Xbj rj`lmty ia `rcbmtjcturj ms mktjrtwmkjh,
mktjrtwmkjh,
tbriuob mts sjjemkoly k`évj l`kou`oj, wmtb ` ciepljx, hjksj, rjl`tmvj, sje`ktmc systje.  
 
Ljt”s st`y wmtb bmstiry. Hi yiu usu`lly ciksult bmstirmc`l rjajrjkcjs wbmlj yiu `rj hjsmokmko ` prifjct9 _b`t rilj hijs irmomk`lmty pl`y mk yiur
jxplir`tmiks9 
_j b`vj t`lgjh `diut tbj kuejrius Juripj`k eihjls tb`t b`vj djjk mepirtjh ti tbj @ejrmc`s arie Juripj. Xbj tr`ksl`tmik arie
siurcj ti cipy meplmjs ` eivjejkt, ` sbmat tb`t ms kit ikly pbysmc`l dut `lsi cikcjptu`l. Mt ms truj tb`t tih`y”s `rcbmtjcturj, pjrb`ps
huj ti `k j`smjr `ccjss ti rjajrjkcjs, tjkhs ti dj v`lmh`tjh ik tbj d`sms ia mhj`s `kh aires tb`t `rj tbiuobt up `kh prihucjh dy
41
itbjrs mk `k jxplmcmt aire ia ”`hiptjh `utbirmty'.  Mk `ky c`sj, `ky rjajrjkcj c`k pitjktm`lly dj rjo`rhjh `s ` eihjl ti cipy, `k
mkspmr`tmik ti ailliw, jvjk ma tbj eihjl”s mktjormty ms w`rpjh ir jvjk hmlutjh wbjk mt ms `h`ptjh ti ` hmaajrjkt spjcmamc pl`cj, `s wj
 
 @rj yiu suo ojstmko tb `t tbjrj m s ` bmjr` rcbmc`l h jpjkhjkcj mk tbms tr`ksl `tmik9 
 @dsilutj ly. Xb j irmo mk`l t jkhs t i dj ciksmhjrj h djtt jr tb` k tbj cipy, mk e`ky w`ys. Xbj i rmomk`l ms medu jh wmt b `k ”`ur`' tb`t mts
ty.42 
rjprihuctmik tjkhs ti c`kcjl iut. @ll ia tb`t w`s `k`lysjh piwjraully dy _`ltjr Djkf`emk mk bms jss`y ik tjcbkmc`l rjprihucmdmlmty.
Dut tb`t pripisjh `syeejtry ms kit kjcjss`rmly kjo`tmvj. Xb`t”s idvmius mk ` wmhj r`koj ia ciktjepir`ry `rtmstmc pr`ctmcjs.
pr`ctmcjs.
Mk Djkf`emk”s tmej, tbj hjd`tj w`s e`mkly aicusjh ik pbitior`pby ir jkor`vmkos, mk ditb c`sjs aire`ts wmtb ` smkolj irmomk`l
siurcj ‘tbj amle kjo`tmvj ir tbj jtcbjh cippjr pl`tj‘ wbmcb ciulh dj rjprihucjh mk sjrmjs, mk cipmjs, wbmcb tbjk, p`r`hixmc`lly,
c`k dj smokjh `s irmomk`ls. Xbms cikalmct mk tr`ksl`tmik ms jvjk eirj hjlmc`tj kiw`h`ys, smkcj ` wirg ia `rt c`k jvjk dj ` KAX, 4=  
hjvimh ia `ky pbysmc`l cirpirj`lmty. 
 ]jt mk si ej w`y, ti dj iptme mstmc, wj sjje ti dj jktjrmko ` kjw p` r`hmoe, `k jr` mk wbmcb mhj`s prj v`ml iv jr tbjmr e`tjrm`l jxprjssmik. @kh
tb`t emobt b`vj ` piwjraul jkvmrikejkt`l mep`ct.
Xb`t ms dusmkjss spjcul`tmik mk hmsoumsj. ]iu c`k”t rjp`mr tbj wirlh”s hmsirhjrs dy mkvjktmko ` p`r`lljl vmrtu`l rj`lmty. Mt wiulh dj lmgj
a`llmko air tbj idsiljtj hm`ljctmc`l hmstmkctmik djtwjjk dihy `kh emkh. Biwjvjr, wj eust `hemt tb`t tbj pridlje ia irmomk`lmty ms hjjply
riitjh mk tbj prihuctmik ia dumlhmkos. Mk a`ct, mt ms ` Qmtruvm`k pridlje wbisj irmomk ciulh dj ` ^l`tikmc pridlje, wbmcb ms tb`t tbj
dumlhmko ms ` cipy ia tbj hjsmok ‘mllustr`tjh dy hr`wmkos, tbj hr`wmko `s ` tr`cj ir ”vjstmoj'‘ wbmcb mk turk ms ` cipy ia ` p`rtmcul`r
mhj`, wbmcb mk turk ms ` cipy ia ` ojkjr`l mhj`, `k mhj`l aire. 
 @rj yiu m eplymko tb `t ` duml hmko ms ` vjstmoj, ` rjek`kt, ia `k mhj `7 ` lja tivjr, `kh ki t tbj irm omk`l tbm ko9 
_j `rj trymko ti bmoblmobt tbj dlurrjh, rjl`tmvj hjamkmtmik ia tbj kitmik ia ”irmomk`l' mk tbj amjlh ia `rcbmtjcturj. _j `rj `lsi trymko ti
suoojst tb`t ` dumlhmko ms fust `kitbjr tbmko mk tbj wirlh, `kh tbjrjairj mt ms cikstructjh mk ` pbysmc`l `kh ejkt`l hmejksmik tb`t
c`k dj rj`h `kh mktjrprjtjh, `ltbiuob mts hjorjj ia ljomdmlmty 3>  hjpjkhs ik tbj or`ee`r ia tbj idfjct `s eucb `s ik tbj `dmlmty ia
mts mkb`dmt`kt ti mktjrprjt mt.
 QM D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Sb`rik Fibkstik & E`rg Ljj, Lis @kojljs, ZS@. 
41  @ccirhmko ti Fibkstik E`rgljj, "_j ciksmhjr mt pridlje`tmc wbjk bmstiry ms dj mkvigjh `s ` dirriwjh `utbirmty, ti jljv`tj ` wirg djyikh wb`t mt ms, ir ti fustmay mts silutmik".  
4?  @ccirhmko ti Fibkstik E`rgljj, "Cl`rmty `kh spjcmamcmty `rj `ttrmdutjs wj `spmrj ti".  
42 _`ltjr Djkf`emk (02=4-0=8>), Xbj wirg ia `rt mk tbj `oj ia mts tjcbkiliomc`l rjprihucmdmlmty, `kh itbjr wrmtmkos ik ejhm` . C`edrmhoj, E`ss`cbusjtts, Xbj Djlgk`p ^rjss ia B`rv`rh Zkmvjrsmty
^rjss, 4>>2 (irmomk`l 0=3:).  
4=  KAX, Kik-aukomdlj Xigjk ms ` kik-jxcb`koj`dlj ukmt ia h`t` stirjh ik ` hmomt`l  dlicgcb`mk. Mts ukmquj cihj c`k dj tr`hjh usmko crypticurrjkcy.
3> @cc irhmko ti Fibkstik E`rgljj,"Xbj
E`rgljj, "Xbj ljomdmlmty ia tbj rjajrjkcjs arie tbj dumlhmko ms mkciksjqujktm`l".  
43
ATIE TJOZL@XMIK XI T@XMI
Ljt”s eivj ik ti `kitbjr mssuj6 biw hijs ojiejtry bjlp ti ukhjrst`kh ` dumlhmko9 Mk yiur jxpjrmjkcj, ms mt rj`lly kjcjss`ry ti d`sj ` dumlhmko
structurj9 
ik ` e`tbje`tmc`l structurj9
Xb`t ms `o`mk ` qujstmik ia l`kou`oj `kh ljomdmlmty. _j wiulh lmgj ti djlmjvj tb`t tbjrj ms ` hmrjct drmhoj djtwjjk ` clj`r sb`pj sucb
`s ` squ`rj ir ` cmrclj `kh mts clj`r pjrcjptmik7 ` pjrcjptmik tb`t bjlps `kyikj ti ukhjrst`kh
ukhjrst`kh tb`t sb`pj. Mk ` dumlhmko wmtb `k ipjk
aiyjr lmgj tbj MKJS, air jx`eplj, wj wiulh lmgj tbjrj ti dj ` hmrjct lmkg djtwjjk tbj cjktr`lmsjh ojiejtry `kh tbj jxpjrmjkcj `riukh
tb`t vjrtmc`l vimh. Xbj d`smc aire 30  ipjr`tjs `s ` tr`ksvjrs`l `rcbjtypj7 `s tbj irmomk`l typj. Mk tbj c`sj ia MKJS, tbj cmrcul`r vimh
ipjr`tjs `s ` smok ia mtsjla, ` vjrtmc`l rjajrjkcj tb`t smok`ls ` pismtmik `kh tr`ksamourjs tbj birmzikt`l jxtjksmik ia tbj pl`ks, wbmcb
lj`hs ti ` eikuejkt`l `dsjkcj. @ctu`lly, wj `rj kit mktjrjstjh mk ciepljx ojiejtrmjs air tbj s`gj ia `jstbjtmc jxprjssmik. _j
djlmjvj mk smeplj e`tbje`tmc`l kit`tmiks lmgj squ`rmko ` cirkjr, ljvjllmko ` dj`e, pluedmko ` pmll`r ir crj`tmko `k `pjrturj wmtb ` 060,
064, 368 r`tmi, ojiejtrmjs tb`t `rj kit eucb eirj ciepljx tb`k tb`t. _j kit ikly hmscivjr dj`uty mk d`smc aires dut `lsi ` clisj
cikkjctmik ti tr`hmtmik`l cr`ats `kh tbj gkiw-biw ia c`rpjktjrs.
 
Ljt”s t`lg `diut yiur prihuctmik tjcbkmqujs. Dj`rmko mk emkh tbj mkjvmt`dlj ejhm`-aicusjh k`turj ia `rcbmtjcturj `kh tbj a`st aliw ia tih`y”s
ejhm`,34  biw hi yiu hj`l wmtb tbj cikstructmik ia me`ojs9 
Jx`ctly `s ma wj wjrj himko ` tjcbkmc`l hr`wmko. _j djliko ti tbj prmvmljojh ojkjr`tmik tb`t b`s lmvjh tbriuob tbj tr`ksmtmik arie
`k`liouj ti hmomt`l tiils (tbj ojkjr`tmik djairj us ms hmomt`lly mllmtjr`tj, `kh tbj ojkjr`tmik `atjr iurs d`rjly gkiws biw ti usj `
pjkcml). Si wj k`vmo`tj arie siatw`rj 
siatw`rj  ti e`ku`l wmtbiut `ky gmkh ia j tbmc`l cikalmct. Siejtmejs wj hr`w ` arjjb`kh pjrspjctmvj
`kh tbjk rjhr`w mt `ll ik tbj cieputjr7 siejtmejs wj prihucj ` 3H hmomt`l eihjl `kh tbjk cbiisj cjrt`mk vmjws, wbmcb wj p`mkt.
Sgjtcbmko `kh p`mktmko `rj `lw`ys prjsjkt ik iur hr`wmko di`rh. _j djlmjvj tb`t tbj tiils yiu usj ti prihucj yiur mhj`s siejbiw
prjhjamkj tbj e`tjrm`l ciksmstjkcy ia ` dumlhmko, `kh vmcj-vjrs`. Ma yiu”rj mktjrjstjh mk p`r`ejtrmc `rcbmtjcturj, yiu cjrt`mkly kjjh
ti spjkh tmej `t ` cieputjr. Ma yiu `rj mktjrjstjh mk b`kh-bjwk stikj, mt emobt dj ` oiih mhj` ti vmsmt ` qu`rry `kh hi siej
b`eejr-`kh-cbmsjl prititypjs.
ATIE ^@TX XI _BILJ
Hi yiu e`gj l`roj-sc`lj eihjls wbjk yiu `rj hjsmokmko yiur prifjcts9 
_j usjh ti e`gj tbje, dut kit `ky eirj. _j prjajr ti e`gj dy b`kh ` smeplj 06:> p`mktjh c`rhdi`rh eihjl air tbj wirgjrs
ti usj ik smtj, `kh tbjk ` se`ll 064>> eihjl djc`usj tbjrj ms siejtbmko `t`vmstmc `ssicm`tjh wmtb tbj emkm`turj tb`t t`gjs us
d`cg ti iur cbmlhbiih ejeirmjs. Iur cilljctmik, wbmcb wj c`ll ”Ki Eirj kir Ljss', b`s djjk sbiwk `t sjvjr`l jxbmdmtmiks, `lw`ys
mksmhj ` amctmtmius 060> sc`lj eusjue, wbmcb turks tbj ciktjkts prihucjh `t ` 064>> sc`lj mkti ` 064> sc`lj rj`lmty. Kiw wj `rj
eucb eirj aicusjh ik himko p`mktmkos `kh hr`wmkos. _j lmgj ti spjcul`tj wmtb hmaajrjkt tjcbkmqujs `kh smzjs ti jxplirj tbj
bue`k or`mk mk tbjmr sura`cjs.
`rtja`ct9 
Ciulh tb`t dj ` w`y ia sjjgmko ukmty `kh ciktril33  prmir ti tbj cikstructjh `rtja`ct9
_j wiulh s`y tb`t mt ms jx`ctly tbj ippismtj. _j `rj kit mktjrjstjh mk ` prjcmsj prjhmctmik ia tbj `rcbmtjctur`l idfjct. Xbjrj `rj `lrj`hy
e`ky gmkhs ia siatw`rjs iut tbjrj air tjcbkmc`l iptmems`tmik. Mt”s eirj tb`t wj amkh mt eucb eirj sipbmstmc`tjh ti `ktmcmp`tj tbj eyrm`h
qu`lmtmjs ia sp`cj. Mt emobt dj rjl`tjh ti tbj sirt ia prifjcts wj `rj mkvilvjh mk kiw`h`ys, wbmcb `rj eistly jxpjrmejkt`l `kh hjsmoks
air hmrjct cieemssmiks. _j me`omkj tb`t yiu kjjh ` hmaajrjkt dr`mk `kh ` hmaajrjkt prihuctmik tjcbkmquj ti hjsmok bispmt`ls, `mrpirts
ir cieejrcm`l mkar`structurjs. _j kjjh ti spjkh tmej p`mktmko djc`usj mt bjlps us ti rjaljct tbj wirlh `riukh us, ti hmstml `
tjepjr`ejkt, ` bue`k sc`lj `kh v`lujs.
 QMM D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Bml`ry S`eplj & Emcb`jl Ejrjhmtb, EIS @rcbmtjcts, Kjw ]irg, ZS@.  
30 @cc irhmko ti Fibkstik E`rgljj, "Eirj
"Eirj tb`k tbj purmty ia aire ir ojiejtry, `pprixme`tmik aicusjs iur wirg ik tbj mktjrsjctmiks, mepjrajctmiks, `kh itbjrwmsj `wgw`rh eiejkts djtwjjk
 
34 @cc irhmko ti EIS, "Me`ojs cmrcul`tj mk w`ys tb`t dumlhmkos c`kkit. _j lmgj `k ukejhm`tjh ejhm`tjh qu`lmty… Hjsmokjh `kh kit-hjsmokjh. _j ditb usj `kh `rj scjptmc`l ia tjcbkilioy `s
 priorjss… Jxpl`mkmko hj t`mls wmtb amkojrp`mktmko, cbmlhmsb, jaamcmjkt. Mkciepljtj tbiuobts, stuaa t b`t ms siejtmejs mkhjcmpbjr`dlj l`tjr … Ivjr tbj yj`rs , iur hr`wmkos b`vj djciej eirj
 pjrsik`l ti us, eirj hmrjct `kh dlukt, ditb `rt mstmc `kh ljss jxprjssmvj siejbiw "
"_j `rj mktjrjstjh mk ` hmsukmty ukmty. @rcbmtjcts hik”t ciktril tbjmr ciktjxt, wj ojt pusbjh `riukh dy mkspjctirs, clmjkts, `kh ciktr`ctirs, dut wj stmll try ti e`gj siejtbmko
wmtbmk tbisj diukh`rmjs, siejtbmko arie hmsukmty, siejtbmko tb`t st`khs ik mts iwk, ma ikly air ` lmttlj wbmlj. " 
4:

HJ ÅHILIS @ ^@HTJS   QMMM   ATIE MHILS XI ^@TJKXS  QMMM
 Qilv`eis ` l`s rjajrjkcm`s. ¹Sm jktjk ustjhjs quj b`y `louk` amour` quj b` y` mkspmr`hi su e`kjr` hj b`cj r9 ¹Sj b`k mktjrjs`hi pir jkciktr`r uk
jqumlmdrmi jktrj sus pripmis v`lirjs tr`hmcmik`ljs y lis mepirt`his9
Kis rjsult` hmaåcml r`strj`r jl irmojk hj uk` ojkj`lioå`. Sjktmeis quj tuvmeis dujkis e`jstris jk l` jscujl`, pjri kmkoök p`hrj
priajsmik`l `l quj 'e`t`r' pistjrmirejktj. Amour`s ciei Kmjejyjr jk Dr`sml, S`leik` jk Ciliedm` i Smz` jk ^irtuo`l, ki l`s b`
b`dmhi `quå, `l sur hjl sur. Lis bírijs lic`ljs, jk su e`yir p`rtj, sj cjktr`rik jk cikstrumr v`rm`cmikjs hj l` eihjrkmh`h. B`y `rqum-
tjctis ciktjepiràkjis
ciktjepiràkjis hjst`c`his, pjri ki tjkjeis eucbi cikt`cti cik jllis ‘jk rj`lmh`h, l` jscjk` k`cmik`l sj cikcjktr` jk
S`ktm`oi, ` eàs hj :>> ge. hj kujstri jstuhmi‘7 jk c`edmi, li quj så js uk` prjsjkcm` cikst`ktj jk kujstr` ejeirm` sik l`s ciks-
truccmikjs eihjst`s, ís`s quj jstàk bjcb`s pir ki `rqumtjctis.
¹Lj prjst`k `tjkcmók jktikcjs ` l` `rqumtjctur` vjrkàcul`9 Mkhåqujkkis `louk` hj js`s cikstruccmikjs `kókme`s…
L` pl`z` hj tiris, pir jfjepli, smjeprj kis vmjkj ` l` ejktj. Jk Cbmlj, l` ll`e`eis 'ejhm`luk`' y pujdl` jl p`ms`fj rur`l. Js uk`
cikstruccmók pipul`r, uk idfjti ` ejhmi c`emki jktrj l` mkar`jstructur` y jl  l`kh `rt . Sj pujhj hjscrmdmr ciei uk` sjkcmll` pl`kt`
cmrcul`r hj ukis 8> ejtris hj hmàejtri bjcb` hj e`hjr` sólmh`. Su `dstr`ccmók js mkvjrs`ejktj pripircmik`l ` su cruhjz` e`tjrm`l.
Bjeis aitior`am`hi eucb`s hj jll`s, tih`s lmojr`ejktj hmajrjktjs y, `l emsei tmjepi, mou`ljs. Jstàk bjcb`s cik l` emse` lóomc`
hj uk` cjst`, i hj uk siedrjri hj emedrj6 uk` sue` hj pjqujð`s p`rtjs jktrjtjfmh`s ` eihi hj amdr`s. ^jsj ` su tjxtur` mepjr-
ajct` j mrrjoul`r, su hmejksmók mktjrmir smjeprj kis b` a`scmk`hi. L` hjamkj uk euri curvi quj sj ljj eàs ciei uk` v`ll`. Kukc`
bjeis `smstmhi ` uk` lmhm`, sieis ciktr`rmis `l e`ltr`ti `kme`l, pjri cmjrt`ejktj kis jkc`kt`
jkc`kt` quj jl t`e`ði hjl jsp`cmi pir så sili
pjremt` t`kti l` mktmemh`h ciei jl hmst`kcm`emjkti. His pjrsik`s `piy`h`s hj pmj ciktr` l` v`ll`, jk l`his ipujstis hjl rujhi, puj-
hjk hmstmkoumr tih`vå` su jxprjsmók a`cm`l. Zkis picis ejtris eàs y js` cieukmc`cmók sj pjrhjrå`.
HJL ^ZLMHI @L CTZHI
¹Cóei sj pl`ktj`k jl kmvjl hj `c`d`hi, hj pjrajccmók, hj uk jhmamcmi ` l` bir` hj cikstrumr9 ¹Sj tr`t`rå`, eàs dmjk, hj uk idfjtmvi cultur`l, y ki
t`kti tíckmci9 
Smoumjkhi l`s ljccmikjs `prjkhmh`s hj l` pl`z` hj tiris, kisitris tjkhjeis ` `prjcm`r l` djlljz` hj l` mepjrajccmók pir jkcme` hj
li kujvi j mepjc`dljejktj bjcbi. Crjjeis quj l`s cis`s sj vujlvjk eucbi eàs mktjks`s ciei priejs`s hj uk mhj`l, hj uk` tjr-
emk`cmók i hj uk `c`d`hi quj kukc` tmjkj luo`r. Jsti dmjk pihrå` rjl`cmik`rsj cik uk kujvi jtbis   hj li sudlmej. 38 Li sudlmej, `
hmajrjkcm` hj li djlli, meplmc` uk cmjrti or`hi hj turd`cmók, mkclusi hj emjhi. X`edmík uk` djlljz` mepjrajct` pujhj sjr `tjrr`hir`,
`ukquj emstjrmis`, bmpkótmc` y c`utmv`hir`.
^jri, ¹cóei fustmamc`k ustjhjs jl quj `loi kujvi sj` t`edmík mepjrajcti, mkclusi quj jstí `rrumk`hi9
Ki kis p`rjcj quj sj` `loi quj sj hjd` fustmamc`r, km quj hjd` pl`kmamc`rsj ciei sm aujr` uk a`lsi ar`c`si. L` mepjrajccmók js l`
ciksjcujkcm` k`tur`l hj uk pricjsi k`tur`l, i `så li mktjrprjt`e
mktjrprjt`eis
is kisitris jk tíremkis ciep`r`tmvis. L` låkj` quj sj hmduf` jk jl
irhjk`hir pujhj meprmemrsj
meprmemrsj eucb`s vjcjs, y jl rjsult`hi smjeprj sjrà mou`l7 pjri sm uki tr`z` js` låkj` ` e`ki, y li vujlvj ` b`cjr
itr` vjz, jl rjsult`hi, c`h` vjz quj li b`o`, sjrà uk` låkj` ökmc`, mepjrajct`. ] jsti js rjljv`ktj p`r` kujstr` prihuccmók. @cjpt`-
eis js` ciepljfmh`h y js` meprjhjcmdmlmh`h ‘quj riz`k l` mrr`cmik`lmh`h‘ hj kujstr` cikhmcmók bue`k`, uk` mrr`cmik`lmh`h quj js
t`edmík uk` aujrz` eitrmz p`r` tihi li quj b`cjeis.
Jktikcjs, ¹ki pmjks`k quj uk jhmamcmi pujh` ejfir`r `l `ktjrmir9
Jsi meplmc`rå` quj jl öltmei js ejfir quj jl prmejri. ^ihrå`eis
^ihrå`eis jst`r hj `cujrhi hjshj uk pukti hj vmst` tíckmci ‘ciei sm cie-
p`ràsjeis l`s tjckilioå`s hj lis tjlíaikis eóvmljs, i hj lis `vmikjs6 uk priorjsi quj pujhj sjr `prjcm`hi, jxplmcmt`hi cik cl`rm-
h`h‘, pjri l` `rqumtjctur`, l` pmktur`, l` pijså` y tih`s l`s hjeàs jxprjsmikjs `rtåstmc`s ki `hemtjk jl tíremki priorjsi, ki pujhjk
sjr ejfir`h`s. Jl `rtj sj d`s` jk l` mktjksmh`h, jk l` pur` hmajrjkcm`. ¹Js ejfir, hj vjrh`h, uk Tjmkb`rht quj uk Xmzm`ki9 ¹Cuàkti
ejfir js l` Qmll` Eülljr rjspjcti ` uk` c`s` tr`hmcmik`l e`pucbj, uk` ruc`93:  ¹Cóei sj emhj l` hjksmh`h jsp`cm`l hj l` `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`,
`,
eàs `llà hj l` tíckmc`9
 QMMM D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Lykhik Kjrm & Tiss`k` Bu, Sb`kob`m, Cbmk`.
38 Sjoök Kjrm & Bu6 " Hjdjeis cjktr`r kujstri jkaiquj jk l` dösqujh` hj jxprjsmikjs eihjrk`s p`r` uk` `rqumtjctur` quj sj` ciktjepiràkj` y `tjepir`l `l emsei tmjepi... l`
 rjutmlmz`cmók hj e`tjrm`ljs rjcupjr`his ki js smepljejktj uk `cti hj sistjkmdmlmh`h, smki quj ciklljv` t`edmík l` mhj` hj prjsjrv`r jl tmjepi ejhm`ktj l` ciksjrv`cmók hj l`s-
 e`rc`s hj l` bmstirm` tjctókmc`ejktj, jk l` a`cb`h` hj uk jhmamcmi ".
3:   L`  ruc` js uk` tmpilioå` hj c`s` cikstrumh` pir jl pujdli e`pucbj, uk pujdli mkhåojk` quj b`dmt` jl sur hj Cbmlj y @rojktmk`. Ciksmstj jk uk` s`l` rjct`koul`r i jlåptmc` `lrj-
3:
hjhir hj uk aioók, cik uk sili `ccjsi, y smk vjkt`k`s. Jstà bjcb` hj e`hjr` lic`l y emedrj.
41
HJ ZKI @ EZCBIS   MR   ATIE IKJ XI E@K]   MR
Sm kis li pjremtjk, y `dukh`khi jk js` mhj` hj pjrajctmdmlmh`h mepismdlj, hj pricjsi ki jvilutmvi, kis oust`rå` b`cjr `loukis köejris6 smjkhi kujs-
tr`s vmh`s amkmt`s, ¹b`y uk köejri hj jhmamcmis `l quj ustjhjs ljs oust`rå` lljo`r9 ¹Jxmstj uk` hmvjrsmh`h mhj`l jk cu`kti ` l` jsc`l` y jl prior`e`9
 ]` bjeis si drjp`s`hi , hj ljfis , l` c`ktm h`h hj jh mamcmis quj budmír` eis me`om k`hi cikstru mr b`cj vjm ktj `ðis. J epjz`eis ci k jl
sujði hj b`cjr uk` c`s` y, tr`s l` prmejr`, tuvmeis l` sujrtj hj pjks`r y b`cjr `louk`s eàs. Mkclusi bjeis pihmhi cikstrumr itris
prior`e`shmstmktis.
¹^jri ljs a`lt` `ök `loök prior`e` jk p`rtmcul`r9
Ki crji. Ki kis mktjrjs` pikhjr`r l` `rqumtjctur` jk r`zók hj su aukcmók, i hj su pripmjh`h, y` sj` pödlmc` i prmv`h`, km hmscrmemk`r
lis jhmamcmis pir su cistj i su t`e`ði7 jsj tmpi hj jtmqujt`s sóli smrvjk p`r` pripósmtis mkstmtucmik`ljs, p`r` quj lis bmstirm`hirjs
 y lis dmdlm itjc`rmis cl`smam qujk l` `rqumt jctur`, i p`r` q uj lis cråtm cis y lis pria jsirjs l` ` k`lmcjk. ], ` hjeàs, huh`ei s quj sj pujh `
 fuzo`r l` c`lmh`h hj uk jh mamcmi jk d`sj ` su t` e`ði i ` su prior`e` . Ki crj jeis quj uk jhmam cmi sj` ejfir pir jl ejri bjcbi hj
sjr or`khj, i hj sjr ciepljfi. ^rjajrmeis pikhjr`r l` jsc`l` jk luo`r hjl t`e`ði.
¹Lljv`k uk` crikilioå` hj su tr`d`fi931   Hi yiu gjjp ` tmejlmkj ia yiur wirg931
Så. Lljv`eis uk rjomstri jxtrje`h`ejktj rmourisi. Hj bjcbi, `rcbmv`eis l` hicuejkt`cmók hjl pricjsi `la`dítmc`ejktj, eàs
quj crikilóomc`ejktj6 jtmqujt`eis c`h` priyjcti cik uk kiedrj hj cu`tri ljtr`s y amre`eis c`h` idr` `rtåstmc` cik uk köej-
ri hj ikcj håomtis quj mkhmc` uk eiejkti mrrjpjtmdlj jk jl tmjepi. ], ciei ustjhjs `amre`k, cik jl tmjepi lis priyjctis ciks-
truyjk uk` a`emlm`. 3?  
Smo`eis b`dl`khi hj l` jsc`l`. @ vjcjs, b`y jhmamcmis pjqujðis quj p`rjcj quj tuvmjr`k uk` jsc`l` e`smv`7 pjri t`edmík p`s` `l ciktr`rmi. ¹Puí
hjamkj, sjoök ustjhjs, l` jsc`l` hj uk jhmamcmi9 ¹B`drå` `loök t`e`ði quj jxcjhmjsj l` jsc`l` `rqumtjctókmc`9  
 @ktjs bjei s b`dl` hi hj l` jsc` l` hj l`s cis `s jk rjl`cmók cik su rjprjsjkt`c mók. 32  ^ir supujsti, ` kisitris kis a`scmk` l` e`o-
kmtuh hj l` `rqumtjctur` jk rjl`cmók cik kujstri cujrpi, i cik kujstr` me`omk`cmók ‘ki b`y eàs quj p`r`rsj fukti ` uk smli, i fukti
` uk` tirrj hj `ou`, y sjktmr su `drue`hir` mkhmajrjkcm`‘.
mkhmajrjkcm`‘.
HJ EIKZEJKXI @ EMKM@XZT@
¹^mjks`k ustjhjs quj b`y rjl`cmók jktrj l` pjrspjctmv` y l` jsc`l`9
Så, l` b`y7 y js eucbi eàs jvmhjktj ` tr`vís hj uk` ljktj6 cu`kti eàs cjrc` sj jstí hj uk idfjti, eàs `ouh`s sjràk sus priyjccmi-
kjs b`cm` uk pukti hj auo`7 y cu`kti eàs ljfis, eàs sj cirrjomràk js`s låkj`s, pirquj sj ljjràk eàs p`r`ljl`s, ciei lis r`yis hjl
sil quj jk tjirå` sik r`hm`ljs.
¹] cóei crjjk quj aukcmik` jsti eàs `llà hj l` hmejksmók vmsu`l hj l` `rqumtjctur`9
Dujk` prjoukt`. L` jsc`l` hj uk jhmamcmi ki hjdjrå` ejhmrsj sóli jk tíremkis vmsu`ljs, pirquj l` jsc`l` jstà dàsmc`ejktj rjl`cmi-
k`h` cik his a`ctirjs6 jl hj l` vmh` bue`k` y jl hjl ciktjxti jk jl cu`l íst` sj hjs`rrill`. ] jk `edis a`ctirjs l` hjamkmcmók js cie-
p`r`tmv`. ^ir jfjepli, tiejeis
tiejeis l` jsc`l` hj uk` a`cb`h`, i hj uk hiremtirmi, y su rjl`cmók cik jl t`e`ði hj uk cujrpi bue`ki6
pujhj sjr åktme`, sm jstà próxme` `l cujrpi7 i eikuejkt`l, sm jstà ` cmjrt` hmst`kcm`. J mou`l p`s` cik jl t`e`ði hj uk` c`s` jk
rjl`cmók cik uk disquj, i cik uk p`ms`fj `dmjrti. Jst`s cmrcukst`kcm`s `s `ajct`rå`k ` l` pjrcjpcmók hj prixmemh`h (l` c`f` p`rl`ktj
"]i siy uk eikuejkti",  c`rmc`turmz`h` pir Tidjrt Qjkturm, pihrå` ljjrsj aàcmlejktj smk jsj c`rtjl).
¹Jktmjkhjk quj l` jsc`l` tmjkj uk` rjl`cmók cik l` `rqumtjctur` ` uk kmvjl eàs priaukhi quj jl hjl ejri t`e`ði hj l`s cis`s9
Jk kujstr` ipmkmók, kis rjl`cmik`eis cik lis jhmamcmis hj uk eihi ki vjrd`l. L` `rqumtjctur` pujhj sjr mepikjktj i `ciojhir`,
`edmcmis` i eihjst`, iscur` i cl`r`. L`s emkm`tur`s y lis siuvjkmrjs  sik dujk` prujd` hj l` a`ktàstmc` hmejksmók hj js` rjl`cmók.
Hj bjcbi, jl siuvjkmr  jstà
 jstà tr`hmcmik`lejk
tr`hmcmik`lejktj
tj jl`dir`hi pir pria`kis, pir `rtjs`kis quj mlustr`k l`s c`r`ctjråstmc`s eàs smokmamc`tmv`s
hj li quj jllis ciksmhjr`k uk jhmamcmi rjljv`ktj.3=  @quå, jl pricjsi hj 'jsc`l`hi' v` jk l` itr` hmrjccmók6 emjktr`s lis `rqumtjctis
b`cjk pjqujð`s e`qujt`s ` jsc`l` p`r` `ktmcmp`r uk or`k jhmamcmi, jstis `rtjs`kis b`cjk pjqujð`s e`qujt`s smk jsc`l` hj or`khjs
jhmamcmis quj y` cikicjk.
MR  D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Gjrstjk Ojjrs & H`vmh v`k Sjvjrjk, IAAMCJ GOHQS, Drusjl`s, Dílomc`.
31  Sjoök IAAMCJ6 "Zk priyjcti pujhj sjr eucb`s cis`s `l emsei tmjepi. Biy jst`eis euy pir jkcme` hj IAAMCJ 3>>... aire`k uk` a`emlm`... uk` ciljccmók jk cikst`ktj crjcm-
 emjkti, meprjhjcmdljejktj hmvjrs` y or`khj, `ukquj prjhjcmdljejktj jspjcåamc` y amkmt`".
3?  Sjoök IAAMCJ6 "Zk priyjcti sj cikvmjrtj jk uk` jkirej cikstjl`cmók hj idfjtis y pjks`emjktis (…) jk tirki ` uk cjktri v`cåi j mkhjamkmdlj ".
32 Sjoök IAAMCJ6 " L` `rqumtjctur` y su rjprjsjkt`cmók tr`d`f`k cik l` jsc`l`, y l`s e`qujt`s y lis pl`kis sik l`s bjrr`emjkt`s quj kis b`cjk me`omk`r jsp`cmis rj`ljs hj 'jsc`l`
uki ` uki'... L` e`qujt`s y lis pl`kis pujhjk `p`rjcjr cik iroulli fukti ` uk jhmamcmi, sm li b`y, y crj`r uk rmci àedmti jk jl quj vmvmr y pjks`r l` `rqumtjctur` ".
3=  ^jzi vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk aujrik ciems`rmis hj l` jxpismcmó k hj Cbmlj jk l` 00ª Dmjk`l hj Qjkjcm`.  M _`s Xbjrj6 Cbmlj`k Siuvjkmrs, Qjkjcm`, 4>>2.
42
 
Ljt”s oi d`cg ti yiur rjajrjkcjs. Ms tbjrj `kyikj wbi b`s mkspmrjh tbj w`y yiu wirg9 B`vj yiu djjk mktjrjstjh mk amkhmko ` d`l`kcj djtwjjk
 yiur iwk tr`hmtmik` l v`lujs `kh mepir tjh ikjs9 
_j amkh mt b`rh ti tr`cj d`cg ti iur ojkj`liomc`l irmomks. _j ajjl tb`t wj b`h oiih tj`cbjrs `t scbiil, dut ki priajssmik`l a`tbjrs ti
”gmll' l`tjr ik. Bjrj, `t tbj siutb ia tbj siutb, wj b`vjk”t b`h amourjs lmgj Kmjejyjr mk Dr`zml, S`leik` mk Ciliedm` ir Smz` mk ^irtuo`l.
Air tbj eist p`rt, tbj lic`l bjrijs bjrj aicusjh ik dumlhmko v`rm`tmiks ia eihjrkmse. Xbjrj `rj iutst`khmko ciktjepir`ry
ciktjepir`ry `rcbmtjcts,
dut wj hik”t b`vj eucb cikt`ct wmtb tbje. Xbj k`tmik`l scjkj ms rj`lly cikcjktr`tjh mk S`ktm`oi, eirj tb`k :>> ge `w`y arie iur
stuhmi, `kh wb`t stmcgs mk iur emkh `rj tbj eihjst cikstructmiks dumlt dy kik-`rcbmtjcts. 
Hi yiu p`y eucb `ttjktmik ti vjrk`cul`r `rcbmtjcturj9 Xjll us `diut siej ia tbisj `kikyeius dumlhmkos.  
Dullrmkos, air jx`eplj, `lw`ys ciej ti emkh. Xbjy `rj sc`ttjrjh `criss tbj rur`l l`khsc`pj bjrj mk Cbmlj, wbjrj wj c`ll tbje
 ejhm`luk`s , ‒b`la eiiks”. Xbjy `rj vjrk`cul`r cikstructmiks, b`law`y djtwjjk mkar`structurj `kh L`kh @rt. Xbjy ciulh dj hjscrmdjh
`s ` smeplj cmrcul`r pl`k, `diut 8> ejtrjs mk hm`ejtjr, e`hj ia silmh tmedjr. Xbjmr `dstr`ctmik ms mkvjrsjly pripirtmik`l ti tbjmr e`tjrm`l
r`wkjss. _j b`vj pbitior`pbjh ` lit ia tbje. Xbjy `rj `ll slmobtly hmaajrjkt yjt tbj s`ej. Xbjy `rj dumlt usmko tbj s`ej liomc `s `
d`sgjt ir ` str`w b`t6 tbj sue ia se`ll p`rts wivjk tiojtbjr lmgj amdrjs. Hjspmtj tbjmr mepjrajct, mrrjoul`r tjxturj, wj b`vj `lw`ys
djjk a`scmk`tjh dy tbjmr mkkjr hmejksmiks, wbmcb `rj hjscrmdjh dy ` curvjh w`ll tb`t rj`hs eirj lmgj ` ajkcj. _j b`vj kjvjr djjk ti
` dullamobt ‘wj `rj `o`mkst crujlty ti `kme`ls‘ dut wj livj tbj mhj` tb`t fust tbj smzj ia tbj sp`cj `lliws air ditb mktme`cy `kh
hmst`kcj. Xwi pjiplj st`khmko `t tbj ajkcj ik ippismtj smhjs ia tbj rmko c`k stmll hmstmkoumsb j`cb itbjr”s a`cm`l jxprjssmiks. @ ajw
eirj ejtrjs `w`y `kh tb`t cieeukmc`tmik
i k wiulh dj list.
ATIE ^ILMSBJH XI T@_
 
Biw hi yiu hjcmhj ik tbj hjorjj ia amkmsb ir pjrajctmik ia ` cikstructmik wbjk yiu `rj dumlhmko mt9 Ms mt eirj ` cultur`l tb`k ` tjcbkmc`l oi`l9
Ailliwmko tbj ljssiks wj b`vj lj`rkjh arie tbj dullrmko, wj tjkh ti `pprjcm`tj tbj dj`uty ia mepjrajctmik ivjr siejtbmko tb`t ms kjw
`kh mepjcc`dly wjll hikj. _j djlmjvj tb`t tbmkos djciej eucb eirj mktjksj `s priemsjs ia `k mhj`l, ` ciepljtmik ir ` amkmsb tb`t
kjvjr b`ppjks. Xb`t e`y wjll dj rjl`tjh ti ` kjw jtbis ia tbj sudlmej. 38  Xbj sudlmej, uklmgj tbj dj`utmaul, meplmjs ` hjorjj ia
ukj`smkjss ir jvjk aj`r. Mepjrajct dj`uty c`k `lsi dj tjrrmaymko yjt eystjrmius, bypkitmc `kh c`ptmv`tmko.
Dut biw hi yiu fustmay tbj a`ct tb`t siejtbmko kjw ms `lsi mepjrajct, jvjk rumkjh9 
_j hik”t tbmkg tb`t b`s ti dj fustmamjh, kir sbiulh mt dj pl`kkjh `s ` a`lsj a`mlurj. Mepjrajctmik ms tbj k`tur`l ciksjqujkcj ia ` k`tur`l
pricjss, ir `t lj`st tb`t ms biw wj mktjrprjt mt mk ciep`r`tmvj tjres. ]iu c`k prmkt iut ` lmkj yiu b`vj hr`wk ik yiur cieputjr ivjr
`kh ivjr `o`mk, `kh tbj rjsult wmll `lw`ys dj tbj s`ej, dut ma yiu hr`w tb`t s`ej lmkj dy b`kh `kh hi mt `o`mk, tbj rjsult wmll dj `
ukmquj, mepjrajct lmkj jvjry tmej. @kh tb`t ms rjljv`kt ti iur wirg. _j `ccjpt tbj ciepljxmty `kh ukprjhmct`dmlmty ‘wbmcb dirhjrs
dirhjrs ik
mrr`tmik`lmty‘ ia iur bue`k cikhmtmik. Xb`t mrr`tmik`lmty ms `lsi ` hrmvmko aircj air jvjrytbmko wj hi. 
Si hik”t yiu tbmkg tb`t ` dumlhmko c`k meprivj ik tbj prjvmius ikj9 
Xb`t wiulh meply tb`t tbj l`ttjr ms djttjr tb`k tbj airejr. _j emobt `orjj arie ` tjcbkmc`l pimkt ia vmjw, lmgj ciep`rmko eidmlj pbikj
ir `jripl`kj tjcbkilioy6 priorjss tb`t c`k dj `pprjcm`tjh `kh clj`rly jxpl`mkjh. Dut `rcbmtjcturj, p`mktmko, pijtry `kh `ll tbj itbjr
jxprjssmiks ia `rt hik”t `hemt tbj tjre ‒priorjss”. Xbjy c`k”t dj meprivjh. @rt ms d`sjh ik mktjksmty, ik purj hmaajrjkcj. Ms ` Tjmkb`rht
rj`lly djttjr tb`k ` Xmtm`k9 Biw eucb djttjr ms Qmll` Eülljr tb`k ` tr`hmtmik`l E`pucbj biusj, `  ruc`
 ruc`993:  Biw hi yiu ej`surj tbj
sp`tm`l hjksmty ia `rcbmtjcturj, djyikh mts tjcbkmquj9 
 QMMM D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Lykhik Kjrm & Tiss`k` Bu (Kjrm & Bu Hjsmok `kh Tjsj`rcb Iaamcj, Sb`kob`m, Cbmk`), Hjcjedjr 4>4>.  
38 @cc irhmko ti Kjrm & Bu, "_j b`vj ti `h`pt iur `ppri`cb mk amkhmko eihjrk jxprjssmiks air `k `rcbmtjcturj tb`t ms ciktjepir`ry `kh tmejljss `t tbj s`ej tmej… rjpurpismko ia rjcl`mejh
a`ï`hj― ".  
 e`tjrm`ls ms kit ejrjly `k `ct ia sust`mk`dmlmt y, dut `lsi c`rrmjs tbj mhj` ia ciksjrvm ko tmej tbriuob cur`tmko tbj e`rgs ia bmstiry tjctikmc`lly ik ` dumlhmko”s a`ï`hj― ".
3:  Xbj
Xbj ruc`
 ruc` ms ` typj ia biusj dumlt dy tbj mkhmojkius E`pucbj pjiplj wbi lmvj mk siutbjrk Cbmlj `kh @rojktmk`. Mt ciksmsts ia ` rjct`koul`r ir jllmptmc`l riie `riukh ` bj`rtb, wmtb ` smkolj
jktr`kcj `kh ki wmkhiws. Mt ms e`hj ia lic`l wiih `kh wmcgjr.  
4?
 
