BIODENTAL

Dentistry is a branch of medicine with its own particularities and very diverse
areas of action, which means that it can be considered as an interdisciplinary
field. Currently the use of new techniques and technologies is receiving much

ENGINEERING
attention.

BIODENTAL ENGINEERING III

BIODENTAL ENGINEERING III contains contributions from 13 countries, which

III
were presented at BIODENTAL 2014, the 3rd International Conference on
Biodental Engineering (Póvoa do Varzim, Portugal, 22-23 June 2014). They
provide a comprehensive coverage of the state-of-the-art in this area, and
address issues on a wide range of topics:

• Aesthetics
• Bioengineering
• Biomaterials
• Biomechanical disorders
• Biomedical devices
• Computational bio-imaging and visualization
• Computational methods
• Dental medicine
• Experimental mechanics
• Signal processing and analysis
• Implantology
• Minimally invasive devices and techniques
• Orthodontics
• Prosthesis and orthosis
• Simulation
• Software development
• Telemedicine
• Tissue engineering
• Virtual reality

BIODENTAL ENGINEERING III will be of interest to academics and others Natal Jorge R.M. Natal Jorge
interested and/or involved in biodental engineering. Campos J.C. Reis Campos
Vaz Mário A.P. Vaz
Santos Sónia M. Santos
Tavares João Manuel R.S. Tavares
EDITORS EDITORS

an informa business
 BIODENTAL ENGINEERING III

BIODENT_Book.indb i 5/15/2014 7:28:30 AM

This page intentionally left blank
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE III INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIODENTAL ENGINEERING,
PORTO, PORTUGAL, 22–23 JUNE 2014

Biodental Engineering III

Editors
R.M. Natal Jorge
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

J.C. Reis Campos

Faculdade de Medicina Denteria da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Mário A.P. Vaz

Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Sónia M. Santos
MedSupport-Engenharia e Apoio à Decisão, Lda, Portugal

João Manuel R.S. Tavares

Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

BIODENT_Book.indb iii 5/15/2014 7:28:31 AM

 CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK

Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by pho-
tocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.

Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

Published by: CRC Press/Balkema

P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com

ISBN: 978-1-138-02671-1 (Hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-75178-8 (eBook PDF)

BIODENT_Book.indb iv 5/15/2014 7:28:31 AM

 Biodental Engineering III – Natal Jorge et al. (Eds)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02671-1

Table of contents

Acknowledgements ix
Preface xi
Thematic sessions xiii
Scientific committee xv

Contributed papers

A variable finite element model of the human masticatory system 3

S. Martinez, J. Lenz, K. Schweizerhof & H.J. Schindler
Occlusal splint vs. anterior deprogrammer in bruxism therapy—is surface electromyography
a valid tool? 9
B. Dalewski & B. Frączak
Fracture toughness in interface systems Ni-Cr/ceramic, alumina/ceramic and
zirconia/ceramic 15
C.P.S. Porto, M. Parente, R.M.N. Jorge, L.C. Pereira & S. Griza
The use of GBR in bone regeneration: An histologic study in the rabbit model 21
I. Guerra, M.H. Figueiral, J.C.R. Campos, F. Branco, M. Vasconcelos, A. Afonso & R.Z. Gomes
Effect of repeated tightening and loosening cycles of prosthetic screws in the
micromovements of the abutment-implant assembly: A pilot study 27
A. Messias, S. Rocha, N. Calha, P. Nicolau, F. Guerra & M.A. Neto
Stress analysis of human periodontal ligament: Implications for its damage 33
A.P. del Palomar, U. Santana-Mora, J. Cegoñino, U. Santana-Penin,
A. Calvo-Echenique & M.J. Mora
Parametric evaluation of cortical bone thickness behavior on stress/strain
of a dental implant 39
J.P. de Oliveira Freitas, V. Bianco, J.H. Rubo, P.J.P. Gonçalves & E.A.C. Sousa
3D Finite Element biomechanical model of the mandible-mucosa-expander
apparatus set 43
I. Braga, D. Rocha, R. Utsch, E.L. Casas, R. Andrade, R. Braga,
R.M.N. Jorge & P.A.L.S. Martins
Computer-aided design and manufacturing of dental implants with irregular geometries 51
J. Chen, X. Chen, X. Zhang, O. Eichstädt, R. Du, F. Deng & Z. Zhang
Automatic reconstruction of dental CT images using optimization 57
P.H.J. Amorim, T.F. de Moraes, J.V.L. da Silva, H. Pedrini & R.B. Ruben
Overbleaching effects on mineral content and roughness of human enamel 63
M.S.F. de Miranda, R.S. Santos, M.J. dos Anjos, E.M. da Silva & C.R. Perez
The assessment of the generated temperature by the drill bit in the bone tissue 67
C.T. Sampaio, E.M. Fonseca, J.E. Ribeiro & R. Cerqueira

BIODENT_Book.indb v 5/15/2014 7:28:31 AM

 The CAD technology in removable prosthodontics 73
M.A. Sampaio-Fernandes, M. Sampaio-Fernandes, P. Fonseca,
P.R. Almeida & M.H. Figueiral
Clinical trial—in vivo endosseous implants micromovements measuring with 3D
Digital Image Correlation method 77
T. Rodrigues, F. Moreira, F. Guerra, P. Nicolau & M.A. Neto
Simulation of remodeling of tissue engineered condylar cartilage under static
hydrostatic pressure 83
C. Bandeiras, A. Completo & A. Ramos
Cyclic fatigue resistance of five rotary endodontic instruments 89
B. Chaveli-Díaz, L. Forner, C. Llena, R. Madureira & F. Tadeu
A biomechanical analysis of a maxillary overdenture retained by divergent
implant attachments 93
A. Miler, A. Correia, J.M. Rocha, J.C.R. Campos, N.V. Ramos & M.A. Vaz
Effects of micromovement on the strain distribution of an implant supported zirconia
dental bridge structure during loading: A 3D digital image correlation and 3D finite
element analysis 97
N. Calha, T. Rodrigues, A. Messias, L. Roseiro, P. Nicolau & M.A. Neto
Comparative analysis of mandibular symphysis plates 103
J.C. Dinis, D.T. Kemmoku, P.Y. Noritomi, J.V.L. Silva & R.B. Ruben
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the inorganic composition of enamel 107
R.M. Moreira, F.S. Calazans, A.C. Lamosa, R.S. Santos, M.J. dos Anjos,
J.T. de Assis & M.S. Miranda
Integration of image processing and 3D techniques to simulate aesthetic
dental treatments 113
R. Pulido, J.J. Jiménez & A. Rodríguez
Analysis of autoclave induced dimensional changes on addition silicones 119
M. Só, O. Lino, P.R. Almeida, C. Leal, J.C.R. Campos & J. Sampaio-Fernandes
Relationship between implant primary stability (torque and ISQ) and bone density
assessed by CBCT—clinical trial 125
R.Z. Gomes, L.L. da Silva, J. Coimbra, I. Guerra, M. Vasconcelos, A. Correia & A.C. Braga
Fracture resistance of single-tooth implant-supported 131
P.A.G. Piloto & J.F. Piloto
An electromagnetic tracker system for the design of a dental superstructure 137
A.H.J. Moreira, S. Queirós, N.F. Rodrigues, A.C.M. Pinho, J.C. Fonseca & J.L. Vilaça
Optimization of a perfusion bioreactor for tissue engineering 145
D. Freitas, H.A. Almeida & P. Bártolo
Reinforced PCL scaffolds with Eggshell powder 151
S.I. Biscaia, T.F. Viana, H.A. Almeida & P. Bártolo
Optimizing regions for characterization of thermal images in medical applications 155
A. Duarte, L. Carrão, M. Espanha, T.F. Viana, D. Freitas, P. Bártolo, P. Faria & H.A. Almeida
Mechanical behavior of dentures clasps in acetal resin and cobalt-chromium:
A numerical analysis 161
A.R.D. Lopes, A. Correia, J.C.R. Campos, N.V. Ramos & M.A. Vaz
Gingiva Assessment Tool—a clinical decision support system to evaluate the esthetic risk
for gingiva-shade ceramics in a fixed dental prosthesis 169
P.C. Viana, A. Correia, I. Lopes, Z. Kovacs & L. Eustáquio
Geometric and structural comparison of anatomic models 173
R. Zeibak, D. Freitas, H.A. Almeida & P. Bártolo

