Linguistics

The latest trends in Linguistics Development

 Landscape Linguistics (a combination of sociolinguistics,

semiotics and other disciplines
 Forensic Linguistics (linguistic evidence for legal
process)
 CorpusLinguistics (a quantitative way to obtain and
analyze linguistic data)
Pragmatics
 A branch of linguistics
 The focus is on the analysis of speakers’ intent in context.
 The linguistic unit to be analyzed: Utterances not sentences
 Contexts: all aspects (physical and non-physical aspects) when utterances are
spoken (other utterances, speakers’ relationship, weather, time, politics,
religious matters etc.
 Meaning behind utterances:
 A teacher speaks to his students in the classroom, ‘It is hot today’
Context: Jane and John are in a
relationship for a long time

John : Would you marry me?

Jane : Look, John, I know it shouldn’t
bother me that you’re a zookeeper, but
it kind of does. And when we first
started dating, I just assumed that you
would turn into the guy that I’d always
dreamed of being with. But….
How to do things with words
 J.L Austin stated that words are not only spoken. Words are actions
 Austin said that words have real consequence to real life.
 Austin differentiates utterances into 2 groups
1. Constantive: true of false (mengandung informasi saja/ tidak memiliki
tindakan)
‘The capital city of Bali Province is Denpasar’

2. Performative : relates to actions (related to felicity conditions)

‘Anda saya tilang!’ (whose utterance is this? How about you say it to your
friends?)
‘Saya nikahkan Budi dan Ina sebagai suami istri’
‘Kuliah ini saya tutup’.
‘Kita putus ya yang!’
‘Anda saya rumahkan mulai besok’.
Which one is our concern in Pragmatics?

Performative
Utterances
Felicity Conditions: the main
requirement for pragmatic analysis

Before choosing a
pragmatic data source
please consider these
criteria (next page)
Felicity condition:
the condition that must be in place and the criteria that
must be fulfilled for a speech ast to achieve its purpose
1. General condition: participants must hear and understand the language
2. Preparatory condition: participants must know what they are talking about, have a
shared context, shared conventions.
3. Propositional condition: the content of the utterances, or the act implied, must be
feasible/ possible
4. Sincerity condition: participants must not lie or play (it is not an acting like in a
movie or drama etc)
5. Essential condition: participants must be in a position to say what they say and
they must be committed to what they say.

So what?????
Pragmatic researches ideally use real/natural utterances in the real life
communication. Not a prepared communication like in a movie, drama etc.
Alright!
Here is our menu in Pragmasemantics
 Speech acts (locution, illocution, perlocution)
 Cooperative principles/ Maxims of Communications (maxim of quantity,
quality, relevance, manner)
 Face (positive and negative face, Face Threatening Act (FTA))
 Politeness (positive and negative politeness)
 Deixis (place, time, person, social, discourse)

 HOWEVER, BEFORE WE COME TO THOSE TOPICS WE WILL LEARN FROM

SEMANTICS
 Speech Acts Theory
J.L. Austin in “How to Do Things with Words”
Further developed by J.R. Searle (American
Philosopher)
Speech act is

 The way in which words can be used not to

present information but also to carry out
actions like we greet, insult, compliment,
plead (to present an argument or plea, esp
in a legal case), supply information, and
get work done.
Three Simultaneous Aspects of Speech
Acts
 Locutionary act (ucapannya)
 Illocutionary act (niatnya)
 Perlocutionary act (efek yg terjadi
pada pembicara dan pendengar)
Example:
 (Ilocutionary force= the observable utterance)
“I will take you to Cappadocia next month for a holiday”

 (illocutionary force= the speaker’s intention)

Promising (a commissive)

 (perlocutionary force= the effect of the utterance on the listener)

Lidya danira is happy
Locutionary Act

 Locutionaryacts are the mere act of

producing some linguistic sounds or
marks with a certain meaning and
reference (the act of saying, literal
meaning)
Illocutionary Act

 Itcarries a directive for the audience. It

might be a promise, an order, an apology,
or an expression of thanks or merely an
answer to a question, to inform the other
person in the conversation (the act of
doing)
Illocutionary acts
 1. Representatives
 2. Commissives
 3. Directives
 4. Declarations
 5. Expressives
Illocutionary Act is classified into 5 (Searle 1969)
1. Representatives: commit a speaker to the truth of an
expressed proposition (informing, asserting (penegasan),
stating, concluding, boasting, describing, suggesting)
‘It’s raining’
‘I am a great singer’
‘Bill was an accountant’

2. Commissive: commit a speaker to some future action

(promising, pledging, threatening, vowing, offering
‘I am going to leave you’
‘I’ll call you tonight’
3. Directives : are used by a speaker who attempts to get
the addressee to carry out an action (requesting, advising,
commanding, challenging, inviting, entreating
‘You’d better tidy up that mess’
‘Sit down’
‘Please make a cup of coffee’

4. Declarations: affect an immediate change of affairs

(declaring, baptizing, resigning, firing from employment,
hiring, arresting

‘We find the defendant guilty’

‘I resign’
5. Expressives: express some sort of
psychological state (greeting, thanking,
apologizing, complaining, congratulating

‘This beer is disgusting’

‘I’m sorry to hear that’
‘Thank you!’
‘I’m so happy today’
Perlocutionary Act (the act of affecting)
 It brings about a consequence to the audience. They have
an effect on the hearer, in feelings, thoughts, or actions.

 For example, changing someone’s mind.

 Unlike illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts can project

a sense of fear into the audience.
 I will not be your friend (the impeding loss of friendship is
an illocutionary act, while the effect of frightening the
friend into compliance of a perlocutionary act
 Awas ada ulat bulu di bajumu!
Project!
 Work in pairs
 Please get an article from a
journal (any journal at least Sinta
1-4, not 5 and 6).
 Get the points of the article:
1. Title
2. Reasons of conducting the research
3. Type of research
4. Data source/ subject
5. Steps of data analysis
6. Theory (ies) used for nalayzing
data
7. Findings and discussions (main
points)
8. Conclusion

 Present it via OLM