 _mtb yiur pjr emssmik, a icusmko ik tbj m hj` ia mepi ssmdlj pjrajc tmik `kh ` kik- jvilutmik` ry pricjss, wj wiulh lmgj t i ojt siej kuedjr s6 omvjk
 
tb`t iur lmvjs `rj amkmtj, ms tbjrj ` kuedjr ia dumlhmkos tb`t yiu wiulh lmgj ti rj`cb9 Ms tbjrj `k mhj`l hmvjrsmty mk tjres ia sc`lj `kh prior`eej9
_j b`vj `lrj`hy oikj w`y djyikh tbj kuedjr ia dumlhmkos wj me`omkjh wj wiulh dumlh 4> yj`rs `oi. _j st`rtjh iut wmtb tbj hrj`e
ia dumlhmko ikj biusj `kh tbjk `atjr tbj amrst ikj, wj airtuk`tjly tbiuobt `o`mk `kh dumlt ` ajw eirj. _j b`vj jvjk djjk `dlj ti dumlh
itbjr typjs ia cikstructmik. 
Ms tbjrj `ky p`rtmcul`r typj tb`t yiu b`vjk”t dumlt yjt9 
_j hik”t tbmkg si. _j `rj kit mktjrjstjh mk ej`surmko `rcbmtjcturj
tjcturj ik tbj d`sms ia mts purpisj, mts iwkjrsbmp, wbjtbjr mt ms pudlmc ir
prmv`tj, ir hmscrmemk`tmko djtwjjk dumlhmkos
dumlhmkos ik tbj d`sms ia tbjmr cist ir smzj. Xbisj l`djls ikly sjrvj mkstmtutmik`l purpisjs. Xbjy `rj
air bmstirm`ks `kh lmdr`rm`ks ti cl`ssmay `rcbmtjcturj
`rcbmtjcturj ir air crmtmcs `kh priajssirs ti stuhy mt. @kh `kyw`y, wj hiudt tb`t yiu c`k fuhoj
tbj qu`lmty ia ` dumlhmko ik tbj d`sms ia mts smzj ir mts purpisj. _j hik”t djlmjvj tb`t ` dumlhmko ms djttjr smeply djc`usj mt ms l`roj ir
djc`usj mt ms ciepljx. _j prjajr ti ej`surj sc`lj r`tbjr tb`k smzj.  
 
]js, wj gjjp jxtrjejly strmct rjcirhs. Mk a`ct, wj amlj tbj hicuejkts ia j`cb pricjss `lpb`djtmc`lly r`tbjr tb`k cbrikiliomc`lly6
c `lly6 wj
l`djl j`cb prifjct wmtb ` aiur-ljttjr k`ej `kh smok j`cb wirg ia `rt wmtb `k jljvjk-hmomt kuedjr tb`t mkhmc`tjs `k ukrjpj`t`dlj eiejkt
mk tmej. @kh, `s yiu s`y, ivjr tmej, prifjcts dumlh up ` a`emly. 3?  
Ljt”s ciktmkuj tbj hmscussmik
hmscussmik `diut sc`lj. Siejtmejs se`ll dumlhmkos sjje ti b`vj ` e`ssmvj sc`lj, dut tbj ippismtj ms `lsi truj. _b`t hi
 yiu tbmkg hjamkjs tbj sc`lj ia ` dumlhmko 9 Ms tbjrj ` smzj tb` t oijs djyi kh tbj `rc bmtjctur`l sc`lj9 
J`rlmjr wj t`lgjh `diut tbj sc`lj ia tbmkos mk rjl`tmik ti tbjmr rjprjsjkt`tmik.32  Ia ciursj wj `rj a`scmk`tjh dy tbj sc`lj ia `rcbmtjcturj
mk rjl`tmik ti iur dihy ir iur me`omk`tmik. Fust st`khmko kjxt ti ` smli ir ` w`tjr tiwjr wmll e`gj yiu sjksj mts ivjrwbjlemko
mkhmaajrjkcj.
ATIE EIKZEJKX XI EMKM@XZTJ  
Hi yiu tbmkg tbjrj ms ` cikkjctmik djtwjjk pjrspjctmvj `kh sc`lj9 
]js tbjrj ms, `kh mt ms eucb eirj idvmius tbriuob ` ljks. Xbj clisjr yiu ojt ti `k idfjct, tbj sb`rpjr mts prifjctmiks tiw`rhs `
v`kmsbmko pimkt djciej, `kh tbj aurtbjr `w`y yiu ojt, tbj eirj tbisj lmkjs `rj cirrjctjh, djc`usj tbjy sjje ti dj eirj p`r`lljl,
lmgj tbj suk”s r`ys, wbmcb mk tbjiry `rj r`hm`l.
Biw hi yiu tbmkg tb`t wirgs djyikh tbj vmsu`l hmejksmik ia `rcbmtjcturj9 
Oiih qujstmik. Xbj sc`lj ia ` dumlhmko sbiulh kit dj ej`surjh mk vmsu`l tjres `likj, djc`usj sc`lj ms d`smc`lly rjl`tjh ti twi a`ctirs6
bue`k lmaj `kh tbj ciktjxt mk wbmcb mt ms hjvjlipjh. @kh mk ditb tbisj a`ctirs, tbj hjamkmtmik ms ciep`r`tmvj. X`gj tbj sc`lj ia ` a`ï`hj
ir ` djhriie, air mkst`kcj, rjl`tmvj ti ` bue`k dihy. Mt c`k dj mktme`tj ma mt ms clisj ti tbj dihy `kh eikuejkt`l ma mt ms `t ` hmst`kcj.
Xbj s`ej oijs air tbj smzj ia ` biusj mk rjl`tmik ti ` airjst ir `k ipjk l`khsc`pj. Xb`t `aajcts iur pjrcjptmik ia prixmemty ( "M
"M `e `
 eikuejkt" , tbj t`lgmko dix c`rmc`turjh dy Tidjrt Qjkturm, ciulh dj ukhjrstiih pjrajctly wjll wmtbiut tb`t smok).
Hi yiu tbmkg tb`t sc`lj ms rjl`tjh ti `rcbmtjcturj `t ` hjjpjr ljvjl tb`k fust tbj smzj ia tbmkos9 
_j ajjl tb`t wj rjl`tj ti dumlhmkos mk ` kik-vjrd`l w`y. @rcbmtjcturj c`k dj mepismko ir wjlciemko, `edmtmius
`edmtmius ir eihjst, h`rg ir
lmobt. Emkm`turjs `kh siuvjkmrs 
siuvjkmrs   `rj priia ia tbj a`kt`stmc hmejksmik ia tb`t rjl`tmiksbmp. Siuvjkmrs `rj tr`hmtmik`lly prihucjh dy
`amcmik`his, dy cr`atspjiplj wbi mllustr`tj wb`t tbjy ciksmhjr ti dj tbj eist iutst`khmko aj`turjs ia `k mepirt`kt dumlhmko.3=  Mk tbms
c`sj, tbj ”sc`lmko' pricjss oijs mk tbj ippismtj hmrjctmik6 `rcbmtjcts dumlh se`ll sc`lj eihjls ti `ktmcmp`tj ` orj`t dumlhmko, wbmlj
tbjsj cr`atsejk e`gj se`ll, kik-sc`l`r eihjls ia orj`t dumlhmkos tb`t tbjy gkiw `diut. 
MR   D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Gjrstjk Ojjrs & H`vmh v`k Sjvjrjk, GOHQS IAAMCJ, Drussjls, Djlomue) 
31  @ccirhmko ti IAAMCJ, " @  @ prifjct c`k dj e`ky tbmkos `t tbj s`ej tmej. Xih`y wj `rj wjll d jyikh IAAMCJ 3>>.... tbjy aire ` a`emly... ` pjrpjtu`lly oriwmko cilljctmik, ukprjhm ct`dly hmvjrsj
 `kh l`roj, `ldjmt prjhmct`dly spjcmamc `kh amkmtj".
amkmtj ".
3?  @ccirhmko ti IAAMCJ, " @ cjktrj ". 
 @ prifjct djciejs ` buoj cikstjll`tmik ia idfjcts `kh tbiuobts (...) `riukh `k jepty, ukhjamk`dlj cjktrj".
32  @ccirhmko ti IAAMCJ,  @rcbmtjcturj
 "@rcbmtjcturj `kh mts rjprjsjkt`tmik wirg wmtb sc`lj, `kh eihjls `kh pl`ks `rj tbj tiils tb`t e`gj us me`omkj rj`l ”ikj-ti-ikj sc`lj' sp`cjs.... Eihjls `kh pl`ks c`k
 st`kh priuhly kjxt ti ` dumlhmko, ma tbjrj m s ikj, `kh crj`tj ` rmcb scipj air biw ti lmvj `kh tbmkg `diut `rc bmtjcturj".  
bmtjcturj".
3=  ^jzi vik Jllrmcbsb`usjk cur`tjh tbj Cbmlj`k jxbmdmtmik `t tbj 00tb Qjkmcj Dmjkk`lj. M _`s Xbjrj6 Cbmlj`k Siuvjkmrs,
Siuvjkmrs , Qjkmcj, 4>>2. 
4=

HJ HIS @ EZLXMXZH  R   ATIE X_I XI @ CTI_H  R
^`sjeis ` itri `sukti, b`dljeis hj sus cil`dir`cmikjs. @l e`rojk hj lis `spjctis tíckmcis hj uk priyjcti, ¹pjremtjk ustjhjs quj itris
`spjctis rjl`cmik`his cik jl hmsjði sj`k rjsujltis pir `loumjk hmstmkti hj ustjhjs9 8>  ¹Sujljk cil`dir`r cik itris `utirjs9
Bjeis cil`dir`hi pic`s vjcjs cik itris `utirjs. Bmcmeis uk p`djllók jk l`s `aujr`s hj ^`rås p`r` jl `rtmst` cikcjptu`l ar`kcís
Cbrmstm`k Dilt`ksgm,
Dilt`ksgm, y uk` or`k mkst`l`cmók jk jl Tjmki Zkmhi cik jl `rtmst` sumzi Ajlmcj Q`rmkm, pjri hjf`khi ` uk l`hi lis mkojkmjris
 y lis ciksultirjs tíckmcis, tr`d`f`eis silis7 sm dmj k, hj vjz jk cu`khi, pujhj b` djr uk p`r hj `rqumtjcti s, i `loukis `smstjktj s,
cil`dir`khi jk t`rj`s jspjcåamc`s p`r` uk priyjcti. Icurrj, t`edmík, quj kukc` bjeis `spmr`hi ` tjkjr uk` or`k iamcmk`, qumzàs
hjdmhi ` kujstr` meplmc`cmók rieàktmc` cik jl tr`d`fi. ] js quj, `p`rtj hj l` sjks`cmók hj lmdjrt`h y hj mkhjpjkhjkcm`, t`edmík
t`edmík kis
oust` eucbi b`cjr l`s cis`s kisitris emseis. Kis oust` hmduf`r, pmkt`r, b`cjr e`qujt`s, tie`r aitior`aå`s… ] kis p`rjcj quj sm
uki tmjkj jqumpis eàs or`khjs `c`d` cikvmrtmíkhisj c`sm jk uk `hemkmstr`hir hj rjcursis bue`kis, jk uk tjstmoi p`smvi hjl tr`-
d`fi pràctmci quj b`cjk itris. ^jri dujki, `bir` jst`eis hjs`rrill`khi priyjctis jk hmajrjktjs p`åsjs, y tjkjeis l` sujrtj hj
cikt`r cik jl `piyi lioåstmci bue`ki quj tmjkjk `llå kujstris cil`dir`hirjs lic`ljs. ] bjeis vmvmhi, jstis öltmeis sjms `ðis, l`
e`r`vmllis` jxpjrmjkcm` hj tr`d`f`r fukti `l `rtmst` hj Lis Àkojljs E`rg Oritf`bk jk uk` sjrmj hj icbi jhmamcmis quj ciemjkz`k `
cikstrumrsj `bir`. C`h` cil`dir`cmók js t`k åktme` ciei meprjhjcmdlj, ki pujhj sjr hj itri eihi.
HJ L@ CZDMJTX@ @ L@ CMEJKX@CMÓK
 Qilvmjkhi ` lis `s pjctis e`tjrm`ljs hj su idr`. Xjkmjkhi jk cujkt` quj lis jhmamcmis hjs`aå`k l` or`vjh`h, ¹cóei `arikt`k ustjhjs jl mkjvmt`dlj
jajcti hjl p`si hjl tmjepi sidrj uk jhmamcmi9 80  tmej ik ` dumlhmko980
L` `rqumtjctur` b` smhi ciksmhjr`h` tr`hmcmik`lejktj ciei uk hmspismtmvi p`r` hjs`am`r l` k`tur`ljz` ` li l`roi hjl tmjepi ‘jl emti
hj L`uomjr84  b`cj rjajrjkcm` mkclusi `l pjrtmk`z mkstmkti hj supjrvmvjkcm` hjl sjr bue`ki‘. ^ihjeis tjirmz`r sidrj l` jrismók hj
l`s pmràemhjs i jl hjstmki tr`ksmtirmi hj tih`s l`s cikstruccmikjs bue`k`s,
bue`k`s, pjri ki bjeis jkciktr`hi uk` sil` pjrsik` quj cu`khi
pmh` uk` c`s` pmjksj hmajrjktj hj li quj li budmjr` bjcbi uk sjr prmemtmvi, i jsi me`omk`eis. Jl sujði hj l` pripmjh`h y hj l` pjr-
e`kjkcm` jstà jkr`mz`hi jk kisitris, jk kujstr` kjcjsmh`h dmilóomc` hj pritjccmók7 uk` kjcjsmh`h quj sj mktjksmamc` jk cikhmcmi-
kjs clmeàtmc`s jxtrje`s.
Så, pjri lis jhmamcmis sj hjtjrmir`k cik jl tmjepi, mkjvmt`dljejktj6 'Jl hjstmki hj tihi p`pjl, hjshj jl eiejkti jk jl quj `d`khik` l` aàdrmc`, js
83
ciejkz`r ` jkvjfjcjr', jk p`l`dr`s hj Fisí S`r`e`oi.
 @ kisitris kis p`rjc j quj l` cirrismók y l` pàtm k` sik l` s cis`s eàs djll` s quj puj h`k p`s` rlj ` uk j hmamcmi . ^ILM, ci k sus supj r-
amcmjs iscurjcmh`s pir jl cikst`ktj vmjkti, i pir jl eusoi, jl `ou` s`l`h`, i lis jxcrjejktis hj lis pàf`ris, jtc. js eucbi eàs
pitjktj biy quj fusti hjspuís hj cikstrumrsj. ¹Cóei sj emhj jl tmjepi `le`cjk`hi jk uk jhmamcmi9 Jk cmjrti sjktmhi, l` idsjsmók
pir l` fuvjktuh, pir li kujvi, pir jl '`spjcti lmepmi' js, lmtjr`lejktj, uk` pírhmh` hj tmjepi. LZK@ js tih`vå` eàs `orjstj quj ^ILM,
k`cmó vmjf`, `rrumk`h` hjshj jl prmkcmpmi.
HJ L@ ÍXMC@ @ L@ MHJILIOÅ@   RM  ATIE JXBMCS XI MHJILIO]  RM
Su öltmei `puktj kis hjvujlvj `l pridlje` hjl jsaujrzi y hj l` rjsmstjkcm`, cik sus cikkit`cmikjs aåsmc`s y ítmc`s. ¹B`st` hókhj crjjk ustjhjs
quj hjdjrå` lljo`r jl p`pjl hjl `rqumtjcti9 ¹Crjjk ustjhjs quj lis v`lirjs pjrsik`ljs hjl `rqumtjcti hjdjrå`k jxprjs`rsj, ciep`rtmrsj i rjarjk-
h`rsj ` tr`vís hj uk jhmamcmi pödlmci9
Så, jl jhmamcmi hjdjrå` sjr uk jspjfi ítmci, uk rjaljfi, t`kti hj lis v`lirjs hjl pripmi `utir ciei hj lis hj l` sicmjh`h quj lj pjremtj
` jsj `utir lljv`r ` c`di uk` aire` hj `rtj. Jk sjktmhi jstrmcti l` `rqumtjctur` js uk` jxprjsmók hj l` cultur`, js uk iro`kmsei vmvi
hjktri hj itris mou`lejktj vmvis7 js t`kti uk idfjti ciei uk sufjti, i uk idfjti sudfjtmv`hi. ^ir li t`kti, tih` `rqumtjctur`, `l e`r-
ojk hj cóei sj ll`ej, `suej uk p`pjl pödlmci, pirquj cu`khi uk jhmamcmi `d`khik` l` aàdrmc` ‘mou`l quj jl p`pjl jk dl`kci hj S`r`-
e`oi‘ l`s mktjkcmikjs prmv`h`s hj su `utir hjs`p`rjcjk, hmsilvmíkhisj
hmsilvmíkhisj y hjsv`kjcmíkhisj ` tr`vís hj l` mkamkmh`h hjl tmjepi.88  
 R   D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik E`rtmk Xb`e & Dillj Qmhjo`rh, Jsticilei, Sujcm`.
8> Sjoök Xb`e & Qmhjo`rh6 " Sjoumeis crjyjkhi quj l`s mktjrvjkcmikjs `rqumtjctókmc`s ` tih`s l`s jsc`l`s kjcjsmt`k uk `utir quj `sue` tih` l` rjspiks`dmlmh`h sidrj jl rjsul-
t`hi. Jst` mhj` sj ipikj ` quj l` `rqumtjctur` sj` jl prihucti hj pricjsis cu`sm hjeicràtmcis hikhj uki pujhj jscikhjrsj jk jl `kikme`ti hj uk` `utirå` pici cl`r` ".
80 Sjoök Xb`e & Qmhjo`rh6 " Li quj sj pjrcmdj ciei sucmjh`h i pàtmk` t`edmík jstà, smk huh`, cultur`lejktj aukh`ejkt`hi... l`s c`s`s cikstrumh`s b`cj eml `ðis tih`vå` jstàk
jk usi. Li quj bmzi jsti pismdlj js jl bjcbi hj quj jst`s c`s`s aujrik hmsjð`h`s p`r` sjr li suamcmjktjejktj ötmljs y djll`s ciei p`r` quj sus usu`rmis l`s cumh`r`k ".
84 E`rc-@ktimkj L`uomjr (0?03-0?1=),  @k jss`y ik `rcbmtjcturj7 mk wbmcb mts truj prmkcmpljs `rj jxpl`mkjh (… ). Likhrjs, Mepr jsi p`r` X. Isdir kj `kh Sbmptik, 0 ?:: (irmomk`l6  Jss`m
 sur l'`rcbmtjcturj, 0=:3). "Ciksmhjrjeis `l biedrj jk su prmejr irmojk, smk itr` `yuh`, smk itr` ouå`, quj jl mkstmkti k`tur`l hj sus kjcjsmh`hjs. Li quj qumjrj js uk` rjsmhjkcm`
pjre`kjktj". C`påtuli M, p. 00.
83 Fisí S`r`e`oi (0=44-4>0>),  @ll tbj K`ejs, tr`huccmók E`ro`rjt Full Cist`. Kujv` ]irg, Biuobtik Emaalmk B`rciurt, 0=== (irmomk`l6 Xihis is Kiejs, 0==?), p. 0. WB`y tr`huccmók
`l c`stjll`ki6 Fisí S`r`e`oi, Xihis lis kiedrjs . Jsp`ð`6 @la`ou`r`, 4>>0. Xr`huccmók hj ^ml`r hjl Tåi SàkcbjzU
 RM  D`s`hi jk uk` cikvjrs`cmók cik Sbjlljy EcK`e`r` & ]vikkj A`rrjll, Or`atik @rcbmtjcts, Hudlåk, Mrl`kh`.
88 Sjoök Or`atik @rcbmtjcts6 " Jl priorjsi hj uk `rtmst` js uk` jxtmkcmók ciktmku` hj l` pjrsik`lmh`h... Jst` cmt` (hj
hj X.S Jllmit) kis hjscrmdj jl p`pjl hjl priajsmik`l hjktri hjl `eplmi
 eukhi hj l` `rqumtjctur`. L` ítmc` y l` mhjilioå` jstàk mkcirpir`h`s jk jl köclji hj l` `rqumtjctur`, y kisitris vjeis kujstri p`pjl ciei tr`ksemsirjs hj jstis v`lirjs ejhm`k-
tj su tr`ksaire`cmók jk aire` aåsmc` ".
3>
HJL MKXJTMIT @L JRXJTMIT
^rid`dljejktj sj` íst`, jk öltme` mkst`kcm`, l` k`tur`ljz` hm`líctmc` hj l` `rqumtjctur`, l` rjcmpricmh`h jktrj jl mktjrmir y jl jxtjrmir, jktrj li iculti
y li jxpujsti, jktrj li r`cmik`l y li mrr`cmik`l. Zk` ciktr`pismcmók quj dmjk pihrå` jkc`rk`rsj jk jl cjrr`emjkti emsei hj uk` b`dmt`cmók. ¹Cóei
jktmjkhjk ustjhjs jl jspjsir hjl euri jxtjrmir hj uk jhmamcmi9 ¹Hókhj ciemjkz` jl mktjrmir y hókhj jl jxtjrmir9 8:  tbmcgkjss ia tbj iutjr w`ll ia ` dumlhmko9 _bjrj hijs mktjrmir djomk `kh wbjrj hijs jxtjrmir djomk98:
Sj pihrå` hjscudrmr uk` hmejksmók ejt`aåsmc` jk c`h` aukcmók hj l` `rqumtjctur
`rqumtjctur`.
`. ^ir jfjepli, l` aukcmók hj uk` cudmjrt` mkclmk`h`
v` eàs `llà hj l` jv`cu`cmók hjl `ou` hj lluvm`6 jk rj`lmh`h, jstà icup`khi jl luo`r hjl cmjli. I, pir jfjepli, jl p`pjl hj uk` ciluek`
tr`scjkhjrå` jl hj l` tr`ksemsmók hj c`ro`s `l tjrrjki6 jst`rå` jxtjkhmjkhi l` tmjrr` b`cm` jstr`tis supjrmirjs. Ki js kjcjs`rmi sjr
uk pijt` smedilmst` p`r` hmscjrkmr jstj tmpi hj rjl`cmikjs jvic`tmv`s. Jk l` k`tur`ljz` hj l` `rqumtjctur` p`rjcj b`djr uk cóhmoi
l`tjktj, uk` vmt`lmh`h ciktjkmh`. @så, jl euri pujhj ljjrsj ciei uk pl`ki `dstr`cti jk jl quj priyjct`eis kujstr`s jeicmikjs dàsm-
c`s. ¹Js jl euri uk` idstruccmók ` l` k`tur`ljz`9 ¹Js l` `pjrtur` jk uk euri t`k sóli uk` pujrt`, i uk` vjkt`k`9 ¹Js js` `usjkcm`
hj euri itr` aire` hj idstruccmók9 ¹Js uk` aire` hj rjcmpricmh`h9 Js hmaåcml hj hjcmr. Jst`eis cikvjkcmhis quj l` `rqumtjctur`
ipjr` jk jsj hjlmc`hi låemtj jktrj uk` r`zók suamcmjktj y uk` `ajccmók mksuamcmjktj.
8: Sjoök Or`atik @rcbmtjcts6 " Lis cjrr`emjktis jstàk bjcbis cik euris 'jxtjrmirjs', orujsis i hjlo`his, cik dirhjs psmcilóomcis, cik dirhjs i låemtjs meplåcmtis. Zk euri jxtjrmir
 orujsi pujhj `cjktu`r l` cikjxmók jktrj jl mktjrmir y jl jxtjrmir, b`cmjkhi mkvmsmdlj jl eukhi jxtjrmir. @så ciei l` `usjkcm` pujhj `cjktu`r l` prjsjkcm`, l` mkjxmstjkcm` hj uk
 euri jxtjrmir pujhj cikaire`r uk cjrr`emjkti ` d`sj hj c`p`s, hj uedr`ljs, ciei jl clme`, l` kmjdl`, l` kudj, l` siedr` y l` luz".
40=>?014>:8. Ólji sidrj tjl`
Iml ik c`kv`s, 02> x 48> ce, 4>01
“Jxtjrmir' jxbmdmtmik, Sili O`ljrmj, ^`rms, Ar`kcj, 4>0?
34
 
8>
Ljt”s eivj ik ti `kitbjr sudfjct, cill`dir`tmik. Hi yiu ljt iutsmhjrs rjsilvj `spjcts ia yiur hjsmoks `p`rt arie tjcbkmc`l hjt`mls9   Hi yiu
iatjk cill`dir`tj wmtb itbjr `utbirs9 
_j b`vj wirgjh wmtb itbjr `utbirs ` ajw tmejs. _j hmh ` p`vmlmik iutsmhj ^`rms air tbj Arjkcb cikcjpt `rtmst Cbrmstm`k Dilt`ksgm, `kh
` dmo mkst`ll`tmik mk tbj ZG wmtb Swmss `rtmst Ajlmcj Q`rmkm, dut `p`rt arie jkomkjjrs `kh tjcbkmc`l ciksult`kts, wj kire`lly wirg `likj,
`ltbiuob icc`smik`lly wj emobt mkvmtj ` ciuplj ia `rcbmtjcts ir `ssmst`kts ti cill`dir`tj ik spjcmamc hjsmok t`sgs. _j b`vj kjvjr
w`ktjh ti b`vj ` dmo iaamcj jmtbjr, e`ydj djc`usj ia iur rie`ktmc b`khs-ik mkvilvjejkt wmtb iur wirg. @p`rt arie tbj sjksj ia
arjjhie `kh mkhjpjkhjkcj,
mkhjpjkhjkcj, wj `lsi lmgj ti hi tbmkos iursjlvjs. _j lmgj ti hr`w, p`mkt, e`gj eihjls, t`gj pbitis, jtc. Xi us mt sjjes
tb`t ma yiu b`vj ` dmoojr tj`e, yiu `leist jkh up djciemko ` bue`k rjsiurcj `hemkmstr`tir, ` p`ssmvj wmtkjss ti tbj pr`ctmc`l wirg
hikj dy itbjr pjiplj. Kiw wj `rj hjsmokmko prifjcts air itbjr ciuktrmjs, `kh wj `rj lucgy ti b`vj tbj bue`k liomstmc`l suppirt
privmhjh dy iur lic`l cill`dir`tirs ivjr tbjrj. Ivjr tbj l`st smx yj`rs, wj b`vj b`h ` wikhjraul jxpjrmjkcj wirgmko wmtb L@ `rtmst
E`rg Oritf`bk ik ` sjrmjs ia jmobt dumlhmkos tb`t `rj `diut ti st`rt cikstructmik. J`cb cill`dir`tmik ms mktme`tj `kh ukprjhmct`dlj `t
tbj s`ej tmej. Mt c`k”t dj `ky itbjr w`y.
ATIE TIIA XI AIZKH@XMIKS
Oimko d`cg ti tbj e`tjrm`l `spjcts ia yiur wirg, omvjk tb`t dumlhmkos hjay or`vmty, biw hi yiu hj`l wmtb tbj mkjvmt`dlj jaajct ia tbj p`ss`oj ia
 
 @rcbmtjct urj b`s tr` hmtmik`lly d jjk rjo`rhj h `s ` hjvmc j air hjaymko k`turj ivj r tmej. L`uo mjr”s eytb 84  `lluhjs ti tbj studdirk bue`k
survmv`l mkstmkct. _j c`k tbjirmsj `diut tbj jrismik ia tbj pyr`emhs ir tbj tr`ksmtiry hjstmky ia jvjry bue`k cikstructmik, dut wj
b`vjk”t ejt `kyikj wbi, wbjk tbjy b`vj `sgjh air ` biusj, b`vj tbiuobt hmaajrjktly arie ` prmemtmvj pjrsik,
pjrsik, ir `t lj`st tbj w`y wj
me`omkj tbjy wiulh b`vj. Xbj hrj`e ia iwkjrsbmp `kh pjre`kjkcj ms hjjply riitjh mk iur psycbj, mk iur dmiliomc`l kjjh air
pritjctmik, ` kjjh tb`t ms mktjksmamjh mk jxtrjej clme`tjs. 
 ]js, dut dumlhm kos mkjvmt` dly hjtjrmi r`tj ivjr tmej. @s Fis í S`r`e`oi puts mt, ”Xb j hjstmky ia `ll p`pjr, a rie tbj ei ejkt mt lj` vjs tbj a`cti ry, ms
ti djomk ti `oj'.83 
Air us, cirrismik `kh p`tmk`s `rj tbj eist dj`utmaul tbmkos tb`t c`k b`ppjk ti ` dumlhmko. ^ILM, wmtb mts sura`cjs h`rgjkjh dy tbj
cikst`kt wmkh, eiss, s`ltw`tjr, dmrh hrippmkos, jtc., ms eucb eirj piwjraul kiw tb`k meejhm`tjly `atjr mt w`s dumlt. Biw hi yiu
ej`surj tbj tmej stirjh mk ` dumlhmko9 Mk ` sjksj, tbj idsjssmik wmtb yiutb, wmtb kjwkjss, wmtb ` ”clj`k `ppj`r`kcj', ms lmtjr`lly `
w`stj ia tmej. LZK@ ms jvjk riuobjr tb`k ^ILM. Mt w`s dirk ilh, rumkjh arie tbj iutsjt.
 
 Xb`t l`st pimkt drm kos us d` cg ti tbj mssuj ia jaairt `kh rjsmst` kcj, wmtb mts pbysmc `l `kh j tbmc`l ci kkit`tmiks. Biw a`r hi yiu tbm kg tbj r ilj ia
tbj `rcbmtjct sbiulh oi9 Hi yiu tbmkg tb`t tbj `rcbmtjct”s pjrsik`l v`lujs sbiulh dj jxprjssjh, sb`rjh ir jkhirsjh tbriuob ` pudlmc dumlhmko9
]js, tbj dumlhmko sbiulh dj `k jtbmc`l emrrir, ` rjaljctmik, ia tbj `utbir”s iwk v`lujs `kh `lsi tbj sicmjt`l v`lujs tb`t `lliw tb`t `utbir
ti prihucj ` aire ia `rt. Strmctly spj`gmko, `rcbmtjcturj
`rcbmtjcturj ms ` cultur`l jxprjssmik. Mt ms ` lmvmko iro`kmse mksmhj itbjr lmvmko iro`kmses.
s es.
Mt ms ditb ` sudfjct `kh `k idfjct, ir ` sudfjctmvmsjh idfjct. Ciksjqujktly,
Ciksjqujktly, `ll `rcbmtjcturj, ki e`ttjr wb`t mt ms c`lljh, pl`ys ` pudlmc
rilj, djc`usj wbjk ` dumlhmko lj`vjs tbj a`ctiry ‘lmgj S`r`e`oi”s dl`kg p`pjr‘ tbj prmv`tj mktjktmiks ia mts `utbir hms`ppj`r. Xbjy
hmssilvj `kh a`hj `w`y mk tbj mkamkmty ia tmej. 88  
 R   D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb E`rtmk Xb`e& Dillj Qmhjo`rh, Sticgbile, Swjhjk.  
8> @cc irhmko ti Xb`e & Qmhjo`rh, "_j
"_j stmll djlmjvj tb`t `rcbmtjctur`l mktjrvjktmiks `t `ll sc`ljs kjjh `k `utbir wbi t`gjs aull rjspiksmdmlmty air tbj rjsult. Xbms mhj` ms ippisjh ti `rcbmtjcturj
`utbirsbmp".  
 djmko tbj prihuct ia qu`sm-hjeicr`tmc pricjssjs wbjrj ikj c`k bmhj mk tbj `kikyemty ia `k ukclj`r `utbirsbmp".
80  @ccirhmko ti Xb`e & Qmhjo`rh, "_b`t ms pjrcjmvjh `s hmrt ir p`tmk` ms `lsi ukhiudtjhly cultur`lly oriukhjh... biusjs dumlt ` tbius`kh yj`rs `oi `rj stmll mk usj. _b`t e`hj tbms pissmdlj ms tbj
a`ct tb`t tbjsj biusjs wjrj hjsmokjh ti dj usjaul `kh dj`utmaul jkiuob air tbjmr usjrs ti c`rj air tbje ".  
84 E`rc-@ktimkj L`uomjr (0?03-0?1=), @k
(0?03-0?1=),  @k jss`y ik `rcbmtjcturj7 mk wbmcb mts truj prmkcmpljs `rj jxpl`mkjh (... ).
(... ). Likhik, ^rmktjh air X. Isdirkj `kh Sbmptik, 0?:: (irmomk`l6Jss`m
(irmomk`l6 Jss`m sur l”`rcbmtjcturj,
l”`rcbmtjcturj ,
0=:3). "Ljt us ciksmhjr e`k mk bms amrst irmomk, wmtb ki itbjr bjlp, ki itbjr oumhj, tb`k tbj k`tur`l mkstmkct ia bms w`kts. _b`t bj w`kts ms ` pjre`kjkt rjsmhjkcj" Cb`p. M, p. 00.  
83 Fisj S`r`e`oi (0=44-4>0>), @ll
(0=44-4>0>), @ll tbj K`ejs, Kiejs, 0==?), p. 0.  
K`ejs , tr`ksl`tjh dy E`ro`rjt Full Cist`. Kjw ]irg, Biuobtik Emaalmk B`rciurt, 0=== (irmomk`l6 Xihis is Kiejs,
 RM   D`sjh ik ` cikvjrs`tmik wmtb Sbjlljy EcK`e`r` & ]vikkj A`rrjll, Or`atik @rcbmtjcts, Hudlm k, Mrjl`kh.
88 @cc irhmko ti Or`atik @rcbmtjcts, "Xbj priorjss ia `k `rtmst ms ` ciktmkuius jxtmkctmik ia pjrsik`lmty.... Xbms quitj (arie X.S Jllmit) hjscrmdjs tbj rilj ia tbj pr`ctmtmikjr wmtbmk tbj jxp`ksmvj
wirlh ia `rcbmtjcturj. Jtbmcs `kh mhjilioy `rj jedihmjh mk tbj cirj ia `rcbmtjcturj, `kh wj sjj iur rilj `s tr`ksemttjrs ia tbjsj v`lujs tbriuob tbjmr tr`ksaire`tmik mkti pbysmc`l aire ". 
30
ATIE MKXJTMIT XI JRXJTMIT 
Zltme`tjly,, tbms ms prid`dly tbj hm`ljctmc`l k`turj ia `rcbmtjcturj6 tbj rjcmpricmty djtwjjk mksmhj `kh iutsmhj, djtwjjk wb`t ms bmhhjk `kh wb`t
Zltme`tjly
ms jxpisjh, djtwjjk r`tmik`l `kh mrr`tmik`l. Xbms ciktr`st e`y wjll dj jedihmjh mk tbj vjry jkclisurj ia ` riie. _b`t ms yiur t`gj ik tbj
]iu c`k hmscivjr ` ejt`pbysmc`l hmejksmik mk jvjry aukctmik ia `rcbmtjcturj. Xbj aukctmik ia ` pmtcbjh riia, air jx`eplj, oijs djyikh
hr`mkmko iaa r`mkw`tjr6 mt ms `ctu`lly t`gmko tbj pl`cj ia tbj sgy. Ir tbj rilj ia ` ciluek, air jx`eplj, oijs djyikh tr`ksajrrmko li`hs
ti tbj oriukh6 mt jxtjkhs tbj j`rtb upw`rhs ti bmobjr str`t`. ]iu hik”t kjjh ti dj ` syedilmst pijt ti hmscjrk tbms gmkh ia jvic`tmvj
rjl`tmiksbmps. Xbj mktrmksmc k`turj ia `rcbmtjcturj sjjes ti bilh ` l`tjkt cihj, ` cikt`mkjh vmt`lmty. Si ` w`ll c`k dj rjo`rhjh `s `k
`dstr`ct pl`kj tb`t wj prifjct iur d`smc jeitmiks ikti. Ms tbj w`ll `k idstructmik ti k`turj9 Ms `k ipjkmko mk ` w`ll fust ` hiir ir `
wmkhiw9 Ms tb`t `dsjkcj ia w`ll `kitbjr aire ia idstructmik9 Ms mt ` aire ia rjcmpricmty9 Mt”s b`rh ti tjll. _j `rj cikvmkcjh tb`t
mksuaamcmjkt `aajctmik . 
`rcbmtjcturj ipjr`tjs `liko tb`t hjlmc`tj diukh`ry djtwjjk suaamcmjkt rj`sik `kh mksuaamcmjkt `aajctmik
8: @cc irhmko ti Or`atik @rcbmtjcts, "Xbj jkclisurjs `rj e`hj wmtb ”iutjr' w`lls, tbmcg ir tbmk, wmtb psycbiliomc`l jhojs, wmtb meplmjh dirhjrs ir diukh`rmjs. @ tbmcg iutjr w`ll c`k `ccjktu`tj
tbj cikkjctmik djtwjjk mksmhj `kh iutsmhj, e`gmko tbj iutsmhj wirlh mkvmsmdlj. Fust `s `dsjkcj c`k `ccjktu`tj prjsjkcj, tbj kik-jxmstjkcj ia `k iutjr w`ll c`k aire `k jkclisurj dy ej`ks
ia l`yjrs, ia tbrjsbilhs, sucb `s tbj wj`tbjr, aio, cliuh, sb`hiw `kh lmobt .
lmobt .
442>10102:0. Ólji sidrj tjl`
Iml ik c`kv`s, 02> x 02> ce, 4>01
'@dstr`ct K`turj―jxbmdmtmik, Gukstvjrjmk, Dmjljajlh, Ojre`ky, 4>40
33
 

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók  / Smtj pl`k

Cikstrumr uk` pmjz` ciep`ct` y `utókie` smrv j p`r` c`ptur`r `l ejkis his

cis`s6 pir uk l`hi, l` sjks`cmók hj pihmi k`tur`l rihj`hi hj k`h` y, pir

itri, jl vírtmoi y l` c`åh`7 js` ljctur` eirdis` hjl pmj hjl `c`ktml`hi hikhj
rjvmjkt` jl e`r ciktr` l`s ric`s. Jl prior`e` iscml`d` jktrj c`s` hj v`c`-
cmikjs y cjktri cultur`l, li quj jst`dljcå` uk` vic`cmók ciktr`hmctirm`6 jl
mktjrmir hjdå` ejhm`r jktrj uk` hmejksmók euy pödlmc` y itr` eàs åktme` j
mkaire`l. Js hjcmr, hjdå` sjr ejhmi eikuejkt`l y ejhmi hieístmci, smk quj
uk` cu`lmh`h pjs`r` sidrj l` itr`.
^ir t`kti, hjcmhmeis ki kiedr`r lis rjcmktis pir sus aukcmikjs, hjf`rlis
smk kiedrj y smk aukcmók, ciei ejr`s s`l`s eàs i ejkis mktjrcikjct`h`s,
p`r` lujoi lljv`r tihi jl prior`e` hj sjrvmcmis b`cm` jl pjråejtri, b`cm` uk
euri jx`ojr`h`ejktj orujsi ‘uk jspjsir b`dmt`dlj‘ quj `ctu`rå` ciei
aujllj. Hjktri hj jst` e`s` v`cm`h` qujh`k l` cicmk`, l`s cmrcul`cmikjs vjr-
tmc`ljs, lis d`ðis, lis `re`rmis y uk` sjrmj hj d`lcikjs mktjrmirjs quj pritjojk
l`s vjkt`k`s, b`cm` jl kirtj y jl ijstj, hjl sil y hj l` lluvm`.