vi

BIODENT_Book.indb vi 5/15/2014 7:28:31 AM

 Finite element analysis of bio-inert mass effect on stress reduction in bone-dental
implant interface 179
G. Mehdi, A. Belarbi, B. Mansouri & Z. Azari
Ideal spacing according to different types of cement—Everest system (KaVo®) 185
P. Rocha-Almeida, P. Caniço, C. Leal, J. Reis-Campos & J. Sampaio-Fernandes
Time dependent constitutive model for a biopolymer derived from castor oil polyurethane 191
A.C. Vieira, V. Tita, R.R.C. da Costa & R.M. Guedes
IL1 gene cluster polymorphisms and peri-implant disease 197
M. Sampaio-Fernandes, P. Vaz, P. Fonseca, J. Reis-Campos & M.H. Figueiral
Quality evaluation of websites with information on child dental trauma in Portuguese language 201
M. Crespo, J. Carvalho, A. Correia & P. Mesquita
Numerical analysis of a teeth restoration: A meshless method approach 207
C.S.S. Tavares, J. Belinha, L.M.J.S. Dinis & R.M.N. Jorge
The bone tissue remodelling analysis in dentistry using a meshless method 213
J. Belinha, L.M.J.S. Dinis & R.M.N. Jorge
Dental tissue classification using computational intelligence and digital image analysis 221
G. Vaccaro & J.I. Pelaez
Influence of composite temperature on the marginal seal in dental restorations 227
S.A. Bote, J.M. Arroyo, J.M. Osorio, P.C. Lobato & M.C.M. Céspedes
Raman Confocal Microscopy to study aesthetic restorative materials 231
S.A. Bote, J.M. Arroyo, J.M. Osorio, P.C. Lobato & M.C.M. Céspedes
Biomechanical analysis of typical structured dental implants and surrounding bone tissues 235
X. Zhang, X. Chen, G. Zhang & J. Chen
Characterization of trabecular bone morphology by isolation and construction of cubic
models using computerized microtomography 241
P. Carvalho-Lobato, G. Vallespí-Miró, V. Tallón-Walton, M.C. Manzanares-Céspedes,
I. Valdivia-Gandur, S. Arroyo-Bote, J. Martínez-Arroyo, J. Martínez-Osorio &
M. Herrera-Lara
Optimization of the procedure for obtaining DPSCs by means of fragile fracture
in clean room conditions 249
C. Paganelli, A. Lanfranchi, F. Porta, I. Valdivia-Gandur, S. Arroyo-Bote,
J. Martínez-Arroyo, J. Martínez-Osorio, P. Carvalho-Lobato, V. Tallón-Walton &
M.C. Manzanares-Céspedes
Evaluation of collagen fibers orientation around different connection implants 253
M.A.R. Araujo, D.S.M. Castro, G.M.P. Juanito, M.A.P.P.N. Oliveira, C.A.M. Benfatti,
R.S. Magini, A. Piattelli & C.R.P. Araújo
Evaluation of the bone formation on titanium implants electrically stimulated:
Study in dogs 259
L.M. Bins-Ely, E.B. Cordero, C.A.M. Benfatti & R.S. Magini
Thermal residual stresses in functionally graded dental restorations 263
B. Henriques, R.M. Nascimento, G. Miranda, F. Silva & J.C.M. Souza
Study of the porcelain powder injection parameters for the production of zirconia
reinforced porcelain composites 267
R.L.P. Santos, B. Henriques, R.M. Nascimento, F.V. Motta, F. Silva & J.C.M. Souza
A finite element study of the Quad-helix appliance deformation when submitted
to a force 271
A.P. Botto, M.A. Vaz & J.M. Ustrell
Evaluation of orthodontic forces applied by the Quad-helix apparatus 275
A.P. Botto, M.A. Vaz & J.M. Ustrell

vii

BIODENT_Book.indb vii 5/15/2014 7:28:31 AM

 Degradation modelling of bio-polymers used as dental scaffolds 281
J. Tarrío-Saavedra, S. Naya, J. López-Beceiro, S. Zaragoza, A. Álvarez,
S. Quintana-Pita & F.J. García-Sabán
Preliminary inertial study of body postures during dental procedures 287
V. Silva, J. Reis-Campos, M.H. Figueiral, P. Fonseca, M.E. Pinho & M.A. Vaz
All-ceramic CAD-CAM Maryland bridge—a numerical stress analysis 291
I. Lopes, A. Correia, P.C. Viana, Z. Kovacs, N. Viriato, J.C.R. Campos & M.A. Vaz
Evaluation of the effects produced by different insertion torques on the internal surface
of the neck of different implants systems 295
M. Ferreira, M.M. Pinho, M.C. Manso, R.F. Almeida, M.A. Vaz & P. Mesquita

Author index 301

viii

BIODENT_Book.indb viii 5/15/2014 7:28:32 AM

 Biodental Engineering III – Natal Jorge et al. (Eds)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02671-1

Acknowledgements

The editors and the Conference co-chairs acknowledge the support towards the organization of the
3rd International Conference on Biodental Engineering BIODENTAL 2014 and the publishing of this
Book of Proceedings to the following organizations:
− Universidade do Porto (UP)
− Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP)
− Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade do Porto (FMDUP)
− Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica-Pólo FEUP (IDMEC-Polo FEUP)
− Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial (INEGI)
− Laboratório de Biomecânica do Porto (LABIOMEP)
− Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)
− Associação Portuguesa de Mecânica Teórica Aplicada e Computacional (APMTAC)
− Câmara Municipal da Póvoa do Varzim

ix

BIODENT_Book.indb ix 5/15/2014 7:28:32 AM

This page intentionally left blank
 Biodental Engineering III – Natal Jorge et al. (Eds)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02671-1

Preface

Dentistry is a branch of medicine with peculiarities and diverse areas of action, being commonly consid-
ered as a very interdisciplinary area. The development, validation and clinical use of more competently
techniques and technologies have been of great demand and interest.
The purpose of these BIODENTAL Conferences on Biodental Engineering, initiated in 2009, is to
solidify knowledge in the field of bioengineering applied to dentistry promoting a comprehensive forum
for discussion on the recent advances in the related fields in order to identify potential collaboration
between researchers and end-users from different sciences.
This book contains the full papers presented at the 3rd International Conference on Biodental Engi-
neering (BIODENTAL 2014), which was held in Póvoa do Varzim, Porto, Portugal, in June 22–23. The
conference had 2 Invited Lectures, and 72 contributed presentations, which were selected by the con-
ference scientific committee, and originated from 14 countries: Belgium, Brazil, China, Chile, Ecuador,
France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and the United States of America.
During BIODENTAL 2014, several topics and applications were addressed, including biomechanical
disorders, orthodontics, implantology, aesthetics, dental medicine, medical devices and medical imaging.
The conference co-chairs would like to take this opportunity to express their gratitude to the confer-
ence sponsors, all members of the conference scientific committee, invited lecturers, session-chairs and to
all authors for submitting and sharing their knowledge.

R.M. Natal Jorge

J.C. Reis Campos
Mário A.P. Vaz
Sónia M. Santos
João Manuel R.S. Tavares
(Conference co-chairs)

xi

BIODENT_Book.indb xi 5/15/2014 7:28:32 AM

This page intentionally left blank
 Biodental Engineering III – Natal Jorge et al. (Eds)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02671-1

Thematic sessions

Under the auspicious of Biodental 2014, two Thematic Sessions were organized:
Bone tissue remodelling numerical analysis
Jorge Belinha, Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Pólo FEUP, Portugal
António Completo, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

Biomaterials in oral rehabilitation

Ricardo de Souza Magini, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
Julio Souza, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil/Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Cesar Benfatti, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
Claudia Volpato, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
Márcio Fredel, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
Filipe Silva, Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Bruno Henriques, Universidade do Minho, Portugal
Mihaela Buciumeanu, Universidade do Minho, Portugal

xiii

BIODENT_Book.indb xiii 5/15/2014 7:28:32 AM

This page intentionally left blank
 Biodental Engineering III – Natal Jorge et al. (Eds)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02671-1

Scientific committee

All works submitted to BIODENTAL 2014 were evaluated by an International Scientific Committee
composed by 55 expert researchers from recognized institutions:
• Afonso Pinhão Ferreira, University of Porto, Portugal
• André Correia, University of Porto, Portugal
• António Completo, University of Aveiro, Portugal
• Carla Roque, IDMEC, Portugal
• Christopjh Bourauel, Bonn University, Germany
• Cláudia Barros Machado, CESPU, Portugal
• Cornelia Kober, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany
• Daniela Iacoviello, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
• Edson Capello, UNESP, Brazil
• Eduardo Borges Pires, University of Lisbon, Portugal
• Eduardo Pires, Catholic University of Portugal, Portugal
• Elza Maria Morais Fonseca, Polytechnical Institute of Bragança, Portugal
• Estevam Las Casas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
• Fernanda Gentil, IDMEC, Polytechnical Institute of Porto, Portugal
• Gerhard A. Holzapfel, Graz University of Technology, Austria
• Helena Figueiral, University of Porto, Portugal
• Henrique Almeida, Polytechnical Institute of Leiria, Portugal
• Hernani Reis Lopes, Polytechnical Institute of Porto, Portugal
• Ioannis Misirlis, University of Patras, Greece
• Iracema Braga, Brazil
• João Batista Novaes Júnior, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
• João Carlos Pinho, University of Porto, Portugal
• João Eduardo P.C. Ribeiro, Polytechnical Institute of Bragança, Portugal
• João Manuel R.S. Tavares, University of Porto, Portugal
• João Paulo Flores Fernandes, University of Minho, Portugal
• Joaquim Gabriel, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
• John Middleton, Cardiff University, UK
• Jorge Belinha, IDMEC, Portugal
• Jorge Marinho, IPO, Portugal
• José Mário Rocha, University of Porto, Portugal
• Kazem Alemzadeh, University of Bristol, UK
• Leopoldo Forner Navarro, University of Valencia, Spain
• Luis Geraldo Vaz, UNESP, Brazil
• Luís Pires Lopes, University of Lisbon, Portugal
• Luis Vieira Pinto, Ceramed, Altakitin, Portugal
• Marcos Parente, IDMEC, Portugal
• Marcos Pinotti Barbosa, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
• Maria Cristina Manzanares Céspedes, University of Barcelona, Spain
• Mário Forjaz Secca, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
• Mário Vasconcelos, University of Porto, Portugal
• Mário Vaz, University of Porto, Portugal
• Miguel Pinto, University of Porto, Portugal
• Mildred Ballin Hecke, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
• Oliver Röhrle, University of Stuttgart, Germany
• Pablo Jesús Rodríguez Cervantes, Universitat Jaume I, Spain

