Micro-Project Report

On
Two ripple counter

1.0 Rationale
• We have performed in micro project for implementing and understanding the concepts of
the course covered in digital technique.
• We have learned to use various two bit ripple counter is for the creation of different
electronic equipment.
• In Boolean Algebra, Ripple counter is a special type of Asynchronous counter in which the clock
pulse ripples through the circuit. The n-MOD ripple counter forms by combining n number of flip-
flops. The n-MOD ripple counter can count 2n states, and then the counter resets to its initial value.
• We have learned to use the efficient use of 2 ripple counter and use in flip flops.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

1. Counter is basically used to count the number of clock pulses applied to a flip-flop.

2. Use Frequency divider, time measurement,

3. Use frequency measurement, distance measurement.

4. Use also for generating square waveforms.

3.0 Literature Review

In asynchronous/ripple counter output of the first flip-flop is provided as the clock to the second flip-
flop i.e flip-flop(FF) are not clocked simultaneously.
Circuit is simpler, but speed is slow.

1. Two bit ripple counter

Asynchronous/ripple counter output of the first flip-flop is provided as the clock to the second
flip-flop i.e flip-flop(FF) are not clocked simultaneously.
Circuit is simpler, but speed is slow.
Binary counter is a 2-Mod counter which counts up to 2-bit state values, i.e., 22 = 4 values.
The flip flops having similar conditions for toggling like T and JK are used to construct the
Ripple counter. Below is a circuit diagram of a binary ripple counter.

• In the circuit design of the binary ripple counter, two JK flip flops are used. The high
voltage signal is passed to the inputs of both flip flops. This high voltage input
maintains the flip flops at a state 1. In JK flip flops, the negative triggered clock pulse
use.

The outputs Q0 and Q1 are the LSB and MSB bits, respectively. The truth table of JK flip
flop helps us to understand the functioning of the counter.
The output of the first flip flop passes to the second flip flop as a clock pulse. From the above
timing diagram, it is clear that the state of the second flip flop is changed when the output
Q0 goes transition from 1 to 0. The outputs Q0 and Q1 treat as LSB and MSB. The
counter counts the values 00, 01, 10, 11. After counting these values, the counter resets
itself and starts counting again from 00, 01, 10, and 1. The count values until the clock
pulses are passed to J0K0 flip flop.

3.OFFICE SOFTWARE PACKAGES:

We have used MS word 2021 for creating our report to show about how we have developed the
application. A brief information about the software is as below
Microsoft Office (or simply Office) is a family of server software, and services developed by
Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on August 1, 1988, in Las Vegas. The first version
of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years,
Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell
checker, data integration etc. Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-
users and computing environments. The original, and most widely used version, is the desktop
version, available for PCs running the Windows, Linux and Mac OS operating systems. Office
Online is a version of the software that runs within a web browser, while Microsoft also maintains
Office apps for Android and iOS. Microsoft Office is a suite of desktop productivity applications
that is designed specifically to be used for office or business use. It is a proprietary product of
Microsoft Corporation and was first released in 1990. Microsoft Office is available in 35 different
languages and is supported by Windows, Mac and most Linux variants. It mainly consists of
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, OneNote, Outlook and Publisher applications.

2. Important Features of MS-Word

Ms-Word not only supports word processing features but also DTP
features. Some of the important features of MS-Word are listed
below:
i) Using word, we can create the document and edit them later,
as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the
existing text, deleting/moving some part ofit.
ii) Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text.
iii) Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer
can be included.
iv) Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document.
Word count and other statistics can be generated.
v) Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be
made.
 vi) Tables can be made and included in the text.
vii) Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical
pictures can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip
Art Gallery.
viii) Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some
function/special keys or to a tool bar or to a menu.
ix) It also provides online help of any option.

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed

• First created the group of students to work on the project.
• Do brainstorming to select an appropriate topic of our interest to make the project.
• Divide task among the group members.
• Learn the basic working of the system.
• Divide the functionality of overall system into modules.
• Each group member work on its own module.
• Each module is integrated at the last to make the whole application software.
• Do the report writing process.
• With the consent of guide submit the micro project.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. No. Name of Specifications Qty.
Resource/material
1 Websites • www.google.com
-----

2 Book MSBTE 3rd Sem “Digital technique” by TECHMAX -----

Publication.

3 Computer System Asus core-i5processor with windows 11 operating 01

system.
 4 Office Software Packages MS WORD Office 2021 -----

5 Logic gates NAND and NOR GATE 01

6 LED RED 01

7 Battery 8v 01

8 Switch -- --

9 Connecting wires 0.6 mm As

required
10 Resistor -- 02

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project

 7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project

❖ Leadership

❖ Good Listening

❖ Good Speaking

❖ Critical Thinking

❖ Any Problem solves in Group

❖ Time management

❖ Complete work in time

8.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

Counter is basically used to count the number of clock pulses applied to a flip-flop. It can also be used for
Frequency divider, time measurement, frequency measurement, distance measurement, and also for
generating square waveforms.

• Counters are specially designed synchronous sequential circuits,

•
• Employed in freezer warning buzzer devices.
•
• It can also be used for Frequency divider, time measurement, frequency measurement, distance
measurement, and also for generating square waveforms.
•
• These are used for analyzing the status of the sensor that is connected to various doors and window Used
in burglar alarms.
9.0 Area of Future Improvement
• In future we can add some more examples and more enhancement in this micro-project to
demonstrate and study real world concept.
• Also, we can add more functions that has been discovered soon in our world and adding
more resources.

*********