Cjktri Cultur`l jk Cilmuei

^ILM XIEJ, QMMM TJOMÓK, CBMLJ 4>>4 4>>:

 @ ciep`ct, `utikieius pm jcj w`s dumlt ti c`p turj `t lj`st twi tbmk os6 tbj sjks`tm ik
ia ` k`tur`l pihmue surriukhjh dy v`stkjss `kh tbj uk`vimh`dlj eirdmh smobt hiwk
ti tbj d`sj ia tbj clmaas. Xbj dumlhmko w`s ti aukctmik `s ditb ` sueejr biusj `kh
` cultur`l cjktrj. Xbms jst`dlmsbjh ` ciktr`hmctiry pripis`l6 tbj mktjrmir wiulh b`vj
ti ejhm`tj djtwjjk ` vjry pudlmc `spjct `kh ` vjry mktme`tj `kh mkaire`l ikj. Xb`t
ms, mt b`h ti dj ditb eikuejkt`l `kh hiejstmc, wmtbiut `ky ia tbj kjo`tmvj `spjcts
ia jmtbjr ikj `aajctmko tbj itbjr.
 _j tbjrjairj hjcm hjh kit ti l`djl tbj riies dut mkstj`h ti lj`vj tbje k`ejljss `kh
purpisjljss, fust jepty riies wmtb v`rymko hjorjjs ia mktjrcikkjctmik. _j tbjk hjcmhjh
ti mkst`ll `ll tbj sjrvmcj aukctmiks mk `k ivjrsmzjh pjrmejtjr (tbj aukctmik`l wmhtb), mksmhj
` tbmcg w`ll tb`t `cts `s ` duaajr6 ` billiw, jeptmjh e`ss tb`t cikt`mks tbj gmtcbjk, tbj
 vjrtmc`l cmrc ul`tmiks, tbj d`tbriies, tb j clisjts `kh ` sjr mjs ia mktjrmir d`lcikmjs.

Cultur`l Cjktrj mk Cilmuei

^ILM XIEJ, QMMM TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>>4 4>>:
 

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h` / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw

Jvjktu`lejktj, tihis lis eujdljs y idfjtis hieístmcis pihrå`k ou`rh`rsj hjktri hj jstj
pjråejtri, lmdjr`khi jsp`cmi p`r` eöltmpljs `ctmvmh`hjs. Xih` l` idr` sj bmzi cik biremoók
`rtjs`k`l, cik jkciar`hi hj e`hjr` smk tr`t`r. Su cikstruccmók sj rj`lmzó ‘cik uk` pjqujð`
biremoikjr` y cu`tri c`rrjtmll`s‘ jk jstr`tis birmzikt`ljs quj b`cå`k cimkcmhmr lis kmvjljs
hj v`cm`hi hj l` ejzcl` cik l` ejhmh` hj uk p`kjl hj ejhm` t`dl`.
Zk` vjz tjremk`h` l` idr`, tih` l` e`hjr` e`ltr`t`h` hj lis jkciar`his sj rjutmlmzó p`r`
rjvjstmr lis euris mktjrmirjs y p`r` b`cjr ukis p`kjljs cirrjhjris quj, `ltjrk`tmv`ejktj,
smrvjk t`kti p`r` cudrmr jl prior`e` pjrmejtr`l hj sjrvmcmi ciei p`r` pritjojr l`s vjkt`k`s
c`h` vjz quj l` c`s` sj `d`khik`.

Ma kjcjss`ry, `ll tbj aurkmturj `kh hiejstmc idfjcts c`k dj stirjh mksmhj tbms pjrmejtjr, arjjmko tbj
sp`cj air eultmplj `ctmvmtmjs. @ll tbj wirg w`s dumlt wmtb cikcrjtj prihucjh ik smtj wmtb ` se`ll emxjr
`kh aiur wbjjld`rriws, `kh uktrj`tjh tmedjr airewirg tb`t ljat birmzikt`l str`t` e`tcbmko tbj bjmobt
ia b`la ` tmedjr di`rh. _j tbjk usjh tbj s`ej d`ttjrjh airewirg di`rhs ti jkvjlip tbj mktjrmir `kh

dumlh slmhmko p`kjls tb`t aukctmik `s ditb hiirs ti bmhj tbj sjrvmcjs ia tbj pjrmejtjr `kh sjcurmty
sbuttjrs tb`t civjr tbj wmkhiws wbjk tbj biusj ms ljat `likj.   ^l`kt` mkajrmir / Liwjr aliir pl`k ^l`kt` d`f`  / Oriukh aliir pl`k ^l`kt` supjrmir / Zppjr aliir pl`k ^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`s / Tiia pl`k

32 3=

← Àrj` hj jktr`h`  / Jktr`kcj `rj`   ↓   S`l` hj jst`r / Lmvmko riie

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l C-C' / Criss sjctmik C-C'

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l H-H' / Criss sjctmik H-H'

@lz`hi Ijstj  / _jst jljv`tmik

8> 80
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l D-D'  / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik D-D' S`l` hj hjsc`ksi  / Tjst riie Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l @-@' / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik@-@' S`l` hj hjsc`ksi  / Tjst riie

84 83

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l cikstructmv` Jstj-Ijstj  / Cikstructmik criss sjctmik J`st-_jst

Jsc`ljr` b`cm` l` cudmjrt`  / St`mrc`sj bj`hmko ti tbj riia ^l`kt` supjrmir cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik uppjr aliir pl`k

88 8:
 

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók / Smtj pl`k

Hjshj l` c`ktmh`h hj or`h`s hjl sjkhjri quj sudj `l cjrri, i hjshj l` `ltur`
hj uk vmjfi cmprís quj rjcujrh` ` lis hjscrmtis pir _`ltjr ^`tjr, b`st` l`
prjcms` cit` quj `smjkt` jl pihmi hj jst` c`s` (0>> e.) sidrj jl kmvjl hjl e`r,
sjrvmrå`k ciei cimkcmhjkcm`s hjcmsmv`s p`r` jxplmc`r jl aire`ti hj su smlujt`.
^jri lis eitmvis quj eihjl`k uk` c`s` sik smjeprj itris, smjeprj lis emseis.
Hjktri hj his aire`tis ukmamc`his ‘jl hj uk` pl`kt` jxtjks` y itr` cikcjk-
tr`h`‘ sj hmspikj hicj vjcjs l` emse` uk mh`h6 uk` amour` cu`hr`h` hmvmhmh`
`smeítrmc`ejktj jk cu`tri pmjz`s. @ vjcjs cjktr`l, ` vjcjs l`tjr`l y itr`s jk
hm`oik`l, c`h` ukmh`h e`ktmjkj uk` rjl`cmók hmajrjktj jktrj l`s pmjz`s. L`s
hj `d`fi sj icup`ràk cik l`s l`dirjs pjs`h`s hjl t`lljr7 l`s hj `rrmd` cik l`s
rutmk`s c`sm mke`tjrm`ljs hjl iamcmi hm`rmi. Jktrj jstis his eukhis aàctmcis
qujh` rjsjrv`h` l` vmh` hieístmc`, ` su vjz rjol`h` pir uk or`k s`lók hj
jst`r hj hå` y uk p`r hj pmjz`s `pml`h`s p`r` l` kicbj.

C`s` jk Cikcjpcmók
CMJK QMMM TJOMÓK, CBMLJ 4>>2 4>00

Hjcmsmvj cimkcmhjkcjs sucb `s tbj kuedjr ia stjps ik ` bmll p`tb kj`rdy, tbj st`tuj ia
`k ilh cyprjss ‘rjemkmscjkt ia tbisj hjscrmdjh dy _`ltjr ^`tjr‘ ir jvjk tbj riukhjh-
iaa jljv`tmik ia tbj pihmue (0>>e) ciulh dj usjh ti jxpl`mk tbj aire`t ia tbms dumlhmko”s
smlbiujttj. Dut tbj rj`siks tb`t sb`pj ` biusj `rj `lw`ys itbjrs7 `lw`ys tbj s`ej
ikjs. _mtbmk twi ukmamjh aliir pl`k aire`ts, ikj jxtjkhjh `kh tbj itbjr cikcjktr`tjh,
 wj mkst`l l tbj s`ej ukmt twjl vj tmejs6 ` squ`rj amourj `syeejtrmc`lly hmvmhjh mkti aiur
riies. J`cb ukmt jst`dlmsbjs ` hmaajrjkt rjl`tmik djtwjjk tbj riies, siejtmejs cjktr`l,
itbjrs l`tjr`l ir jvjk mk ` hm`oik`l hmspismtmik. Xbj liwjr riies wmll pitjktm`lly dj
iccupmjh wmtb tbj bj`vy hutmjs ia ` wirgsbip. Xbj uppjr riies, wmtb tbj `leist mee`-
tjrm`l riutmkjs ia tbj jvjryh`y tr`hjs. Xr`ppjh djtwjjk tbjsj twi a`ctu`l wirlhs,
hiejstmc lmaj rjsts pritjctjh7 ` l`roj riie air h`y usj `kh ` ciuplj ia djhriies
st`cgjh ik tip air tbj kmobt.

Biusj mk Cikcjpcmók
CMJK QMMM TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>>2 4>00

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h` / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw

CMJK (@xi >0) Ólji sidrj tjl`  / Iml ik c`kv`s.3>x3>ce, 4>>=

82
 

^l`kt` 8ª /
8ª / Stuhmi.8tb aliir

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l @-@'  / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik @-@' 3ª / Stuhmi.3rh aliir

^l`kt` 3ª /

Jl sujli hjl s`lók hjscmjkhj b`cm` pikmjktj. @l e`ktjkjr li s hmktjljs

jk uk ökmci birmziktj, l` sjcujkcm` priorjsmv` hj e`rcis b`cj rjl`tmv`
su priaukhmh`h. Jktr`r `l s`lók jqumv`lj ` suejromrsj d`fi l` pl`t`-
aire` hj l` cmar` jktjr` (0>>).

 Xbj e`mk riie stjps hiwk tiw`rhs tbj wjst. Dy e`mkt`mk mko tbj lmktjls ` t
ikj hjamkjh birmzik, tbj priorjssmvj sjqujkcj ia ar`ejs rjl`tmvmsjs tbj pjr-
cjptmik ia mts hjptb. Jktjrmko tbj e`mk riie ms jqumv`ljkt ti hmvmko ukhjr
tbj pl`taire hjamkjh dy tbj wbilj kuedjr (0>>). ^l`kt` 4ª  / Stuhmi.4kh aliir

 Q mvmjkh` y `ccjsi ` Jstuhmi.^l`kt` d`f`.  / Biusj `kh Stuhmi `ccjss.Oriukh aliir pl`k ^l`kt` 0ª  / Biusj.0st aliir

Qmvmjkh`.Sjemsót`ki -0 / Biusj.Sjem-d`sjejkt -0

O`ljrå`.Sjemsót`ki -4  / Jxbmdmtmik sp`cj.Sjem-d`sjejkt -4

:0

^l`kt` sjemsót`ki -0.Cicmk`  / Sjem-d`sjejkt -0.Gmtcbjk

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l cikstructmv` Ijstj-Jstj  / Cikstructmik likomtuhmkl̀

likomtuhmk`l criss sjctmik _jst-J`st

^l`kt` cikstructmv` sjemsót`ki -0  / Cikstructmik sjem-d`sjejkt -0 aliir pl`k

:4 :3
 

← Ciejhir  / Hmkmko riie ↔ S`l` hj jst`r y bio`r  / Lmvmko riie `kh amrjpl`cj

:8 ::
 

←  Hiremtirmi prmkcmp`l  / E`stjr djhriie ↓↔ Hiremtirmi jk pl`kt` d`f` / Oriukh aliir djhriie

Ciktr` uk jspjfi quj eujstr` li quj qujhó hjl itri l`hi hj l` c`llj, sj lljo` `l jstuhmi. Jktr`r ` l` tirrj js uk`
aire` hj cjoujr`. @quå, jl cmprís cikvjrtmhi jk pjlh`ðis qujh` tr`d`hi jk uk` jspmr`l ciktmku` quj cik orms
ejl`kcilå` iarjcj pici ` pici vmst`s emjktr`s sj sudj. L` cikstruccmók js uk sjhmejkti rjoul`r y eikilåtmci
hj biremoók cik àrmhi vmsti. Lis euris mktjrmirjs qujh`k cudmjrtis pir ukis p`ðis hj lmstikjs pmkt`his, c`sm
smk jspjsir y `pjk`s c`l`his pir lis d`stmhirjs hj `cjri o`lv`kmz`hi quj sistmjkjk l`s vjkt`k`s.

Ikj `rrmvjs `t tbj stuhmi ippismtj ` emrrir tb`t sbiws tbisj mksmhj wb`t lmjs `criss tbj strjjt. Jktjrmko tbj tiwjr ms ` gmkh ia
dlmkhkjss. Bjrj, tbj cyprjss turkjh mkti stjps licgs mkti ` ciktmkuius spmr`l tb`t sliwly iaajrs tbj vmjws d`cgw`rhs wbmlj `scjkhmko.

 Xbj cikstructmik ms ` rjoul`r, eikilmtbmc l`yjrmko ia cikcrjtj wmtb jxpisjh `oorjo`tj. Mksmhj, tbj w`lls `rj jkvjlipjh dy sura`cjs
ia p`mktjh wiih, `leist wmtbiut tbmcgkjss `kh d`rjly mktjrruptjh dy tbj o`lv`kmzjh stjjl ar`ejs tb`t bilh tbj wmkhiws mk pl`cj.  

:2 :=

^l`kt` cu`rt` cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik aiurtb aliir pl`k

↞ ^l`kt` tjrcjr`  / Xbmrh aliir Jstuhmi jk 8ª pl`kt`  / 8tb aliir stuhmi

1> 10
 

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók

Jst` pmjz` smkoul`r icup` uk` pismcmók hiemk`ktj jk uk p`ms`fj c`epjstrj

hj vmðjhis y ilmv`rjs, jk uk tjrrmtirmi hj pujdlis ejhmjv`ljs y aire`cmikjs
ricis`s hj aikhi. Zk p`rci viluejk birmzikt`l qujh` sjp`r`hi hjl sujli,
suspjkhmhi jk uk tmjepi c`sm `rc`mci. Jl jhmamcmi, tr`ksp`rjktj y eikilåtmci,
sj `piy` jk jqumlmdrmi sidrj uk zóc`li cmjoi, hj eihi quj l` smlujt` sj pil`rmz`
jktrj uk` cikhmcmók jljv`h` y v msmdlj hjshj l` hmst`kcm` y itr` quj hjs`p`rjcj
d`fi jl aill`fj hj jspjcmjs vjojt`ljs `utóctik`s. Jl eukhi `írji hj l` pl`t`-
aire` jst`dljcj sus pripmis puktis c`rhmk`ljs. Zk `kmlli pjrmejtr`l p`kiràemci
‘p`ut`hi pir 01 pml`rjs cilic`his ` hmst`kcm`s rjoul`rjs‘ `ldjro` uk`
sjcujkcm` hj b`dmt`cmikjs cik aukcmikjs `pjk`s hjamkmh`s. Jst`s jst`kcm`s
crmst`lmk`s y smeítrmc`s sik mkhjpjkhmjktjs jktrj så y sj cikjct`k ejhm`ktj
cu`tri tjrr`z`s `dmjrt`s jk sus jsqumk`s. Jstj pórtmci js hje`sm`hi `koisti
ciei p`r` ciktjkjr uk` jst`kcm` jstàtmc`, y hje`sm`hi priaukhi ciei p`r`
mkst`l`r uk d`lcók hj vmoml`kcm`.

C`s` jk Crjt`s

SILI XJTZJL, JS^@Ð@ 4>>= 4>03

 Xbms ukmquj jktmty iccupmjs ` hiemk`kt pismtmik mk ` rur`l l`khsc`pj ia vmkjy`r hs `kh ilmvj
orivjs, sjt `o`mkst ` ojkjr`l d`cghrip ia ejhmjv`l vmll`ojs `kh ricgy iutcrips. @ d`rj
birmzikt`l viluej ms hjt`cbjh arie tbj oriukh, suspjkhjh mk `k `leist `rcb`mc tmej.
 Xr`ksp`rjkt `kh eikil mtbmc, tbj dumlhmko d`l`kcjs ik tip ia ` dlmkh pjhj st`l mk sucb `
 w`y tb`t mts iutlmkj ms hmvm hjh djtwjjk `k jljv`tj h pirtmik vmsmdlj arie ` hm st`kcj `kh
`kitbjr tb`t hms`ppj`rs djbmkh tbj lj`vjs ia k`tmvj pl`kts. Xbj `jrm`l rj`le ia tbj pl`taire
mkhmc`tjs tbj c`rhmk`l pimkts. @ p`kir`emc pjrmejtjr rmko pukctu`tjh dy smxtjjk cilueks
pl`cjh `t rjoul`r mktjrv`ls `ccieeih`tjs ` sjqujkcj ia riies wmtb ukhjamkjh aukctmiks.
 Xbjsj cryst`l lmkj, syeejtrmc`l lmvmko sp`cjs `rj eutu`lly m khjpjkhjkt `kh `rj lmkgjh dy
aiur ipjk tjrr`cjs `t tbjmr cirkjrs. Xbms pirtmci ms tii k`rriw ti cikt`mk ` st`tmc lmvmko
riie `kh tii hjjp air ` d`lciky-cue-vmjwmko pl`taire.

Biusj mk Crjt`s

SILI XJTZJL, S^@MK 4>>= 4>03

sjccmik`h` / / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h` rmc vmjw

18 1:
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l @-@' /

@-@' / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik @-@'

cudmjrt`s / / Tiia pl`k

^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`s

@lz`hi Kirijstj /
Kirijstj / Kirtb-wjst jljv`tmik

d`f`.@ccjsi  / Oriukh aliir.Jktr`kcj

^l`kt`d`f`.@ccjsi / Hjt`llj hj `djrtur` d`fi jl `ou`  / Zkhjrw`tjr ipjkmko.Hjt`ml

^l`kt` supjrmir /
supjrmir  / Zppjr aliir pl`k

d`f` / / Oriukh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` d`f` @ccjsi `l p`tmi jk pl`kt` prmejr`  / @ccjss ti amrst aliir ciurty`rh

11 1?

Jk jstj eukhi `írji, l` ökmc` b`dmt`cmók cjrr`h` ki tmjkj cudmjrt`7 sus cu`tri euris jstàk pjrair`his puktu`lejktj jk sus puktis cjktr`ljs,
 y jk jl sujli b`y uk pl`ki hj `ou` ‘jl p`v mejkti eàs su`vj cikicmh i, quj smjepr j sj l`s `rrjol ` p`r` d`f`r jl cmjli b`cm` uk` supjramcmj
eàs pria`k`‘. Xr`s rjcirrjr uk sjkhjri rjcti, jk pjkhmjktj, uk` jsc`ljr` dmcía`l` cikaire` jl `ccjsi7 jktr`r jk l` c`s` jqumv`lj ` mktjrk`rsj
jk uk tökjl hidlj quj rihj` l` pmscmk` cjktr`l, cik pjqujðis bujcis hmspujstis jk hm`oik`l quj hjf`k jktrjvjr jl cmjli ` tr`vís hjl `ou`.
D`fi jstj kmvjl hj `ccjsi, uk p`smlli tíckmci rihj` uk` b`dmt`cmók mkötml cik uk` jsc`s` mluemk`cmók cjkmt`l. L` ukmh`h hj l` pmjz` tmjkj `loi
hj jsquje` ojkírmci7 su jstructur`, hj uk rmjsoi eikuejkt`l, hjs`p`rjcj jk lis pjramljs hj su e`s`.
Mk tbms `jrm`l rj`le, tbj ikly clisjh riie (mk tbj cjktrj) ms kit riiajh7 mts aiur w`lls `rj pjrair`tjh `t tbjmr cjktr`l pimkt, wbmlj tbj aliir ms w`tjr (tbj ojktljst p`vmko
gkiwk ti e`k), wbmcb rjaljcts tbj sgy.
 @atjr oimko `liko ` str`mobt , slipmko p`tb, ` dmaurc `tjh sjt ia stjps sb`pjs tbj jkt r`kcj. Jktjrmko tbj biusj ms lmgj jk tjrmko ` twmk tukkj l tb`t jkcmrcljs tbj cjktr`l
swmeemko piil, wmtb se`ll ipjkmkos sjt hm`oik`lly tb`t privmhj olmepsjs ia tbj sgy `criss tbj w`tjr.
Djkj`tb tbms jktr`kcj ljvjl, ` tjcbkmc`l cirrmhir ruks `riukh ` riie wmtbiut usj (`kh wmtb lmttlj ivjrbj`h lmobtmko). Xbj viluej”s ukmty b`s siejtbmko ia ` ojkjrmc
scbje` `diut mt. Mts eikuejkt`lly rmsgy structurj hms`ppj`rs mk tbj iutlmkjs ia mts e`ss. 

12 1=
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

← Jst`kcm` Kirtj. Ciejhir  / Kirtbjrk sp`cj.Hmkmko riie jst`r  / J`stjrk sp`cj.Lmvmko riie
↓ Jst`kcm` Jstj.S`l` hj jst`r /

cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik uppjr aliir pl`k

^l`kt` supjrmir cikstructmv`

?> ?0

st`r / / J`stjrk sp`cj.Lmvmko riie

← Jst`kcm` Jstj.J st`r Sur.Hiremtirmi  / Siutbjrk sp`cj.Djhriie
↔ Jst`kcm` Sur.Hiremtirmi /

?4 ?3
 

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók

Jk ejhmi hj uk àrj` sudurd`k` rjcmík pidl`h` ‘quj pihrå` sjr cu`lqumjr`‘ jst` c`s` p`r`
uk` p`rjf` hj e`tjeàtmcis y sus his bmfis tmjkj uk` pl`kt` cu`hr`h` hmvmhmh` jk cu`hr`ktjs
`smeítrmcis quj sj jljv`k jk jspmr`l b`st` `lc`kz`r cu`tri pl`kt`s. Cu`tri jsc`likjs (?> cjktå-
ejtris hj `ltur`) sjp`r`k c`h` cu`hr`ktj hjl smoumjktj. Jk jl crucj hj lis euris b`dmt`dljs quj
hmvmhjk jl mktjrmir sj mkst`l` uk` jsc`ljr` hj c`r`cil cik uk ifi cjktr`l, y cik jsc`likjs rjoul`rjs
 y smk hjsc`ksmllis. Jktrj uk rjcmkti y jl smoumjktj ` vjcjs b`y his c`emkis6 jl hj l` jsc`ljr`, quj
aukcmik` ciei `t`fi hm`oik`l quj mktjrruepj l`s jsqumk`s, y itri eàs su`vj y rjpis`hi quj
cikjct` lis cjktris hj c`h` rjcmkti. Jk tit`l sik hicj pl`t`aire`s ` hmajrjktjs kmvjljs, hikhj
uk omri hj 31> or`his jqumv`lj ` uk` pl`kt` ciepljt`.

C`s` jk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z

O@OI CBMLJ 4>00 4>03

Mk tbj emhhlj ia ` rjcjktly pipul`tjh sudurd`k `rj` wbmcb ciulh dj `kywbjrj, tbms biusj air ` ciuplj ia
jkomkjjrs `kh tbjmr twi cbmlhrjk b`s ` squ`rj aliir pl`k hmvmhjh mkti `syeejtrmc`l qu`hr`kts tb`t spmr`l up
ti ` bjmobt ia aiur aliirs. Aiur stjps (wbmcb `hh ?> ce mk bjmobt) sjp`r`tj ikj qu`hr`kt arie tbj kjxt.
Mkst`lljh `t tbj mktjrsjctmik ia tbj b`dmt`dlj w`lls tb`t hmvmhj tbj mktjrmir ms ` spmr`l st`mrc`sj wmtb ` cjktr`l
st`mrwjll, rjoul`r stjps `kh ki l`khmkos. Xi eivj djtwjjk ikj jkclisjh sp`cj `kh tbj kjxt tbjrj `rj twi
riutjs6 tbj st`mrs, wbmcb aukctmik `s ` hm`oik`l sbirt-cut tb`t mktjrsjcts tbj cirkjrs, `kh `kitbjr ojktljr
ikj tb`t cikkjcts tbj cjktrjs ia j`cb jkclisjh sp`cj. Mk tit`l tbjrj `rj twjlvj pl`taires `t hmaajrjkt ljvjls,
mk wbmcb ` 31>¶ rit`tmik ms jqumv`ljkt ti ` wbilj aliir.

Biusj mk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z

O@OI CBMLJ 4>00 4>03

 

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h` /
sjccmik`h` / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw

L` sjcujkcm` `scjkhjktj jst`dljcj hmajrjktjs or`his hj mktmemh`h y prixmemh`h jktrj l`s hmajrjktjs aukcmikjs
hieístmc`s, quj p`s`k hj l` cicmk`, i hj uk p`r hj ciejhirjs ` l` `ltur` hjl tjrrjki, b`st` lis hiremtirmis
i jl jstuhmi jk l` p`rtj eàs `lt`. Jst` jstr`tmamc`cmók prieujvj l` `ctmv`cmók hj cmjrt`s jst`kcm`s sjoök l`s
bir`s hjl hå` y uk` sujrtj hj armccmók a`emlm`r ` li l`roi hjl v`cåi cjktr`l.

 Xbj `scjkhm ko sjqujkc j jst`dlmsb js v`rymko hjorjjs ia mk tme`cy `kh p rixmemty djtwj jk tbj hmaaj rjkt hiejstm c aukctmiks,
 wbmcb r`koj arie tbj gm tcbjk `kh ` ciupl j ia hmkmko riies `t tbj oriukh ljvjl ti t bj djhriies ir tbj st uhy mk tbj tip p `rt

ia tbj biusj. Xbms str`tmamc`tmik lj`hs ti tbj `ctmv`tmik ia cjrt`mk riies `ccirhmko ti tbj tmej ia h`y `kh tbj gmkh ia a`emly
mktjr`ctmik tbriuobiut tbj cjktr`l vimh.

?=

cudmjrt` / / Tiia pl`k

^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`

@lz`hi Surijstj
Surijstj /
 / Siutb-wjst jljv`tmik

tjrcjr` / / Xbmrh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` tjrcjr`

Sjccmók @-@' /
@-@' / Sjctmik @-@'

sjoukh` / / Sjcikh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` sjoukh`

@lz`hi Kirijstj /
Kirijstj / Kirtb-wjst jljv`tmik

^l`kt` prmejr` /
prmejr` / Amrst aliir pl`k

d`f` / / Oriukh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` d`f` Sjccmók D-D' /
D-D'  / Sjctmik D-D' Jktr`h` / / Jktr`kcj
Jktr`h` Cicmk` y ciejhir jk l` pl`kt` prmejr`  / Gmtcbjk `kh hmkmko riie.Amrst aliir

2> 20
 

24 23

 @ jxcjpcmók hj l ` d`sj quj ciktm jkj l` tmjrr` h jl f`rhåk tr`sjri , jst` c`s` hj e`hjr ` sj `piy` jk l` jsc`ljr` cjktr`l, uk` pmjz` ridust` hj
lis`s pljo`h`s y cu`tri pml`rjs hj biremoók `re`hi quj s`lv`k tih` l` `ltur` hjl viluejk. Jk su d`sj, jl cjktri hj l` jsc`ljr` cimkcmhj cik
jl `ccjsi hm`oik`l ` l` c`s`.

Jxcjpt air tbj d`sj, wbmcb cikt`mks tbj j`rtb ia tbj d`cg o`rhjk, tbms wiihjk biusj ms suppirtjh ik tbj cjktr`l st`mrc`sj, ` ridust jktmty ia ailhjh sl`ds
`kh aiur rjmkaircjh cikcrjtj cilueks tb`t rmsj tbriuob tbj jktmrj bjmobt ia tbj viluej. @t mts d`sj, tbj cjktrj ia tbj st`mrc`sj cimkcmhjs wmtb tbj hm`oik`l
jktr`kcj ti tbj biusj.  

28
 

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik criss sjctmik

^l`kt` prmejr` cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik amrst aliir pl`k sjoukh`  / O`emko riie.Sjcikh aliir
↞ S`l` hj fujois.^l`kt` sjoukh` / tjrcjr` / / Stuhmi.Xbmrh aliir
← Jstuhmi. ^l`kt` tjrcjr`

21 2?

Qjstmhir / Hrjssmko riie

←  Qjstmhir / ↔  Hiremtirmi prmkcmp`l jk öltme` pl`kt`  / E`stjr djhriie.Zppjr aliir

22 2=
 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc v mjw

Jl p`djllók js uk `rtja`cti `smeítrmci quj mkvjstmo` l` kicmók `rqumtjctókmc` hj jsc`l`. Js uk` jstructur` hj e`hjr` quj b` smhi
jks`edl`h` hj `cujrhi ` uk smeplj prmkcmpmi hj `pml`emjkti or`vmt`cmik`l hj jljejktis quj rjhucjk su t `e`ði jk `ltur`. Jst` lóomc`
jstructur`l pujhj sjr ljåh` ciei uk` cmt` jxplåcmt` hj l` clàsmc` rjol` hjl ' íkt`sms'.
L` pmjz` hj e`hjr` hj cmkci pmsis sj b` cikstrumhi ciei uk` tr`ksmcmók sjcujkcm`l quj cikvmjrtj uk eóhuli hj sjccmók cu`hr`h`
jk l` emt`h hj su `kcbi smk `ltjr`r l` sjks`cmók hj u kmh`h, hj jktmh`h smkoul`r, hj sjr uk` pmjz` tit`l. Jstj idfjti hj e`hjr` mktr ihucj
uk` drjvj prjsjkcm` jscultórmc` jk uk pukti cikalmctmvi jktrj his àrj`s ciksilmh`h`s hj l` tr`e` urd`k`. Jl aire`ti `koisti y jsdjlti
hj l` cikstruccmók rjcikicj t`kti jl hidlj c`ràctjr ciei l` hidlj hmkàemc` jk l` jscjk` urd`k`6 jk uk `cjrc`emjkti jk cicbj,
hjshj lis cu`tri c`rrmljs hjl diuljv`rh, l` pmjz` sj pujhj pjrcmdmr ciei uk ljtrjri tr`kslöcmhi7 jk uk` `prixme`cmók pj`tik`l, hjshj
jl cjktri bmstórmci hj l` cmuh`h, ciei uk` hjks` tirrj. Hjshj uk l`hi, js uk pl`ki7 y hjshj jl itri, uk smeplj c`kti, c`sm smk jspjsir7
uk` pripircmók mkhjamkmh` quj hj `loök eihi rjaljf` l` tåpmc` smlujt` hj l`s tmpilioå`s hj tirrjs jsc`lik`h`s, euy jxpirt`h`s hjshj
lis p`ms`fjs kirtj`ejrmc`kis. Su a`drmc`cmók sj d`s` jk emljs hj pjqujðis lmstikjs hj e`hjr` rjcmcl`h` hj disqujs cik pl`o`.
Jl p`djllók ki tmjkj cmemjktis smki uk` c`ro` `hmcmik`l hj hmjz tikjl`h`s hj or`kmti hmstrmdumh` jk rjpms`s y d`khjf`s l`tjr`ljs, quj
ki sóli hjamkjk jl p`ms`fj k`tur`l mkejhm`ti hjl p`djllók smki quj jvic`k l` `ctmvmh`h emkjr` quj smrvmó p`r` auk h`r jst` cmuh`h.

^`djllók jk Hjkvjr
EMKJ CILIT@HI, JJZZ 4>03

 Xbms `s yeejtrmc`l `rtja`ct mkvjstmo`tj s tbj `rcbmtjctu r`l kitm ik ia sc`lj. Mt ms ` wiihjk structurj tb`t b`s djjk `s sjedljh `ccirhmko ti ` s meplj
prmkcmplj ia or`vmt`tmik`lly-st`cgjh jljejkts tb`t rjhucj tbjmr smzj mk bjmobt. Xbms structur`l liomc c`k dj rj`h `s `k jxplmcmt `cgkiwljhoejkt ia tbj
cl`ssmc`l rulj ia 'jkt`sms'.
 Xbj amv j-stirjy tmedjr pm jcj b`s djjk du mlt `s ` sjqujk tm`l tr`k smtmik tb `t rjhucj s ` eihul j, squ` rj mk sjctmik, ti b`la mts wmht b wmtbiut `ltjrmko mts
ivjr`ll sjksj ia ukmty, mk ` smkolj jktmty. Xbms wiihjk idfjct mktrihucjs ` drmja sculptur`l prjsjkcj ti ` ciktjktmius spit mk djtwjjk twi ciksilmh`tjh
`rj`s ia tbj urd`k a`drmc. Xbj sljkhjr aire`t ia tbj dumlhmko hjamkjs ditb ` hiudlj cb`r`ctjr `kh ` hiudlj spjjh mk mts urd`k sjttmko6 `ppri`cbmko
arie tbj aiur-l`kj ri`h, tbj pmjcj c`k dj pjrcjmvjh `s ` tr`kslucjkt dmlldi`rh, wbmlj `ppri`cbmko `s ` pjhjstrm`k arie tbj bmstirmc cjktrj ia tbj cmty,
mt c`k dj pjrcjmvjh `s ` hjksj tiwjr. Si arie ikj smhj, mt ms ` al`t pl`kj `kh arie tbj itbjr, `leist ` smeplj jhoj wmtbiut tbmcgkjss7 `k ukhjamkjh
pripirtmik tb`t siejbiw emrrirs tbj typmc`l smlbiujttj ia tbj stjppjh bmob-rmsj typiliomjs tb`t b`vj djjk wmhjly mepirtjh arie @ejrmc`k sgylmkjs. Mts
e`kua`cturj ms d`sjh ik tbius`khs ia se`ll stmcgs e`hj iut ia riuob rjcycljh djjtlj-gmlljh pmkjwiih.
 Xbj p`vm lmik b `s ki aiukh`tmiks dut mks tj`h, `k jxtr` l i`h ia tjk tiks ia or`kmtj diulhjrs ik l`tjr `l sbjl vjs `kh pl`taires. Xbj diul hjrs k it ikly
hjamkj tbj meejhm`tj k`tur`l l`khsc`pj ia tbj p`vmlmik dut `lsi jvigj tbj emkmko cr`at tb`t aiukhjh tbj cmty.