xv

BIODENT_Book.indb xv 5/15/2014 7:28:32 AM

 • Paula Vaz, University of Porto, Portugal
• Paulo Alexandre Gonçalves Piloto, Polytechnical Institute of Bragança, Portugal
• Paulo Melo, University of Porto, Portugal
• Paulo Rui Fernandes, University of Lisbon, Portugal
• Pedro Martins, IDMEC, Portugal
• Pedro Mesquita, University of Porto, Portugal
• Pedro Miguel Gomes Nicolau, University of Coimbra, Portugal
• Philippe G. Young, University of Exeter, UK
• Reis Campos, University of Porto, Portugal
• Renato Natal Jorge, University of Porto, Portugal
• Sampaio Fernandes, University of Porto, Portugal
• Stephen Richmond, Cardiff University, UK
• Yongjie Zhang, Carnegie Mellon University, USA

xvi

BIODENT_Book.indb xvi 5/15/2014 7:28:32 AM

 Contributed papers

BIODENT_Book.indb 1 5/15/2014 7:28:32 AM

This page intentionally left blank
References

A variable finite element model of the

human masticatory system

3D Systems 2010. Geomagic Studio 12 Reference guide.

Fill, T.S., Toogood, R.W., Major, P.W & Carey, J.P. 2012.
Analytically determined mechanical properties of, and
models for the periodontal ligament: Critical review of
literature. Journal of Biomechanics 45:9–16.

Hohmann, A., Kober, C., Young, P., Dorow, C., Geiger, M.,
Boryor, A., Sander, F.M., Sander, C. & Günter, F. 2011.
Influence of different modeling strategies for the
periodontal ligament on finite element simulation results.
J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 139:775–83.

Huang, H., Tang, W., Yan, B. & Wu, B. 2012. Mechanical

responses of Periodontal Ligament under a realistic
orthodontic loading. Procedia Engineering 31:828–833.

Kober, C., Erdmann, B., Sader, R. & Zeilhofer, H.F. 2003.

Simulation of the Human Mandible: Comparison of Bone
Mineral Density and Stress/Strain Profiles due to
Masticatory Muscles’ Traction. 10th workshop “The Finite
Element Method in Biomedical Engineering, Biomechanics and
Related Fields”.

Kober, C., Erdmann, B., Hellmich, C., Sader, R. &

Zeilhofer, H.F. 2004. Anisotropic Simulation of the Human
Mandible. 17th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference.

Koolstra, J.H. & van Eijden, T.M.G.J. 2005. Combined

finite-element and rigid-body analysis of human jaw joint
dynamics. Journal of Biomechanics 38:2431–2439.

Koolstra, J.H. & van Eijden T.M.G.J 2007. Consequences of

Viscoelastic Behavior in the Human Temporomandibular Joint
Disc. J Dent Res 2007 86:1198–1202.

Korioth, T.W.P., Romilly, D.P. & Hannam, A.G. 1992.

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Stress Analysis of the
Dentate Human Mandible. American Journal of Physical
Anthropology 88:69–96.

Langenbach, G.E.J. & Hannam, A.G. 1999. The role of

passive muscle tensions in a three-dimensional dynamic
model of the human jaw. Archives of Oral Biology 44:
557–573, 1999.
Lenz, J., Schindler, H.J. & Pelka, H. 1992. Die
keramikverblendete NEM-Konuskrone. Berlin:
Quintessenz-Verl. GmbH.

Lettry, S., Seedhom, B.B., Berry, E. & Cupponea, M. 2003.

Quality assessment of the cortical bone of the human
mandible. Bone 32:35–44.

Limbert, G., Middleton, J., Laizans, J., Dobelis, M. &

Knets, I. 2003. A transversely isotropic hyperelastic
constitutive model of the PDL. Analytical and computational
aspects. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical
Engineering 6: 337–345.

Livermore Software Technology Corporation. 2011. LSDYNA 6.1

Manual.

Martinez, S., Schweizerhof, K, Schindler, H.J & Lenz, J.

2014. Abschlussbericht: Erstellung eines Finite Elemente
(FE) Modells des Unterkiefers zur Ermittlung der unter
funktionellen (und ggfs. dysfunktionellen) Belastungen
auftretenden Deformationen sowie der Verschiebungen der
Zähne.

Materialise, N.V. 2011. Mimics 14.12 Reference guide.

Natali, A.N., Pavan, P.G. & Scarpa, C. 2004. Numerical
analysis of tooth mobility: formulation of a non-linear
constitutive law for the periodontal ligament. Dental
Materials 20:623–629. Nishihira, M., Yamamoto, K., Sato,
Y., Ishikawa, H. & Natali, A.N. 2003. Mechanics of
periodontal ligament. Dental Biomechanics. London: Taylor
& Francis. Odin, G., Savoldelli, C., Bouchard, P. &
Tillier, Y. 2010. Determination of Young’s modulus of
mandibular bone using inverse analysis. Medical
Engineering and Physics 32:630–637. Parfitt, G.J. 1960.
Measurement of the Physiological Mobility of Individual
Teeth in an Axial Direction. J Dent Res 39:608–618. Peck,
C.C, Langenbach, G.E.J. & Hannam, A.G. 2000. A Dynamic
simulation of muscle and articular properties during human
wide jaw opening. Archives of Oral Biology 45:963–982.
Perez del Palomar, A. & Doblare, M. 2006. The effect of
collagen reinforcement in the behavior of the
temporomandibular joint disc. Journal of Biomechanics
39:1075–1085. Pietrzak, G., Curnier, A., Botsis, J.,
Scherrer, S., Wiskott, A. & Belser, U. 2002. A nonlinear
elastic model of the periodontal ligament and its
numerical calibration for the study of tooth mobility.
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical
Engineering 5:91–100. Reilly, S.B. & Burstein, A.H. 1975.
The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue.
J Biomechan 8:393–405. Rues, S., Lenz, J., Türp, J.C.,
Schweizerhof, K. & Schindler, H.J. 2011. Muscle and joint
forces under variable equilibrium states of the mandible.
Clin Oral Investig. 15(5):737–47. Sawair, F.A., Hassoneh,
Y.M., Al-Zawawi, B.M. & Baqain, Z.H. 2010. Maximum mouth
opening. Associated factors and dental significance. Saudi
Med J 4:369–373. Tanaka, E., Rodrigo, D.P., Tanaka, M.,
Kawaguchi, A., Shibazaki, T. & Tanne, K. 2001. Stress
Analysis in the TMJ during Jaw opening by use of a
threedimensional Finite Element Model based on magnetic
resonance Images. International Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery 30:421–430. Tanaka, E., Hanaoka, K.,
Tanaka, M., van Eijden, T., Iwabe, T., Ishino, Y., Sasaki,
A. & Tanne, K. 2003. Viscoelastic properties of bovine
retrodiscal tissue under tensile stress-relaxation. Eur J
Oral Sci 111:518–522. Throckmorton, G.S. 1985. Quantitative
calculations of temporomandibular joint reaction
forces-II. The importance of the direction of the jaw
muscle forces. J Biomechanics 18:453–461. van Eijden,
T.M.G.J., Korfage, J.A.M. & Brugman, P. 1997. Architecture
of the Human Jaw-Closing and Jaw-Opening Muscles. The
Anatomical Record 248:464–474. van Ruijven, L.J. & Weijs,
W.A. 1990. A new model for calculating muscle forces from
electromyograms. European Journal of Applied Physiology
61: 479–485. Weijs, W.A. & Hillen, B. 1985. Cross-sectional
areas and estimated intrinsic strength of the human jaw
muscles. Acta Morphol. Neerl.-Scand 23:267–274.
Occlusal splint vs. anterior deprogrammer
in bruxism therapy— is surface
electromyography a valid tool?

Abekura H., Yokomura M., Sadamori S., Hamada T. 2008. The

Initial Effects of Occlusal Splint Vertical Thickness on
the Nocturnal EMG Activities of Masticatory Muscles In
Subjects with a Bruxism Habit. The International Journal
of Prosthodontics: Volume 21, 2: 116–120.

Amorim C.F., Giannasi L.C., Ferreira L.M.A., Magini M.,

Oliveira C.S., de Oliveira L.V.F., Hirata T., Politti F.
2010. Behavior analysis of electromyographic activity of
the masseter muscle in sleep bruxers. Journal of Bodywork
& Movement Therapies. 14: 234–238.

Baad-Hansen L., Jadidi F. 2007. Effect of a nociceptive

trigeminal inhibitory splint on electromyographic activity
in jaw closing muscles during sleep. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation, 34:105–111.