^`vmlmik mk Hjkvjr

EMKJ CILIT@HI, ZS@ 4>03

Sjccmikjs  / Sjctmiks

^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`  / Tiia pl`k

Hjt`llj cikstructmvi   / Cikstructmik hjt`ml

^l`kt` d`f` / Oriukh aliir pl`k

@lz`his / Jljv`tmiks

=4 =3
 

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók

 @rrmkcik`h` jktrjl` c`åh``drupt` hjl cjrri y uk disquj hjjuc`lmptis,

l` jstrjcb` p`rcjl` idlmo` ` cruz`r jl f`rhåk y ` uk` lljo`h` `írj`
sidrj l` pjqujð` d`bå` hjl L`oi Ll`cilík. Idtur`khi jstj prmejr
pl`ki arjktj `l p`ms`fj, uk prmse` eikilåtmci hj biremoók mktjkt`
`rtmcul`r l`s ciktr`hmccmikjs tipioràamc`s. Sj jst`dljcj uk` pl`kt`
supjrmir hj 4> ejtris hj l`hi `piy`h` sidrj uk` pl`kt` ciep`ct`
hj 2.: ejtris hj l`hi.
L` pl`kt` supjrmir jkcmjrr` uk p`tmi cjktr`l, hjl emsei t`e`ði hj l`
pl`kt` d`f`, cik l`s b`dmt`cmikjs suspjkhmh`s sidrj íst` y rihj`h`s
hj jxtjrmir pir sus cu`tri l`his. Jst` pl`kt` `lt`, uk hioeàtmci pm`ki
 kidmlj quj rjstmtuyj l` mkcieihmh`h hm`oik`l hjl tjrrjki k`tur`l, sj
d`s` jk uk jsquje` rjtmcul`r hj cu`tri eóhulis pir l`hi.

C`s` jk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z

OZK@ QMMM TJOMÓK, CBMLJ, 4>0> 4>08

Bjeejh mk djtwjjk ` stjjply slipmko bmllsmhj `kh ` wiih ia juc`lyptus trjjs,

tbj k`rriw plit ia l`kh ciepjls ikj ti criss tbj o`rhjk ti `rrmvj, hjscjkhmko,
`t tbj se`ll d`y ia Ll`cilík L`oiik. Ivjrliigmko tbj l`khsc`pj, ` eikilmtbmc
cikcrjtj prmse `ttjepts ti `rtmcul`tj tbj ciktr`hmctmiks ia tbj tipior`pby wmtb
` squ`rj tip aliir ej`surmko 4>e ik j`cb smhj d`l`kcjh ik tip ia ` ciep`ct
dittie aliir ej`surmko 2.:e ik j`cb smhj.
 Xbj uppjr aliir cikt`mks ` cjktr`l p `tmi wmtb tbj s`ej smzj `s tbj dittie aliir,
lj`vmko `ll tbj suspjkhjh riies jxpisjh ti tbj iutsmhj dy tbj aiur smhjs ia
tbjmr sjctmik. Xbms uppjr aliir, ` hioe`tmc  pm`ki kidmlj tb`t ciepjks`tjs air
tbj mkcikvjkmjkcj ia tbj hm`oik`lly sjt k`tur`l slipj, ms d`sjh ik ` ormh ia
aiur eihuljs pjr smhj.

Biusj mk S`k ^jhri hj l` ^`z

OZK@ QMMM TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>0> 4>08

sjccmik`h` / / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h`

L`s b`dmt`cmikjs cjktr`ljs cilmkh`k l`tjr`lejktj cik jl p`tmi, y l`s b`dm-

t`cmikjs hj l`s jsqumk`s sj `rtmcul`k pir uk`s cmrcul`cmikjs quj icup`k
uk eóhuli sudsmhm`rmi. ^jrair`cmikjs cjkmt`ljs `l cjktri hj c`h` rjcmkti
 y jk lis jxtrjeis hj l`s cmrcul`cmikjsjst`dljcjk uk` hmejksmók vjrtmc`l
quj `eplmamc` lis hjstjllis hjl `ou`. L` pl`kt` d`f`, jk uk` mkaire`lmh`h
eàs ciktmkojktj, rjcioj l`s aukcmikjs sjcul`rjs hjl àedmti hieístmci.

 Xbj emhhlj riies ik j`cb sm hj a`cj tbj cjktr`l p`tm i, wbmlj tbisj `t tbj cirkjrs
`rj `rtmcul`tjh dy cmrcul`tmiks tb`t iccupy ` sudsmhm`ry eihulj. Ivjrbj`h `pjr-
turjs mk tbj cjktrj ia j`cb jkclisjh sp`cj `kh `t tbj jkhs ia tbj cmrcul`tmik
p`tbs rjmkaircj tbj vjrtmc`l hmejksmik ia tbj l`yiut, `kh `lsi `eplmay tbj sbme-
ejrmko ia tbj pikh w`tjr ukhjrkj`tb. Ljss aire`l, tbj dittie aliir biusjs
tbj eirj h`y-ti-h`y aukctmiks ia tbj hiejstmc rj`le.

=?
 

Su amour` cu`hr`h`, hmvmhmh` jk cu`tri cu`hr`ktjs mou`ljs,

sj rjcirt` jk l` jsqumk` kirtj. Jst` sustr`ccmók smrvj ciei
`t`fi vmsu`l y aukcmik`l jktrj jl p`tmi supjrmir y jl dirhj
hj l` l`ouk`. Xih` l` jstructur`, ciei jk js` 'crmst`lm-
z`cmók hj uk cikalmcti hj aujrz`s' cik quj Obyg` hjs-
crmdå` uk p`ms`fj, js uk` e`s` pítrj` jk `p`rjktj
rjpisi. Lis cu`tri euris hjl p`tmi `ctö`k ciei vmo`s
 Qmjrjkhjjl jqumlmdr `h`s sid rj jl pihmi. C`sm hjsh mdu-
 f`khi jl jsaujrzi, l`s sup jramcmjs hj birem oók tmjkjk l`
tjxtur` orujs` hj uk` t`dlmll` amk` tjðmh` hj kjori hmlumhi.

@-@” / / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik @-@”

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l @-@”

Kirijstj / / Kirtb-wjst cirkjr

Jsqumk` Kirijstj

Mts squ`rj pl`k hmvmhjh mkti aiur jqu`l qu`hr`kts ms cut d`cg
mk tbj kirtb cirkjr, ` sudtr`ctmik tb`t sjrvjs `s ` vmsu`l `kh
aukctmik`l sbirt-cut djtwjjk tbj uppjr p`tmi `kh tbj jhoj ia
tbj pikh.
 Xbj jk tmrj stru cturj, l mgj E`tml ` Obyg`”s h jscrmptm ik ia ` l `kh-
sc`pj `s ` ‒cryst`llmz`tmik ia ` cikalmct ia aircjs”,ms ` stiky e`ss
mk `pp`rjkt rjpisj. Xbj aiur w`lls ia tbj p`tmi `ct `s Qmjrjkhjjl
omrhjrs rjstmko mk d`l`kcj ik tbj pihmue. @leist `s ma tbjy wjrj
hmaausmko tbj strjss, tbj cikcrjtj sura`cjs b`vj tbj ci`rsj
tjxturj ia amkj airewirg di`rhs wmtb ` hmlutjh dl`cg p`tmk`. 

@lz`hi Kirtj /
Kirtj / Kirtb jljv`tmik ↔  @ccjsi prmkcmp`l /
prmkcmp`l / E`mk `ccjss

=2 ==

Sur / / Siutb jljv`tmik

@lz`hi Sur

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l D-D” /

D-D” / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik D-D”

^l`kt` d`f` /
d`f` / Oriukh aliir pl`k ↔  Tjcmdmhir /
Tjcmdmhir  / Jktr`kcj b`ll

^l`kt` mkajrmir /  / Liwjr aliir pl`k

0>> 0>0
 

←  S`l` hj jst`r /
jst`r  / Lmvmko riie ↓  Hiremtirmi prmkcmp`l /
prmkcmp`l  / E`stjr djhriie ↔ Cirrjhir Jstj /
Jstj / J`st cirrmhir

0>8
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik likomtuhmk`l sjctmik ↔  Jsc`ljr` hj sudmh` ` p`tmi cjktr`l  / Zpst`mrs ti cjktr`l ciurty`rh

^l`kt` d`f` cikstructmv`  /  / Cikstructmik oriukh aliir pl`k

0>1 0>?

0>2 0>=
 

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók

^riyjct`h` irmomk`lejktj p`r` uk usi pjre`kjktj, hjspuís hj mepirt`ktjs

c`edmis jk l` a`emlm`, l` c`s` sj tr`ksaireó jk itr` ‘y` ki cik cikstru c-
cmók hj biremoók‘ uk tjrcmi eàs pjqujð` y hj usi tjepir`l. @uk `så, sj
mktjktó quj su prjsjkcm` luemkis` y hmstjkhmh` sj e`ktuvmjr` mkt`ct`, y
quj su tr`z`hi smoumjr` amjlejktj uk` sujrtj hj bujll` amctmcm` hjl priyjcti
`ktjrmir. Sidrj jl emsei pihmi `rtmamcm`l jxmstjktj, l` kujv` c`s` sj jxtmjkhj
birmzikt`lejktj smoumjkhi jl p`si hj uk smkuisi råi ` lis pmjs hjl cjrri.
L` pismcmók hiemk`ktj hj jst` pmjz` jst`dljcj uk` hidlj arikt`lmh`h, quj
jk su mktjrmir sj `rtmcul` ejhm`ktj u k` sjcujkcm` rjoul`r hj b`dmt`cmikjs
mou`ljs. B`cm` jl p`ms`fj `dmjrti sj hjsplmjo` uk` sjrmj ciktmku` hj aukcmikjs
cieukjs, y b`cm` jl cjrri itr` hmsciktmku` hj aukcmikjs mkhmvmhu`ljs.

C`s` jk Alirmh`

EJTM QMMM TJOMÓK, CBMLJ 4>03 4>08

 @ltbiuob wj irmomk`lly hjsmokjh tbj biusj air pjre`kj kt usj, mepirt`kt cb` kojs
mk tbj a`emly ljh ti mts tr`ksaire`tmik mkti tbms itbjr biusj air sj`sik`l usj, ikj
tbmrh se`lljr `kh ki likojr mk rjmkaircjh cikcrjtj. _j kit ikly trmjh ti e`mkt`mk mts
luemkius, rjl`xjh prjsjkcj dut `lsi ti tr`cj mt lmtjr`lly ik tip ia ` gmkh ia amctmtmius
aiitprmkt ia tbj prjvmius prifjct. Sjt ik tbj s`ej jxmstmko `rtmamcm`l pihmue, tbj kjw
biusj jxtjkhs birmzikt`lly `s `k `ttjept ti ailliw tbj aliw ia ` smkuius rmvjr `t tbj
aiit ia tbj bmll. Xbj hiemk`kt pismtmik ia tbms pmjcj jst`dlmsbjs ` hiudlj arikt, `rtmc-
ul`tjh mk mts mktjrmir dy ` rjoul`r sjqujkcj ia mhjktmc`l riies. Xiw`rhs tbj ipjk
l`khsc`pj tbjrj ms ` ciktmkuius `rr`kojejkt ia cieeik aukctmiks `kh tiw`rhs
tbj bmll tbjrj ms `kitbjr hmsciktmkuius ikj wmtb mkhmvmhu`l aukctmiks.

Biusj mk Alirmh`
EJTM QMMM TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>03 4>08

sjccmik`h` / / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h`

C`h` arjktj tmjkj cmkci b`dmt`cmikjs, cik uk ríomejk hj `pjrtur`s jk lis euris jxtj-
rmirjs quj js mkhmajrjktj ` su irmjkt`cmók i ` su prior`e`, y cik itri ríomejk mrrjoul`r
hj `pjrtur`s mktjrmirjs quj `tmjkhj ` lis or`his hj prmv`cmh`h kjcjs`rmis jktrj c`h`
rjcmkti. @ed`s sjcujkcm`s sj jstructur`k ejhm`ktj itri smstje` hj `pjrtur`s jk lis
tjcbis quj tjksmik`k hm`oik`lejktj l` pjrcjpcmók hj l` priaukhmh`h hj l` pl`kt`.
Jl cjktri hj tih` l` c`s` sj hjshmduf` ejhm`ktj his pjrair`cmikjs t`kojkcm`ljs quj
`pjk`s ukmamc`k l`s b`dmt`cmikjs hj c`h` l`hi. L` cudmjrt` pjrair`h` sj jxtmjkhj eàs
`llà hjl mktjrmir y sjp`r` lis cu`tri arjktjs cik uk` siedr` hjst`c`h`. L` tit`lmh`h hj
l` jstructur` js hj pmki meprjok`hi. Lis euris jxtjrmirjs jstàk rjvjstmhis cik t`dl`s
tjðmh`s smk cjpmll`r y lis mktjrmirjs cik t`dl`s eàs lms`s y su`vjs, y cik jl emsei cu`hri
hj ^jtirutm quj bjrjh`rå` l` a`emlm`.

J`cb smhj b`s amvj riies wmtb ` systje ia ipjkmkos mk tbj jxtjrmir w`lls mkhmaajrjkt ti irmjkt`tmik
ir prior`e `kh `kitbjr systje ia `pjrturjs mk tbj mktjrmir w`lls tb`t ms rjl`tmvj ti tbj hjorjj ia
prmv`cy rjqumrjh djtwjjk tbj riies. Ditb sjqujkcjs `rj structurjh dy `kitbjr systje ia cjmlmko
`pjrturjs tb`t hm`oik`lly aircjs tbj pjrcjptmik ia tbj pl`k”s hjptb.
 Xbj cj ktrj i a tbj wbilj b iusj m s dlur rjh dy ` ciup lj ia t `kojktm `l pjra ir`tmiks tb`t u kmay t bj
riies ik jvjry smhj. Xbj pjrair`tjh cjmlmko jxtjkhs djyikh tbj mktjrmir `kh sjp`r`tjs j`cb ia
tbj aiur smhjs wmtb bj`vy sb`hjs. Xbj tit`lmty ia tbj structurj ms meprjok`tjh pmkj. Xbj jxtjrmir
 w`lls `rj cl`h wmtb st`mkjh riuob pmk jdi`rhs ` kh tbj mktjrmirs wmtb sia tjk al`t di`rhs, w mtb tbj
s`ej ^jtirutm p`mktmko mkbjrmtjh dy tbj a`emly.

004 003
 

Surijstj / / Siutb-wjst jljv`tmik

@lz`hi Surijstj

@-@' / / Criss sjctmik @-@'

Sjccmók tr`skvjrs`l @-@' @-@' / / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik @-@'
Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l @-@'

jstuhmi / / Stuhy eihjl

E`qujt` hj jstuhmi

D-D' / / Criss sjctmik D-D'

Sjccmók tr`skvjrs`l D-D' cudmjrt`s / / Tiia pl`k
^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`s

Eusml hjcå` quj tih` cis` quj hjsj` `prixm-

e`rsj åktme`ejktj ` itr` tmjkj uk` d`kh` jlàs-
tmc` `t`h` ` jll`, quj sj tjks` cu`khi sj jx -
tmjkhj.
tmjk hj. Hj li ciktr`rmi, l`s cis`s pihrå`k tjr-
emk`r `tr`vjsàkhisj uk`s ` itr`s. @l p`rjcjr,
jk tihi eivmemjkti, jk tih` `ctmvmh`h, jxmstj
uk jlàstmci quj `airtuk`h`ejktj kukc` kis
hjf` b`cjr tihi li quj qujrjeis.

Eusml s`mh tb`t jvjrytbmko tb`t w`kts ti clisjly `pprix-

me`tj `kitbjr b`s `k jl`stmc d`kh tmjh ti mt, wbmcb
tjksjs wbjk strjtcbjh. Ma kit, tbmkos c`k jkh up mktjr-
sjctmko j`cb itbjr. Mt sjjes tb`t mk jvjry eivjejkt,

mk jvjry `ctmvmty, tbjrj ms `k jl`stmc d`kh tb`t airtuk`tjly

kjvjr ljt us jktmrjly hi wb`t wj w`kt.   ^l`kt` / / Aliir pl`k
^l`kt`

008

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l cikstructmv` D-D” /

D-D” / Cikstructmik criss sjctmik D-D”

    ”
    @
  -
    @
   k
   i
    m
   t
   c
   j
   s
    l
   `
   k
    m
    h
   u
   t
    m
   o
   k
   i
    l
   k
   i
    m
   t
   c
   u
   r
   t
   s
   k
   i
    C
    /
    ”
    @
  -
    @
   `
   v
    m
   t
   c
   u
   r
   t
   s
   k
   i
   c
    l
   `
   k
    m
    h
   u
   t
    m
   o
   k
   i
    l
   k
    ó
    m
   c
   c
   j
    S

cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k

^l`kt` cikstructmv`

001
 

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l cikstructmv` C-C”pir hiremtirmi prmkcmp`l /

prmkcmp`l  / Cikstructmik criss sjctmik C-C”tbriuob e`stjr djhriie

Cicmk` / / Gmtcbjk
Cicmk` @ccjsi hjshj jl ciejhir ` l` cicmk` /
cicmk` / @ccjss arie hmkmko riie ti gmtcbjk

Lucjrk`rmis cjktr`ljs. Hjt`llj

Hjt`llj / / Cjktr`l sgylmobts.Hjt`ml

002 00=

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók

Kis hmcjk6 cu`khi lis rjcursis sik jsc`sis, l` mktjksmh`h ciepjks` jl

aukcmik`emjkti pirquj p`rjcj b`djr uk` priaukh` drjcb` jktrj mkojkmi
j mktjlmojkcm`. Dmjk s`djeis quj cu`lqumjr priyjcti js uk` rj`ccmók `
sus cmrcukst`kcm`s.
Jstj js uk jhmamcmi `p`rjktjejktj sjkcmlli, jst`dlj y rjoul`r, quj ciktmjkj
uk mktjrmir jx`ojr`hi j mkjspjr`hi, jl eukhi hj l` mkkiv`cmók6 uk jsp`cmi
ciktmkui, alumhi y `dmjrti quj tr`hucj cikcjptu`l y pjrcjptu`lejktj jl pripmi
pricjsi crj`tmvi hj l`s pràctmc`s `c`híemc`s, i jl hjs`rrilli sjcujkcm`l hj
l` mkvjstmo`cmók aire`l, i mkclusi jl hj l` hmejksmók rjvjrsmdlj y eöltmplj hjl
cikicmemjkti mkaire`l. Jl jhmamcmi rjcikicj l` kjcjsmh`h hj pil`rmz`r jl
tmjepi hj l` mkkiv`cmók jk, `l ejkis, his eiejktis6 uk` jxpjrmjkcm` crj`tmv`
d`s`h` jk uk àedmti sicm`l, ciljctmvi j mktjor`hi, y itr` jxpjrmjkcm` eàs
dmjk åktme`, silmt`rm` j mkhmvmhu`l. L` jstructur` jsp`cm`l hjl jhmamcmi sj d`s`
jk jst`s his cikhmcmikjs cl`r`ejktj hmajrjkcm`h`s.

Cjktri hj Mkkiv`cmók jk Cikcjpcmók

MKJS QMMM TJOMÓK,
ÓK, CBMLJ 4>03 4>40

 _j wjrj tilh tb`t wb jk rjsiurcj s `rj sc`rcj, mktjksmty c iepjks`tjs air b mob pjrair-
e`kcj (djc`usj tbjrj sjjes ti dj ` hjjp o`p djtwjjk mkojkumty `kh mktjllmojkcj).
Ia ciursj, wj gkiw tb`t jvjry prifjct ms ` rj`ctmik ti mts cmrcuest`kcjs.
 Xbms ms `k `pp`r jktly smeplj , st`dlj `kh rjoul `r dumlhmk o tb`t cikt`mks `k ukj xpjctjh,
jx`oojr`tjh mktjrmir. Xbms ms tbj wirlh ia mkkiv`tmik7 ` ciktmkuius, alumh `kh ipjk
sp`cj tb`t cikcjptu`l `kh pbysmc`lly tr`ksl`tjs tbj crj`tmvj pricjssjs ia `c`hjemc
pr`ctmcj, tb`t sjqujktm`l hjvjlipejkt ia aire`l rjsj`rcb ir tbj rjvjrsmdlj `kh eultmplj
hmejksmiks `ssicm`tjh wmtb mkaire`l gkiwljhoj. Xbj dumlhmko `cgkiwljhojs tbj kjjh
air pil`rmzmko tbj mkkiv`tmik tmej mk `t lj`st twi eiejkts6 mk ` crj`tmvj jxpjrmjkcj
d`sjh ik ` sicm`l, cilljctmvj `kh mktjor`tjh rj`le, `kh `kitbjr r`tbjr mkhmvmhu`l,
mktme`tj `kh silmt`ry jxpjrmjkcj. Xbj sp`tm`l structurj ia tbj dumlhmko ms d`sjh ik tbjsj
twi clj`rly hmaajrjktm`tjh cikhmtmiks.

Mkkiv`tmik Cjktrj mk Cikcjpcmók

MKJS QMMM TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>03 4>40
 

044 043

d`f` / / Eultmpurpisj sp`cj air jxbmdmtmiks, wirgsbips `kh ejjtmkos.Oriukh aliir

Jsp`cmi vjrsàtml p`r` jxpismcmikjs, t`lljrjs y rjukmikjs.^l`kt` d`f`

sjccmik`h` / / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h`

048 04:
 

sjoukh` / / Sjcikh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` sjoukh` p`r`ljl` / / ^`r`lljl sjctmik
Sjccmók p`r`ljl` hm`oik`l / / Hm`oik`l sjctmik
Sjccmók hm`oik`l

prmejr` / / Amrst aliir pl`k

^l`kt` prmejr` ^l`kt` cu`rt` /
cu`rt` / Aiurtb aliir pl`k

^l`kt` d`f` /
d`f` / Oriukh aliir pl`k ^l`kt` tjrcjr` /
tjrcjr` / Xbmrh aliir pl`k

041 04?

cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l cikstructmv` prmejr` / / St`mrc`sj bj`hmko amrst aliir
Jsc`ljr`s ` pl`kt` prmejr`

^ir uk l`hi, uk cjktri `dmjrti, quj jst`dljcj uk`

sjrmj hj  b`lls  mktjrcikjct`his vjrtmc`lejktj cik
uk v`cåi cmrcul`r quj rjhucj su t`e`ði emjktr`s
`scmjkhj. ^ir itri, ukis jsp`cmis hj tr`d`fi prm-
v`hi quj icup`k l`s jsqumk`s hj c`h` pl`kt`, jk
uk` amour` hj uk cu`rti hj cårculi cuyi cjktri
pmvit` `lrjhjhir hj c`h` `rmst`, crjcmjkhi jk pri-
pircmók mkvjrs` ` lis v`cåis cjktr`ljs. Jk vjz hjl
tr`hmcmik`l smstje` hj pml`rjs jk uk` rjtåcul` mkhm-
ajrjkcm`h` y smk fjr`rquå`s, jst` pl`kt` hj iamcmk`s
`rtmcul` uk jsp`cmi vjrsàtml p`r` jxpismcmikjs, t`llj-
rjs y rjukmikjs, ciktril`h`s vmsu`l y `cöstmc`ejktj,
cuyis euris curvis aukcmik`k ciei dmiedis ip`-
cis. L` hmvjrsmh`h y c`ràctjr hjl jsp`cmi prieujvj
l` hmkàemc` hj uk tr`d`fi smk c`tjoir å`s (i cik uk`s
pismcmikjs smjeprj c`edm`ktjs) jktrj priajsirjs,
`luekis, mkvjstmo`hirjs y cieukmh`hjs lic`ljs.

Ik tbj ikj b`kh, tbjrj ms `k ipjk cirj tb`t jst`dlmsbjs `

sjrmjs ia vjrtmc`lly mktjrcikkjctjh b`lls, wmtb ` cmrcul`r vimh
tb`t rjhucjs mts smzj upik `scjksmik. Ik tbj itbjr b`kh,
prmv`tj wirg sp`cjs iccupy tbj cirkjrs ia jvjry aliir pl`k,
mk ` qu`rtjr-cmrclj amourj wbisj cjktrj pmvits `riukh jvjry
jhoj, oriwmko mkvjrsjly pripirtmik`l ti tbj cjktr`l vimhs.
Mkstj`h ia tbj tr`hmtmik`l systje ia pmll`rs wmtbmk ` kik-hma-
ajrjktm`tjh `kh kik-bmjr`rcbmc`l ormh, tbms iaamcj pl`k privmhjs
spjcmamc riies air jxbmdmtmiks, wirgsbips `kh ejjtmkos,
 vmsu`lly `kh `ciustmc` lly ciktrilljh dy tbj curvjh w`lls tb`t
 wirg lmgj ip`qu j scrjjks. Xbj cb`r`ct jr `kh hmvj rsmty ia
tbj rjsultmko sp`cj prieitjs tbj hyk`emcs ia kik-c`tj-
oirmzjh wirg (ir wmtb jvjr-cb`komko pismtmiks) djtwjjk
priajssirs, stuhjkts, rjsj`rcbjrs, jktrjprjkjurs `kh tbj
^l`kt` d`f` cikstructmv` /
cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik oriukhaliir pl`k lic`l cieeukmtmjs. 

04=
 

Hjt`llj hj vil`hmzi /
vil`hmzi  / C`ktmljvjr hjt`ml

prmejr` / / St`mr l`khmko ikti amrst aliir

Lljo`h` ` pl`kt` prmejr` Sur / / Siutbjrk cirkjr
Jsqumk` Sur ↔ iccmhjkt`l / / _jstjrk cirkjr
Jsqumk` iccmhjkt`l

03>

Lljo`h` ` pl`kt` cu`rt` /

cu`rt` / St`mr l`khmko ikti aiurtb aliir

034 033
 

pl`kt` / / ^rmv`tj wirgmko sp`cj.Aiurtb aliir

Jsp`cmi hj tr`d`fi prmv`hi jk cu`rt` pl`kt`

^l`kt` cu`rt` cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik aiurtb aliir pl`k

038 03:

Sjccmók cikstructmv`. Hjt`llj

Hjt`llj / / Cikstructmik sjctmik.Hjt`ml

031
 

@lz`hi Kirijstj /
Kirijstj / Kirtb-wjst jljv`tmik

032

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók  / Smtj pl`k

L` c`s` rjspikhj ` uk` jstructur` cikcíktrmc` y smk hmrjccmók, aire`h` pir cu`tri e`rcis
råomhis. L` jstructur` cikst` hj icbi pml`rjs ciktmkuis quj lmdjr`k l`s jsqumk`s hj c`h`
pl`kt`, y itris icbi quj sj jsc`lik`k rjoul`rejktj jk lis his kmvjljs jljv`his. Zk`
sjcujkcm` jk jqumlmdrmi jk l` quj c`h` pmsi qujh` smeítrmc`ejktj pritjomhi pir jl smoumjktj.
Jl pmj hj c`h` pml`r jxtjrmir jstà ljvjejktj hjsc`lz`hi hj l`s vmo`s pjrpjkhmcul`rjs, `så
lis c`djz`ljs p`rjcjk hjshmduf`r ukis trmolmais hjcir`tmvis. Jst` cikstruccmók js uk`
pmjz` eikilåtmc` quj sistmjkj uk jktr`e`hi tit`lejktj cikamk`hi hjktri hj uk` amour`
ciep`ct`, cikamour`khi
cikamour`khi hjshj jl mktjrmir uk p`ms`fj ll`ki, hjksi y c`sm ejcàkmc`ejktj
jstr`tmamc`hi. @ tr`vís hj uk` jsc`ljr` jspmr`l hjscjktr`h` sj p`s` hjshj jl pmsi eàs
pjqujði y siedråi ‘ciep`rtmejkt`hi
‘ciep`rtmejkt`hi jk ukis cu`hr`ktjs cik `ccjsis hjshj l` cruz
cjktr`l‘ ` itri cik uk eujdlj hm`oik`l y, jk li `lti, ` uk` pl`kt` ciktmku` y hmàa`k`, ` l`
vjz lljk` hj rmkcikjs hikhj pihjr hjspljo`r uk` vmh` mkaire`l `írj`.

C`s` jk K`vmh`h

QM TJOMÓK, CBMLJ 4>08 4>01

KMH@

 Xbms biusj b`s cik cjktrmc, kik-h mrjctmik`l st ructurj airejh dy aiu r rmomh ar`ejs wmtb jm obt ciktmkuius
cilueks tb`t `lliw air ipjk cirkjrs ik jvjry aliir `kh `kitbjr jmobt tb`t stjp up rjoul`rly ik tbj twi
jljv`tjh ljvjls. Xbms ms ` d`l`kcjh sjqujkcj mk wbmcb jvjry aliir ms syeejtrmc`lly pritjctjh dy tbj
ailliwmko ikj. Xbj aiit ia j`cb iutjr ciluek ms slmobtly iut ia `lmokejkt wmtb tbj pjrpjkhmcul`r dj`es,
lj`hmko tbjmr bj`hs ti sjjemkoly dlur hjcir`tmvj trmolypbs. Xbj dumlhmko ms ` eikilmtbmc pmjcj tb`t
suppirts `k jktmrjly cikamkjh ormh wmtbmk ` ciep`ct amourj, prihucmko arie wmtbmk ` al`t,hjksj `kh
`leist ejcb`kmc`lly str`tmamjh l`khsc`pj. Xbriuob `k jccjktrmc spmr`l st`mrc`sj tbjrj ms ` tr`ksmtmik
arie tbj se`lljst sb`hjh stirjy, ciep`rtejktjh mkti qu`hr`kts wmtb `k jktr`kcj `t tbj cjktr`l
crissmko pimkt, ti `kitbjr stirjy hmvmhjh hm`oik`lly dy aurkmturj `kh `t tbj tip ljvjl, `k ipjk, hm`pb`kius
pl`k, `ldjmt amlljh wmtb cirkjrs, wbjrj `k mkaire`l `jrm`l lmaj c`k ukailh.

Biusj mk K`vmh`h
KMH@ QM TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>08 4>01
 

^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`  / Tiia pl`k

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

^l`kt` sjoukh` / Sjcikh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` prmejr` / Amrst aliir pl` k

^l`kt` d`f` / Oriukh aliir p l`k

084 083

Sjccmók @-@' / Sjctmik @-@'

Sjccmók D-D'  / Sjctmik D-D' ←  ^l`kt` prmejr`.D`ði prmkcmp`l  / Amrst aliir. E`stjr d`tbrii e ↓ Hire
Hiremtirmi
mtirmi prmkcmp`l  E`stjr djhriie
prmkcmp`l  /  E`stjr

@ccjsi ` pl`kt` prmejr` / @ccjss ti amrs t aliir

088 08:
 

Sjccmók cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik sjctmik

^l`kt` sjoukh` cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik sjcikh aliir p l`k

081 08?

082 08=
 

Hjshj `rrmd`, l` rjl`cmók vmsu`l cik jl pmsi mkajrmir js mepjr-

cjptmdlj, `l pukti hj suprmemr jl cikt`cti cik jl sujli k`tur`l.
Íst` js l` lóomc` vjl`h` hj uk jkt`ll`emjkti mkvjrtmhi (uk`
'íkt`sms' clàsmc`) quj `pjk`s sj `sie` pir jkcme` hj l` `ltur`
hjl aill`fj hj sus `lrjhjhirjs.
Jktrj lis e`rcis iscurjcmhis hj biremoók `re`hi sóli b`y
e`hjr`s k`tmv`s p`r` su usi jk sujlis, eujdljs y jk lis d`s-
tmhirjs hj lis or`khjs p`kjljs hj vmhrmi quj cikaire`k lis
p`ðis amfis y cirrjhjris hj l`s vjkt`k`s.
 @c`s i p ir su mkor` vmhj z ` rtmam cmis `, y ` ukquj lis jsauj rzis
k`tur`ljs hjscmjkh`k pir jl cjktri pir uk orujsi köclji, l`s
jxpjrmjkcm`s smjeprj tmjkhjk ` hjscilo`rsj ciktr` l` siedr`
hur` hj c`h` pjråejtri, ciktr` l`s smlujt`s rjcirt`h`s `l cik-
tr`luz hjl sil, i mkclusi pir l` sjhuccmók hj sus rjaljfis.

Arie tbj tip, tbj vmsu`l rjl`tmiksbmp wmtb tbj liwjst aliir ms mepjrcjptmdlj,
ti tbj pimkt ia c`kcjllmko `ky cikt`ct wmtb tbj k`tur`l oriukh. Xbms vjmljh
liomc ia `k mkvjrtjh or`vmt`tmik`l `hfustejkt (` cl`ssmc`l ' jkt`sms') tmemhly
jejrojs ik tip ia tbj surriukhmko ailm`oj.
Mk djtwjjk tbj h`rgjkjh rjmkaircjh cikcrjtj ormh tbjrj ms ikly k`tmvj
 wiih air p l`taires, aurkmtu rj `kh l`roj ol` ss p`kj ls ia a mxjh ir slmhmk o
 wmkhiw ar`e js.
^jrb`ps huj ti `rtmamcm`l wjmobtljsskjss hjspmtj tbj k`tur`l jaairts
hjscjkhmko tbriuob ` tbmcg cirj mk tbj vjry cjktrj, jxpjrmjkcjs `lw`ys
tjkh ti dj suspjkhjh `o`mkst tbj silmh sb`hiws ia j`cb pjrmejtjr,
`o`mkst smlbiujttjs d`cg-lmt dy tbj suk, ir pjrb`ps huj ti tbj sjhuctmik
ia tbjmr mee`tjrm`l rjaljctmiks.  

0:>

L` pripm` c`s` hjskuh`, hjspif`h` b`st` hj su hiejstmcmh`h irmomk`l, sj cikvmjrtj

jk jl prmejr idfjti hj l` kujv` ciljccmók. L` c`s` v`cå`, tr`ksamour`h` jk eikuejkti,
sj jktmjkhj ciei uk` sjð`l (i eàs dmjk, uk` `hvjrtjkcm`) hj su pripm` pjre`kjkcm`.
Zk` pmjz` ökmc`, `msl`h` y cikamk`h` pir uk orujsi euri hj l`hrmllis cik ciktr`aujrtjs.
Zk` jstructur` `rtmamcmis`ejktj hmst`kcm`h` hj sus ciktmkojkcm`s, rjtr`åh` ` uk
mktjrmir `dmjrti y smk fjr`rquå`s, cik `qujl smljkcmisi pjri sjvjri c`ràctjr hjl ll`ki
àrmhi, quj meprjok` cik uk` kist`lom` c`sm mkeóvml jk sus p`tmis y jxpl`k`h`s.
 @qujl euri pjrmejtr`l hjscrmd j jl birmziktj hj uk` amour` `smeítrmc` y ci epljf`. Zk`
låkj` lmeåtriaj quj ki sóli hjshmduf` jl låemtj hj pripmjh`h smki quj jst`dljcj uk`
jsc`l` hmajrjkcm`h` jktrj jl arjktj kirtj, quj sj jxtmjkhj b`cm` jl v`llj, y jl arjktj sur,
lmemt`hi pir jl c`emki hj `ccjsi. Jk l`s mkaljxmikjs hj jstj euri sj hjsplmjo`k uk`
sjrmj hj prior`e`s ciepljejkt`rmis6 uk` pl`z` hj fujois ` l` siedr` hj lis àrdiljs,
jl `trmi hj uk` c`pmll`, uk` pl`z` p`r` cjljdr`cmikjs cåvmc`s, uk`s vmð`s, uk`s pmljt`s y
uk p`r hj emr`hirjs.
 @hjeàs hj l` rjstmtucmó k hjl jspjsir sidr mi y `ustjri hj tihis lis eur is hj `hidj,
t`edmík sj rjcupjr` l` c`lmh`h ejstmz` hj sus hjcir`cmikjs hj e`hjr`, `c`si hjshm-
duf`h`s pir uk` sjrmj mkmktjrruepmh` hj tr`huccmikjs sidrj tr`huccmikjs, hj rjpri-
^l`kt` hj smtu`cmók / Smtj pl`k huccmikjs ` l` vjz mkojku`s y bjrimc`s.

 Xbj vj ry d`rj b iusj, hj prmvjh i a jvjk m ts irmomk `l hiejst mcmty, ms turkjh m kti tbj amrst idf jct ia
tbj kjw cilljctmik. Xbj jepty biusj tr`ksamourjh mkti eikuejkt ms ukhjrstiih `s ` smok (e`ydj
` w`rkmko) ia mts iwk pjre`kjkcj. Mt ms ` smkolj pmjcj, msil`tjh `kh cikamkjh dy ` tbmcg drmcg
 w`ll wmtb rjoul`r d uttrjss js. @ s tructurj ihhly hm st`kcjh arie mts ciktmkoj kcmjs, w mtbhr`wk ti
`k ipjk mktjrmir wmtbiut bmjr`rcbmjs, wmtb ` smljkt dut sjvjrj cb`r`ctjr, wmtb tbj `leist meeidmlj
kist`lom` ia tbj hull pl`mk, mkc`rk`tjh mk mts ciurty`rhs `kh jspl`k`hjs.
 Xb`t pj rmejtjr w`ll hjs crmdjs d itb ` b irmzik `k h ` ciep ljx `sy eejtrmc`l amourj. @ diukh`ry
lmkj tb`t kit ikly dlurs tbj jhoj ia tbj pripjrty dut `lsi sjts ` hmaajrjktm`tjh sc`lj air j`cb
smhj6 ti tbj kirtb, jxtjkhmko tiw`rhs tbj v`lljy `kh ti tbj siutb, lmemtjh dy tbj `ccjss ri`h. Mk
mts mkaljctmiks, tbms w`ll `lliws air ` cb`mk ia suppljejkt`ry prior`es6 ` pl`yoriukh sb`hjh dy
trjjs, tbj `trmue air ` cb`pjl, ` squ`rj air cmvmc cjljdr`tmiks, siej vmkjs, piils `kh ` ciuplj
PZML 
ia liigiut pimkts.
Cjktri Cultur`l jk Cilmk`
Mk `hhmtmik ti tbj rjstmtutmik ia tbj sidjr, `ustjrj hjptb ia tbj `hidj w`lls, tbj eikorjl k`turj
Cultur`l Cjktrj mk Cilmk`  ia tbj wiihjk hjcir`tmiks ms `lsi rjcivjrjh, pjrb`ps hmlutjh dy `k ukmktjrruptjh sjqujkcj ia
EJXTI^ILMX@K TJOMIK, CBMLJ. 4>0:- tr`ksl`tmiks ivjr tr`ksl`tmiks, ia k`évj dut bjrimc rjprihuctmiks.

0:4 0:3
 

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h` / Sjctmikjh `xik iejtrmc vmjw ^l`kt` hjl cikfukti  / Ivjr`ll pl`k

0:8 0::

^l`kt` cikstructmv`. Euris / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k. _`lls

0:1 0: ?
 