Bader G.G., Kampe T., Tagdae T., Karlsson S., Blomqvist M.

1997. Descriptive phisiological data on a sleep bruxism
population. Sleep: 20:982–990.

Becker I., Tarantola G., Zambrano J., Spitzer S., Oquendo

D. 1999. Effect of a prefabricated anterior bite stop on
electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles. J
Prosthet Dent, 82, 1:22–26.

Bodere C., Wood A. 2008. Effect of a Jig on EMG Activity

in Different Orofacial Pain Conditions. The International
Journal of Prosthodontics, Volume 21, 3: 253–258.

Canay S., Cinda A. 1998. Effect of muscle relaxation

splint therapy on the electromyographic activities of
masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Oral Surg Oral
Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 5:674–679.

Castroflorio T., Talpone F., Deregibus A., Piancino M.G.,

Bracco P. 2004. Effects of a functional appliance on
masticatory muscles of young adults suffering from
muscle-related temporomandibular disorders. Journal of
Oral Rehabilitation, 31: 524–529.

Clark G.T., Beemsterboer P.L., Solberg W.K., Rugh J.D.

1979. Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of myofascial
pain dysfunction in patients undergoing occlusal splint
therapy. J Am Dent Assoc, 99: 607–611.
Dahlstrom L., Haraldson T. 1985. Bite plates and
stabilization splints in mandibular dysfunction. A clinical
and electromyographical comparison. Acta Odontol Scand,
43:109–114.

Dao T.T.T, Lavigne G.J. 1998. Oral splints: The crutches

for temporomandibulars disorders and bruxism? Crit Rev
Oral Biol Med., 9(3): 345–361.

Dupas P.H., Dupas G., Desmons S., Graux F. 2008. An

approach to craniomandibular dysfunction in dentofacial
orthopedics. Journal of Dentofacial Anomalies and
Orthodontics, 11:251–274.

Farella M., Palumbo A., Milani S., Avecone S., Gallo L.M.,
Michelotti A. 2009. Synergist coactivation and
substitution pattern of the human masseter and temporalis
muscles during sustained static contractions. Clinical
Neurophysiology, 120: 190–197. Felicio C.M, Sidequersky
F.V., Tartaglia G.M., Sforza C. 2009. Electromyographic
standardized indices in healthy Brazilian young adults and
data reproducibility. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 36:
577–583. Ferrario V.F., Sforza C., Colombo A., Ciusa V.
2000. An electromyographic investigation of masticatory
muscles symmetry in normo-occlusion subjects. Journal of
Oral Rehabilitation, 27: 33–40. Ferrario V.F., Sforza C.
1996. Coordinated electromyographic activity of the human
masseter and temporalis anterior muscles during
mastication. Eur J Oral Sci, 104: 511–517. Ferrario V.F.,
Tartaglia G.M., Galetta A., Grassi G.P., Sforza C. 2006.
The influence of occlusion on jaw and neck muscle
activity: a surface EMG study in healthy young adults. J
Oral Rehabil. 33(5):341–8. Ferrario V.F., Tartaglia G.M.,
Luraghi F.E., Sforza C. 2007. The use of surface
electromyography as a tool in differentiating
temporomandibular disorders from neck disorders. Manual
Therapy, 12: 372–379. Fricton J. 2006. Current Evidence
Providing Clarity in Management of Temporomandibular
Disorders: Summary of a Systematic Review of Randomized
Clinical Trials for Intra-oral Appliances and Occlusal
Therapies. J Evid Base Dent Pract, 6: 48–52. Glaros A.G.,
Owais Z., Lausten L. 2007. Reduction in parafunctional
activity: a potential mechanism for the effectiveness of
splint therapy. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 34:97–104.
Gonzalez Flores R.I., Baba K., Haketa T, Sasaki Y., Kino
K., Ohyama T. 2003. Risk Factors for Sleep Bruxism in
Japanese Dental Students. The Journal of Applied Research,
Vol. 3, No. 4. Griffin C.J., Munro R.R. 1971.
Electromyography of the masseter and the anterior
temporalis muscles in patients with temporomandibular
dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol, 16: 929–949. Harada T.,
Ichiki R., Tsukiyama Y., Koyano K. 2006. The effect of
oral splint devices on sleep bruxism: a 6 week observation
with an ambulatory electromyographic recording device.
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation , 33: 482–488. Holmgren K.,
Sheikoleslam A., Riise C. 1985. An electromyographic study
of the immediate effect of an occlusal splint on the
postural activity of anterior temporal and masseter
muscles in different body positions with and without visual
input. J Oral Rehabil, 12: 483–490. Hosman H., Naeije M.
1979. Reproducibility of the normalized electromyographic
recordings of the masseter muscle by using the EMG
recording during maximal clenching as a standard. J. Oral
Rehabil, 6, 1:49–54. http://www.seniam.org/ Jokstad A., Mo
A., Krogstad B.S. 2005. Clinical comparison between two
different splint designs for temporomandibular disorder
therapy. Acta Odontol Scand. Aug, 63, 4:218–226. Klasser
G.D, Okeson J.P. 2006. The clinical usefulness of surface
electromyography in the diagnosis and treatment of
temporomandibular disorders. JADA, 137: 763–771. Konrad
P.: The ABC of EMG. 2005. A Practical Introduction to
Kinesiological Electromyography. Noraxon INC., USA.

Landulpho A.B., Buarque e Silva W.A., Andrade e Silva F.,

Vitti M. 2002. The effect of the occlusal splints on the
treatment of temporomandibular disorders—a computerized
electromyographic study of masseter and anterior
temporalis muscles. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 42:
187–191.

Lang R., White P.J., Machalicek W., Rispoli M., Soyeon K.,
Aquilar J., O’Reilly M., Sigafoos J., Lancioni G., Didden
R. 2009. Treatment of bruxism in individuals with
developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Research
in Developmental Disabilities, 30: 809–818.

Lavigne G.J., Khoury S., Abe S., Yamaguchi T., Raphael K.

2008. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for
clinicians. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 35: 476–494.

Lavigne G.J., Lobbezoo F., Rompré P.H., Nielsen T.A.,

Montplaisir J.Y. 1997. Cigarette smoking as a risk or
exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep
bruxism. Sleep, 20: 290–293.

Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ, Tanguay R, Montplaisir JY. 1997.

The effect of the catecholamine precursor L-dopa on sleep
bruxism: A controlled clinical trial. Movement
Disorders;12: 73–78.
Louis I., Sheikoleslam A., Moller E. 1970. Postural
activity in subjects with functional disorders of the
chewing apparatus. Scand J Dent Res. 78: 404–410.

Manns A., Miralles R., Cumsille F. 1985. Influence of

vertical dimension on masseter muscle electromyographic
activity in patients with mandibular dysfunction. J
Prosthet Dent, 53: 243–247.

Manns A., Miralles R., Santander H., Valdivia J. 1981.

Masseter electromyographic changes as a function of
vertical dimension in patients with MPD syndrome. IRCS Med
Sci, 9: 354–355.

Nascimento L.L., Amorim C.F., Giannasi L.C., Oliveira

C.S., Nacif S.R., Silva A.M., Nascimento D.F.F., Marchini
L., Oliveira L.V.F. 2008. Occlusal splint for sleep
bruxism: an electromyographic associated to Helkimo Index
evaluation. Sleep Breath, Volume 12, Issue 3, 275–280.

Ohayon M.M., Li K.K., Guilleminault C. 2001. Risk factors

for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest, 119
(1): 53–61.

Okeson J.P.: Management of temporomadibular disorders and

occlusion. 2012. 7th edition. Elsevier.

Pullman S.L., Goodin D.S., Marquinez A.I., Tabbal S.,

Rubin M. 2000. Clinical utility of surface EMG. Neurology,
55:171–177.

Roark A.L., Glaros A.G., O’Mahony A.M. 2003. Effects of

interocclusal appliances on EMG activity during
parafunctional tooth contact. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation, 30: 573–577.

Savabi O., Nejatidanesh F., Khosravi S. 2007. Effect of

occlusal splints on the electromyographic activities of
masseter and temporal muscles during maximum clenching.
Quintessence Int., 38, 2: 129–132.

Scopel V., Alves da Costa G., Urias D. 2005. An

Electromyographic Study of Masseter and Anterior Temporalis
Muscles in Extra-Articular Myogenous TMJ Pain Patients
Compared to an Asymptomatic and Normal Population. The
Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, vol. 23, 3:194–203.
Sforza C., Tartaglia G.M., Lovecchio N., Ugolini A.,
Monteverdi R., Gianni A.B., Ferrario V.F. 2009. Mandibular
movements at maximum mouth opening and EMG activity of
masticatory and neck muscles in patients rehabilitated
after a mandibular condyle fracture. Journal of
Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 37: 327–333. Sheikoleslam
A., Holmgren K., Riise C. 1986. A clinical and
electromyographic study of the long- term effects of an
occlusal splint on the temporal and masseter muscles in
patients with functional disorders and nocturnal bruxism. J
Oral Rehabil, 13: 137–145. Sheikoleslam A., Moller E. 1982.
Postural and maximal activity in elevators of the mandible
before and after treatment of functional disorders. Scand
J Dent Res, 90: 37–46. Skiba T.J., Laskin D.M. 1981
Masticatory muscle silent periods in patients with MPD
syndrome before and after treatment. J Dent Res, 60:
699–706. Solberg W.K., Clark G.T., Rugh J.D. 1973.
Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of bruxism patients
undergoing short term splint therapy. J Oral Rehabil, 2:
215–223. Stapelmann H., Turp J.C. 2008. The Nti-tss device
for the therapy of bruxism, temporomandibular disorders,
and headache—Where do we stand? A qualitative systematic
review of the literature. BMC Oral Health, 8: 22. Suvinen
T., Reade P., Kononen M., Kemppainen P. 2003. Vertical jaw
separation and masseter muscle electromyographic activity:
a comparative study between asymptomatic controls and
patients with temporomandibular pain and dysfunction. J
Oral rehabil, 30: 765–772. Suvinen T.I., Kemppainen P.
2007. Review of clinical EMG studies related to muscle and
occlusal factors in healthy TMD subjects. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation, 34: 631–644. Tartaglia G.M., Grandi G.,
Mian F., Sforza C., Ferrario V.F. 2009. Non-invasive 3D
facial analysis and surface electromyography during
functional pre-orthodontic therapy: a preliminary report.
J Appl Oral Sci. 17, 5: 487–494. Tartaglia G.M., Moreira
Rodrigues da Silva M.A., Bottini S., Sforza C., Ferrario
V.F. 2008. Masticatory muscle activity during maximum
voluntary clench in different research diagnostic criteria
for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD) groups. Manual
Therapy, 13: 434–440. Visser A., Naeije M., Hansson T.L.
1995. The temporal/ masseter co-contraction: an
electromyographic and clinical evaluation of short-term
stabilization splint therapy in myogenous CMD patients. J
Oral Rehabil, 22(5): 387–9.
Fracture toughness in interface systems
Ni-Cr/ceramic, alumina/ceramic and
zirconia/ceramic

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1970. part 31 Tentative

method of test for plane-strain fracture toughness of
metallic materials, método E-399, pp. 911–27.

Charalambides, P.G., Lund, J., Evans, A.G., et al. 1989. A

test specimen for determining the fracture resistance of
bimaterial interfaces. J. Applied Mechanics, Transaction
of ASME, 56: 77–82.

Cunha, A.R.C.C. 2005. Efeito do modo de carregamento

oclusal na distribuição de tensões em dentes pré-molares
com lesão cervical de abfração. Dissertação M.Sc.,
COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Dalgleish, B.J., Lu, M.C., Evans, A.G. 1988. The strength

of ceramics bonded with metals. Acta Metall., 36:
2029–2035.

Dolbo, J.; Moes, N.; Belytschko, T. 2000. Discontinuous

enrichment infinite elements with a partition of unity
method. Finite Elem Anal Des, 36: 235–60.

Duarte, C.; Oden, J. 1995. Hp clouds a mesh less method to

solve boundary-value problems. Technical Report, TICAM.

Fernandes, F.M. 2007. Tenacidade à Fratura no Sistema

NiCr/Cerâmica Feldspática utilizados em trabalhos
protéticos odontológicos. Dissertação de M.Sc., COPE/UFRJ,
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Fischer, H., Mart, R. 2002. Fracture toughness of dental

ceramics: Comparison of bending and indentation method.
Dent. Mater., 18: 12–19. Gogotsi, G.A. 2013. Criteria of
ceramics fracture (edge chipping and fracture toughness
tests). Ceramics International, 39: 3293–3300. Gonzaga,
C.C. 2009. Effect of processing induced particle alignment
on the fracture toughness and fracture behavior of
multiphase dental ceramics. Dental Materials, 25:
1293–1301. International Organization For Standardization,
Dental Ceramic ISO Standard 6872. Geneva: ISO, 2008.
Melenk, J.M.; Babuska, I. 1996. The partition of unity
finite element method: basic theory and applications.
Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng, 139: 289–314. Möes, N.;
Dolbow, J.; Belytschko, T. 1999. A finite element method
for crack growth without remeshing. Int J Nume Meth Eng,
46: 131–50. Morena, R.; Lockwood, P.E.; Fairhrurst, C.W.
1986. Fracture toughness of commercial dental porcelains.
Dental Materials, 2: 58–62. Ritchie, R.O., Knott, J.F.,
Rice, J.R. 1973. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 21: 395–410.
Rosenstiel, S.F., Porter, S.S. 1988. Apparent fracture
toughness of dental porcelain witha metal substructure.
Dent Mater, 4: 187–190. Wang, H., et al. 2007. Fracture
toughness comparison of three test methods with four
dental porcelains. Dental Materials, 23: 905–910.
The use of GBR in bone regeneration: An
histologic study in the rabbit model

Becher et al. 1994. Localized ridge augmentation using

absorbable pins and e-PTFE barrier membranes: A new
surgical technique. Case reports. International Journal of
Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 14: 49–61.

Berglundh, B. & Lindhe, J. 1997. Healing around implants

places in bone defects treated with Bio- Oss. An
experimental study in the dog. Clinical Oral Implants
Research 8: 117–124.

Buser et al. (eds), Guided Bone Regeneration in Implant

Dentistry: 101–136. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co
Inc.

Carpio et al. 2000. Guided bone regeneration around

endosseous implants with anorganic bovine bone mineral. A
randomized controlled trial comparing bioabsorbable versus
non-resorbable barriers. Journal of Periodontology 71:
1743–1749. Dahlin, C. 1994 Scientific background of guided
bone regeneration. In Buser et al. (eds), Guided Bone
Regeneration in Implant Dentistry: 31–48. Chicago:
Quintessence Publishing Co Inc. Donos et al. 2004. Effect
of GBR in combination with deproteinized bovine bone
mineral and/or enamel matrix proteins on the healing of
critical-size defects. Clinical Oral Implants Research 15:
101–111. Hämmerle et al. 1998. The effect of a
deproteinized bovine bone mineral on bone regeneration
around titanium dental implants. Clinical Oral Implants
Research 9: 151–162. Hardwick et al. 1994. Membrane design
criteria for guided bone regeneration of the alveolar
ridge. In Buser et al. (eds), Guided Bone Regeneration in
Implant Dentistry: 101–136. Chicago: Quintessence
Publishing Co Inc. Hockers et al. 1999. The combined use
of bioresorbable membranes and xenografts or autografts in
the treatment of bone defects around implants. A study in
beagle dogs. Clinical Oral Implants Research 10: 487–498.
Hürzeler et al. 1998. Evaluation of a new bioresorbable
barrier to facilitate guided bone regeneration around
exposed implant threads: an experimental study in the
monkey. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery 27: 315–320. Jensen et al. 1996. Tissue reaction
and material characteristics of four bone substitutes. The
International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11:
55–66. Lang et al. 2003. Clinical Periodontology and
Implant Dentistry: 866–896. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard.
Mayfield et al. 2001. Evaluation following functional
loading of titanium fixtures placed in ridges augmentes by
deproteinized bone mineral. A human case study. Clinical
Oral Implants Research 12: 508–514. Misch, C.E. & Dietsh,
F. 1993. Bone grafting materials in implant dentistry.
Implant Dentistry 2: 158–167. Piattelli et al. 1999. Bone
reactions to anorganic bovine bone (Bio- Oss) used in
sinus augmentation procedures: a histologic long-term
report of 20 cases in humans. International Journal of
Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 14: 835–840. Simion et al.
2007. Vertical ridge augmentation with guided bone
regeneration in association with dental implants. Clinical
Oral Implants Research 18: 86–94. Stavropoulos et al. 2004.
A comparative study of barrier membranes as graft
protectors in the treatment of localized bone defects. An
experimental study in a canine model. Clinical Oral
Implants Research 15: 435–442. Wetzel et al. 1995. Bone
apposition into oral implants in the sinus area filled
with different graft materials: a histological study in
beagle dogs. Clinical Oral Implants Research 6: 155–163.
Zitzmann et al. 1997. Resorbable versus non-resorbable
membranes in combination with Bio-Oss for guided bone
regeneration. International Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Implants 12: 844–852. This page intentionally
left blank
Effect of repeated tightening and
loosening cycles of prosthetic screws in
the micromovements of the
abutment-implant assembly: A pilot study

Assunção, W.G., Barão, V.A.R., Delben, J.A., Gomes, É.A.,

& Garcia, I.R. (2011). Effect of unilateral misfit on
preload of retention screws of implant-supported
prostheses submitted to mechanical cycling. Journal of
Prosthodontic Research, 55(1), 12–8.
doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2010.05.002.

Astrand, P., Engquist, B., Dahlgren, S., Gröndahl, K.,

Engquist, E., & Feldmann, H. (2004). Astra Tech and
Brånemark system implants: a 5-year prospective study of
marginal bone reactions. Clinical Oral Implants Research,
15(4), 413–20. doi:10.1111/j.16000501.2004.01028.x.

Basílio, M.D.A., Butignon, L.E., & Arioli Filho, J.N.

(2012). Effectiveness of screw surface coating on the
stability of zirconia abutments after cyclic loading. The
International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants,
27(5), 1061–7. Retrieved from http://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23057018.