^l`kt` cikstructmv`. ^`vmejktis  / Cikstructmik ali ir pl`k. Aliirs

0:2 0:=
 

^l`kt` hj smtu`cmók  / Smtj pl`k

Jl p`djllók `rtmcul` uk` sjrmj hj jxtjrmirjs hjktri hj itris jxtjrmirjs. Zk` cikstruccmók l`djråktmc` quj jxplir` l` meplåcmt` tjksmók
jktrj uk`s kjcjsmh`hjs pràctmc`s y l`s ejhmh`s sudfjtmv`s hjl jsp`cmi `rqumtjctókmci. L` pl`kt` hjl p`djllók jstà ciepujst` pir l`
rjpjtmcmók mkaire`l, y `p`rjktjejktj c`prmcbis`, hj hmjz amour`s cmrcul`rjs hmajrjktjs cik r`hmis ciksjcutmvis quj v`k hjshj his
b`st` ikcj. L` ukmh`h hj ejhmh` p`r` c`h` r`hmi sj d`s` jk l` 'v`r`', l` meprjcms` y `ctu`lejktj idsiljt` d`rr` hj e`hjr` jeplj`h`
p`r` tr`z`r cmuh`hjs hur`ktj l` cilikmz`cmók hj @eírmc`.
L` sjcujkcm` hj jsp`cmis rjsult`ktj pujhj sjr jktjkhmh` ciei uk` tr`hmcmik`l pl`kt` `dmjrt`, cik v`rmis `ccjsis y smk kmkouk` amour`,
 fjr`rquå` i hmr jccmók prjhiemk`ktj7 i t`edmík, ciei u k` hmspismcmók lmemt`h` hj sjoejktis smkoul`r js. L` pjrcjpcmók hj jst`s
aire`s tit`lejktj cjktr`lmz`h`s aluctö` jktrj `koist`s y `ouh`s cikc`vmh`hjs y `eplm`s pjri mrrjoul`rjs b`dmt`cmikjs cikvjx`s,
cikaire`khi hjshj köcljis sidrjjxpujstis b`st` iscuris rmkcikjs. L` jxpjrmjkcm` quj sj pjrcmdj js l` hj uk` e`s` bir`h`h` pir
su pripmi jci tjhmisi, pir su eu ltmplmcmh`h, pir uk sjktmhi hj `ustjr` mrr`cmik`lmh`h.
^ujsti quj crjjeis quj l` `rqumtjctur` js uk` aire` hj cikicmemjkti, p`rjcj mkjvmt`dlj jkarjkt`r uk pridlje` trm`koul`r (i cmrcul`r)6
quj `qujlli quj cikicjeis ki js eàs quj uk hmausi c`epi hj mhj`s hmscmplmk`rjs7 quj js`s mhj`s sj jstàk jxp`khmjkhi jk jl tmjepi7
 y quj kujstri lmemt`hi jktjkhmemjkti hj `qujlli quj sik, y pir li t`kti hj su v`lir, ki pujhj sjr ciepljt`ejktj tr`hucmhi ` lis
hmljt`ktjs. Zk` rjspujst` a`ctmdlj, supikjeis, r`hmc` jk jl pitjkcm`l hj ukis ejhmis dàsmcis y hmscrjtis p`r` prihucmr uk` cikstruccmók
eàs dmjk kire`l y a`emlm`r6 uk luo`r ökmci, cik l` mkcieprjksmdlj c`p`cmh`h hj lljo`r ` sjr `loi eàs hj li quj p`rjcj.

^`djllók jk Qjkjcm`
Q@T@ OM@THMKM HM C@SXJLLI, QJKJCM@, MX@LM@ 4>0: 4>01

 Xbms ms ` s jrmjs ia jx tjrmirs wmt bmk itbjr jx tjrmirs. @ l `dyrmktbm `k cikstructm ik tb`t jxpl irjs tbj ukh jrst`tjh tjks mik djtwjjk pr`ctmc`l kj cjssmtmjs `kh
tbj sudfjctmvj hmejksmiks ia `k `rcbmtjctur`l sp`cj. Xbj p`vmlmik”s aliir pl`k ms ciepisjh dy tbj mkaire`l `kh sjjemkoly c`prmcmius rjpjtmtmik ia tjk
hmaajrjkt cmrcul`r amourjs, wmtb ciksjcutmvj hm`ejtjrs r`komko arie twi ti jljvjk. Xbj ukmt air j`cb r`hmus ms d`sjh ik ` ' v`r` ', tbj a`mrly meprjcmsj `kh
kiw idsiljtj rih jepliyjh ti hjsmok cmtmjs hurmko tbj Juripj`k cilikmz`tmik ia @ejrmc`.
 Xbj rjsultm ko sjqujkcj ia sp`cjs c`k dj u khjrstiih `s ditb ` tr `hmtmik`l ipj k pl`k, wmtb sj vjr`l jktr`kc js `kh wmtbiut `k y sb`pj, bmjr `rcby ir prj-
hiemk`kt hmrjctmik, `kh `lsi `s ` lmemtjh `rr`kojejkt ia smkoul`r sjoejkts. Xbj pjrcjptmik ia tbjsj uttjrly cjktr`lmzjh aires aluctu`tjs djtwjjk
k`rriw, `cutj cikc`vmtmjs `kh wmhj, mrrjoul`r cikvjx riies, arie ivjrjxpisjh cirjs ti h`rg cirkjrs. Xbms ms tbj jxpjrmjkcj ia ` billiwjh e`ss
jrihjh dy mts iwk tjhmius jcbi, dy mts eultmplmcmty, dy ` sjksj ia `ustjrj mrr`tmik`lmty.
Smkcj wj djlmjvj `rcbmtjcturj ms ` aire ia gkiwljhoj, mt sjjes mkjvmt`dlj ti a`cj ` trm`koul`r (ir cmrcul`r) pridlje6 tb`t wb`t wj gkiw ms ki eirj tb`k
` auzzy amjlh ia hmscmplmk`ry mhj`s7 tb`t tbisj mhj`s `rj jxp`khmko ivjr tmej7 `kh tb`t iur lmemtjh ukhjrst`khmko ia tbje, `kh tbjrjairj ia tbjmr v`luj,
c`kkit dj aully cikvjyjh ti hmljtt`ktjs. @ aj`smdlj rjspiksj, wj suppisj, lmjs mk tbj pitjktm`l ia hmscrjjt d`smc rjsiurcjs ti prihucj ` r`tbjr kire`l
`kh a`emlm`r dumlhmko7 ` ukmquj pl`cj wmtb tbj ukmktjllmomdlj c`p`cmty ti djciej siejtbmko eirj tb`k wb`t mt sjjes ti dj.

^`vmlmik mk Qjkmcj
Q@T@ OM@THMKM HM C@SXJLLI, QJKMCJ, MX@L] 4>0: 4>01

018 01:
 

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók /
smtu`cmók  / Smtj pl`k

Hjsc`ks`khi jk li `lti hj uk` su`vj y ciktmku` pr`hjr` smjeprj vjrhj, jkarjkt`h`

`l e`r mktjrmir hj l` Msl` Or`khj hj Cbmlií, jst` c`s` js ` l` vjz ejhm` y hidlj.
Ejhm`, pirquj js jl jkcujktri mktjrruepmhi jktrj uk ciki y uk cmlmkhri. Hidlj,
pirquj l` sudstr`ccmók hj uk` aire` rjct`koul`r jk l` d`sj hj t`ljs amour`s
ojkjr` uk p`r hj b`dmt`cmikjs jqumv`ljktjs jk `edis jxtrjeis hj uk` sjcujkcm`
lmkj`l6 uk`, hmrmomh` b`cm` jl sil hmrjcti y `e`rmlli, y l` itr`, b`cm` jl sil mkhmrjcti
 y `zul. Zk or`k jsp`cmi jxtjrmir qujh` ciktjkmhi jktrj jstis rjcmktis p`r`ljlis7
uk p`tmi p`rcm`lejktj p`vmejkt`hi, quj sj pritjoj hj l` lluvm` jk his tjrr`z`s
cudmjrt`s, y hjl vmjkti hjshj trjs hj sus l`his.

C`s` jk Cbikcbm

TIHJ @TCBM^MÍL@OI HJ CBMLIÍ, R TJOMÓK, CBMLJ 4>0: 4>0?

Smttmko `tip ` plj`s`kt, ciktmkuius jvjrorjjk ej`hiw, ivjrliigmko tbj mkkjr sj` ia Cbmlij
Msl`kh, tbms ms ditb ` b`la `kh ` hiudlj biusj. B`la, djc`usj mt ms tbj mktjrruptjh jkciuktjr
djtwjjk ` cikj `kh ` cylmkhjr. Hiudlj, djc`usj tbj sudtr`ctmik ia ` rjct`koul`r aire `t
tbj d`sj ia tbj prjvmius amourjs ojkjr`tjs ` p`mr ia jqumv`ljkt riies `t tbj jxtrjejs ia `
lmkj`r sjqujkcj, ikj a`cmko tbj hmrjct yjlliw suk `kh tbj itbjr tbj mkhmrjct `kh dluj ikj.
 Xbjrj m s ` l `roj sp`cj cikt`mkjh dy tbjsj p`r`lljl riies7 ` p`rtm`lly p`vjh ci urt tb`t ms
pritjctjh arie tbj r`mk mk twi civjrjh cirkjrs `kh arie tbj striko wmkhs ik tbrjj smhjs.

Biusj mk Cbikcbm
TIHJ CBMLIJ @TCBM^JL@OI, R TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>0: 4>0?

012 01=
 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

Jstis trjs l`his sik jspjsirjs aukcmik`ljs, cik orujsis euris v`cm`his p`r` cik-
tjkjr l`s mkst`l`cmikjs hieístmc`s. L` prjsjkcm` hjl rjcmpmjktj curvi js eàs dmjk
`smeítrmc`6 pir uk l`hi, sj prjsjkt` ciei uk mepikjktj y bjreítmci rjauomi airtm-
amc`hi7 y pir jl itri, ciei uk` or`k cudmjrt` mkclmk`h` y c`sm smk euris hj `piyi.

 Xbjsj s mhjs `rj cikcjmvj h `s auk ctmik`l wmh tbs, `s jeptmjh t bmcg w`lls cikt`mkmko `ll tbj
hiejstmc a`cmlmtmjs. Xbj prjsjkcj ia tbj wbilj curvjh c`sj ms r`tbjr `syeejtrmc`l6 arie
ikj smhj mt st`khs `s ` e`ssmvj, bjrejtmc airtmamjh rjauoj, arie tbj itbjr mt `ppj`rs `s `
l`roj pmtcbjh riia `leist wmtbiut suppirtmko w`lls.

0?> 0?0

C-C' / / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik C-C'

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l C-C'

H-H' / / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik H-H'

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l H-H'

^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`s /
cudmjrt`s / Tiia pl`k

^l`kt` / / Aliir pl`k

^l`kt`

0?4 0?3
 

cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik criss sjctmik

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l cikstructmv` Jstj / J`stjrk djhriie `ccjss
↔ @ccjsi ` hiremtirmi Jstj /

prmkcmp`l / E`mk jktr`kcj

↞ Jktr`h` prmkcmp`l / cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k
← ^l`kt` cikstructmv` /

0?:

0?1
 

Xih` l` cikstruccmók jstà bjcb` cik e`hjr` k`tmv`. L` jstructur` jstà hjamkmh`
pir uk hjsplmjouj r`hm`l hj cu`rjkt` y cmkci e`rcis råomhis. Emjktr`s lis
euris y tjcbis jstàk rjvjstmhis cik jkt`dl`his, l` cudmjrt` cókmc` sj cudrj
cik uk e`kti ciepujsti pir hjlo`h`s tjf`s hj `ljrcj.
S`dmjkhi quj jst` msl` ki sóli js cikicmh` pi r sus jxudjr`ktjs emtis y ljyjk-
h`s, smki t`edmík pir su rjamk`h` c`rpmktjrå` tr`hmcmik`l p`r` l` a`drmc`cmók
hj jed`rc`cmikjs j moljsm`s, y `cjpt`khi quj `loi hj jsj cikicmemjkti lic`l
mkaire`rå` l` pripujst`, l` c`s` tr`hucj jsj s`djr tr`hmcmik`l ` tr`vís hjl
hjlmc`hi `rtmluomi hj `qujllis ilvmh`his c`kh`his hj e`hjr`.
 Xbj jkt mrj cikst ructmik ms e`hj arie l ic`l tmedjr. X bj struc turj ms
hjamkjh dy tbj pil`r `rr`y ia airty-amvj rmomh ar`ejs. _bmlj w`lls `kh
cjmlmkos `rj cl`h wmtb di`rhs, tr`hmtmik`l tbmk wiihjk sbmkoljs civjr
tbj cikmc`l riia.
Gkiwmko tb`t tbj msl`kh ms kit ikly wjll gkiwk air mts jxudjr`kt eytbs
`kh ljojkhs dut `lsi air mts rjamkjh `rtms`k`l gkiwljhoj ia c`rpjktry
jxprjssjh mk ditb cburcbjs `kh di`ts, `kh `ccjptmko tb`t siej ia
tb`t lic`l gkiwljhoj wiulh mkaire iur prifjct, tbj biusj hijs si wmtb
tbj hjlmc`tj `rtljsskjss ia ` airoittjk wiihjk p`hlicg. 

Jstj / / J`stjrk djhriie

Hiremtirmi Jstj

0?=

jstuhmi / / Stuhy eihjl

E`qujt` hj jstuhmi

^l`kt` hj cudmjrt` y `lz`hi Sur cikstructmvis /

cikstructmvis / Cikstructmik riia pl`k `kh Siutb jljv`tmik

02> 020
 

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók

X`l vjz l` ökmc` hmstmkcmók jktrj idfjtis y cis`s r`hmquj jk su jsc`l`. Eàs
cjrc`ki ` cu`lqumjr cis` k`tur`l jk su jsc`l` `edmou`, jstj pjqujði jhmamcmi
js eàs quj uk` cbiz` pjri ejkis quj uk` c`s`6 js uk` c`d`ð`. Ciei uk

dliquj ip`ci,
`c`ktml`hi uk idfjti
jkarjkt` eikilåtmci
uk` rjsjrv` pjs`h`ejktj
hj ljikjs e`rmkis `kcl`hi `l dirhj
jk l` cist` hj uk
hjl Icí`ki
^`cåamci. Jk su jspjsir sudhmejksmik`hi, jk su pripircmók `lt` y `koist`,
l` cikstruccmók pujhj sjr ljåh` ciei uk euri b`dmt`hi quj `v`kz` pjrpjk-
hmcul`r ` l` tipior`aå` k`tur`l. L` `ltur` hj jstj euri qujh` hjtjremk`h` pir
his låkj`s6 uk birmziktj ciktmkui y uk` sjcujkcm` jsc`lik`h` hj sjms pl`t`-
aire`s quj hjscmjkhjk b`cm` jl e`r. L` sjp`r`cmók jktrj js` cudmjrt` birm-
zikt`l (cik l` aukcmók hj uk` tjrr`z` `dmjrt`) y l` jxtjksmók rjoul`r hjl sujli
(cik uk` iro`kmz`cmók mkaire`l hj rjpisi, ciemh` y jst`r), quj cikaire`k
uk` ökmc` b`dmt`cmók `smeítrmc`, js mktjrruepmh` pir trjs or`khjs pml`rjs y
his pujktjs. Emjktr`s lis hiremtirmis icup`k l`s pl`t`aire`s `lt`s hj jst`
or`k b`dmt`cmók ‘`quå, cik uk` `ltur` hj tjcbi d`f`‘ l`s zik`s hj jst`r quj-
h`k jk l`s pl`t`aire`s hj `d`fi, jk jl jsp`cmi eàs vjrtmc`l hj l` c`s`.

C`s` jk Xiej

LID@ QMMM TJOMÓK, CBMLJ 4>01 4>0?

^jrb`ps tbj ikly hmstmkctmik djtwjjk idfjcts `kh tbmkos rjsmhjs mk tbjmr sc`lj. Clisjr
ti `ky k`tur`l tbmko, mk mts `edmouius sc`lj, tbms se`ll dumlhmko ms eirj tb`k ` but dut
ljss tb`k ` biusj6 mt ms ` citt`oj. @s `k ip`quj dlicg, ` eikilmtbmc idfjct bj`vmly
`kcbirjh `t tbj jhoj ia ` clmaa, mt a`cjs ` sj`-lmik rjsjrvj ik tbj ^`cmamc Icj`k. Mk mts
ukhjr-smzjh tbmcgkjss, mk mts t`ll, k`rriw pripirtmiks, tbj dumlhmko ciulh dj rj`h `s `k
mkb`dmtjh w`ll tb`t ruks pjrpjkhmcul`r ti tbj k`tur`l tipior`pby. Xbj bjmobt ia tbms w`ll
ms hjtjremkjh dy twi lmkjs6 ` ciktmkuius birmzik `kh ` stjppjh sjqujkcj ia smx
pl`taires tb`t hjscjkh tiw`rhs tbj sj`. Xbj sjp`r`tmik djtwjjk tb`t birmzikt`l riia
(wmtb tbj aukctmik ia `k ipjk tjrr`cj) `kh tbj rjoul`r jxtjksmik ia tbj oriukh (wmtb tbj
mkaire`l `rr`kojejkt
`rr`kojejkt ia rjst, hmkmko `kh lmvmko), wbmcb sb`pj ` smkolj `syeejtrmc`l
r mc`l
riie, ms mktjrruptjh dy tbrjj e`ssmvj cilueks `kh twi drmhojs. _bmlj tbj djhriies
`rj pl`cjh ik tbj uppjr pl`taire
pl`taires
s wmtb liw cjmlmkos, tbj lmvmko `rj`s `rj ej`kt ti dj
ik tbj liwjr pl`taires wmtbmk ` vjrtmc`l sp`cj.

Biusj mk Xiej
LID@ QMMM TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>01 4>0?

@-@' / / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik @-@'

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l @-@'

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h` /
sjccmik`h` / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw ^l`kt` hj cudmjrt` /
cudmjrt` / Tiia pl`k

supjrmir / / Zppjr aliir pl`k

^l`kt` supjrmir

d`f` / / Oriukh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` d`f`

028 02:
 

←   Qjståduli /
Qjståduli  / Jktr`kcj b`ll ↓  Ciejhir. @ccjsi `l `ltmlli
`ltmlli / / Hmkmko riie Hiremtirmi y hucb` `d`tmdlj /
`d`tmdlj / Djhriie `kh ailhmko sbiwjr

02?

Jl l`roi viluejk tmjkj uk eihjsti ríomejk hj bujcis ` `edis l`his, cik `loukis lucjrk`rmis puktu`ljs, uk`s cu`kt`s pjrair`cmikjs
pjrair`cmikjs ` eihi
hj ejhm` luk` quj sj pihrå`k us`r ciei rjlifjs hj sil, y sóli uk` vjkt`k` hj jsqumk` p`rtmh` pir uk pml`r rjhikhi. Íst` js l` ökmc` vjkt`k`
cik vmhrmis smk e`rci jkr`s`his ` l` c`r` jxtjrmir hjl biremoók.
Jspjf`khi jl ic`si, uk` ric` c`sm mepismdlj, j mlusirm`, alit` hjsc`ks`khi sidrj l` cudmjrt` hj jsj rjaljfi.

 Xbjrj m s ` hmscrjtj
`  hmscrjtj rjome
rjomejj ia ipjkmkos `t jmtbjr smhj ia tbj liko viluej  wmtb sie j puk ctu`l sgylmobts, ` ajw b`la-eiik pjrair`tmiks tb`t
tb` t ciulh dj usj
usjhh `s
sukhm`ls `kh ` smkoul`r cirkjr wmkhiw hmvmhjh dy ` ri ukh pmll`r. Xbms ms tbj ikly wmkhiw wmtb ukar`ejh ol`ss,
riukh ukar`ejh ol`ss, alusb w mtb tbj iutjr cikcrjtj sura`cj.
wmtb
Emrrirmko tbj suksjt, ` kj`r-mepissmdlj, mllusiry ali`tmko ri cg rjsts rmobt i
ikk tip ia tb`t rjaljctmik. 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik likomtuhmkl̀
likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

^l`kt` d`f` cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik oriukh aliir pl`k

022
 

0=> 0=0

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

Jl p`djllók js uk` s`l` bmpóstml` smk tjcbi y hj c`ràctjr tjepir`l, y cik ciluek`s e`smv`s
pjri c`sm mke`tjrm`ljs `pjk`s `dmjrt`s `l cmjli y ` sus `lrjhjhirjs. L` ciktmkumh`h vmsu`l y
aukcmik`l hj l` silmt`rm` pl`z` hj pmjhr`, `så ciei jl `lmkj`emjkti arikt`l cik l` moljsm` ejhmjv`l,
sj cikarikt` cik jl t`e`ði y l` hmstrmducmók hj uk` rjtåcul` `dmjrt` y rjoul`r. ^ir ejhmi hj
uk` v`o` hmstmkcmók jktrj  l`kh-`rt  y
 y ip-`rt , jl eikótiki smstje` hj hmjcmsíms ciluek`s `ctmv`
eöltmpljs pjrspjctmv`s hj jstj jsp`cmi pödlmci bmstórmc`ejktj cikamk`hi. Cik his ejtris
hj hmàejtri y sjms ejtris hj `ltur`, c`h` ciluek` js, hj bjcbi, uk rjcmkti b`dmt`dlj cik uk
ökmci pukti hj `ccjsi irmjkt`hi jk uk` hmrjccmók hmajrjktj. Jl sutml cikamk`emjkti sj hmluyj
ejhm`ktj uk` tjxtur` hj cirtjs rjct`koul`rjs quj iscml`k jktrj aikhi y amour`. L` vmdr`cmók
smljkcmis` hj l`s drmll`ktjs lucjs y siedr`s ‘fukti cik l` mkhmajrjkcm` emse` hj l` cu`hrå-
cul`‘ sj vj `ltjr`h` pir trjs hjlmc`his eitmvis hmduf`his jk jl `mrj pir jl `rtmst` sumzi Ajlmcj
 Q`rmkm, quj sóli pujhjk vjrsj hjshj hjtjremk`his puktis hj auo`. Jstis hmdufis dl`kcis, y
dmhmejksmik`ljs, pmkt`his hmrjct`ejktj sidrj l`s jsc`rcb`h`s pl`c`s hj `cjri o`lv`kmz`hi
ciei a`kt`se`s alit`ktjs, sik aire`s lmdrjs quj sj supjrpikjk jk su ciepljfmh`h sidrj jl
jfj cjktr`l hj l` k`vj hj l` moljsm`. Tidusti, `ukquj aràoml, jl c`ràctjr mkhustrm`l hj l`s supjr-
amcmjs sj cikaukhj cik l` pmktur` bjcb` ` e`ki. L` hmajrjkcm` jktrj jstructur` y hjcir`cmók,
pir t`kti, p`rjcj jrismik`rsj. @l ejkis, ciei uk pridlje` sjeàktmci, c`h` ciluek` sj
cikvmjrtj jk uk pml`r pirt`ktj, y c`h` pml`r jk uk` ciluek` irk`ejkt`l.

^`djllók jk Bull
B@LL TJMKI ZKMHI 4>0?

 Xbms ms ` t jepir`ry uk riiajh byp istylj riie, w mtb e`ssmvj dut `leist mee`tj rm`l cilu eks d`rjly ipjk
ti tbj sgy ir mts meejhm`tj surriukhmkos. Xbj vmsu`l `kh aukctmik`l ciktmkumty ia tbj jepty stikj-p`vjh
squ`rj, jvjk tbj arikt`l `lmokejkt ti tbj ejhmjv`l cburcb, ms cb`lljkojh dy tbj smzj `kh l`yiut ia `
rjoul`r ipjk ormh. Dy ej`ks ia ` v`ouj hmstmkctmik djtwjjk l`kh-`rt `kh ip-`rt, ` eikitikius systje
ia smxtjjk cilueks `ctmv`tjs eultmplj pjrspjctmvjs ia ` bmstirmc`lly cikamkjh pudlmc sp`cj. J`cb ciluek,
twi ejtjrs mk hm`ejtjr `kh smx ejtjrs mk bjmobt, ms mk a`ct `k mkb`dmt`dlj riie wmtb ` smkolj jktr`kcj
pimktmko mk ` hmaajrjkt hmrjctmik. Xbj sudtlj cikamkjejkt ms hmlutjh dy ` tjxturj ia rjct`koul`r cuts tb`t
iscmll`tj djtwjjk amourj `kh d`cgoriukh. Xbj smljkt vmdr`tmik ia olmeejrmko lmobts `kh sb`hiws `kh
tbj mkhmaajrjkcj ia tbj ormh ms `ltjrjh dy tbrjj hjlmc`tj eitmas hr`wk mk tbj `mr dy Swmss `rtmst Ajlmcj
 Q`rmkm, wbmcb c`k ikl y dj sjjk tiw`rhs prjc msj v`kmsbmk o pimkts. Xbjsj twi-hm ejksmik`l wbmtj hr`w mkos,
p`mktjh hmrjctly ik tbj arist-lmgj o`lv`kmzjh stjjl pl`tjs lmgj ali`tmko obists, `rj arjj aires wbisj
ciepljxmty ivjrl`ps mk tbj cjktr`l `xms ia tbj cburcb”s k`vj. Tidust yjt ar`omlj, tbj mkhustrm`l cb`r`ctjr
ia tbj sura`cjs ms cikausjh dy tbj b`kh-e`hj p`mktmko. Xbj hmstmkctmik djtwjjk structur`l `kh hjcir`tmvj
tbus sjjes ti dj jrihjh. @t lj`st `s ` sje`ktmc pridlje, jvjry ciluek djciejs ` suppirt pmll`r, `kh
jvjry pmll`r djciejs `k irk`ejkt`l ciluek.

^`vmlmik mk Bull

B@LL ZKMXJH GMKOHIE 4>0?

 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

0 Tjvjstmemjkti hj `cjri o`lv`kmz`hi j53ee

4 @cjri o`lv`kmz`hi j51ee x 08> ee
3 ^l`c` hj rjvjstmemjkti hj `cjri o`lv̀kmz`hi
o`lv`kmz`hi j53ee,pljo`h`
y sufjt` jktrj pl`c`s hj `cjri vjrtmc`ljs
8 ^jrkis E2 ` 4:> ce ` li l`roi hj l` `ltur`
hj l`s pl`c`s hj `cjri vjrtmc`ljs
: Ljkoüjt`s E8 silh`h`s ` l` pl`c` hj rjvjstmemjkti hj `cjri
y amf`h`s ` l` `dr`z`hjr` hj `cjri
1 X`cis hj `cjri o`lv`kmz`hi j51ee ` jsp`cmis rjoul`rjs,
silh`his ` c`h` `kmlli hj `cjri
? Qmo` pl`k` hj `kmlli hj `cjri o`lv`kmz`hi 0>>x04

0 O`lv`kmzjh 3ee tbg stjjl cl`hhmko

4 4 Ki. O`lv.1 ee tbg x 08> ee
3 O`lv.3 ee tbg stjjl cl`hhmko pl`tj ailhjh
`kh cl`epjh djtwjjk vjrtmc`l stjjl pl`tjs
8 E2 dilts N 4:> vjrtmc`l ctrs `liko bjmobt
ia vjrtmc`l stjjl pl`tjs
: E8 luos wjlhjh ti stjjl cl`hhmko pl`tj
`kh amxjh ti stjjl clj`t
1 3 Ki.jqu`lly sp`cjh 1 ee tbg o`lv.stjjl clj`ts
wjlhjh ti j`cb stjjl rmko dj`e
? O`lv.0>>x04 stjjl al`t rmko dj`e

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`kt` hj smtu`cmók ^l`kt` / / Aliir pl`k
^l`kt`

0=8 0=:

Jstj priyjcti js uk luo`r hj hjstmki tr`s uk l`roi vm`fj, uk rjorjsi

^l`kt` hj smtu`cmók hjl cikfukti /
cikfukti  / Ivjr`ll smtj pl`k
amctmcmi ` lis iråojkjs, ` uk` aire` prmemtmv` hj b`dmt`cmók bue`k`.
Su `hjcu`cmók `rqumtjctókmc` js ` l` vjz hmscrjt` y dàsmc`6 rjcupjr`
l` `siedris` hiejstmcmh`h hj l `s pjqujð`s cikstruccmikjs rur`ljs
quj pujdl`k l` msl` hj @k`am, js`s pmjz`s sólmh`s smk jsc`l`, pjs`h`s
 y ip`c`s, quj jvic`k eikilmti s ilvmh `his jk uk p`ms`fj eiku-
ejkt`l jrismik`hi pir l` bmstirm` `ktmou`.
H`hi quj ístj js uk luo`r p`r` jscrmtirjs jk siljh`h y jk cik-
tjepl`cmók prihuctmv`, jl `cti emsei hj jscrmdmr tjkhrà luo`r jk
uk` sil` c`s`, hmvmhmh` jk eucb`s jst`kcm`s (t`l vjz, ciei l` ejtà-
air` hj uk`s pàomk`s jk dl`kci hmspjrs`s7 t`l vjz, ciei l` hj uk
alufi hj cikscmjkcm` mktjrruepmhi).
Hj bjcbi, l` c`s` jstà ciepujst` pir vjmktmsmjtj aire`tis ciks-
tructmvis, quj rjsult`k hj l` `rtmcul`cmók hj uk ruhmejkt`rmi viluejk
rjct`koul`r eultmplmc`hi pir trjs t`e`ðis rjl`tmvis (pjqujði,
ejhm`ki y or`khj).
C`sm ciei rumk`s hj uk` ejeirm` hmscmplmk`r hjscikicmh` pjri
tàcmt`, lis aire`tis pujhjk ljjrsj ciei `utíktmcis hjpismt`rmis
hj uk tmpi cikstructmvi.
B`y 'puris' cudis, tirrjs, pl`c`s, dliqujs y tmr`s, y t`edmík, l`s
jt`p`s hj tr`ksaire`cmók hj uki jk itri.

jepl`z`emjkti / / Lic`tmik.Eihjl
E`qujt` hjl jepl`z`emjkti

 Xbms prifjct ms ` hjstmk`tmik pl`cj `atjr ` liko fiurkjy, ` amctmik`l rjturk ti tbj
irmomks, ti ` prmemtmvj aire ia bue`k b`dmt`tmik. Mts `rcbmtjctikmc jktmtljejkt
ms ditb hmscrjjt `kh d`smc6 mt rjcivjrs tbj ukc`kky hiejstmcmty ia tbj lmttlj
rur`l cikstructmiks tb`t pipul`tj tbj msl`kh, tbisj silmh pmjcjs wmtbiut sc`lj,
bj`vy `kh ip`quj, wbmcb jvigj airoittjk eikilmtbs ik ` eikuejkt`l l`khs-
c`pj jrihjh dy `kcmjkt bmstiry.
Smkcj tbms ms ` pl`cj air wrmtjrs ti st`y mk silmtuhj `kh prihuctmvj ciktjepl`tmik,
tbj `ct ia wrmtmko wmll t`gj pl`cj mk ` smkolj biusj sjp`r`tjh mkti e`ky pmjcjs
(pjrb`ps ` ejt`pbir ia sc`ttjrjh dl`kg p`ojs ir `k mktjrruptjh strj`e ia
cikscmiuskjss). Xbj biusj ms mk a`ct ciepisjh ia twjkty-sjvjk dumlhmko
aire`ts, wbmcb rjsult arie tbj `rtmcul`tmik ia ` ruhmejkt`ry rjct`koul`r viluej
eultmplmjh dy tbrjj rjl`tmvj smzjs (se`ll, ejhmue `kh l`roj). @leist lmgj rumks
EMLI 
ia `k ukgkiwk dut t`cmt hmscmplmk`ry ejeiry, tbj aire`ts c`k dj rj`h `s tbj
Cjktri Cultur`l jk @k`am
 vjry rjpismtiry ia ` d umlhmko typj.
Cultur`l Cjktrj mk @k`am   Xbjrj `rj 'purj' cudjs, tiwjrs, pl`tjs, dlicgs `kh strmps, `kh `lsi tbj st`ojs
OTJJCJ. 4>02- ia tr`ksaire`tmik arie ikj mkti `kitbjr. c`rtók / / @xikiejtrmc vmjws.Amkmtj Aire`t K¶ >=.Gmtj p`pjr ik c`rhdi`rh, ?: x ?: ce (j`cb), 4>0?
@xikieítrmc`s. Aire`ti Amkmti K¶ >=. ^`pjl ciejt` sidrj c`rtók

0=1 0=?
 

Ciei uk jspjfi hj su pripmi jktirki, jst` c`s` js t`k v`st`

ciei åktme`. Js uk smstje` cjrr`hi hj jst`kcm`s smkoul`rjs,
c`h` uk` cik uk t`e`ði y uk` pripircmók hmstmktmvis, c`h` uk`
cik uk` aukcmók y uk c`ràctjr jsp`cm`l hmajrjktjs (quj t`edmík
pujhjk c`edm`r hj `cujrhi ` l`s `ctmvmh`hjs y cmrcukst`kcm`s
mkjspjr`h`s). B`dmt`r l` c`s` jqumv`lj ` b`dmt`r jl p`ms`fj. ^`r`
p`s`r hj uk` hjpjkhjkcm` ` l` smoumjktj smjeprj b`y uk` hms-
t`kcm`, t`kti jsp`cm`l ciei tjepir`l. Jk luo`r hj p`smllis p`r`
cikjct`r càe`r`s `hy`cjktjs, jxmstj uk` rjh hj c`emkis quj
aire`k eöltmpljs cmrcumtis. ^ir li t`kti, l` hmstmkcmók jktrj hjpjk-
hjkcm`s sjrvmh`s y hj sjrvmcmi sj vujlvj idsiljt`. Ki b`y fjr`r-
quå` jk jst`s s`l`s. Sjrà jl t`e`ði, l` pripircmók, l` hmrjccmók
 y l` udmc`cmók p`rtmcul`r jk l` mrrjoul`r tipior`aå` li quj suojrmrà
l`s pismdmlmh`hjs hj icup`cmók. Jl eidmlm`rmi amfi sj b` rjhucmhi
`l eåkmei mkhmspjks`dlj p`r` pjremtmr ` lis b`dmt`ktjs cikstrumr
su pripmi bio`r, ojstmik`r su pripmi jsaujrzi y su cikairt, su
kjcjsmh`h hj prixmemh`h i `ljf`emjkti hj l` k`tur`ljz`.

 @s ` emrrir ia mts iwk emlmju, tbm s biusj ms `s v`st `s m t ms mktme`tj . Mt ms

` clisjh systje ia ukmquj riies, j`cb ikj wmtb ` hmstmkctmvj smzj `kh
pripirtmik, j`cb ikj wmtb ` hmaajrjkt sp`tm`l cb`r`ctjr `kh aukctmik (wbmcb
c`k `lsi dj cb`kojh ti `h`pt ti ukjxpjctjh `ctmvmtmjs `kh cmrcuest`k-
cjs). Mkb`dmtmko tbj biusj ms jqumv`ljkt ti mkb`dmtmko tbj l`khsc`pj.
Eivmko arie ikj riie ti tbj kjxt, tbjrj ms `lw`ys ` hmst`kcj, ditb
sp`tm`l `kh tjepir`l. Mkstj`h ia cirrmhirs air `hf`cjkt cb`edjrs, tbjrj
ms ` kjtwirg ia p`tbs air eultmplj cmrcumts. Xbj hmstmkctmik djtwjjk sjrvmcj
`kh sjrvjh riies tbus djciejs idsiljtj. Xbjrj ms ki bmjr`rcby mk tbjsj
riies. Xbj p`rtmcul`r smzj, pripirtmik, hmrjctmik `kh lic`tmik ik tbj

mrrjoul`r tipior`pby wmll suoojst tbj pissmdmlmtmjs air iccup`kcy. Xbj amxjh
aurkmturj b`s djjk rjhucjh ti tbj d`rj emkmeue si `s ti `lliw air tbj
hwjlljrs ti dumlh up tbjmr iwk biej, ti ejhm`tj tbjmr iwk jaairt `kh cie-
airt, tbjmr iwk kjjh air prixmemty ir hjt`cbejkt arie wmlhjrkjss.

cikfukti / / Ivjr`ll eihjl hjt`mls

Hjt`lljs hj e`qujt` hj cikfukti

p`pjl  / L`khsc`pj stuhy.@crylmc ik p`pjr, 40 x 42, 4>02

↞  Jstuhmi hj p`ms`fj.@crålmci sidrj p`pjl / cikcjptu`l  / Cikcjpt eihjl
←   E`qujt` cikcjptu`l /

0==

F`rhåk / / O`rhjk
F`rhåk eösmc` / / Eusmc riie
S`l` hj eösmc`

Dmdlmitjc` / / Lmdr`ry
Dmdlmitjc` Emr`hir / / Djlvjhjrj
Emr`hir

4>> 4>0
 

ciktjepl`tmv` / / Ciktjepl`tmik riie

S`l` ciktjepl`tmv` ^iz` / / ^iil
^iz`

Bio`r / / Amrjpl`cj
Bio`r pjsc` / / Amsbmko riie
B`dmt`cmók p`r` l` pjsc`   ↔  Jstuhmi hj l` luz  / Lmobt stuhy

4>4 4>3

S`ktu`rmi / / S`kctu`ry
S`ktu`rmi Ciejhir  / Hmkmko riie jstuhmi / / Stuhy riie
S`l` hj jstuhmi Cicmk` / / Gmtcbjk
Cicmk`

4>8 4>:
 

prmkcmp`l / / E`stjr djhriie

Hiremtirmi prmkcmp`l Dihjo` / / _mkj cjll`r
Dihjo`

S`l` hj jst`r  / Lmvmko riie L`v`hjri / / L`ukhry riie

L`v`hjri @lt`r / / @lt`r
@lt`r D`ði / / D`tbriie
D`ði

4>1 4>?

S`uk` / / S`uk`
S`uk` priyjccmikjs / / ^rifjctmik riie
S`l` hj priyjccmikjs

Bujrti / / Ircb`rh
Bujrti @le`cík / / Stir`oj
@le`cík

4>2 4>=
 

sjcukh`rmi / / Sjcikh`ry djhriie

Hiremtirmi sjcukh`rmi @sji / Ximljt
@sji / hjsc`ksi / / Tjst riie
Jsp`cmi hj hjsc`ksi Emr`hir / / Djlvjhjrj
Emr`hir

40> 400
 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

Hj aire` smeml`r ` `qujll` kmka` silmt`rm` quj sóli pihå` rjpjtmr l`s öltme`s p`l`dr`s prikukcm`h`s pir itr` pjrsik`, jl p`djllók
pripujsti js uk jci hmrjcti hj su jktirki bmstórmci. Jl jhmamcmi jstà, `l emsei tmjepi, rjtr`kquj`hi y jxp`khmhi, vmsmdlj j mkvmsmdlj,
sólmhi y jtírji. Js uk idfjti jko`ðisi, uk` amour` quj rjspikhj ` l`s hmejksmikjs y pripircmikjs hjl  p`l`zzi d`rrici jxmstjktj.
Jstj idfjti js uk` c`f` eàomc` `dmjrt` (qumzàs l` hj ^`khir`) quj rjpmtj jl cu`hr`hi hjl p`tmi (r`tmi 060), cik uk` smlujt` quj hjamkj
his kmvjljs6 smoumjkhi jl jfj jxmstjktj, jl mkajrmir js uk` s`l` cjktr`l ciep`ct` (:e jk pl`kt`) cik cu`tri `ccjsis7 y jl supjrmir, js
uk` pmràemhj mkvjrtmh`, `l`ro`h` smeítrmc`ejktj b`cm` tihis lis puktis c`rhmk`ljs (0>e jk pl`kt`).
L` mkclmk`cmók hjl jstr`ti supjrmir (r`tmi 064) sj hmrmoj b`cm` jl pjråejtri hjl p`tmi. H`hi quj jl e`tjrm`l hjl p`djllók js `cjri
mkixmh`dlj pulmhi, t`kti jl pl`ki vjrtmc`l ciei jl mkclmk`hi sj cikvmjrtjk jk uk jspjfi hjl p`vmejkti hj pmjhr`, l`s ciluek`s y l`
o`ljrå` quj b`y tr`s jll`s. Jk su r`hmc`l sjkcmlljz, jl p`djllók sj cikvmjrtj jk uk` prjsjkcm` mke`tjrm`l quj, c`sm ciei jk uk
jspjfmsei auo`z, c`ptur` jk sus supjramcmjs pl`k`s l` hmscrjt` djlljz` hj jstj  p`l`zzi  hj trjscmjktis sjtjkt` `ðis hj `ktmoüjh`h.
Sm ` kmvjl hjl sujli lis vmsmt`ktjs jkcujktr`k uk` vjrsmók smk prjcjhjktjs hjl eikuejkti, `l emr`r b`cm` `rrmd` sj vjk rjaljf`his
jk uk meprjsmik`ktj tjcbi mkclmk`hi.
 @l jktr`r jk jl àedmti cjkt r`l, jke`rc`hi jktrj uk mepikjktj jktr `e`hi hj rjfmll` hj `cjri, jl pjsi hj l` `rqu mtjctur` bmst órmc`
sj hjsv`kjcj jk uk` vmst` mkmktjrruepmh` hjl cmjli jk cikst`ktj c`edmi.