Byrne, D., Jacobs, S., O’Connell, B., Houston, F., &

Claffey, N. (2006). Preloads generated with repeated
tightening in three types of screws used in dental implant
assemblies. Journal of Prosthodontics, 15(3), 164–71.
doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2006.00096.x.

Delben, J.A., Gomes, E.A., Barão, V.A.R., & Assunção, W.G.

(2011). Evaluation of the effect of retightening and
mechanical cycling on preload maintenance of retention
screws. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial
Implants, 26(2), 251–6. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21483877.

Hermann, J.S., Schoolfield, J.D., Schenk, R.K., Buser, D.,

& Cochran, D.L. (2001). Influence of the size of the
microgap on crestal bone changes around titanium implants.
A histometric evaluation of unloaded nonsubmerged implants
in the canine mandible. Journal of Periodontology, 72(10),
1372–83. doi:10.1902/ jop.2001.72.10.1372.

Hsu, Y.-T., Fu, J.-H., Al-Hezaimi, K., & Wang, H.-L.

(2012). Biomechanical implant treatment complications: a
systematic review of clinical studies of implants with at
least 1 year of functional loading. The International
Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 27(4), 894–904.
Retrieved from http://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848892. Khraisat, A. (2005).
Stability of implant-abutment interface with a
hexagon-mediated butt joint: failure mode and bending
resistance. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related
Research, 7(4), 221–8. Retrieved from http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16336913. Khraisat, A.,
Hashimoto, A., Nomura, S., & Miyakawa, O. (2004). Effect
of lateral cyclic loading on abutment screw loosening of
an external hexagon implant system. The Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry, 91(4), 326–34.
doi:10.1016/S0022391304000022. Khraisat, A., Stegaroiu, R.,
Nomura, S., & Miyakawa, O. (2002). Fatigue resistance of
two implant/abutment joint designs. The Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry, 88(6), 604–10.
doi:10.1067/mpr.2002.129384. King, G.N., Hermann, J.S.,
Schoolfield, J.D., Buser, D., & Cochran, D.L. (2002).
Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone
levels in non-submerged dental implants: a radiographic
study in the canine mandible. Journal of Periodontology,
73(10), 1111–7. doi:10.1902/jop.2002.73.10.1111. Kitagawa,
T., Tanimoto, Y., Odaki, M., Nemoto, K., & Aida, M.
(2005). Influence of implant/abutment joint designs on
abutment screw loosening in a dental implant system.
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied
Biomaterials, 75(2), 457–63. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30328.
Lang, L.a, Wang, R.-F., & May, K.B. (2002). The influence
of abutment screw tightening on screw joint configuration.
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 87(1), 74–9.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/11807487. Lin, M., Shen, Y., & Huang, H. (2013). A
Retrospective Study of Implant–Abutment Connections on
Crestal Bone Level. Journal of Dental Research,
92(December), S202–S7. doi:10.1177/0022034513510322.
Ricciardi Coppedê, A., de Mattos, M.D.G.C., Rodrigues,
R.C.S., & Ribeiro, R.F. (2009). Effect of repeated
torque/mechanical loading cycles on two different abutment
types in implants with internal tapered connections: an in
vitro study. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 20(6),
624–32. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01690.x. Schwarz, M.S.
(2000). Mechanical complications of dental implants. In
Clinical oral implants research (Vol. 11 Suppl 1, pp.
156–158). doi:10.1034/j.16000501.2000.011S1156.x. Spazzin,
A.O., Henrique, G.E.P., Nóbilo, M.A.D.A., Consani, R.L.X.,
Correr-Sobrinho, L., & Mesquita, M.F. (2010). Effect of
retorque on loosening torque of prosthetic screws under two
levels of fit of implant-supported dentures. Brazilian
Dental Journal, 21(1), 12–7. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464315. Vianna,
C.D.A., Juliana, D.D.S., Delben, A., Barão, V.A.R.,
Ferreira, M.B., Henrique, P., & Assunçao, W.G. (2013).
Torque Stability of Different Abutment Screws Submitted to
Mechanical Cycling. The International Journal of Oral &
Maxillofacial Implants, 28, e209–e214.
doi:10.11607/jomi.3110. Wazen, R.M., Currey, J.a, Guo, H.,
Brunski, J.B., Helms, J.a, & Nanci, A. (2013).
Micromotion-induced strain fields influence early stages
of repair at bone-implant interfaces. Acta Biomaterialia,
9(5), 6663–74. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.014.
Stress analysis of human periodontal
ligament: Implications for its damage

Bruce L Pihlstrom, Bryan S Michalowicz, Newell W Johnson;

Lancet 2005.

Gal, J.A., L.M. Gallo, S. Palla, G. Murray, and I.

Klineberg. Analysis of human mandibular mechanics based on
screw theory, in vivo data. J. Biomech. 37:1405–1412, 2004.

Hattori Y, Satoh C, Seki S, Watanabe Y, Ogino Y, Watanabe

M. Occlusal and TMJ loads in subjects with experimentally
shortened dental arches. J Dent Res. 2003 Jul;
82(7):532–6.

Langenbach, G.E.J., and A.G. Hannam. The role of passive

muscle tensions in a three-dimensional dynamic model of
the human joint. Arch. Oral Biol. 44:557– 573, 1999.

Peck, C., G. Langenbach, and A. Hannam. Dynamic simulation

of muscle and articular properties during human wide jaw
opening. Arch. Oral Biol. 45:963– 982, 2000.

Pérez del Palomar, A., and M. Doblaré. 3D finite element

simulation of the opening movement of the mandible in
healthy and pathologic situations. J. Biomech. Eng. ASME
128(2):242–249, 2006. Pérez del Palomar, A., and M.
Doblaré. On the numerical simulation of the behaviour of
articular cartilage. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng.
67(9):1244–1271, 2006. Perez del Palomar A., Santana-Penin
U., Mora-Bermudz M.J., Doblare M., Clenching TMJs-Loads
Increases in Partial Edentates: A 3D Finite Element Study.
Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 6, June
2008. Pietrzak, G., Curnier, A., Botsis, J., et al., 2002.
A nonlinear elastic model of the periodontal ligament and
its numerical calibration for the study of tooth mobility.
Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 5, 91–100. Poiate IA,
de Vasconcellos AB, de Santana RB, Poiate EJ.
Three-dimensional stress distribution in the human
periodontal ligament in masticatory, parafunctional, and
trauma loads: finite element analysis. Periodontol. 2009
Nov; 80(11):1859–67. Rees, J.S., Jacobsen, P.H., 1997.
Elastic modulus of the periodontal ligament. Biomaterials
18, 995–999. RIOS Giannobile, W.V., Bonewald, L.F., Conway,
S.J., Feng, J.Q. Periostin is essential for the integrity
and function of the periodontal ligament during occlusal
loading in mice Rios, H.F., Ma, D., Xie, Y, Journal of
Periodontology 2008; 79 (8), pp. 1480–1490.
Termsuknirandorn, S., Hosomichi, J., Soma, K. Occlusal
stimuli influence on the expression of IGF-1 and the IGF-1
receptor in the rat periodontal ligament. Angle
Orthodontist 2008; 78 (4), pp. 610–616. Van Eijden,
T.M.G.J., J.A.M. Korfage, and P. Brugman. Architecture of
the human jaw-closing and jawopening muscles. Anat. Rec.
248:464–474, 1997. Van Ruijven, L.J., and W.A. Weijs. A new
model for calculating muscle forces from electromyograms.
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 61:479–485, 1990. Weston P, Yaziz
YA, Moles DR, Needleman I. Occlusal interventions for
periodontitis in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews 2008, Issue 3. This page intentionally left blank
Parametric evaluation of cortical bone
thickness behavior on stress/strain of a
dental implant

Figure 6. Equivalent stress distribution (cortical bone

thickness of 3 mm).

Figure 7. Equivalent strain distribution (cortical bone

thickness of 3 mm).

4 CONCLUSIONS

The creation of mesh is an important procedure.

When the automatic method was applied in the

work was observed some differences when the dis

cretization was not made with the right element

size. How the mesh creator is automatic, if element

size has a high value, the edge differences appeared

on each iteration can to cause some errors by the

bad element quality created, like internal angle or

aspect ratio. The distortion is a result of bad transitions

of

elements with no equal length created by forced

little size on little edges. These information are

important in the case that values recorded for

analysis are the stress/strain and not just grid point

forces how is common in fatigue analyse. For just

static analysis of the behavior in plane stress state,

This page intentionally left blank
3D Finite Element biomechanical model of
the mandible-mucosa-expander apparatus
set

Shengyi T, Yinghua X. 1991. Biomechanical properties and

collagen fiber orientation of TMJ disks in dogs: part 2.
Tensile mechanical properties of the disks. J Craniomandib
Disord 5:107–114.

Silva Filho OGS, Ozawa TO, Okada CH, Okada HY, Dahmen L.
2007. Intentional ankylosis of the deciduous canines to
enhance maxillary protaction. A prospective cephalometric
analysis. Rev Dent Press Ortodon Orthop Facial
11(6):63–72. Turner CH, Anne V, Pidaparti RMV. 1997. A
uniform strain criterion for trabecular bone adaptation:
do continuum-level strain gradients drive adaptation. J
Biomech 30:555–563.
Computer-aided design and manufacturing
of dental implants with irregular
geometries

[17] Ao J, Li T, Liu Y, et al. Optimal design of thread

height and width on an immediately loaded cylinder
implant: a finite element analysis. Comput Biol Med. 2010.
40(8): 681–6.

[18] Mohammed IM, Thulasingam C, Nasser KS, Balaji V,

Rajakumar M, Rupkumar P. Evaluation of design parameters
of dental implant shape, diameter and length on stress
distribution: a finite element analysis. J Indian
Prosthodont Soc. 2011. 11(3): 165–71. [19] Dongdong Gu YH,
Wilhelm Meiners GM, Rui JoaoSantos Batista KW, Poprawe R.
Densification behavior, microstructure evolution, and wear
performance of selective laser melting processed
commercially pure titanium. Acta Materialia. 2012. (60):
3849–3860.
Automatic reconstruction of dental CT
images using optimization

Figure 5. Application of the methodology to patient C. (a)

skeleton; (b) B-spline with 3 points; (c) B-spline with

7 points; (d) B-spline with 11 points; (e) panoramic from

B-spline with 3 points; (f) panoramic from B-spline with

7 points; (g) panoramic from B-spline with 11 points.

Bing, H., C. Liang, C. Zhen, P. Fang, L. Deyu, L. Shuyu, &

F. Yubo (2011, August). An Automatic Method of
Synthesizing Panoramic Radiograph by Unwrapping Dental CT
Image. In International Conference on Mechatronic Science,
Electric Engineering and Computer, Jilin, China, 1094–1096.

Bretscher, O. (1995). Linear Algebra With Applications.

Upper Saddle River, NJ, Estados Unidos: Prentice Hall.

Donker, A., J. van Merkesteyn, R. Bredius, & M. van

Weel-Sipman (2002, April). Value of Panoramic Radiographs
in Paediatric Pre-Bone Marrow Transplantation Oral
Evaluation. International Association of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgeons 31, 170–172.

Hough, P.V.C. (1962, December). A Method and Means for

Recognizing Complex Patterns. US Patent 3,069,654.

Langland, O., R. Langlais, & J. Preece (2002). Principles

of Dental Imaging. M-Medicine Series. Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins.

Lu, H.E. & P.S.P. Wang (1986, March). A Comment on a Fast

Parallel Algorithm for Thinning Digital Patterns.
Communications of the ACM 29(3), 239–242.

Luenberger, D. & Y. Ye (2008). Linear and Nonlinear

Programming (3rd edition). Springer.

Numpy (2014). Numeric python. http://www.numpy.org/.

Otsu, N. (1979, March). A Threshold Selection Method from

Gray Level Histograms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man
and Cybernetics 9(1), 62–66. Piegl, L. & W. Tiller (1997).
The NURBS Book (2nd edition). Springer. Rushton, V. & K.
Horner (1996, May). The Use of Panoramic Radiology in
Dental Practice. Journal of Dentistry 24, 185–201.
Schroeder, W., K. Martin, K. Martin, & B. Lorensen (2006).
The Visualization Toolkit. Prentice Hall PTR. SciPy (2014).
Scienti�c Tools for Python. http://www. scipy.org/.
Taguchi, A. (2009, September). Panoramic Radiographs for
Identifying Individuals with Undetected Osteoporosis.
Japanese Dental Science Review 45, 109–120. Tohnak, S., A.
Mehnert, S. Crozier, & M. Mahoney (2006, September).
Synthesizing Panoramic Radiographs by Unwrapping Dental CT
Data. In 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 3329–3332.
Vannier, M., J. Marsh, & J. Warren (1984). Three-
Dimensional CT Reconstruction for Craniofacial Surgical
Planning and Evaluation. Radiology 150, 179–184. Wallis,
J., T. Miller, C. Lerner, & E. Kleerup (1989, December).
Three-Dimensional Display in Nuclear Medicine. IEEE
Transactions on Medical Imaging 8(4), 297–230.
Overbleaching effects on mineral content
and roughness of human enamel

Basting, R.T.; Rodrigues, A.L. Jr.; Serra, M.C. 2003. The

effects of seven carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on
enamel microhardness over time. Journal of the American
Dental Association 134 (10): 1335–1342.

Cadenaro, M.; Breschi, L.; Nucci, C.; Antoniolli, F.;

Visintini, E.; Prati, C.; Matis, B.A., Di Lenarda, R. 2008.
Effect of two in-office whitening agents on the enamel
surface in vivo: a morphological and non-contact
profilometric study. Operative Dentistry 33 (2): 127–134.

Cakir, F.Y., Korkmaz, Y., Firat, E., Oztas, S.S., Gurgan,

S. 2011. Chemical Analysis of Enamel and Dentin Following
the Application of Three Different At-home Bleaching
Systems. Operative Dentistry 36: 529–536.

Chen, H.P.; Chang, C.H.; Liu, J.K.; Chuang, S.F.; Yang,

J.Y. 2008. Effect of fluoride containing bleaching agents
on enamel surface properties. Journal of Dentistry 36 (9):
718–725.

Çobankara, F.K.; Unlü, N.; Altinöz, H.C.; Füsun, O. 2004.

Effect of home bleaching agents on the surface roughness
and surface morphology of human enamel and dentin.
International Dental Journal 54 (4): 211–218.

De Abreu, D.R.; Sasaki, R.T.; Amaral, F.L.; Flório, F.M.;

Basting, R.T. 2011. Effect of home-use and inoffice
bleaching agents containing hydrogen peroxide associated
with amorphous calcium phosphate on enamel microhardness
and surface roughness. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative
Dentistry 23: 158–168.

Faraoni-Romano, J.J.; Da Silveira, A.G.; Turssi, C.P.;

Serra, M.C. 2008. Bleaching agents with varying
concentrations of carbamide and/or hydrogen peroxides:
effect on dental microhardness and roughness. Journal of
the Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 20 (6): 395–402.

Goldberg, M.; Grootveld, M.; Lynch, E. 2010. Undesirable

and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review.
Clinical Oral Investigations 14 (1):1–10.

Götz, H.; Duschner, H.; White, D.J.; Klukowska, M.A. 2007.

Effects of elevated hydrogen peroxide strip bleaching on
surface and subsurface enamel including subsurface
histomorphology, micro-chemical composition and
fluorescence changes. Journal of Dentistry 35 (6):
457–466.

Haywood, V.B.; Leech, T., Heymann, H.O.; Crumpler, D.;

Bruggers, K. 1990. Nightguard vital bleaching: effects on
enamel surface texture and diffusion. Quintessence
International 21 (10): 801–804.

Heintze, S.D.; Forjanic, M.; Rousson, V. 2005. Surface

roughness and gloss of dental materials as a function of
force and polishing time in vitro. Dental Materials
22:146–165.

Joiner, A. 2006. The bleaching of teeth: a review of

literature. Journal of Dentistry 34 (7): 412–419.

Joiner, A.; Thakker, G.; Cooper, Y. 2004. Evaluation of a

6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel on enamel and
dentine microhardness in vitro. Journal of Dentistry 32:
127–134. Jones, C.S.; Billington, R.W.; Pearson, G.J. 2005.
Laboratory study of the loads, speeds and times to finish
and polish direct restorative materials. Journal of Oral
Rehabilitation 32: 686–692. Kishta-Derani, M.; Neiva, G.;
Yaman, P.; Dennison, J. 2007. In vitro evaluation of
tooth-color change using four paint-on tooth whiteners.
Operative Dentistry 32 (4): 394–398. Lachance, G.R. &
Claisse, F. (1 ed.) 1995. Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence
Analysis: Theory and Application. New York: John Willey &
Sons. Lee, K.H.; Kim, H.I.; Kim, K.H.; Kwon, Y.H. 2006.
Mineral loss from bovine enamel by a 30% hydrogen peroxide
solution. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 33 (3): 229–233.
Lewinstein, I.; Fuhrer, N.; Churaru, N.; Cardash, H. 2004.
Effect of different peroxide bleaching regimens and
subsequent fluoridation on the hardness of human enamel
and dentin. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 92 (4):
337–342. Navimipour, E.J.; Kimyai, S.; Nikazar, S.;
Ghojazadeh, M. 2012. In vitro evaluation of the effect of
delaying toothbrushing with toothpaste on enamel
microhardness subsequent to bleaching the teeth with 15%
carbamide peroxide. Operative Dentistry 37 (1): 87–92.
Ogiwara, M.; Miake, Y.; Yanagisawa, T. 2008. Changes in
dental enamel crystals by bleaching. Journal of Hard
Tissue Biology 17 (1): 11–16. Ren, Y.F.; Amin, A.;
Malmstrom, H. 2009. Effects of tooth whitening and orange
juice on surface properties of dental enamel. Journal of
Dentistry 37 (6): 424–31. Santini A, Pulham Cr, Rajab A,
Ibbetson R. 2008. The effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide
bleaching agent on the phosphate concentration of tooth
enamel assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Dental Traumatology
24 (2): 220–223. Santos, R.S.; Anjos, M.J. 2009. Análise
multielementar de sangue humano de indivíduos sadios e
portadores de Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC) através da
Técnica de Fluorescência de Raios X por Reflexão Total
(TXRF)usando Radiação Síncrotron. Rio de Janeiro:
Instituto de Física Armando Dias Tavares Departamento de
Física Aplicada e Termodinâmica, UERJ. Sulieman, M.; Addy,
M.; Macdonald, E., Rees, J.S. 2004. The effect of hydrogen
peroxide concentration on the outcome of tooth whitening:
an in vitro study. Journal of Dentistry 32 (4): 295–299.
Sulieman, M.A.M. 2008. An overview of tooth-bleaching
techniques: chemistry, safety and efficacy. Periodontology
2000 48: 148–169.
The assessment of the generated
temperature by the drill bit in the bone
tissue

Augustin, G., Davila, S., Mihoci, K., Udiljak, T., Vedrina,

T.S., Antabak, A. 2007. Thermal osteonecrosis and bone
drilling parameters revisited. Springer.