^`djllók jk Emlàk

JCBI ^@L@VVI LMXX@, EMLÀK, MX@LM@ 4>02 4>0=

A`mktly rjsjedlmko tbj silmt`ry kyepb wbi ciulh ikly rjpj`t tbj l`st wirhs spigjk dy siejikj jlsj, tbj pripisjh p`vmlmik ms ` hmrjct jcbi ia mts
bmstirmc surriukhmkos. Xbj dumlhmko ms ditb sjt d`cg `kh jxp`khjh, vmsmdlj `kh mkvmsmdlj, silmh `kh jtbjrj`l. Mt ms ` hjcjmvmko idfjct, ` amourj tb`t
rjsik`tjs wmtb tbj hmejksmiks `kh pripirtmiks ia tbj jxmstmko D`riquj p`l`zzi. Xbms idfjct ms ` e`omc ipjk dix (pjrb`ps ^`khir`”s) tb`t rjpj`ts tbj
squ`rj (060 r`tmi) ia tbj ciurty`rh, wmtb ` smlbiujttj tb`t hjamkjs twi ljvjls6 ailliwmko tbj jxmstmko `xms, tbj liwjr ikj ms ` ciep`ct cjktr`l riie (:e
mk pl`k) wmtb aiur jktr`kcjs `kh tbj bmobjr ikj ms `k mkvjrtjh pyr`emh jxtjkhjh syeejtrmc`lly mk jvjry c`rhmk`l hmrjctmik (0>e mk pl`k).
 Xbj mkcl mk`tmik ia tbj b mobjr str `tue (064 r`tmi) a`c js tiw`rhs tbj pjrm ejtjr ia tbj ciurty `rh. Smkc j tbj e`tj rm`l ia tbj p`vm lmik ms pilmsbjh st`mkljss
stjjl, ditb tbj vjrtmc`l `kh tbj mkclmkjh pl`kjs djciej ` emrrir ia tbj stikj p`vjejkt, tbj cilikk`hjs `kh tbj cirrmhir djyikh.
Mk mts r`hmc`l smeplmcmty, tbj p`vmlmik turks mkti `k mee`tjrm`l
` l prjsjkcj wbmcb, `leist lmgj ` aljjtmko emr`oj, c`pturjs tbj hmscrjtj dj`uty ia tbj 3?>-
 yj`r-ilh p`l`zzi ik mt s al `t sur a`cjs. @t or iukh l jvjl, vmsmtir s jkc iuktjr `k uk prjcjhj ktjh vjrsmik ia tb j eikuej kt, `k h liig mko u p, tb jy sj j
tbjesjlvjs rjaljctjh ik `k meprjssmvj tmltjh cjmlmko. Zpik jktjrmko tbj cjktr`l riie, ` e`ssmvj stjjl ormh ar`ej, tbj wjmobt ia tbj bmstirmc `rcbmtjcturj
 v`kmsbjs tb`kgs ti `k u kmktjrrup tjh vmjw ia tbj jvjr-cb`k omko sgy.

^`vmlmik mk Eml`k
JCBI ^@L@VVI LMXX@, EML@K, MX@L] 4>02 4>0=

likomtuhmk`l / / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l

cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik sjctmik

Sjccmók cikstructmv`

smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k

^l`kt` hj smtu`cmók

p`djllók / / ^`vmlmik mktjrmir

Mktjrmir hjl p`djllók cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k
^l`kt` cikstructmv`

401 40?
 

^l`kt` hj smtu`cmók hjl cikfukti  / Smtj ivjr`ll pl`k

Jst` amkc` hj 0>> bjctàrj`s jstà udmc`h` `l pmj hj l` cirhmlljr` hj lis @khjs, jk l` irmll`
kirtj hjl råi Cbilouàk. L` or`k c`s`-jstuhmi y lis p`djllikjs `ð`hmhis cikaire`k l`
mkar`jstructur` kjcjs`rm` p`r` tr`ksaire`r jl disquj k`tmvi jk uk` rjsjrv` pritjomh`.
L`s pl`kt`cmikjs mkhustrm`ljs hj pmkis y juc`lmptis b`k `ejk`z`hi l` rmc` hmvjrsmh`h
hj l` rjomók. L`s kujv`s jstructur`s, jk su silmhjz emkjr`l, pujhjk sjr ljåh`s ciei
e`rcis y ciei pjhjst`ljs, ciei rjtr`tis mktrivjrtmhis i jxp`khmhis hj l` k`tur`ljz`.
Lis `ktmouis c`emkis rur`ljs, l` arikhis` vjojt`cmók y l`s mkaljxmikjs ojilóomc`s hj l`
pjkhmjktj hjl tjrrjki, b`cjk mepismdlj pjrcmdmr tihis lis luo`rjs ` l` vjz.

Cjktri Cultur`l jk ]uko`y

LZK@ CBMLJ 4>02 4>40-

 Xbms 0>> bjct`rj a`re m s l ic`tjh `t tbj aiit ia tbj @ khjs Eiukt`mks, ik tb j kir tb s mhj ia tb j
Cbilou`k Tmvjr. Xbj l`roj stuhmi-biusj `kh `hhmtmik`l p`vmlmiks `rj tbj kjcjss`ry mkar`structurj air
` tr`ksaire`tmik ia tbj k`tmvj airjst mkti ` pritjctjh rjsjrvj. Mkhustrm`l pmkj `kh juc`lyptus pl`k-
t`tmiks b`vj tbrj`tjkjh tbj rmcb dmihmvjrsmty ia tbj rjomik. Mk tbjmr emkjr`l sturhmkjss, tbj kjw struc-
turjs c`k dj mktjrprjtjh `s ditb ar`ejs `kh plmktbs, air mktrivjrtjh ir jxp`khjh pirtr`mts ia k`turj.
 Xbj `kcmjk t rur`l p`t bs, tbj lu sb vjojt`tm ik `kh tbj ojiliomc`l m kaljctmiks ia tbj bml l e`gj mt m epis-
smdlj ti pjrcjmvj `ll tbj pl`cjs `t ikcj.

Cultur`l Cjktrj mk ]uko`y

LZK@ CBMLJ 4>02 4>40-

C@S@ LZK@  / LZK@ BIZSJ

@xikieítrmc` sjccmik`h`  / Sjctmikjh `xikiejtrmc vmjw

LZK@ js uk jhmamcmi or`khj y pjqujði smtu`hi `l pmj hj l` cirhmlljr` hj li s @khjs. Hj bjcbi, js uk cikfukti hj hicj jhmamcmis hmajrjktjs sjp`r`his
jktrj så pir fukt`s såsemc`s vmsmdljs. Hjcmr quj jst` ciljccmók hj dliqujs hj biremoók js uk` c`s` sjrå` hje`sm`hi smeplj. Hjcmr quj js uk
eusji sjrå` hje`sm`hi buemlhj. @l e`rojk hj su c`ràctjr sjcul`r, jstj orupi hj jhmamcmis js eàs dmjk uk cl`ustri. Xmjkj uk pjraml sjvjri (uk`
vjz eàs), uk` bujll` cu`hr`h` hmvmhmh` pir uk` cruz `smeítrmc`, cik b`dmt`cmikjs jk jl p jråejtri y jk su köclji. Jst`s b`dmt`cmikjs sj hjsplmjo`k
birmzikt`lejktj jk tirki ` cu`tri p`tmis hmajrjktjs6 uki, `l`ro`hi, quj smouj jl tjrrjki k`tur`l fukti cik jl `e`kjcjr y jl `t`rhjcjr7 itri,
t`edmík `l`ro`hi, irmjkt`hi `l kirtj y tit`lejktj pl`ki, cik uk` cirrmjktj hj `ou` quj cikjct` lis his jxtrjeis trm`koul`rjs7 itri eàs, `-
hmrjccmik`l, cik uk f`rhåk hj alirjs cmrcul`r7 y uk öltmei quj trmplmc` su t`e`ði, cik uk jst`kquj y `loukis vmjfis àrdiljs.

LZK@ ms ` l`roj `kh se`ll dumlhmko `t tbj aiit ia tbj @khjs. Mk a`ct, mt ms `k `oorjo`tj ia twjlvj hmaajrjkt dumlhmkos sjp`r`tjh arie j`cb itbjr dy vmsmdlj sjmsemc
 fimkts. S`ymko tb`t tb ms cillj ctmik ia cikcrjtj dlicgs ms ` biusj wi ulh dj tii smepl j. S`ymk o tb`t mt ms ` eusjue wiulh dj tii bued lj. Hjsp mtj mts sjcul`r
cb`r`ctjr, tbms oriup ia dumlhmkos rjsjedljs ` climstjr. Mt b`s ` sjvjrj iutlmkj (ikcj `o`mk), ` squ`rj aiitprmkt hmvmhjh dy `k `syeejtrmc`l criss, wmtb riies
`riukh tbj pjrmejtjr `kh mk mts cirj. Xbjsj riies aire ` birmzikt`l jxtjksmik `riukh aiur hmstmkct ciurty`rhs7 `k jliko`tjh ikj tb`t ailliws tbj k`tur`l tjrr`mk,
tbj sukrmsj `kh tbj suksjt7 `kitbjr liko, tit`lly al`t ikj a`cmko kirtb wmtb ` strj`e tb`t cikkjcts twi trm`koul`r jkhs6 ` kik-hmrjctmik`l ikj amlljh wmtb ` cmrcul`r
aliwjr o`rhjk `kh ikj eirj tbrmcj mts smzj tb`t bilhs ` pikh `kh siej ilh trjjs.

44> 440
 

A`cb`h` Kirtj  / Kirtb a`ï`hj

Jl kiedrj hj jst` mktrmkc`h` jstructur` vmjkj Sj jst`dljcj `så uk` tjkuj låkj` hj hmvmsmók
h`hi pir jl t`e`ði hj jstj p`tmi eàs or`khj, aukcmik`l6 c`sm ki b`y ciktr`stj jktrj l`s b`dm-
quj jqumv`lj `l hj uk` pl`z` hj tiris (ll`e`h` t`cmikjs p`r` vmvmr y `quíll`s p`r` tr`d`f`r (p`r`
'ejhm`luk`' jk l` tr`hmcmók rur`l cbmljk`). L` c`lm- pmkt`r i p`r` pr`ctmc`r l` f`rhmkjrå`). Jk `loukis
h`h jsp`cm`l hj c`h` b`dmt`cmók, t`kti mktjrmir rmkcikjs b`y e`tmcjs hj mktmemh`h7 jk itris,
ciei jxtjrmir, jstà e`rc`h` pir smkoul`rjs `djr- jl pjsi, jl v`cåi y l` ip`cmh`h sj vujlvjk, jk
tur`s jk eöltmpljs hmrjccmikjs. cmjrti eihi, eikuejkt`ljs.
Jl aire`ti hjspljo`hi hjl smstje` b`cj jvm-
hjktj l` pl`kmtuh birmzikt`l hj l` cudmjrt`, `uk-
 Xbj k`ej ia tbms mktrmc`tj structu rj ms omvjk dy tbj smzj
quj cik uk` tr`ksmcmók c`sm mepjrcjptmdlj
ia tbj l`roj ciurty`rh, jqumv`ljkt ti tb`t ia ` dullrmko
hjshj uk` b`st` his pl`kt`s.
(gkiwk `s `  ejhm`luk`  mk rur`l Cbmlj). Xbj sp`tm`l qu`lmty
L` prjsjkcm` hjl jhmamcmi ` eihi hj airt`ljz`
ia j`cb riie, ditb mktjrmir `kh jxtjrmir, ms pukctu`tjh
‘` pjs`r hj l` jx`ojr`h` a`lt` hj orisir hj
dy smkoul`r ipjkmkos mk eultmplj hmrjctmiks.
sus euris hj biremoók‘ qujh` hmvmhmh` pir
jstr`tis birmzikt`ljs hj cirkms`s rjoul`rjs.
Jk ipismcmók ` jst`s supjramcmjs ruois`s lis
euris hjl p`tmi jstàk cirik`his pir `uh`cjs
`ljris6 `loukis hj jllis, rjhikhj`his7 `loukis
hj jllis, rjctis.

 Xbus jst`dlmsbmko ` a`mkt aukctmik`l hmvmsmik lmkj 6 tbjrj

ms `leist ki ciktr`st djtwjjk tbj riies air lmvmko
`kh tbisj air wirgmko (arie p`mktmko ti o`rhjkmko).
Mk siej cirkjrs tbjrj `rj `ccjkts ia mktme`cy wbmlj
mk itbjrs, wjmobt, jeptmkjss `kh ip`cmty djciej
siejwb`t eikuejkt`l. Xbj jxtjkhjh aire`t ia tbj
systje e`gjs tbj birmzikt`l al`tkjss ia tbj riia
jvmhjkt, `ldjmt wmtb `k `leist mepjrcjptmdlj tr`ksmtmik
^l`kt` d`f` / Oriukh aliir pl`k ^l`kt` supjrmir / Zppjr aliir pl`k
arie ikj ti twi aliirs.
 Xbj airtr jss-lmgj prjsjkcj ia tbj du mlhmko, h jspmtj
tbj jx`oojr`tjh l`cg ia tbmcgkjss ia mts cikcrjtj
 w`lls, ms h mvmhjh d y birmzikt `l str`t` ia rjoul`r cir-
kmcjs. Mk ippismtmik ti tbjsj riuob sura`cjs, tbj

p`tmi w`lls `rj criwkjh dy dilh j`vjs, siej ia

Hm`or`e` hj sjccmikjs  / Sjctmik hm`or`e Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l H-H” / Criss sjctmik H-H tbje riukhjh, siej ia tbje str`mobt. Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l D-D” / Criss sjctmik D-D”

444 443

Jsqumk` Kirijstj / Kirtb-wjst cirkjr

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l O-O” / / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik O -O”

C@S@ ^TMKCM^@L  / E@MK BIZSJ Jktr`h` Kirijstj ` l` c`s`  / Kirtb-wjst jktr`kcj

448
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l pir c`s` prmkcmp`l  / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik tbri uob e`mk biusj

^l`kt`cikstructmv`.Àrj`Kirijstj.C`s` prmkcmp`l / / Cikstructmik pl`k. Kirtb-wjst `rj`. E`mk biusj ↔ S`l` hj jst`r  / Lmvmko riie

441

↞ S`l` ciejhir-cicmk` / Hmkmko riie-gmtcbjk ←↓  Hiremtir mis jk lis `ltmllis / Liat djhriies

442 44 =
 

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l @-@” / Criss sjctmik @-@”

↞ ^`tmi Sur jktrj c`s` prmkcmp`l y s`l` hj jxpismcmikjs  / Siutbjrk ciurty`rh d jtwjjk e`mk biusj ` kh jxbmdmtmik sp`cj

430

^@XMI IJSXJ  / _JSXJTK CIZTX]@TH ← ^`tmi `hmrjccmik`l, cik f`rhåk hj alirjs cmrcul`r  / @ kik-hmrjctmik`l ciur ty`rh wmtb cmrcul`r aliwjr o`rhjk ^`tmi pl`ki `l`ro`hi cik cirrmjktj hj `ou` y cjk`hir `l `mrj lmdrj  / @ liko al`t ciurty`rh wmtb ` w`tjr strj`e `kh ipjk `mr hmkmko sp`cj

434 433
 

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l C-C” / Criss sjctmik C-C”

Dmdlmitjc`  / Lmdr`ry D`ðjr` `l `mrj lmdrj  / Ipjk `mr d`tbtud ↔  Bio`r / Amrjpl`cj

^`tmi hj `ccjsi ` l` dmdlmitjc` / @ccjss ciurty`rh ti lmdr`ry

438
43:

^@XMI KITJSXJ @L@TO@HI  / JLIKO@XJH KITXB-J@SXJTK CIZTX]@TH

Sjccmók
Sj ccmók likomtuhmk`l M-M” /
likomtuhmk`l M-M” / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmikM-M”

↓↔ Jsp`cmis jxpismtmvis `l jxtjrmir  / Ipjk `mr jxbmdmtmik sp`cjs

431 43?
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l B-B” / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik B-B”

^`djllók 0 hj mkvmt`his6 ← S`l` hj jst`r,ciejhir y cicmk`.↓ Hiremtirmi  / Oujst p`vmlmik 06 ← Lmvmko `kh hmkmko riie `kh gmtcbjk. ↓ Djhriie

432 43=

^`tmi hj jktr`h` `l ^`djllók 4 hj mkvmt`his  / Jktr`kcj ciurty`rh ti Oujst p `vmllmik 4

← Qjståduli hj jktr`h` y `sji  / Jktr`kcj b`ll `kh w`sbd`smk ↓ S`l`-cicmk` y hiremtirmi  / Lmvmko-gmtcbjk `kh djhri ie

^l`kt` cikstructmv`.Àrj` Kirjstj. O`ljrå` `l `mrj lmdrj y ^`djllók 4 hj mkvmt`his / Cikstructmik pl`k. Kirtb-j`st `rj`. Ipjk-`mr o`lljry `kh Oujst p`vmlmik 4

48> 480
 

^@XMI SZTJSXJ 'EJHM@LZK@'  / 'EJHM@LZK@' SIZXB-J@SXJTK C IZTX]@TH

484 483

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l A-A” / Criss sjctmik A-A”

^`tmi hj jktr`h` `l ^`djllók 3 hj mkvmt`his  / Jktr`kcj ciurty`rh ti Oujst p`vmllmik 3

S`l`-ciejhir, cicmk` y hiremtirmi  / Lmvmko-hmkmko riie, gmtcbjk `kh djhriie

488 48:
 

^`tmi hj jktr`h` `l ^`djllók 8 hj mkvmt`his  / Jktr`kcj ciurty`rh ti Oujst p`vmllmik 8

S`l`-ciejhir y cicmk`  / Lmvmko-hmkmko riie `kh gmtcbjk

^l`kt` cikstructmv`.Àrj` Surjstj.X`lljrjs y ^`djllók 8 hj mkvmt`his / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k.Siutb-j`st `rj`._irgsbips `kh Oujst p`vmlmik 8

481 48?

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l L-L” / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik L-L”

X`lljrjs jktrj p`tmis  / _irgsbips `eikost ciurty`rhs

482 48=
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l pir jstuhmi  / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmiktbriuob stuhmi

↓ S`l`s hj jstuhmi / Stuhmi riies ^`tmi hj jktr`h` `l jstuhmi  / Jktr`kcj ciurty`rh ti stuhmi

^l`kt` cikstructmv`.Àrj` Surijstj.Jstuhmi y t`lljr hj pmktur` / Cikstructmik pl`k.Siutb-wjst `rj`.Stuhmi `kh p`mktmko wirgsbip

4:8 4::

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l G-G” / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik G-G”

X`lljr hj pmktur`  / ^`mktmko wirgsbip

4:?
 

^MKXZT@S  / ^@MKXMKOS

Sjrmj ‒Aire`t”(sjljccmók
ó k jktrj ?4= p`rtjs).@cu`rjl` sidrj p`pjl / _`tjrcilir ik p`pjr, 40 x 42 ce.4>01

Sjrmj ‒Mktjrmir”(k¶ >4,>3,>1, >2,>=,00, 03,4>,01, 08,32,8:). Ólji sidrj tjl` / Iml ik c`kv`s, 1> x 1> ce.4>04-4>0: Sjrmj ‒Jxtjrmir”(k¶ >0,>4,>3, >2,02,4>). Ólji sidrj tjl` / Iml ik c`kv`s, 02> x 48>ce.4>01

4:2 4:=

Sjrmj ‒Luejk”(k¶ >0,>8).Ólji sidrj tjl`  / Iml ik c`kv`s, 02> x 48> ce.4>02

Sjrmj ‒Mkaire`l”(k¶
‒Mkaire`l”(k¶ >0 - >8). @crålmci sidrj p`pjl / @crylmc ik p`pjr, 3> x 3> ce.4>0= Sjrmj ‒@rj`”(k¶ >0-04).Ólji sidrj tjl`  / Iml ik c`kv`s, 8: x 1> ce.4>02

41> 410

^@DJLLÓK L@E@ / L@E@ ^@QMLMIK
Jst` sucjsmók vjrtmc`l hj s`l`s hjl p`djllók L@E@ auj cikstrumh`
p`r` emr`r ` l` Cirhmlljr` hj lis @khjs, jscikhmh` hjtràs hj vmjfis
àrdiljs k`tmvis. Su aire`ti js jl hj uk` jsdjlt` tirrj, aire`h` su
vjz pir itr`s his tirrjs6 l` mkajrmir, tmjkj uk `ljri quj huplmc` su
cudmjrt`7 l` supjrmir, tmjkj uk` or`k tjrr`z` quj huplmc` su pl`kt`.
L` lis` birmzikt`l quj sj b`y` jk l` emt`h hj l` `ltur` tit`l ‘uk
hjlo`hi pl`ki jk vil`hmzi quj sj jxtmjkhj b`cm` lis cu`tri puktis
c`rhmk`ljs‘ tmjkj uk` hmaåcml aukcmók6 ciktjkjr uk jst`kquj pici
priaukhi hj `ou` hj lluvm`.
L` lis` sj cikvmjrtj jk uk jspjfi quj rjaljf` jl tr`ei supjrmir hj
l` tirrj, jl cmjli y lis àrdiljs hj `lrjhjhir7 pjri t`edmík sj cikvmjrtj
jk uk crmst`l amctmcmi quj suomjrj l` prjsjkcm` hj l` tirrj mkajrmir. ]
eàs hmaåcml `ök6 ` eihi hj kudj pjre`kjktj, l` lis` priyjct` uk`
siedr` hjks` y ciep`ct` sidrj l` tirrj m kajrmir, j mkclusi, jk ic`-
smikjs, l` lluvm` c`j pir tihi jl pjråejtri tr`s jl hjsdirh`emjkti
hjl pjqujði jst`kquj.
 Xbms vjrt mc`l succj ssmik ia riies w`s dum lt ti liig tiw`rhs tbj @khjs,
bmhhjk djbmkh ilh k`tmvj trjjs. Xbj aire`t ms ` sljkhjr tiwjr ciepisjh ia
twi tiwjrs b`la mts bjmobt. Xbj liwjr ikj b`s `k j`vj tb`t huplmc`tjs mts
riia `kh tbj uppjr ikj b`s ` l`roj tjrr`cj tb`t huplmc`tjs mts aliir.
 Xbj birmzikt`l pl`tj tb`t smts b`law`y up tbj t it`l bjmobt, ` tbmk pl`kj c`k-
tmljvjrjh mk jvjry c`rhmk`l hmrjctmik, b`s ` hmaamcult aukctmik6 mt bilhs ` sb`lliw
pikh ia r`mkw`tjr, `kh tbus cikvjrts tbj sl`d mkti ditb ` emrrir tb`t rjaljcts
tbj uppjr sjctmik ia tbj tiwjr, tbj sgy `kh tbj surriukhmko trjjs, `kh `lsi
mkti ` amctmik`l ol`ss tb`t mksmku`tjs tbj prjsjkcj ia tbj liwjr tiwjr. Jvjk
eirj hmaamcult, tbj pl`tj c`sts ` hjjp, silmh sb`hiw mk tbj e`kkjr ia ` pjr-
e`kjkt cliuh ivjr tbj liwjr tiwjr, jvjktu`lly wmtb r`mk a`llmko `ll `riukh `s
mt spmlls ivjr arie tbj lmttlj pikh.
414
Sjccmók cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik sjctmik
^l`kt` supjrmir cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik uppjr aliir pl`k
^l`kt` d`f` cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik oriukhaliir pl`k
^@DJLLÓK TIS@ / TIS@ ^@QMLMIK
Hjktri hj sus buemlhjs hmejksmikjs, jstj rjauomi icup` l` ökmc`
mkaljxmók ojioràamc` jk jl cursi hj uk `drupti råi hj eikt`ð`. Sil`
jk l` cme` hj uk` pjqujð` cilmk`, sj y jrouj uk` pl`t`aire` cik uk`
jsdjlt` ciluek` jk jl cjktri y `pjk`s sjp`r`h` hjl tjrrjki ejhm`ktj
cu`tri orujsis pml`rjs cilic`his jk jl pukti ejhmi hj c`h` uki hj
lis l`his. L` tjksmók rit`cmik`l hj jst` jstructur` hj biremoók ‘ki
sóli or`vmt`cmik`l, smki t`edmík såsemc`‘ jstà ciktril`h` pir uk`s
vmo`s cruz`h`s y hm`oik`ljs mkcrust`h`s jk l` lis`.
D`fi jst` pl`t`aire` ip`c` sj hmspikj uk` s`l` cieprmemh` cik
uk` cbmejkj` jstructur`l jk su köclji. Ciktmku`khi lis pml`rjs,
his hj l`s jsqumk`s tmjkjk p`kjljs hj vmhrmi amfis, y l`s itr`s his,
p`kjljs hjslmz`ktjs quj l`s pujhjk cikvjrtmr jk d`lcikjs `dmjrtis.
H`hi quj jl mktjrmir ki tmjkj mktjrmirmh`h, b`y uk` pjqujð` s`l` hj
sjrvmcmi d`fi l` jsc`ljr` quj cikhucj ` l` `zitj`. ^`r` quj jst`
c`d`ð` sj` uk` c`s`, uk` cicmk` y uk d`ði sj jscikhjk jk jl dis-
quj quj b`y `lrjhjhir. L` jxpjrmjkcm` hj jstj luo`r jstà lmo`h` `
su k`tur`ljz` hidlj7 ciei uk` cujv` i uk` kudj, tmjkj quj vjr cik Sjccmók  / Sjctmik
l` pismcmók hj kujstris cujrpis hjktri hjl sujli birmzikt`l bjcbi
pir jl biedrj (y bjcbi ` e`ki). Jl jsaujrzi hj sudmr l` cilmk`, `l
ejkis p`r` uk jxcursmikmst` jxtr`kfjri, smjeprj sj ciepjks` cik
uk` p`r`h` åktme` fukti `l aujoi.
supjrmir  / Zppjr aliir pl`k
^l`kt` supjrmir /
Mk mts buedlj hmejksmiks, tbms sbjltjr iccupmjs tbj ikly ojior`pbmc`l hmkt mk
tbj ciursj ia ` stjjp eiukt`mk rmvjr. @ pl`taire wmtb ` sljkhjr ciluek `t mts
cjktjr st`khs `likj `t tbj tip ia ` se`ll bmll. Xbj pl`taire ms d`rjly sjp`r`tjh
arie tbj oriukh dy aiur tbmcg cilueks `t tbj cjktrjpimkt ia jvjry smhj. Xbj
rit`tmik`l strjss ia tbms cikcrjtj structurj, kit ikly or`vmt`tmik`l dut `lsi sjmsemc,
ms ciktrilljh dy crissjh `kh hm`oik`l dj`es jedjhhjh mkti tbj sl`d.
 Xbjrj m s ` ciep rjssjh riie ukhjr tbms ip` quj pl`t aire wmtb ` struct ur`l
cbmekjy `t mts cirj. Ailliwmko tbj cilueks, twi cirkjrs b`v j amxjh ol`ss p`kjls
`kh tbj itbjr twi b`vj slmhmko p`kjls tb`t c`k dj ljat `s ipjk d`lcikmjs. Smkcj
tbj mktjrmir b`s ki mktjrmirmty, tbjrj ms ` tmky sjrvmcj riie ukhjr tbj st`mrc`sj
tb`t lj`hs ti tbj riia tjrr`cj. Air tbms but ti dj ` biusj, ` gmtcbjk `kh `
d`tbriie `rj bmhhjk mk tbj surriukhmko airjst. Xbj jxpjrmjkcj ia tbms pl`cj ms
diukh ti mts hiudlj k`turj7 lmgj ` c`vj ir ` cliuh, mt ms rjl`tmvj ti tbj pismtmik
ia iur dihmjs wmtbmk tbj e`k-e`hj (`kh b`khe`hj) birmzikt`l oriukh.
 Xbj jaairt ia clmedmko up tbj bmll, `t lj`st air ` airjmok smobtsjjr, ms `lw`ys cie-
pjks`tjh dy `k mktme`tj rjst dy tbj amrj. 
amrj.   ^l`kt` d`f` / Oriukh aliir pl`k
413
 

Íst` js uk` amkc` hj ::> bjctàrj`s smtu`h` jk l`s

eikt`ð`s hj Cilir`hi, jk jl cikh`hi hj ^mtgmk.
L` pripmjh`h ciktmjkj jk su e`yir p`rtj disquj
pritjomhi y tmjrr`s hj cultmvi, cik uk àrj` hj icu-
p`cmók d`st`ktj ciep`ct`. L`s kujv`s jstructur`s
sj b`k cikstrumhi ` li l`roi hj lis sjms öltmeis
`ðis, ciei rjsult`hi hj l`s kjcjsmh`hjs jspjcå-
amc`s quj b`k mhi suromjkhi jk jl luo`r y oum`h`s
pir uk pl`k ojkjr`l. Jk su jxplåcmt` mkhmvmhu`lmh`h,
c`h` pmjz` cikamre` y ciktr`hmcj jl c`ràctjr aire`l
 y jsp`cm`l hj l` `ktjrmi r. Ciei jk uk` s `o` hj amc-
cmók, l` ip`cmh`h hj c`h` idfjti, `tjepjr`h` pir
jl clme` sjvjri y jl ciktr`stj hj l`s jst`cmikjs,
pjre`kjcjrà ciei uk` jspjcmj hj rjemkmscjkcm`
pjrpjtu` quj sj tr`ksemtj hj uk luo`r ` itri.

← C`s` Dj`r / Dj`r biusj ←  ^`djllók E`hs  / E`hs p`vmllmik

← C`s` ^mgj / ^mgj biusj ←  ^`djllók Cliv  / Cliv p`vmllmik

Mktjrvjkcmikjs  / Mktjrvjktmiks

 Xbms ms ` ::> bjct`rjs a`re mk tbj Cilir`hi Eiukt`mks,

`t ^mtgmk Ciukty. Xbj pripjrty ms eistly pritjctjh air-
jst `kh a`rel`kh, wmtb ` r`tbjr ciep`ct iccup`tmik
`rj`. Xbj kjw structurjs b`vj djjk hjvjlipjh air
tbj l`st smx yj`rs, oriwmko arie spjcmamc cikcjrks
r`tbjr tb`k oumhjh dy `k ivjr`ll e`stjr pl`k. Mk mts
jxplmcmt mkhmvmhu`lmty, jvjry pmjcj cikamres `kh cik-
tr`hmcts tbj aire`l `kh sp`tm`l cb`r`ctjr ia tbj prjvmius
DJ@T
ikj. @s ma mk ` amctmik`l s`o`, tbj ip`cmty ia jvjry
C`s` y ^`djllikjs jk @spjk
idfjct, tjepjrjh dy tbj sjvjrj wj`tbjr `kh cik-
 
Biusj `kh ^`vmlmiks mk @spjk tr`stjh sj`siks, wmll rje`mk `s ` gmkh ia pjrpjtu`l
CILIT@HI, ZS@ 4>02- rjemkmscjkcj arie ikj pl`cj ti `kitbjr. ← ^`djllók Eilj / Eilj p`vmllmik ←  C`s` Xj`r / Xj`r Biusj

411 41?

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l / Criss sjctmik

Jk kujstr` ipmkmók, l` sjks`cmók hj euhjz, hj buemlhj kjutr`lmh`h, smjeprj sj cikvmjrtj jk uk tjlók hj aikhi, vàlmhi t`kti p`r` l` vmh`
hieístmc` ciei p`r` l` smlvjstrj. Cik uk` a`emlm`rmh`h jtjrk`, jst` c`s` js hjuhir` hj su h`tue  birmzikt`l, hj uk` låkj` `rtmamcm`l quj
prjtjkhj rjs`lt`r l` su`vj pjkhmjktj hjl tjrrjki y sudr`y`r l` jspjct`cul`r crjst` eikt`ðis` quj rihj` uk` or`k or`kf`. L` jxtjksmók
hjl jhmamcmi sj pujhj ljjr ciei uk` aire` hj `dstr`ccmók, ciei uk` hje`rc`cmók hj uk tjrrmtirmi, hjdmhi ` l` smeplj cikstruccmók jk
cu`tri jsqumk`s, c`h` uk` hj l`s cu`ljs jke`rc` uk cu`hr`ktj hmstmktmvi hjl p`ms`fj p`kiràemci.
Eàs `llà hj l`s `sicm`cmikjs smedólmc`s
m c`s quj sj pihrå`k jkciktr`r jk jst` pl`kt` jk aire` hj cruz, kis mktjrjs` jl eihi jk quj lis euris pjr-
pjkhmcul`rjs aire`k uk` mkaljxmók, uk` rjtmr`h` hjl c`epi `dmjrti, quj sj vj mkcrjejkt`h` cik l` prixmemh`h `l cjktri. Jk jstj emsei cjktri,
`ukquj lmojr`ejktj jxcíktrmci hjl jfj tr`ksvjrs`l, b`y uk v`cåi.
Jstj cmlmkhri `usjktj, quj rihj` uk` ric` jxmstjktj, aukcmik` ciei uk` rjprihuccmók vmsu`l7 js ` l` vjz sustr`ccmók y priyjccmók b`cm` lis
pr`his `oråcil`s. L` hmstrmducmók mktjrmir hjl prior`e` qujh` eilhj`h` pir hjlmdjr`his jkcujktris arikt`ljs. B`y p`rjhjs rit`h`s y cókc`v`s
quj hmstirsmik`k l` sjks`cmók hj priaukhmh`h y pjrspjctmv`. H`hi quj l` hmst`kcm` jktrj l` cudmjrt` y jl sujli mktjrmir v`rå` sjoök l` tipior`aå`
k`tur`l, jst`s mrrjoul`rmh`hjs pjremtjk jst`dljcjr uk` sjp`r`cmók jktrj uk` pl`kt` `dmjrt` ciktmku` ‘d`fi uk orujsi tjcbi hj e`hjr`‘ y itr`s
jst`kcm`s eàs åktme`s smtu`h`s jk lis jxtrjeis hj l`s `l`s mkajrmirjs.
L` `eplm`cmók birmzikt`l hj l`s cu`tri jsqumk`s qujh` jkoris`h` pir uk` siedr` sólmh` priyjct`h` pir uk `ljri curvi ‘hmvmhmhi hj e`kjr`
sjkcmll` jk jsdjltis `lz`his‘ quj pujhj hmvms`rsj hjshj ljfis.

 Xbj w`y wj rj`h mt, tbj sjks j ia eutjkjss, ia buedlj k jutr`lmty, `lw`ys djciej s ` v`lmh d`cghrip air ditb hiejs tmc `kh wmlh lmaj. _mtb `k `oj ljss a`emlm`rmty, tbms
biusj ms rjl`tmvj ti mts birmzikt`l h`tue, `k `rtmamcm`l lmkj tb`t `mes ti bmoblmobt tbj ojktlj slipj ia tbj oriukh `kh ukhjrlmkj tbj hr`e`tmc eiukt`mk rmhoj surriukhmko
` l`roj a`re. Xbj jxtjkhjh aire`t ia tbj dumlhmko c`k dj rj`h `s ` gmkh ia `dstr`ctmik, ` hje`rc`tmik ia ` hie`mk, smeply tbriuob tbj cikstructmik ia aiur cirkjrs,
j`cb ikj ar`emko ` qu`hr`kt ia tbj p`kir`emc l`khsc`pj. Djyikh `ky syedilmc `ssicm`tmiks ikj emobt amkh mk tbj criss-sb`pjh pl`k, wj `rj mktjrjstjh mk biw
tbj pjrpjkhmcul`r w`lls aire `k mkaljctmik, ` wmtbhr`w`l arie tbj ipjk amjlh, wbmcb mkcrj`sjs wmtb prixmemty ti tbj cjktrj. @t tb`t vjry cjktrj, slmobtly jccjktrmc arie
tbj crissmko `xms, tbjrj ms ` vimh.
 Xbms `dsjkt cylmkhjr `riukh ` prj-jxmstm ko diulhjr `cts `s ` vmsu`l rjkh mtmik. Mt ms dit b sudtr`ctmik ` kh prifjctmik ti w`rhs tbj a`re ej`hiws.
 Xbj mktj rmir hmstrmd utmik ia tbj prior`e ms eiulhjh dy hjlmd jr`tj arikt` l jkciukt jrs. Xbjrj `rj rit`tjh `kh cikc`v j w`lls tb`t hms tirt tbj sjksj ia hjptb `k h
pjrspjctmvj. Smkcj tbj hmst`kcj djtwjjk riia `kh mktjrmir aliir v`rmjs wmtb tbj k`tur`l tipior`pby, tbjsj mrrjoul`rmtmjs `lliw air ` sjp`r`tmik djtwjjk ` ciktmkuius
ipjk pl`k ukhjr ` tbmcg wiihjk cjmlmko `kh eirj mktme`tj riies `t tbj jxtrjejs ia tbj liwjr wmkos. Xbj birmzikt`l jxtjksmik ia tbj aiur cirkjrs ms tbmcgjkjh dy
` silmh sb`hiw, ojkjr`tjh dy ` curvjh j`vj smeply slmcjh mkti sljkhjr jljv`tmiks wbmcb c`k dj sjjk arie `a`r.

C@S@ DJ@T / DJ@T BIZSJ ^l`kt` cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k

412 41=
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

L` prjsjkcm` jxtjrk` hj jstis jhmamcmis js lmtjr`lejktj jl rjvjrsi hj su aire` jsp`cm`l. H`h` su `edmoüjh`h aukcmik`l ‘eitmv`h` pir l` kjcjsmh`h
hj hmspikjr hj suamcmjktj aljxmdmlmh`h p`r` `ciojr hmvjrs`s ipjr`cmikjs `oråcil`s, hjshj jl `le`cjk`emjkti b`st` jl jst`cmik`emjkti, hjshj jl
rjauomi hj `kme`ljs b`st` jl t`lljr‘, l`s trjs s`l`s tmjkjk uk` pl`kt` rjct`koul`r tr`hmcmik`l y sj hmspikjk aire`khi uk` L quj cikamour` uk
cu`hr`hi ejhmi `dmjrti.
L` prmkcmp`l hmstmkcmók jktrj l`s s`l`s rjsmhj jk su t`e`ði7 b`y uk jsp`cmi pjqujði, uki ejhm`ki y uki or`khj. ^`r` iptmemz`r l` cikstruccmók
ciei smstje` rjpjtmtmvi, tih`s l`s s`l`s tmjkjk l` emse` `ltur` y l` emse` sjccmók, pjri c`h` uk` tmjkj uk` irmjkt`cmók hmajrjktj.
L` eàs or`khj jstà irmjkt`h` hj kirtj ` sur, hj e`kjr` quj prjsjrv` l` prmv`cmh`h hj l` c`s` cik rjspjcti ` l` c`rrjtjr` y l`s c`s`s vjcmk`s
smtu`h`s jk jl jxtrjei mkajrmir hj l` pripmjh`h. L` ejhm`k` sj mktjor` cik uk cirr`l `hy`cjktj, hj `bå su hidlj `ccjsi p`r` `kme`ljs. L` pjqujð`,
cik uk viluejk jqumv`ljktj `l hj uk `ktmoui cidjrtmzi hj e`hjr` jxmstjktj, icup` jl jxtrjei hj l` pl`kt` jk L, cikvmrtmíkhisj jk uk` b`dmt`cmók
hj jsqumk` quj ciktril` l` lljo`h` ` l` c`rrjtjr` cmrcul`r quj cikhucj ` l`s itr`s jhmamc`cmikjs hj l` or`kf`.
Jst` hjamkmcmók prjcms` hj vilöejkjs smepljs quj aire`k uk` a`cb`h` eàs or`khj, quj hj `louk` e`kjr` jvic` lis `sjkt`emjktis vjrkàculis ^l`kt` cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k
‘`l ejkis js`s jscjkior`aå`s pl`k`s quj vjå`eis jk l`s pjlåcul`s hjl Ijstj‘, prjtjkhj tr`ksemtmr uk` sjks`cmók hmaus` hj jsc`l` y `dstr`ccmók
quj jxcjh` l` ejr` aukcmik`lmh`h hj uk silmt`rmi or`kjri.

 Xbj jxtjrk `l prjsjkcj ia t bjsj dumlhm kos ms tbj lmt jr`l rjvjrs`l ia tbjmr sp`tm`l aire. Omvjk tbjmr au kctmik`l `edm oumty ‘`mejh `t p rivmhmko tbj a ljxmdmlmt y rjqumrjh dy
e`ky a`remko ipjr`tmiks, arie stir`oj ti p`rgmko, arie `kme`l sbjltjr ti ` wirgsbip‘ tbj tbrjj riies b`vj ` tr`hmtmik`l rjct`koul`r L-sb`pjh aliir pl`k wbmcb
cikamourjs ` b`la ipjk squ`rj.
 Xbj e`mk hmstmkct mik djtwjj k tbj riies rjsmhj s mk t bjmr smzj 6 tbjrj `rj se`ll, ejhmue `kh l`roj sp`c js. Mk irhjr ti ip tmemzj tb j cikstru ctmik `s ` rjpjtm tmvj
systje, `ll tbj riies b`vj tbj s`ej bjmobt `kh tbj s`ej sjctmik, dut j`cb ikj b`s ` hmaajrjkt c`rhmk`l irmjkt`tmik.
 Xbj l`roj ikj m s irmjktjh Ki rtb-Siutb ti j ksurj tbj p rmv`cy ia tb j biusj arie tb j ri`h `kh kjmob diurmko biusj s `t tbj liwjr jkh ia tbj prip jrty. Xbj ejhmue
ikj ms mktjor`tjh wmtb `k `hf`cjkt cirr`l, bjkcj mts hiudlj jktr`kcj air `kme`ls. Xbj se`ll ikj, jqumv`ljkt mk viluej ti `k ilh jxt`kt tmedjr sbjh, iccupmjs tbj
jxtrjej ia tbj L pl`k, djciemko ` cirkjr riie tb`t ciktrils `rrmv`ls ti tbj cmrcul`r ri`h lj`hmko ti itbjr dumlhmkos ik tbj a`re. Xbms prjcmsj hjamkmtmik ia smeplj
 viluejs airemko ` l`rojr a`ï `hj, siejb iw jvigmk o vjrk`c ul`r sjt tljejkts ‘ir `t l j`st tb j a`emlm`r al`t sc jkjs mk _jstjrk eivmjs‘, m s ej`kt ti cikv jy `
hmaausj sjksj ia sc`lj `kh `dstr`ctmik tb`t jxcjjhs tbj ejrj aukctmik`lmty ia ` likjly d`rk.

^@DJLLÓK E@HS / E@HS ^@QMLLMIK

4?> 4?0

Jk su prjsjkcm` eikilåtmc`, l` pmjz` ciktmjkj uk` ökmc` jst`kcm`, `pj-

k`s hmvmhmh` jk cu`tri hjpjkhjkcm`s pir l`s mkaljxmikjs hj lis euris
cikvjxis, lis cu`tri lucjrk`rmis cmrcul`rjs y l`s his vmo`s tr`ksvjrs`ljs
`lmojr`h`s pir uk pml`r cjktr`l. Omr`khi jk tirki ` jst` amour` cjktr`l,
l` irmjkt`cmók sj pjrhjrà jk jl tmjepi. Kis oust` pjks`r jk jst` mhj`
cu`khi tr`d`f`eis cik cis`s quj irdmt`k sidrj uk jfj me`omk`rmi. ],
smk jed`roi, "tihi jl tmjepi js mrrjcupjr`dlj7 li quj puhi b`djr smhi
js uk` `dstr`ccmók7 pjre`kjcj ciei uk` pismdmlmh`h pjrpjtu`7 sóli
jk uk eukhi hj jspjcul`cmikjs", ciei hmrå` uk pijt`.

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l / Criss sjctmik
Mk mts eikilmtbmc prjsjkcj, tbj pmjcj cikt`mks ` smkolj riie, d`rjly sjp`r`tjh
mkti aiur qu`rtjrs dy tbj mkaljctmiks ia tbj cikvjx w`lls, aiur cmrcul`r sgylmobts
`kh twi criss dj`es lmobtjkjh dy ` cjktr`l ciluek. Tit`tmko `riukh tbms cjktr`l
amourj, irmjkt`tmik wmll dj list mk tmej. _j lmgj ti tbmkg `diut tbms mhj` wbjk wj
 wirg ik tbmkos tb`t irdmt `riuk h `k me`omk`ry `xms. @kh yjt, `s ` pijt emobt
s`y, "`ll tmej ms mrrjhjje`dlj7 wb`t emobt b`vj djjk ms `k `dstr`ctmik7 rje`mkmko
` pjrpjtu`l pissmdmlmty7 `likj mk ` wirlh ia spjcul`tmik".

^l`kt` d`f` cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik oriukh aliir pl`k

 @ p`rtmr hj kujs tr`s eucb`s v msmt`s `l luo` r, bjeis rj` lmz`hi v`rm` s pmktur`s hj l p`ms`fj quj aire`k uk c`epi c iktmkui ciepuj sti pir eucb`s
amour`s iroàkmc`s, pir `hy`cjkcm`s hj e`tjrm` vjojt`l y emkjr`l, cudmjrt`s hj eusoi k`r`kf`, ris` y kjori. Jk jl e`rci hj jstj hjlmc`hi tjlók
hj aikhi, crjjeis quj uk` cikstruccmók bjcb` pir jl biedrj sóli pujhj hjf`rsj ciei uk jljejkti eàs hj jsj `edmjktj ciktmkui. Jstj
jhmamcmi pilmv`ljktj
pilmv`ljktj ip`ci, eàs `llà hj cu`lqumjr ejtàair`, jqumv`lj ` uk` ric`, uk àrdil, uk` kudj i uk jst`kquj, y sj cikamour` ciei l` sue`
hj cu`tri amour`s cmrcul`rjs supjrpujst`s jk pl`kt`. L`s p`rjhjs cókc`v`s rjsult`ktjs hj jst` pl`kt` `kóe`l` ki tmjkjk uk` hmrjccmók prjhi-
emk`ktj. Su su`vj pjraml p`rjcj b`djrsj jrismik`hi cik jl tmjepi.
Smk mktjrruepmr l` smtu`cmók p`kiràemc` hj l` c`s` prmkcmp`l, jstj jhmamcmi `oråcil` sj cilic` ` uk` cit` hj 8,: ejtris pir hjd`fi, smoumjkhi l`
tipior`aå` k`tur`l, jscikhmhi, cik uk` tjrr`z` smtu`h` d`fi uk r`ei hj àrdiljs d`fis y pjrjkkjs.

Ik tbj d`sms ia e`ky vmsmts ti tbj smtj, wj hmh sjvjr`l p`mktmkos ia tbj l`khsc`pj, wbmcb aire ` ciktmkuius amjlh ciepisjh ia v`rmius iro`kmc amourjs, `hf`cjkcmjs
ia pl`kt `kh emkjr`l e`ttjr civjrjh wmtb ir`koj, pmkg `kh dl`cg eiss. Air tbms hjlmc`tj d`cghrip, wj djlmjvj ` e`k-e`hj cikstructmik c`k ikly dj mksjrtjh `s
 fust `kitbjr jljej kt mk ` ciktmkuiu s `edm`kcj. Xbms ip`quj eultm-purpis j dumlhmko, djyikh `ky ejt`pbir, ms jqumv `ljkt ti ` ricg, ` trjj, ` cliuh ir ` pikh. Mt ms
cikamourjh `s tbj `hhmtmik ia aiur cmrcul`r amourjs tb`t ivjrl`p mk pl`k. @p`rt arie ` smkolj al`t `kie`ly, tbj rjsultmko cikc`vj w`lls b`vj ki prjhiemk`kt hmrjctmik.
 Xbj siat smlbiuj ttj sjjes ti b`vj djjk jrihjh ivjr t mej. _mtbiut mktj rruptmko tbj p`kir`emc p ismtmik ia tbj e`mk b iusj, tbms `ormcult ur`l dumlhmko ms pl`c jh `diut
0:at liwjr, ailliwmko tbj k`tur`l tipior`pby, tucgjh `w`y, wmtb ` tjrr`cj djkj`tb ` diuqujt ia liw pjrjkkm`l trjjs.

^@DJLLÓK CLIQ / CLIQ ^@QMLLMIK

4?4 4?3
 

Sjccmók tr`ksvjrs`l pir o`ljrå`  / Criss sjctmik tbriuob o`lljry

Jk jl e`rci åktmei hj uk `rriyi smtu`hi `l pmj hj uk` cilmk`, b`y uk jxudjr`ktj f`rhåk `eur`ll`hi quj cikjct` his dliqujs ridustis y sólmhis.
Jvic`khi jk cmjrti eihi uk eikuejkti, jl e`yir hj jllis js uk `trjvmhi idfjti cmlåkhrmci quj jvmt` cu`lqumjr jxprjsmók jxplåcmt` hj su jsc`l`
 y aukcmók. Smk jed` roi, mkclusi hj spuís hj b`d jr mktjkt`hi jv mt`r cu`lqumjr t mpi hj jvic`c mók, smjeprj q ujh` uk rje`kjkt j hj rjprjsj kt`cmók6
sm jl pml`r js orujsi y `trjvmhi, jstà jx`ojr`khi su c`p`cmh`h p`r` rjsmstmr l` or`vjh`h7 sm jl pml`r js hjlo`hi y jsdjlti, jstà sudjstme`khi, j
mokir`khi c`sm hjshjðis`ejktj, jl pjsi hj l` or`vjh`h.
Jstj smkoul`r jstuhmi hj `rtj js mktjremk`dlj. Xmjkj uk köclji iculti ‘uk` c`f` dl`kc` hj biremoók cik uk` drmll`ktj luz cjkmt`l‘ rihj`hi pir
uk` sjcujkcm` cmrcul`r hj s`l`s hj e`hjr`. Jl eivmemjkti `lrjhjhir hj jstj cjktri ki tmjkj prmkcmpmi km amk. Sj pihrå` cruz`r l` or`k o`ljrå` sóli
pir sus jsqumk`s, pir su hmst`kcm` eàs l`ro`. Jst` or`k jst`kcm` tmjkj jl c`ràctjr rjvjrsmdlj hj uk p`tmi, hj uk jsp`cmi v`cåi smk eidmlm`rmi
jspjcåamci. Jk ciktr`stj, l`s aukcmikjs hieístmc`s omr`k jk tirki ` íl, y jk uk` hj sus hmrjccmikjs (l` quj emr` b`cm` jl v`llj sur) b`y uk`
`eplm`cmók arikt`l
arikt`l jke`rc`h` pir `trjvmh`s ciluek`s. Jl eivmemjkti cmrcul`r hjl jsp`cmi t`edmík sj pujhj jxpjrmejkt`r hur`ktj jl `scjksi `
tr`vís hj uk` sjrmj hj `djrtur`s y d`lcikjs quj sj vujlc`k `l jsp`cmi hj l` o`ljrå`. Zk` or`k `zitj`, uk` pl`c` rjct`koul`r pl`k`, sj jxtmjkhj
eàs `llà hjl viluejk cmlåkhrmci.
Hjl emsei eihi quj jl cmlmkhri hj biremoók jscikhj l` smeplmcmh`h hj l` c`f` hj e`hjr`, tih` l` jstructur` eikuejkt`l jscikhj uk åktmei
 f`rhåk `eur `ll`hi llj ki hj alir js jxótm c`s, `rd ustis y àrdiljs. Jst` s`l ` `dmjrt` cikjct` hm`oik`lejktj jl mktjrmi r hjl js tuhmi cik uk pjqujði
zóc`li hj `ou`. Ljfis hj jstj luo`r ciktjepl`tmvi, l`s pmjz`s hj sjrvmcmi hjl prior`e` sj iro`kmz`k lmdrjejktj `lrjhjhir hj l` pl`t`aire` hj
`p`rc`emjkti,
`p`rc`emjkt i, jk uk àrj` eàs pritjomh` quj rihj` uk orupi hj àrdiljs jxmstjktjs.

Mk tbj mktme`cy ia ` strj`e `t tbj aiit ia ` bmll, tbjrj ms ` lusb w`lljh o`rhjk tb`t cikkjcts twi silmh, ridust dlicgs. Siejwb`t jvigmko ` eikuejkt, tbj l`rojr
ikj ms ` dilh cylmkhrmc`l idfjct tb`t `vimhs `k jxplmcmt jxprjssmik ia mts sc`lj `kh aukctmik. Biwjvjr, jvjk wbjk prjvjktjh arie cieejeir`tmko `kytbmko, tbjrj
ms `lw`ys ` rjek`kt ia rjprjsjkt`tmik6 tbj ciluek ms tbmcg `kh dilh, `kh tbus jx`oojr`tjs mts `dmlmty ti wmtbst`kh or`vmty7 tbj ciluek ms tbmk `kh sljkhjr, `kh
tbus ukhjrst`tjs, `kh `leist hmsemssmvjly mokirjs, tbj wjmobt ia or`vmty.
 Xbms sm koul`r `rt stuhmi b iusj ms jkhljss. Mt b`s ` bmhhjk cirj, ` wb mtj cikc rjtj c`s j wmtb d rmobt tip lmobtmko surriukhjh dy ` c mrcul`r s jqujkcj ia wiihjk
riies. Xbj eivjejkt `riukh tb`t cjktrj b`s ki djomkkmko ir jkh. Ikj c`k ikly criss tbj l`roj o`lljry `t mts cirkjrs, mts likojst hmst`kcj. Xbms l`roj riie b`s
tbj rjvjrsmdlj cb`r`ctjr ia ` p`tmi, `k jepty sp`cj wmtbiut spjcmamc aurkmturj. Mk ciktr`st, tbj hiejstmc aukctmiks pmvit `riukh mt, `kh mk ikj hmrjctmik (a`cmko tbj
siutbjrk v`lljy), tbjrj ms ` arikt`l jxtjksmik ar`ejh dy dilh cilueks. Xbj cmrcul`r eivjejkt ia tbj sp`cj c`k `lsi dj jxpjrmjkcjh mk `scjkt tbiuob ` sjrmjs ia
ipjkmkos `kh d`lcikmjs tb`t ivjrliig tbj o`lljry sp`cj. @ l`roj riia tjrr`cj, ` al`t rjct`koul`r pl`tj, jxtjkhs djyikh tbj cylmkhrmc`l viluej.
 Xbj cikcrj tj cylmkh jr bmhjs tbj smeplm cmty ia tb j wiihjk c`s j, `kh tbj wbilj eikuej kt`l struc turj bmhj s `k mktme `tj w`lljh o` rhjk amlljh wmtb jxitmc aliwjrs,
sbruds `kh trjjs. Xbms ipjk riie crj`tjs ` hm`oik`l cikkjctmik djtwjjk tbj stuhmi mktjrmir `kh ` se`ll plmktb wmtb w`tjr. @t siej hmst`kcj arie tbms ciktjepl`tmvj
pl`cj, tbj sjrvmcj pmjcjs ia tbj prior`e `rj liisjly iro`kmzjh `riukh tbj p`rgmko pl`taire, ` eirj sbjltjrjh `rj` surriukhmko ` prj-jxmstmko cippmcj ia trjjs.

C@S@ ^MGJ / ^MGJ BIZSJ ^l`kt` cikstructmv`  / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k

4?8 4?:

@lz`hi Sur / Siutb jljv`tmik

@lz`hi Kirtj  / Kirtb jljv`tmik

E`qujt` hj jstuhmi / Stuhy eihjl

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l  / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

@lz`hi Jstj  / J`st jljv`tmik

Jst` jstructur` rjvjrsmdlj rjspikhj ` l` jspjcmamcmh`h hjl luo`r6 uk` cikhmcmók hj ariktjr` `hy`cjktj `l c`emki curvi quj cikhucj ` uk` c`s`
quj hjs`rrill` uk dliquj cmlåkhrmci cik uk` f`rhåk `eur`ll`hi iculti. Sj tr`t` hj uk` jspjcmj hj e`ep`r` eikuejkt`l y ip`c` quj pritjoj l`
mktmemh`h hj l` amkc` arjktj ` l` c`rrjtjr` ljf`k`, y quj jstà hjstmk`h` ` aukcmik`r ciei uk hjsvåi mkusu`l hj l`s `ctmvmh`hjs cjktr`ljs hj lis
jhmamcmis prmkcmp`ljs, quj sj cikcjktr`k jk l` pr`hjr` sur. Js uk jsp`cmi p`r` l` mktrispjccmók,
ók, p`r` jl hjscudrmemjkti
jkti hj l` arikhis` vjojt`cmók
 y hjl sikmhi c `edm`ktj hj uk` `ktmou` ` cjqum`. D`fi jl aire`ti h j uk j hmamcmi ` oråcil`, jst` j structur` pihrå` j ktjkhjrsj ciei uk p`djllók
`dmjrti, ciei uk jsp`cmi mktjrmir `pjk`s cikamk`hi, hjstmk`hi ` sjr icup`hi pir uk` `eplm` o`e` hj aukcmikjs quj v`k hjshj jl `le`cjk`emjkti
hj ljð` y jl rjauomi hj `kme`ljs b`st` l` jvjktu`l jxpismcmók hj idr`s hj `rtj. Su c`lmh`h jsp`cm`l sj d`s` jk uk` mkhjtjremk
mkhjtjremk`cmók
`cmók jxplåcmt`6 jl
sólmhi sujli smouj l` su`vj tipior`aå` k`tur`l7 l` cudmjrt` sj jxtmjkhj b`cm` jl cjrri y jl v`llj7 uk ökmci euri (hj 3? ejtris hj l`roi) sjp`r` y
ukj `edis l`his hjl p`ms`fj.
Jl ljkou`fj hjl p`djllók js d`st`ktj clàsmci6 uk` ciluek`t` aire`h` pir icbi ridustis pml`rjs cmlåkhrmcis (`l Jstj) y uk ökmci pml`r rjct`koul`r
(`l Ijstj). @så, jl c`ràctjr hjl jhmamcmi, orujsi y e`cmzi (rj`lmz`hi åktjor`ejktj cik biremoók mk smtu) jvic` uk` prjsjkcm` hj itri tmjepi. ^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`  / Tiia pl`k

 Xbms ms ` rjvjrsmdlj structurj tb`t rjspi khs ti tbj spjcmamcm tmjs ia tbj smtj6 mts dirhjr cikhmt mik `hf`cjk t ti ` curv jh ri`h lj`h mko ti ` bius j, ` cylmk hrmc`l dlicg
 wmtb ` bmhhjk w` lljh o`rhjk. Mt ms ` gmkh ia eikue jkt`l, ip`quj scrjjk tb`t pritjcts tbj prmv`cy ia tb j r`kcb arie tbj h mst`kt ri`h. Mt ms mktjkhj h ti aukctmik ` s
`k ukusu`l hjtiur arie tbj cjktr`l `ctmvmtmjs ia tbj e`mk biusjs, wbmcb `rj aicusjh ik tbj siutb ej`hiw. Mt ms ` sp`cj air mktrispjctmik, air hmscivjry ia tbj
lusb vjojt`tmik, tbj cb`komko siukh ia `k ilh mrrmo`tmik hmtcb. Xbms structurj wmtb tbj aire`t ia ` a`re dumlhmko ciulh dj ukhjrstiih `s `k ipjk p`vmlmik, ` d`rjly
cikamkjh mktjrmir sp`cj hjstmkjh ti dj iccupmjh dy ` wmhj r`koj ia usjs arie wiih stir`oj, `kme`l sbjltjr ti auturj hmspl`ys ia `rtwirg. Mts sp`tm`l qu`lmty ms
d`sjh ik `k jxplmcmt mkhjtjremk`cy6 tbj silmh aliir ailliws tbj ojktlj k`tur`l tipior`pby, tbj riia jxtjkhs tiw`rhs tbj bmll `kh tbj v`lljy, `kh ikly ikj w`ll (04>
at liko) sjp`r`tjs `kh ukmtjs ditb smhjs ia tbj l`khsc`pj.
 Xbj l`kou`oj ia tbj p`vmlm ik ms siejwb`t cl`ssmc `l6 mt ms ciepisjh ia ` cilikk`hj airejh dy jmob t sturhy cylmkhr mc`l cilueks (ti tbj j`st ) `kh ` smkolj rjct`koul`r
pmll`r (ti tbj wjst). Xbus, tbj cb`r`ctjr ia tbj dumlhmko, tbmcg `kh e`ssmvj (e`hj jktmrjly ia mk smtu cikcrjtj), jvigjs tbj prjsjkcj ia `kitbjr tmej.

^@DJLLÓK EILJ / EILJ ^@QMLMIK ^l`kt` / Aliir pl`k

4?1 4??
 

Sjccmikjs  / Sjctmiks

Hjshj l` hmst`kcm`, jstis his vilöejkjs tmjkjk l` emse` jsc`l`. Jk su prjsjkcm` rjl`tmv`, uki js or`khj y jl itri pjqujði. Hj bjcbi, ` pjs`r .
hj quj uki trmplmc` l` bujll` hjl itri, `edis e`ktmjkjk uk` hjpjkhjkcm` rjcåpric`. JL dliquj rjct`koul`r or`khj ciktmjkj uk` s`l` cmlåkhrmc`,
cik àrj`s hj sjrvmcmi smtu`h`s jk lis jsp`cmis sidr`ktjs, cik `djrtur`s smeítrmc`s jk p`rjhjs y tjcbi ‘`ukquj cik uk` jstructur` `smeí-
trmc`‘ y cik uk `trjvmhi pml`r quj idstruyj jl jfj hj `ccjsi. Jl pjqujði viluejk ` eihi hj tirrj tmjkj uk ökmci jsp`cmi kjo`tmvi, cik jx`ct`ejktj
l` emse` aire` jxprjs`h` jk lis euris jxtjrmirjs. @ed`s pmjz`s sj `rtmcul`k jk hm`oik`l. Zk pml`r rjhikhi y pulmhi, smtu`hi jk l` jstrjcb`
mktjrsjccmók jktrj `ed`s, l`s cikjct` cik jl p`ms`fj `dmjrti. L` s`l` or`khj pujhj utmlmz`rsj p`r` `ctmvmh`hjs hieístmc`s, ciei t`lljr i ciei
jsp`cmi hj jxpismcmók. L` pjqujð` aukcmik` ciei jscikhmtj, ciei luo`r hj rjtmri p`r` ejhmt`r, tr`d`f`r y hjsc`ks`r. H`hi quj l`s vjkt`k`s
vjrtmc`ljs (cik uk ökmci p`kjl hj vmhrmi hj hj 4,8x8,2 e.) sidrjp`s`k jl t`e`ði kire`l, jl or`hi hj mktjrmirmh`h sj vujlvj rjl`tmvi ` l` jsc`l` hj
c`h` jsp`cmi. Jst`s `pjrtur`s cikvmjrtjk l` s`l` or`khj jk uk jsp`cmi eàs dmjk buemlhj, emjktr`s jx`ojr`k l` jxpismcmók hj l` s`l` pjqujð` `
l`s sudlmejs aire`cmikjs ricis`s quj sj jkcujktr`k `l Jstj. Emjktr`s l` amour` hj l` oit` pujhj ljjrsj ciei jl `píkhmcj hj uk` c`f` hj biremoók
e`cmz` y bjreítmc`, jl or`k `ljri cmrcul`r tr`ksamour` l` pl`kmtuh hj jst` c`f` cikvmrtmíkhil` jk uk smkuisi fujoi hj siedr`s hjcir`tmv`s.

Arie tbj hmst`kcj, tbjsj twi viluejs b`vj tbj s`ej sc`lj. Mk tbjmr rjl`tmvj prjsjkcj, ikj ms l`roj `kh tbj itbjr ikj se`ll. Mk a`ct, hjspmtj ikj b`vmko tbrjj
tmejs tbj aiitprmkt ia tbj itbjr, tbjy sb`rj ` rjcmpric`l hjpjkhjkcy. Xbj l`roj rjct`koul`r dlicg cikt`mks ` cylmkhrmc`l riie, wmtb sjrvmcjs mk tbj rjsmhu`l sp`cjs,
syeejtrmc`l ipjkmkos mk w`lls `kh riia dut `syeejtrmc`l structurj, wmtb ` dilh ciluek idstructmko tbj jktry `xms. Xbj se`ll tiwjr-lmgj viluej b`s ` smkolj
kjo`tmvj sp`cj, wmtb jx`ctly tbj s`ej sb`pj jxprjssjh ik tbj iutjr w`lls. Ditb pmjcjs `rj `rtmcul`tjh hm`oik`lly. @ pilmsbjh, riukh ciluek pl`cjh `t `
cieprjssjh mktjrsjctmik cikkjcts tbje wmtb tbj ipjk l`khsc`pj. Xbj l`rojr riie c`k dj usjh air hiejstmc `ctmvmtmjs, wirgsbips ir jxbmdmtmiks. Xbj se`lljr
ikj aukctmiks `s ` bmhjiut, ` rjtrj`t air ejhmt`tmik, wirg `kh rjst. Smkcj tbj vjrtmc`l wmkhiws jxcjjh tbj rjoul`r smzj (tbjy b`vj ` smkolj 2x01at ol`ss p`kjl a)
tbj hjorjj ia mktjrmirmty djciejs rjl`tmvj ti tbj sc`lj ia j`cb sp`cj6 tbjy turk tbj l`roj riie mkti ` siejwb`t buedlj ikj wbmlj jx`oojr`tmko tbj jxpisurj ia
tbj se`ll riie ti tbj sudlmej ricg aire`tmiks ti tbj j`st. Xbj hrip-lmgj amourj c`k dj rj`h `s `k `ppjkhmx ia ` bjrejtmc, e`ssmvj, cikcrjtj c`sj, wbmlj tbj
l`roj cmrcul`r j`vj tr`ksamourjs tbj al`tkjss ia tbj l`ttjr mkti ` smkuius o`ej ia hjcir`tmvj sb`hiws.

C@S@ XJ@T / XJ@T BIZSJ ^l`kt` / Aliir pl`k ^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`  / Tiia pl`k

4?2 4?=

^l`ki hj smtu`cmók /
smtu`cmók / Smtj pl`k

 @piy`h` sidrj uk` su`vj pjkhmjktj, cik vmst`s ` ukis vmðjhis ljf`-
kis, y jk uk jstrjcbi v`llj, sj priyjct` jst` s`l` `l `mrj lmdrj cik
`loukis jsp`cmis mktjrmirjs `hy`cjktjs. Sj tr`t` hj uk` s`l` icult`
quj ciktmjkj uk f`rhåk sjci, `louk`s ric`s y uk jst`kquj hj `ou`
hj lluvm`, y quj qujh` p`rcm`lejktj cudmjrt` pir cu`tri lis`s cik
dirhjs curvis, c`h` uk` hj jll`s sistjkmh` pir uk `trjvmhi pml`r
cjktr`l. H`hi quj l` c`s` jst`dljcj uk pjhjst`l sidrj jl p`ms`fj,
smk uk` hmrjccmók prjhiemk`ktj hjshj hjktri, l` sjcujkcm` l`tjr`l
hj jstrjcb`s jst`kcm`s sj rjtmr` b`cm` jl aikhi y sj jktmjrr` lmojr`-
ejktj jk jl tjrrjki k`tur`l, pripmcm`khi uk` ejhm`cmók `smeítrmc`
cik ístj. B`y uk` ciepjks`cmók sutml jk cu`kti `l t`e`ði y l` pri-
pircmók7 l` hmstrmducmók lmkj`l hjl prior`e` hieístmci, mkclusi su
cikhmcmók rjvjrsmdlj hj pukti amk`l, js smjeprj t`kojkcm`l ` l` cjk-
tr`lmh`h hjl p`tmi. Jst` s`l` eàs or`khj ‘ejhmi cudmjrt` pir pri-
aukh`s siedr`s‘ js uk jsp`cmi hj vmh` `l `mrj lmdrj cik `djrtur`s
puktu`ljs jk tihis sus l`his.

C`s` jk Cur`c`vå
T@JE TJOMÓK EJXTI^ILMX@K@, CBMLJ 4>0= 4>44

Smttmko ik ` ojktlj slipj, liigmko iut tiw`rhs hmst`kt vmkjy`rhs mk ` k`rriw

 v`lljy, tbjr j ms `k iuthiir riie wm tb siej mkh iir sp`cjs `likosmhj. Xbms ms
` bmhhjk riie tb`t cikt`mks ` hry o`rhjk, siej diulhjrs `kh r`mkw`tjr. Mt ms
p`rtm`lly civjrjh dy aiur curvjh sl`ds, j`cb ikj ia tbje suppirtjh dy ` dilh
cjktr`l ciluek. Smkcj tbj biusj sjts ` plmktb `divj tbj l`khsc`pj, wmtbiut
`ky prjhiemk`kt hmrjctmik arie wmtbmk, tbj l`tjr`l sjqujkcj ia k`rriw riies
rjtrj`ts tiw`rhs tbj d`cg, slmobtly jedjhhjh mk tbj k`tur`l tjrr`mk, prieitmko
`k `syeejtrmc`l ejhm`tmik
mik wmtb mt. Xbjrj ms ` sudtlj ciepjks`tmik
mik mk smzj `kh
pripirtmik. Xbj lmkj`r hmstrmdutmik ia tbj hiejstmc prior`e, jvjk mts rjvjrsmdlj
jkh-pimkt cikhmtmik, ms `lw`ys t`kojktm`l ti tbj cjktr`lmty ia tbj ciurty`rh.  
 Xbms l`roj r riie, b`la -civjrjh d y hjjp sb `hiws, ms `k iuthiir lm vmko sp`c j
 wmtb spir`hm c ipjkmkos ik jvjry smhj.

Biusj jk Cur`c`vå
T@JE EJXTI^ILMX@K TJOMIK, CBMLJ 4>0= 4>44
 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

Jktr`h` `l p`tmi y ` l` c`s`  / @ccjss ti ciurty`rh `kh biusj

424 423
 

@lz`hi Ijstj /
Ijstj / _jst jljv`tmik
mik

cicmk` / / Sjctmik tbriuob gmtcbjk-hmkmko `kh lmvmko riie

Sjccmók pir jst`r-ciejhir y cicmk`

p`tmi / / Sjctmik tbriuob ciurty`rh

Sjccmók pir p`tmi

cudmjrt`s / / Tiia pl`k

^l`kt` hj cudmjrt`s

^l`kt` / / Aliir pl`k

^l`kt`

421 42?

Hjpjkhmjkhi hj l` pismcmók hj lis

p`kjljs cirrjhmzis hj vmhrmi, l` ip`-
cmh`h hj l`s priyjccmikjs c`rhmk`ljs
qujh` dliquj`h` pir jl jspjfmsei hj
itri p`tmi.
Eàs `llà hj jstj jsp`cmi mlusirmi, jl
aire`ti birmzikt`l hj l` c`s` sj jrmoj
ciei uk` amour` `dstr`ct` silmt`rm`,
cik uk v`cåi `p`rjktjejktj iroà-
kmci, pjri smk uk` jsc`l` hjamkmh`.
L` cikstruccmók hj biremoók `re`hi,
cik su pmoejkt`cmók `e`rmll`, `p`rjcj
ciei uk` pl`c` eikilåtmc` jk ejhmi
hj pmjhr`s rit`s y `rdustis `utócti-
kis hjl p`ms`fj.

 Xbj ip`cm ty ia tb j c`rhmk` l prifjctm iks ms

dlicgjh dy tbj emr`oj ia `kitbjr ciurty`rh,
hjpjkhmko ik tbj pismtmik ia tbj slmhmko
ol`ss p`kjls. Djyikh tbms mllusmik`l hie`mk,
tbj birmzikt`l aire`t ia tbj biusj st`khs
`s ` silmt`ry `dstr`ct amourj wmtb ` sjjemkoly
iro`kmc vimh dut wmtbiut ` hjamkmtj sc`lj.
 Xbj yjlliw -st`m kjh rjmkai rcjh cikcrj tj
cikstructmik jejrojs `s ` eikilmtbmc pl`tj
`emhst drigjk stikjs `kh k`tmvj sbruds.  

↔ cmrcul`cmók / Cmrcul`tmik cirrmhir

 Cirrjhirhj cmrcul`cmók /

Cicmk`,ciejhir y jst`r
jst`r / / Gmtcbjk,hmkmko `kh lmvmko

422
 

cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l cikstructmv`   prmkcmp`l / / E`stjr djhriie
  Hiremtirmi prmkcmp`l
↔

cikstructmv` / / Cikstructmik aliir pl`k

^l`kt` cikstructmv`

4=> 4=0
 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

Jl p`djllók ki tmjkj kiedrj, js uk p`djllók `kókmei7 ejkis quj uk` jstructur`, uk` mkar`jstructur`. Js uk luo`r mhmismkcràsmci quj
sj kmjo` ` sjr ll`e`hi hj uk` ökmc` e`kjr`, cik uk` sil` p`l`dr`. Zk luo`r quj mkclusi hjclmk` sjr ll`e`hi p`djllók (y` quj rjcirh`rå`
`l kiedrj jk ar`kcís 
ar`kcís  hj jsis cilirmhis mksjctis quj s`lt`k hj alir jk alir, hjsc`ks`khi jk jqumlmdrmi hur`ktj uk eiejkti auo`z).
Ístj js uk idfjti smk kiedrj. ^rid`dljejktj, km smqumjr` uk idfjti, smki uk` cis`. Su aire` js d`st`ktj dàsmc`6 uk pl`ki cu`hr`hi
cik uk` r`tmi hj 463 jk `lz`hi. Hjktri hj jstj aire`ti p`rjcj b`djr uk ökmci jljejkti rjpjtmhi, smk fjr`rquå`s. Jst` hmspismcmók
rjpjtmtmv` pujhj jktjkhjrsj ciei l` pripm` rjtórmc` hj uk ciepirt`emjk
ciepirt`emjkti ti jstructur`l (y` quj ki sóli sj tr`t` hj rjsmstmr jl pripmi
pjsi emjktr`s sj tr`sl`h` `l sujli jl mepipul`r jsaujrzi hj sistjkjr jl cmjli). ^jri t`edmík pihrå` ljjrsj ciei l` jvmhjkcm` hj uk`
jspjcmj hj emjhi pir ki pihjr b`cjrli.

^`djllók jk C`edjrr`
LJSS @ZSXT@LM@ 4>0= 4>40

 Xbms ms ` p`v mlmik wmtbiut ` k `ej, `k `kikyeius p`vml mik7 ljss tb`k ` structurj, `k m kar`structurj. M t ms `k mhmis ykcr`tmc pl`cj tb`t rjausjs ti dj c`lljh mk
` smkolj w`y, wmtb fust ikj wirh. Mt ms ` pl`cj tb`t jvjk hjclmkjs ti dj c`lljh p`vmlmik (smkcj tb`t wiulh drmko ti emkh tbj Arjkcb wirh air tbisj ciliuraul
mksjcts tb`t lj`p arie ikj aliwjr ti `kitbjr, rjstmko mk d`l`kcj air ` aljjtmko eiejkt). Xbms ms ` k`ejljss idfjct. ^rid`dly kit jvjk `k idfjct, dut ` tbmko.
Mts aire ms r`tbjr d`smc7 ` squ`rj pl`k wmtb ` 463 r`tmi mk jljv`tmik. _mtbmk tbms aire`t tbjrj sjjes ti dj ` smkolj rjpj`tjh kik-bmjr`rcbmc`l jljejkt. Xbms
rjljktljss l`yiut c`k dj ukhjrstiih `s tbj rbjtirmc ia mts structur`l djb`vmiur, smkcj mt kit ikly wmtbst`khs mts iwk wjmobt wbmlj tr`ksajrrmko tbj ukpipul`r
jaairt ia bilhmko up tbj sgy ti tbj oriukh. Mt emobt `lsi dj rj`h `s jvmhjkcj ia ` gmkh ia aj`r ia kit djmko `dlj ti hi si.

^`vmlmik mk C`kdjrr`

LJSS @ZSXT@LM@ 4>0= 4>40

Jk su ojsti eikótiki ‘t`kti jk su

tjhmis` rjoul`rmh`h ciei jk su a`lt`
hj hmrjccmók‘ l`s `trjvmh`s ciluek`s
 y lis hjlo`h is p ml`rjs ciktr` vmjkjk
cu`lqumjr itr` aukcmók quj ki sj` l`
hj jke`rc`r tih`s l`s hjeàs aukcmi-
kjs. Sj pjremtjk eucbis jvjktis jk
luo`rjs ki jtmqujt`his. ^ir supujsti,
k`hmj pihrå` vmvmr jk uk àedmti t`k
mktrmkc`hi. L` p`rjh eàs euh` smje-
prj kis h` `louk` pmst`. K`tur`lejktj,
uki jktr` jk l`s idr`s hj `rtj pir
curmismh`h, y lujoi vujlvj ` jll`s pir
kist`lom`, pir `durrmemjkti eórdmhi
i pir uk` mkojku` hjvicmók. Sj kis
b` hmcbi quj l`s idr`s smk tåtuli pjr-
Surijstj / / Siutb-wjst jljv`tmik
@lz`hi Surijstj
e`kjcjk `dmjrt`s. Smk jed`roi, ` l`s
`kókme`s ki ljs a`lt` jl `utir, sóli jl
`pjllmhi. Li mrókmci js quj l`s pàomk`s
jk dl`kci pihrå`k sjr cu`lqumjr cis`.
X`kti lis idfjtis `tjepir`ljs ciei
l`s cis`s smk kiedrj sik eucbi eàs.

Mk tbjmr eikitikius ojsturj, mk tbjmr tjhmius

^l`kt` supjrmir /
supjrmir / Zppjr aliir pl`k
rjoul`rmty `s eucb `s mk tbjmr l`cg ia hmrjc-
tmik, dilh cilueks `kh sljkhjr pmll`rs cik-
tr`vjkj `ky itbjr purpisj tb`k tb `t ia ar`e-
mko jvjry itbjr purpisj. E`ky jvjkts `rj
pjremttjh mk ukl`djlljh pl`cjs. Ia ciursj,
kidihy ciulh lmvj mk sucb `k mktrmc`tj
hie`mk. Jvjk tbj eutjst w`ll `lw`ys ymjlhs
` bmkt. K`tur`lly, ikj jktjrs ` wirg ia `rt
tbriuob curmismty, tbjk rjturks ti mt tbriuob
kist`lom`, eirdmh dirjhie ir `rtljss wir-
sbmp. _j b`vj djjk tilh tb`t uktmtljh wirgs
rje`mk ipjk. Dut `kikyeius wirgs hi kit
l`cg `k `utbir, ikly ` a`emly k`ej. Mrikmc`lly
jkiuob, dl`kg p`ojs c`k dj `kytbmko.
 Xmejljss idfjct `k h k`ejljs s tbmkos `rj
si eucb eirj.  

4=1 4=?
 

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik likomtuhmk`l sjctmik

^l`kt` supjrmir cikstructmv` /

cikstructmv` / Cikstructmik uppjr aliir pl`k

4=2 4==
 

Íst` js uk` tirrj jep`rjf`h`6 uk jhmamcmi vjrtmc`l smeplj, e`cmzi, pjs`hi y eiki-
låtmci hmvmhmhi jk his. C`h` tirrj hjdj jktjkhjrsj ciei uk jljejkti mkhmvmhu`l7
uki pihrå` ll`e`rsj @, y jl itri D. Jl aire`ti sjrå` jl hj uk 'iro`kmsei hj p`rjf`'6
his jstructur`s sjp`r`h`s pjri mktjrhjpjkhmjktjs, `ukquj smeml`rjs jk `p`-
rmjkcm`, quj ciktmjkjk su pripm` lóomc` mktjrk` y uk c`ràctjr aukcmik`l y jsp`cm`l
tit`lejktj hmstmkti. Emjktr`s quj @ js prjcms`, pràctmc` y tjckilóomc`, D js
meprjcms`, hmsaukcmik`l y prmemtmv`. @ jstà prior`e`h` hj e`kjr` jamcmjktj7 D
ki tmjkj uk` `ctmvmh`h prjhjtjremk`h`, ciksmstj jk uk` sjcujkcm` d`st`ktj
ojkjris` hj b`dmt`cmikjs mkötmljs quj, ciei jk l` hjscrmpcmók mepismdlj hj
^jrjc, "ki sjrvmrå`k p`r` k`h`, ki tjkhrå`k rjl`cmók cik k`h`".0  @l sjr jsp`cmis
mkhjtjremk`his, l`s b`dmt`cmikjs hj D hjdjrå`k pjremtmr quj icurrmjr` cu`lqumjr
cis`. Sm jk @ l` tjepjr`tur`, jl sikmhi y l` luz jstàk `cikhmcmik`his `rtmamcm`l-
ejktj, D jstà lmtjr`lejktj `dmjrt` `l clme` y jkvjfjcjrà k`tur`lejktj hjshj
hjktri. D ki js c`p`z hj aukcmik`r smk @, y vmcjvjrs`.
Jktrj @ y D b`y uk` tjksmók dmjk c`lmdr`h`. Js` tjks` prixmemh`h pihrå` ljjrsj
ciei uk` tjrcjr` tirrj, c`sm mkvmsmdlj, ll`e`h` privmsmik`lejktj C7 uk v`cåi
su`vj, mkaire`l, hjlmc`hi, hjksi, ciepljfi y lljki hj pujktjs. Jktrj @ y D b`y
uk` jxtr`irhmk`rm` rjh hj pismdljs cikjxmikjs suspjkhmh`s jk jl `mrj. C`h`
pujktj js uk` jxtjksmók, uk` priyjccmók, uk hmspismtmvi hj hjscieprjsmók hj
l`s tirrjs `utókie`s `hy`cjktjs, hj su ciep`cmh`h vjrtmc`l. Mr hj @ ` D js
ciei jst`r alit`khi jk uk c`emki cmrcul`r, jk uk `kmlli quj vujlvj `l emsei
pukti ‘pjri smjeprj jk uk tmjepi hmajrjktj‘. L` tr`ksajrjkcm` js t`kti aåsmc`
ciei ejkt`l6 meplmc` uk jsaujrzi (uk` sidrjjxpismcmók) y uk` tr`huccmók, uk`
smtu`cmók / / Smtj pl`k
^l`ki hj smtu`cmók hmstirsmók t`kti hjl irmojk ciei hjl hjstmki (qumzàs uk irmomk`l y su cipm`).

p`ms`fj / / L`khsc`pj stuhy.@crylmc ik p`pjr, 40x42 ce, 4>0=

Jstuhmi hj p`ms`fj @xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

 Xbms ms ` p`mrjh tiwjr6 ` smeplj, silmh , bj`vy `kh eikilmtb mc vjrtmc`l dum lhmko hmvmhj h mk twi.
J`cb tiwjr sbiulh dj ukhjrstiih `s ` hmstmkctmvj mkhmvmhu`l7 ikj ciulh dj c`lljh @ `kh tbj
itbjr D. Xbj aire`t wiulh tbus dj ` 'ciupljh iro`kmse'6 twi hjt`cbjh dut mktjrhjpjkhjkt
structurjs, smeml`r mk `ppj`r`kcj, j`cb ikj cikt`mkmko mts iwk mktjrk`l liomc `kh ` tit`lly
hmaajrjkt aukctmik`l `kh sp`tm`l cb`r`ctjr. _bmlj @ ms prjcmsj, pr`ctmc`l `kh tjcbkiliomc`l, D
ms meprjcmsj, hysaukctmik`l `kh prmemtmvj. @ ms jaamcmjktly prior`eejh. D b`s ki prjhjtjremkjh
`ctmvmty. Mt ms ` a`mrly ojkjrius sjqujkcj ia usjljss riies, wbmcb, `s mk ^jrjc¸s mepissmdlj
hjscrmptmik, "wiulh sjrvj air kitbmko, rjl`tj ti kitbmko".0 Djmko ukcjrt`mk sp`cjs, tbj D
riies sbiulh `lliw air jvjrytbmko ti b`ppjk. _bmlj @ b`s tjepjr`turj, siukh `kh lmobt `rtm-
amcm`lly cikhmtmikjh, D ms lmtjr`lly jxpisjh ti tbj jljejkts `kh wmll `oj k`tur`lly arie wmtbmk.
D hijs kit wirg wmtbiut @, `kh vmcj-vjrs`. Djtwjjk @ `kh D tbjrj ms ` wjll-c`lmdr`tjh
tjksmik. Xbms tjksj prixmemty ciulh dj mktjrprjtjh `s ` tbmrh tiwjr, `k `leist mkvmsmdlj ikj,
privmsmik`lly c`lljh C7 ` siat, mkaire`l, hjlmc`tj, hjksj, ciepljx vimh amlljh wmtb drmhojs.
Djtwjjk @ `kh D tbjrj ms ` hr`e`tmc kjtwirg ia pissmdlj cikkjctmiks suspjkhjh mk tbj `mr.
Jvjry drmhoj ms `k jxtjksmik, ` prifjctmik, ` hjcieprjssmik hjvmcj air tbj `hf`cjkt sjla-
^@T@ 
cikt`mkjh tiwjrs `kh tbjmr vjrtmc`l ciep`ctkjss. Eivmko arie @ ti D ms lmgj ali`tmko ik `
Cjktri hj Qmsmt`ktjs jk C`edjrr`
cmrcul`r p`tb, ik ` rmko tb`t rjturks ti tbj s`ej pimkt, dut `lw`ys mk ` hmaajrjkt tmej. Xbj

Qmsmtir Cjktrj mk C`kdjrr`  tr`ksajrjkcj ms ditb pbysmc`l `kh ejkt`l6 mt mkvilvjs `k jaairt (`k ivjrjxpisurj) `kh ` tr`ks-
@ZSXT@LM@. 4>0=- l`tmik, ` hmstirtmik ia ditb tbj irmomk `kh tbj hjstmk`tmik (pjrb`ps `k irmomk`l `kh mts cipy).

3>4 3>3

Sjccmók likomtuhmk`l /
likomtuhmk`l / Likomtuhmk`l sjctmik Jsp`cmi jktrj lis vilöejkjs /
vilöejkjs / Sp`cj djtwjjk viluejs

↞ p`pjl / / Mktjrmir stuhmjs.^jkcml ik p`pjr, 40x 42 ce, 4>0=

  Jstuhmis hj mktjrmir.Làp mz sidrj p`pjl jstuhmi / / Stuhy eihjl
E`qujt` hj jstuhmi

tjrcjr` / / Xbmrh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` tjrcjr` tjrcjr`  / Xbmrh aliir vmjw
Qmst` hj l` pl`kt` tjrcjr` /

d`f` / / Oriukh aliir pl`k

^l`kt` d`f` Lljo`h` `l jhmamcmi /
jhmamcmi  / @ppri`cb ti tbj dumlhmko

3>8 3>:
 

^l`kt` síptme` /
síptme` / Sjvjktb aliir pl`k Qmst` hj l` pl`kt` síptme`  / Sjvjktb aliir vmjw

qumkt` / / Amatb aliir pl`k

^l`kt` qumkt` Qmst` hj l` pl`kt` qumkt`  / Amatb aliir vmjw

 @ukquj li s pujktj s sj` k amour`s cjrr`h`s jk så emse`s, sik js tructur`lejkt j hjpjk hmjktjs hj l`s his tir rjs quj lis ` ciojk. Sm @ y D sik
p`ràsmt`s l` uk` hj l` itr`, C js l` iroullis` ríeir4̀
ríeir`4 hj js` rjl`cmók6 ki sóli meplmc` uk` `dsircmók hj su mktjormh`h, smki jl rjtr`si emsei hj
l` tr`ksmcmók hj uk l`hi `l itri. X`rhj i tjepr`ki, @, D y C sjràk b`dmt`h`s pir jl hjlmc`hi buejh`l.

0 Ojiroj ^jrjc, Spjcmjs ia Sp`cjs `kh Itbjr ^mjcjs , ^jkoumk Cl`ssmc, 4>>2, p.33. (Irmomk`l6  Jspjcjs h'jsp`cjs , 0=?8).
4 'Tjeir`' js uk idstàculi (hjl ormjoi jgbjkjms , hj jgbjmk 'sistjkjr' +  k`us (h`tmvi kjm  ) 'd`rci'. Lis `ktmoui s crjå`k quj lis pjcjs jktir pjcå`k l`s jed`rc`cmikjs `hbmrmíkhisj `
jll`s. ^lmkmi jscrmdj quj l` o`ljr` hj @ktikmi sj rjtr`só hj jstj eihi jk @ctmue).

 @ltbiuob tbj drm hojs `

`rj
rj clisjh
 clisjh amourjs mk tbjesjlvjs, tbjy `rj structur`lly hjpjkhjkt ik tbjmr bist tiwj rs.
rs. _bmlj
 _bmlj @ `kh D `rj eutu`lly p`r`smtmc`l,
c `l, C ms tbj priuh
jcbjk`ms4 ia tb`t rjl`tmiksbmp6 mt kit ikly mkvilvjs `k `dsirptmik ia tbjmr mktjormty dut `lsi ` hjl`y mk tbj tr`ksmtmik arie ikj smhj ti tbj itbjr. Siikjr ir l`tjr, @,
D `kh C wmll `ll dj mkb`dmt jh
jh dy
 dy tbj hjlmc`tj wjtl`kh.

0  Ojiroj ^jrjc, S pjcmjs ia Sp`cjs `kh Itbjr ^mjcjs , ^jkoumk Cl`ssmc, 4>>2, p.33. (Irmomk`l6
(I rmomk`l6  Jspjcjs h”jsp`cjs , 0=?8).
0=?8).
4   Jcbjk`ms 6 `k idst`clj (arie tbj  Orjjg jcbjmk  'ti bilh' +  k`ys  'sb
 'sbmp'.
mp'. Tjeir` sucgjramsb  Jcbjk`ms
 (Jcbjk`ms  spp.) wjrj djlmjvjh dy tbj `kcmjkt Orjjgs ti rjt`rh vjssjls tb`t tbjy  `tt`cbjh
tbjy  `tt`cbjh tbjesjlvjs ti. ^lmky
 writj tb`t  @ktiky's o`lljy w`s bjlh d`cg dy ikj `t @ctmue.

3>1 3>?

Jstj ^`rquj Ditàkmci prmv`hi sj udmc` jk

Oyjikoom-hi, uk` privmkcm` eikt`ðis`
smtu`h` `l Jstj hj Sjöl. Jk jl mktjrmir hj uk
v`llj rihj`hi hj disqujs pjrjkkjs ‘uk`
jxótmc` sjcujkcm` hj f`rhmkjs hmsjð`h` pir
Oissj hj Oirrj‘ kujstris priyjctis auk-
cmik`k ciei puktis hj p`rtmh` y hj cik-
clusmók hj uk p`sji smkuisi. Jl idfjtmvi js
quj t`kti l`s hmvjrs`s siedr`s y `teósajr`s
ciei l` jxpjrmjkcm` hj uk` k`tur`ljz` cul-
tmv`h` sj`k `prjcm`h`s hjshj his or`khjs
cl`ris6 uki hj jllis smouj l` tipior`aå` hjl
tjrrjki, jl itri js uk` pl`t`aire` jljv`h`
quj alit` jktrj lis àrdiljs. @uh`cjs y arà-
omljs, pjs`his y drmll`ktjs, jstis c`epis
`dmjrtis tjkhràk uk` prjsjkcm` hmaus` jk jl
^l`kt` hj smtu`cmók hjl ^`rquj Ditàkmci  / Dit`kmc`l ^`rg.Smtj pl`k p`ms`fj, ` pjs`r hj su c`ràctjr ipujsti.

E`qujt` hjl p`djllók ^ikh  / ^ikh p`vmlmik eihjl E`qujt` hjl rjst`ur`ktj f`rhåk Tjst  / Tjst o`rhjk rjst`ur`kt eihjl

 Xbms ms ` prmv`tj Dit`kmc `l ^`rg mk Oyjikoom-hi, `

eiukt`mkius privmkcj ti tbj j`st ia Sjiul. MIur
prifjcts mk ` v`lljy surriukhjh dy jvjrorjjk
airjsts, `k jxitmc sjqujkcj ia o`rhjks hjsmokjh
dy Oissj hj Oirrj, aukctmik `s tbj st`rt `kh jkh
pimkts ia ` wmkhmko priejk`hj. Xbj e`ky sb`hjs
`kh `teispbjrjs, tbj jxpjrmjkcj ia ` cultmv`tjh
jkvmrikejkt, `rj `pprjcm`tjh arie twi l`roj clj-
`rmkos6 ikj ailliwmko tbj tipior`pby, tbj itbjr `
^IKH  r`msjh pl`taire tb`t ali`ts `eiko tbj trjjs. Dilh
^`djllók y Tjst`ur`ktj jk Oyjikoom-hi `kh ar`omlj, wjmobty `kh drmobt, hjspmtj tbjmr ippi-
^`vmlmik `kh Tjst`ur`kt mk Oyjikoom-hi  smtj cb`r`ctjr, tbjsj ipjk amjlhs wmll b`vj ` b`zy
SIZXB GITJ@. 4>0= prjsjkcj mk tbj l`khsc`pj.

3>2 3>=
 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

Jstj or`k jst`kquj, smtu`hi hjktri hj uk ojkjrisi p`rquj rihj`hi pir uk hjksi disquj, jstà cikcjdmhi p`r` tr`ksemtmr uk` sjks`cmók hj
cjktr`lmh`h, eikuejkt`lmh`h y smkoul`rmh`h. Jl jst`kquj aukcmik` ` l` vjz ciei hjpósmti hj `ou`, `l sjrvmcmi hj tihi jl smstje` hj f`rhmkjs
‘rjciomjkhi jl `rriyi jxmstjktj y l`s `ou`s pluvm`ljs‘ y ciei jljejkti smedólmci, p`r` rjcmdmr y hjspjhmr ` lis vmsmt`ktjs.
Cik su pl`kt` cmrcul`r, jl jst`kquj rjprjsjkt` jl cjktri, y su amour` ukmt`rm` y `hmrjccmik`l qujh` ciktjkmh` hjktri hj uk pjhjst`l cu`hr`hi
(cik c`h` uki hj sus cu`tri l`his jkarjkt`hi b`cm` uk` irmjkt`cmók c`rhmk`l hjtjremk`h`), li quj jvic` l` `kcjstr`l rjcmpricmh`h jktrj l`
p`rtj y jl tihi, jktrj jl eukhi y jl ukmvjrsi.
Jl cu`hr`hi jstà cikstrumhi ciei uk eikilåtmci pjhjst`l hj biremoók mkclmk`hi. Su t`e`ði y su pismcmók hjktri hjl p`ms`fj pjremtjk idtjkjr
his pjrspjctmv`s mkvjrs`s6 `l lljo`r, jl jst`kquj js `pjk`s vmsmdlj tr`s uk` sjcujkcm` hj jsc`likjs quj b`cj quj jl `ou` c`mo` jk c`sc`h`
b`cm` kujstris pmjs7 `l s`lmr, hjspuís hj jxpjrmejkt`r l` ciepljfmh`h jktrjl`z`h` hj lis f`rhmkjs tr`hmcmik`ljs y ciktjepiràkjis, emr`eis
b`cm` jl v`llj smtu`hi `d`fi, b`cm` l`s supjramcmjs hj `ou`s tr`kquml`s `pjk`s sjp`r`h`s pir dirhjs mkamkmtis. Kujstri pukti hj auo` sj jljv`
 y hjscmjkhj t`kti lmtjr`l ciei e jt`aórmc`ejktj, y jst` hidlj cikhm cmók sj vj rjairz`h` pir uk c`epi rjo ul`r hj ciluek`s smk kmkouk` hmrjc-
cmók jk pl`kt` (` eihi hj trikcis hj àrdil) y cik uk` v`rm`cmók priorjsmv` jk `ltur` (c`h` >,: ejtris). Jstis cmlmkhris (hj >,: ejtris hj hmà-
ejtri) sj iro`kmz`k jk uk` aire`cmók hj cu`hråcul` d`st`ktj mkhmajrjktj (c`h` : ejtris) ‘li quj prihucj uk` mktjks` tr`ksp`rjkcm`‘ y cik
`lmkj`cmikjs arikt`ljs, tr`ksvjrs`ljs y hm`oik`ljs, priyjct`khi uk` hmvjrs` o`e` hj siedr`s sjoök jl eivmemjkti hjl sil y rjaljf`khi jl
jktirki k`tur`l jk sus supjramcmjs hj `cjri mkixmh`dlj pulmhi.
Jk ciksjcujkcm`, jl jst`kquj pujhj ljjrsj ciei uk jsp`cmi mktjrmir, ciei uk` or`k s`l` smk p`rjhjs. Zk` s`l` quj a`virjcj uk` jxpjrmjk-
cm` sjksmdlj hjl àedmti jscíkmci hjshj uk` pismcmók mkejrsmv` i hiemk`ktj. Hjpjkhmjkhi hj l` tjepir`h` y hj kujstr` hmspismcmók pjrsi-
k`l, pihjeis jljomr uk` hj l`s ciluek`s p`r` `piy`rkis, jscikhjrkis hjtràs hj sus rjaljfis, vjrkis priyjct`his b`cm` jl c`epi, b`cjr
quj jl tmjepi qujhj suspjkhmhi d`fi l`s dirditj`ktjs `ou`s, i ejhmt`r tr`s jl aràoml sjhmejkti vjojt`l `cueul`hi cik jl p`si hj lis `ðis
 y quj c`j hjshj u k e`k`ktm`l b`st` uk `kcbi råi jk tjrr`z`s, hjshj jl `e`kjcjr b`st` jl `t `rhjcjr, hjshj @ b`st` D, uk` y it r` vjz.

 Xbms l`roj pikh mk ` ojkjrius p`rg surriukhjh dy ` hjks j airjst ms ej`kt ti cikv jy ` sjksj ia cjktr`lm ty, eikuejkt`lmty `kh smk oul`rmty. Xbj pikh `cts `s ditb `
rjsjrvimr air tbj wbilj systje ia o`rhjks, cilljctmko w`tjr arie tbj strj`e `kh r`mkw`tjr, `kh `lsi `s ` syedilmc jljejkt tb`t wjlciejs `kh a`rjwjlls vmsmtirs.
 Xbj pikh s mokmamjs tbj cjktrj dy ej`ks ia mts cmrcul`r pl`k. Xbms ukmt `ry kik-hmrj ctmik`l amourj ms cikt`mkjh wmtbmk ` sq u`rj plmktb (j`cb ia mts aiur smhjs a `cmko `
prjcmsj c`rhmk`l pimkt), wbmcb suoojsts tbj `kcmjkt rjcmpricmty djtwjjk p`rt `kh wbilj, djtwjjk wirlh `kh ukmvjrsj. Xbj squ`rj ms dumlt `s `k mkclmkjh, eikilmtbmc
cikcrjtj plmktb. Mts smzj `kh pismtmik mk tbj l`khsc`pj `lliw air twi rjvjrsjh pjrspjctmvjs6 upik `rrmv`l, tbj pikh ms d`rjly vmsmdlj djbmkh ` sjqujkcj ia stjps tb`t
e`gj tbj w`tjr c`sc`hj hiwk tiw`rhs iur ajjt, wbmlj upik hjp`rturj, `atjr jxpjrmjkcmko tbj mktjrwivjk ciepljxmty ia tr`hmtmik`l `kh ciktjepir`ry o`rhjks, wj
liig hiwk ti tbj v`lljy, tiw`rhs pl`kjs ia stmll w`tjr d`rjly sjp`r`tjh dy mkamkmty jhojs.
Arie ` lmtjr`l ti ` ejt`pbirmc rmsj `kh a`ll ia ikj”s v`kmsbmko pimkt, tbms hiudlj cikhmtmik ms rjmkaircjh dy ` rjoul`r amjlh ia cilueks wmtb ki hmrjctmik mk pl`k
(jqumv`ljkt ti trjj trukgs) tb`t or`hu`lly v`ry mk bjmobt jvjry >.:e. Xbjsj >.:e hm`ejtjr cylmkhjrs `rj sjt mk ` siejwb`t mkhmaajrjkt ormh aire`tmik jvjry :e,
ojkjr`tmko ` hjjp tr`ksp`rjkcy wmtb arikt`l, tr`ksvjrs`l `kh hm`oik`l `lmokejkts, `kh c`stmko ` hmvjrsj r`koj ia sb`hiws tb`t cb`koj wmtb tbj suk”s eivjejkt
`kh rjaljct tbj k`tur`l surriukhmkos mk tbjmr pilmsbjh st`mkljss-stjjl sura`cjs.
Ciksjqujktly, tbj pikh c`k dj rj`h `s `k mktjrmir sp`cj, ` l`roj riie wmtbiut w`lls, ` riie tb`t a`cmlmt`tjs ` sjksmtmvj jxpjrmjkcj ia tbj scjkmc hie`mk arie `k
meejrsmvj ir hiemk`kt pismtmik. Hjpjkhmko ik tbj sj`sik `kh iur jeitmik`l hmspismtmik, wj c`k cbiisj ikj ia tbj cilueks ti lj`k ik, ti bmhj djbmkh mts
rjaljctmiks, ti sjj iursjlvjs prifjctjh mkti tbj amjlh, ti suspjkh tmej djkj`tb tbj d`ddlmko w`tjrs ir ti ejhmt`tj djbmkh tbj ar`omlj sjhmejkt ia pl`kt e`ttjr dumlt
up ivjr tbj yj`rs tb`t c`sc`hjs arie ` sprmko ti ` wmhj tjrr`cjh rmvjr, arie h`wk ti suksjt, arie @ ti D, ivjr `kh ivjr `o`mk.

^@DJLLÓK ^IKH / ^IKH ^@QMLMIK

30> 300

@lz`hi Kirjstj  / Kirtb-j`st jljv`tmik

Sjccmók hm`oik`l / Hm`oik`l sjctmik

^l`kt`  / Aliir pl`k

304 303
 

@xikieítrmc`  / @xikiejtrmc vmjw

H`h` l` pismcmók jljv`h` y priaukh` hjl sil`r hjktri hjl priyjcti O`rhjk, pripikjeis quj jl rjst`ur`ktj aukcmikj ciei rjauomi, pjhjst`l y
eikuejkti. Hj jstj eihi, sj cikcmdj ciei uk` rjamk`h` pmjz` hj mkar`jstructur` quj pjremtj, rjspjctmv`ejktj, l` mktrispjccmók d`fi uk`
siedr` rjsjrv`h`, l` ciktjepl`cmók hj uk p`kir`e` `dmjrti y l` cjljdr`cmók rihj`h` hj l` jsc`l` `rc`mc` hj uk hjksi disquj.
C`sm ciei uk ciktr`pjsi hj kujstr` pripujst` ^ikh, jstj jhmamcmi js uk` aire`cmók e`smv`, ip`c` y rjoul`r hj ciluek`s quj sistmjkjk uk`
pl`t`aire` pl`k`. Ki js sóli uk pukti hj jkcujktri aåsmci jktrj l`s aujrz`s k`tur`ljs y l`s bue`k`s ‘uk`s, tr`ksamrmjkhi c`ro`s `l sujli7 y l`s
itr`s, jljv`khi l` vmh` ` uk` hmejksmók jspmrmtu`l‘, smki t`edmík uk jkcujktri cultur`l, uk` aire` hj rjcmpricmh`h jktrj l`s tr`hmcmikjs lic`ljs
 y lis v`lirjs ukmvjrs`ljs, mk clusi uk` sjks`cmók hj `siedri `ktj li jxtr`ð`ejktj a`emlm`r. J k su `uh`cm`, jst` pl`t`aire` pujh j jktjkhjrsj
ciei lmtjr`l `l tmjepi quj ejt`aórmc`6 ciei uk `utíktmci sujli hj jscjk`rmi sidrj jl quj sj `lz`k ukis or`khjs pml`rjs rjct`koul`rjs ‘oruj-
sis y `ltis, p`r` pihjr sjr ljåhis ciei jscultur`s, idjlmscis i pjqujðis jhmamcmis‘ y ciei uk pl`ki `dstr`cti quj sjp`r` l` luz y l` iscurmh`h
cik tihi su smedilmsei prmemtmvi.
Jl rjst`ur`ktj sj `rtmcul` cumh`his`ejktj cik jl jktirki mkejhm`ti, sjp`r`khi su priyjccmók birmzikt`l hjl tjrrjki k`tur`l. Jst` cikhmcmók
prmeirhm`l pjremtj quj jl jsp`cmi mktjrmir sj pjrcmd` ciei alit`khi sidrj lis f`rhmkjs, cik vmst`s hm`oik`ljs mkmktjrruepmh`s pjkhmjktj `d`fi.
L`s lis`s birmzikt`ljs, hjl sujli y l` cudmjrt`, qujh`k sipirt`h`s pir hmjcmsíms pml`rjs b`dmt`dljs (hj 4 e4  jk pl`kt`) smtu`his ` mktjrv`lis
ojkjrisis (jk uk` cu`hråcul` hj 0> ejtris), li quj privic` l` pjrcjpcmók hj uk p`ms`fj sudlmej quj eujstr` l`s tr`ksp`rjkcm`s y l`s mrrjou-
l`rmh`hjs hj uk` jxudjr`ktj vjojt`cmók `utóctik`. Jl c`ràctjr mkaire`l hjl kmvjl mkajrmir pujhj t`edmík pjrcmdmrsj jk jl jstr`ti supjrmir. Jstj
Lis jsp`cmis mktjrmirjs hjl rjst`ur`ktj sj iro`kmz`k jk uk` `lmkj`cmók hm`oik`l, cik uk`s hmscrjt`s c`f`s sólmh`s p`r` l`s aukcmikjs hj sjr-
mktjrmir hj uk` sil` pl`kt` sj udmc` jk jl emsei kmvjl hjl c`emki quj hidl` b`cm` l` p`rtj pistjrmir hjl sil`r, hj t`l e`kjr` quj l` tjrr`z` hj
vmcmi ‘`le`cjk`emjkti, cicmk` y d`ðis‘ y uk or`k s`lók mkaire`l p`r` l`s aukcmikjs sicm`ljs ‘ciejr, djdjr y hjsc`ks`r‘. Jst` cikamou-
`ccjsi qujh` cóeih`ejktj kmvjl`h` cik íl. Zk` tjrr`z` jk jsqumk` aukcmik` ciei jsp`cmi pmvit`ktj. Su jsc`ljr` hj c`r`cil cjktr`l hjamkj
r`cmók `smeítrmc` jst`dljcj uk` smeplj hmstmkcmók jktrj jl arjktj y l` jsp`lh`, cik eöltmpljs cmrcumtis hj cmrcul`cmók hj uk l`hi ` itri. Jk l`
l` tr`ksmcmók pödlmc` hj uk àedmti ` itri6 hjshj l` pjkhmjktj k`tur`l quj b`y d`fi jl jhmamcmi, b`st` l` pl`t`aire` jljv`h` hj l` `zitj`, p`s`khi
jsqumk` ipujst` ` l` jktr`h` prmkcmp`l, b`y itr` tjrr`z` jk jsqumk`, cik `ccjsi jxclusmvi hjshj jl s`lók, quj emr` b`cm` jl f`rhåk y l` s`lmh`
pir jl s`lók suspjkhmhi hjl rjst`ur`ktj.
hjl sil. L` pl`kt` hmàa`k` hjl rjst`ur`ktj sj pujhj `eujdl`r cik hmvjrs`s ciepismcmikjs hjpjkhmjkhi hj c`h` jvjkti, pjremtmjkhi ejs`s
l`tjr`ljs i cjktr`ljs, hmspjrs`s i cikcjktr`h`s, `orup`h`s i mkhmvmhu`ljs. Jst` iro`kmz`cmók jk hm`oik`l t`edmík meplmc` uk` aukcmik`lmh`h
Omvjk tbj hjjp, jljv`tjh pismtmik ia tbj smtj wmtbmk tbj O`rhjk prifjct, wj hjsmokjh ` rjst`ur`kt tb`t wiulh `ct `s ` rjtrj`t, ` plmktb `kh ` eikuejkt. Mt ms tbjrjairj
cl`r`, cik àrj`s hmajrjkcm`h`s p`r` jl duaajt hj ciemh`s, l` c`ajtjrå` y l` vmkitjc`, c`h` uk` hj jll`s cik su pripmi c`fjri.
cikcjmvjh `s ` rjamkjh pmjcj ia mkar`structurj tb`t pjremts mktrispjctmik djkj`tb ` rjsjrvjh sb`hiw, ciktjepl`tmik liigmko iut `criss `k ipjk p`kir`e` `kh
Jl jhmamcmi js uk dliquj ridusti y eikilåtmci, amrejejktj `kcl`hi `l sujli. Sj cikcmdj ciei uk` jstructur` hj biremoók tmkt`hi rjvjstmh` hj
cjljdr`tmik surriukhjh dy tbj `rcb`mc sc`lj ia ` hjksj airjst. Xbms dumlhmko, `leist ` ciuktjrwjmobt ti iur ^ikh pripis`l, ms ` e`ssmvj, ip`quj, rjoul`r aire`tmik
e`hjr` vjrhj jk su mktjrmir. L`s tjxtur`s hj jstis e`tjrm`ljs hjdjrå`k sjr l` jxprjsmók hj uk tr`d`fi `rtjs`k`l bjcbi ` e`ki. L`s p`rjhjs,
ia cilueks tb`t suppirt ` al`t pl`taire. Mt ms kit ikly ` pbysmc`l ejjtmko pimkt djtwjjk k`tur`l `kh bue`k aircjs ‘ikj tr`ksajrrmko li`hs ti tbj oriukh `kh tbj
lis p`vmejktis y lis tjcbis sj hjs`rrill`ràk smoumjkhi uk rjamk`hi p`trók quj pripmcm`rà uk` `teósajr` tr`kquml` y smljkcmis` `l tmjepi quj
itbjr jljv`tmko lmaj ti ` spmrmtu`l hmejksmik‘dut `lsi ` cultur`l jkciuktjr, ` aire ia rjcmpricmty arie lic`l tr`hmtmiks ti ukmvjrs`l v`lujs, jvjk ` sjksj ia wikhjr `t
ciktril`rà jl rjkhmemjkti `cöstmci `pripm`hi hjl jsp`cmi.
 wb`t sjjes str`kojly a`emlm`r. Mk mts dilhkjss, tbms pl`taire c`k dj rjo`rhjh `s ditb lmtjr`l `kh ejt`pbirmc6 `s ` v jrmt`dlj st`oj aliir air l`roj rjct `koul`r cilueks
‘tbmcg `kh t`ll si `s ti dj rj`h `s sculpturjs, idjlmsgs ir se`ll dumlhmkos‘ `kh `s tbj `dstr`ct pl`kj tb`t hmvmhjs lmobt `kh h`rg, wmtb `ll mts prmemtmvj syedilmse.
 Xbj sp`cjs mksmhj tb j rjst`ur`kt `rj omvjk ` hm`oik`l `lmokejkt, wmtb hms crjtj silmh dixjs air sjrvmcj auk ctmiks ‘stir`oj, gmtcbjk `kh timlj ts‘ `kh ` l`roj mkaire`l
 Xbj rjst`ur`kt ms c`rj aully `rtmcul`tjh wmt b tbj meejhm`tj surriuk hmkos, sjp`r`tmko mts b irmzikt`l jxtjksmik arie tbj k`tur`l tjrr`mk. Xbms priemkjkt cikhmtmik lj ts tbj
b`ll air sicm`l aukctmiks (hmkmko, hrmkgmko `kh rjl`x`tmik). Xbms `syeejtrmc`l cikamour`tmik crj`tjs ` smeplj hmstmkctmik djtwjjk arikt `kh d`cg, wmtb eultmplj cmrcu-
mktjrmir sp`cj sjje ti ali`t `divj tbj o`rhjks, wmtb ukmktjrruptjh hm`oik`l hiwkbmll vmjws. Xbj birmzikt`l riia `kh aliir pl`tjs `rj suppirtjh dy smxtjjk mkb`dmt`dlj
l`tmik cmrcumts arie ikj smhj ti tbj itbjr. @t tbj ippismtj cirkjr ia tbj e`mk jktr`kcj, tbjrj ms `kitbjr cirkjr tjrr`cj wmtb jxclusmvj `ccjss arie tbj b`ll, wbmcb
cilueks ik ` 4e squ`rj pl`k wmtb ojkjrius mktjrv`ls ik ` 0>e ormh, rjsultmko mk tbj pjrcjptmik ia ` sudlmej l`khsc`pj cikt`mkmko tbj tr`ksp`rjkcmjs `kh mrrjou-
a`cjs tbj o`rhjk `kh tbj hmrjctmik ia tbj sukrmsj. Xbj rjst`ur`kt”s ipjk pl`k c`k dj aurkmsbjh wmtb hmaajrjkt t`dlj `rr`kojejkts ‘l`tjr`l ir cjktr`l, sc`ttjrjh ir
l`rmtmjs ia lusb k`tmvj vjojt`tmik. Xbj mkaire`l cb`r`ctjr ia tbms liwjr ljvjl ms `lsi pjrcjptmdlj ik tbj uppjr str`tue. Xbms smkolj-stiry mktjrmir ms ik tbj s`ej ljvjl
cikcjktr`tjh, oriupjh ir mkhmvmhu`l‘ hjpjkhmko ik tbj typj ia jvjkt. Xbms hm`oik`l l`yiut `lsi meplmjs clj`r aukctmik`lmty, wmtb hmaajrjktm`tjh zikjs air tbj aiih
`s tbj djkh mk tbj strjjt `t tbj d`cg ia tbj smtj, mk sucb ` w`y tb`t tbj jktr`kcj tjrr`cj ms cieairt`dly ljvjlljh wmtb mt. @ cirkjr tjrr`cj wirgs `s ` pmvit sp`cj.
duaajt, ciaajj d`r `kh wmkj d`r, j`cb ikj wmtb mts iwk cbjcgiut.
Mts cjktr`l spmr`l st`mrc`sj hjamkjs ` pudlmc tr`ksmtmik arie ikj hie`mk ti `kitbjr, arie tbj k`tur`l slipj ukhjr tbj dumlhmko ti tbj suspjkhjh rjst`ur`kt riie `kh
 Xbj dumlhmko ms ` ridust, eikilmtbmc d licg amrely `kcbirjh ti tbj oriukh. Mt ms cik cjmvjh `s ` st`m kjh cikcrjtj stru cturj, cl`h mktjrk `lly wmtb orjjk tmedj r. Xbj tjx-
tbj r`msjh pl`taire ia tbj riia tjrr`cj.
turjs ia tbjsj e`tjrm`ls sbiulh dj tbj jxprjssmik ia b`kh-cr`atjh `rtms`k`l wirg. J`cb w`ll, p`vjejkt `kh cjmlmko wmll dj hjvjlipjh wmtb ` rjamkjh p`ttjrk tb`t wmll
TJSX@ZT@KXJ F@THÅK TJSX  / O@THJK TJSX@ZT@KX TJSX jkb`kcj tbj rjl`xjh, smljkt `teispbjrj `kh tbj `ppriprm`tj `ciustmc cikhmtmiks ia tbj sp`cj.

308 30:

Sjccmók pir jsc`ljr` / Sjctmik tbriuob st`mrc`sj

^l`kt` sjoukh`  / Sjcikh aliir pl`k

L` luz k`tur`l d`ð`rà jst`s supjramcmjs hjshj hmrjccmikjs hmajrjktjs

(ki sóli l`tjr`l, t`edmík vjrtmc`lejktj, hjshj `rrmd` y hjshj `d`fi).

^l`kt` prmejr` / Amrst aliir pl`k ^ir l` kicbj, l` càlmh` mluemk`cmók puktu`l sj eultmplmc`rà b`st` jl
mkamkmti jk lis or`khjs p`kjljs hj vmhrmi hj c`h` uk` hj l`s a`cb`-
h`s. Jk jl kmvjl hj l` tjrr`z`, l`s hmjcmsíms ciluek`s sj pihrå`k utm-
lmz`r ciei pistjs p`r` sistjkjr l` mluemk`cmók privmsmik`l, l`s p`k-
t`ll`s i l`s c`rp`s, hjspljo`khi jl jsp`cmi p`r` rjukmikjs tj`tr`ljs
sjem-jxtjrmirjs, d`kqujtjs y cjljdr`cmikjs.

K`tur`l lmobt wmll w`sb tbjsj sura`cjs arie hmaajrjkt hmrjctmiks, kit ikly l`tjr`lly
dut `lsi vjrtmc`lly, arie `divj `kh djliw. @t kmobt, pimkts ia w`re lmobt wmll dj
eultmplmjh mkamkmtjly ik tbj l`roj ol`ss a`c`hj p`kjls. @t tbj tjrr`cj ljvjl, tbj
smxtjjk cilueks c`k dj usjh `s piljs ti bilh tjepir`ry lmobtmko, scrjjks ir
e`rqujjs `kh `lliw tbj sp`cj ti dj jxp`khjh air tbj`trmc`l sjem-iuthiir
o`tbjrmkos, d`kqujts `kh cjljdr`tmiks.

^l`kt` d`f` / Oriukh aliir pl`k

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