Basiaga, M., Paszenda, Z., Szewczenko, J., Kaczmarek, M.

2011. Numerical and experimental analyses of drills used
in osteosynthesis. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
13(4): 29–36.

Fonseca, E., Magalhães, K., Fernandes, M., Barbosa, M.,

Sousa, G. 2014. Numerical Model of Thermal Necrosis due a
Dental Drilling Process, In Natal Jorge et al (Eds),
Biodental Engineering II, Taylor & Francis Group: 69–73.

Fonseca, E.M.M., Magalhães, K., Fernandes, M.G., Sousa,

G., Barbosa, M.P. 2013. The Assessment of the Thermal
Necrosis due a Drilling Dental Process With or Without
Irrigation, IEEE 3rd Portuguese Meeting in Bioengineering
(ENBENG): 157–159.

Hillery, M.T., Shuaib, I. 1999. Temperature effects in the

drilling of human and bovine bone. Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 92–93: 302–308.

Monteiro, D.C.A., Fonseca, E.M.M, Barreira, L.M.S.,

Magalhães, K., 2013. Metodologia para Determinação da
Necrose Térmica por Furação num Modelo 3D de uma Mandíbula
Humana. In Renato Natal et al. (Eds), Actas do 5º
Congresso Nacional de Biomecânica: 217–221.

Salgueiredo, E., Almeida, F.A., Amaral, M., Fernandes,

A.J., Costa, F.M., Silva, R.F., Oliveira, F.J. 2009. CVD
micro/nanocrystalline diamond (MCD/NCD) bilayer coated
odontological drill bits. Diamond and Related Materials,
264–270.

Sousa, P.F.B.D. 2009. Estudos de processos térmicos

decorrentes da usinagem: aplicação de problemas inversos
em furação. Tese de Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica,
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia.
The CAD technology in removable
prosthodontics

Table 2. Final averages of the 4 parameters evaluated in

Kavo PrepAssistant® system by evaluator.

Parameters Evaluator A Evaluator B Evaluator C

PrepAssistant evaluation

Parameter 1 17,00 15,88 16,30 16,93

Parameter 2 16,31 15,82 16,87 14,50

Parameter 3 14,07 13,87 13,10 14,01

Parameter 4 16,57 14,53 14,05 14,92

Parameter 1 (buccolingual width), Parameter 2 (mesiodistal

length), Parameter 3 (thickness), Parameter 4 (angle of

horizontal axis.

Table 3. Averages of real values of the 4 parameters

measured in Kavo PrepAssistant® system by rest seat.

Parameters Mesial of tooth 45 Distal of tooth 45 Mesial of

tooth 46 Distal of tooth 46 Average

Parameter 1 (mm) 2,61 2,52 2,76 2,65 2,63

Parameter 2 (mm) 2,05 2,50 3,06 3,22 2,71

Parameter 3 (mm) 0,81 0,98 1,12 1,55 1,11

Parameter 4 (degrees) 81,14 74,00 75,15 66,41 74,17

Parameter 1 (buccolingual width), Parameter 2 (mesiodistal

length), Parameter 3 (thickness), Parameter 4 (angle of

horizontal axis. This page intentionally left blank

Clinical trial—in vivo endosseous
implants micromovements measuring with 3D
Digital Image Correlation method

Clelland, N.L.; Seidt, J.D.; Daroz, L.G.; McGlumphy, E.A.

2010. Comparison of strains for splinted and nonsplinted
implant prostheses using three-dimensional image
correlation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 25(5): 953–9.

Goellner, M.; Schmitt, J.; Karl, M.; Wichmann, M.; Holst,

S. 2010. Photogrammetric measurement of initial tooth
displacement under tensile force. Med Eng Physics 32:
883–888.

Göllner, M.; Holst, A.; Berthold, C.; Schmitt, J.;

Wichmann, M.; Holst, S. 2010. Noncontact intraoral
measurement of force-related tooth mobility. Clin Oral
investig 14(5): 551–7.

Kimura, K.; Fukase, Y.; Makino, M.; Masaki, C.; Nakamoto,

T.; Hosokawa, R. 2010. Preoperative assessment of
treatment planning on minimization of micro-movement
during healing period of immediateloaded implants using
X-ray CT data-based simulation. J Oral Implantol 17.

Morita, Y.; Uchino, M.; Todo, M.; Qian, L.; Matsushita, Y.;
Arakawa, K. 2010. Dental occlusal deformation analysis of
porcine mandibular periodontium using digital image
correlation method. Interface Oral Health Science 2009
2010: 150–152.

Nicolau, P. 2007. A randomized clinical study between

immediate and early loading. In Pedro Nicolau (ed).
Immediate Loading of Endosseous Implants-Clinical and
Biomechanical Evaluation. Coimbra: Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade de Coimbra.

Rodrigues T, 2013. Medição de Micromovimentos em implantes

endósseos pelo método de correlação de imagem digital
tridimensional:153–195.

Sutton, M.A.; Orteu, J.J.; Schreider, H.W. 2009. Image

correlation for shape, motion and deformation measurments.
Springer (eds). New York.

Tiossi, R.; Conrad, H.J.; Rodrigues, R.C.; Heo, Y.C.; De

Mattos, Mda.G.; Fok, A.S.; Ribeiro, R.F. 2012. A digital
image correlation analysis on the influence of crown
material in implant-supported prostheses on bone strain
distribution. J Prosthodontic Res 56: 25–31.
Tiossi, R.; Lin, L.; Rodrigues, R.C.; Heo, Y.C.; Conrad,
H.J.; De Mattos, Mda. G.; Ribeiro, R.F.; Fok, A.S. 2011.
Digital image correlation analysis of the load transfer by
implant-supported restorations. J Biomech 44(6): 1008–13.
Simulation of remodeling of tissue
engineered condylar cartilage under
static hydrostatic pressure

Murphy M.K. et al. 2013. Temporomandibular disorders: a

review of etiology, clinical management, and tissue
engineering strategies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
28(6):393–414.

Nava M.M. et al. 2013. A multiphysics 3D model of tissue

growth under interstitial perfusion in a tissueengineering
bioreactor. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 12:1169–1179.

Nebelung S. et al. 2012. Simultaneous anabolic and

catabolic responses of human chondrocytes seeded in
collagen hydrogels to long-term continuous dynamic
compression. Ann. Anat. 194(4):351–358.

Nguyen, Q.T. et al. 2012. Cartilage-like properties of

poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate hydrogels. Biomaterials
33:6682–6690.

Nicodemus G.D. et al. 2007. Mechanical stimulation of TMJ

condylar chondrocytes encapsulated in PEG hydrogels. J
Biomed Mater Res A 83(2):323–331.

Obradovic B et al. 2000. Glycosaminoglycan deposition in

engineered cartilage: Experiments and mathematical model.
AIChE J 46(9):1860–1871. Sengers B.G. et al. 2005. Nutrient
utilization by bovine articular chondrocytes: a combined
experimental and theoretical approach. J Biomech Eng
127(5):758–766. Tasci A et al. 2011. Numerical assessment
of the effective mechanical stimuli for matrix-associated
metabolism in chondrocyte-seeded constructs. J Tissue Eng.
Regen Med 5:210–219. Vonk L.A. et al. 2010. Endoplasmic
reticulum stress inhibits collagen synthesis independent
of collagenmodifying enzymes in different chondrocyte
populations and dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Cell Biol
88(3):539–552. Williamson AK et al. 2001. Compressive
properties and function-composition relationships of
developing bovine articular cartilage. J Orthop Res
19(6):1113–1121. This page intentionally left blank
Cyclic fatigue resistance of five rotary
endodontic instruments

11. Sattapan B, Nervo GJ, Palamara JEA, Messer HH. Defects

in rotary nickel-titanium files after clinical use. J
Endod 2000; 26(3): 161–5.

12. Plotino G, Grande NM, Cordaro M, Testarelli L,

Gambarini G. A review of cyclic fatigue testing of
nickel-titanium rotary instruments. J Endod 2009; 35(11):
1469–76.

13. Bouska J, Justman B, Williamson A, DeLong C, Qian F.

Resistance to cyclic fatigue failure of a new endodontic
rotary file. J Endod 2012; 38(5): 667–9.

14. Jamleh A, Kobayashi C, Yahata Y, Ebihara A, Suda H.

Deflecting load of nickel titanium rotary instruments
during cyclic fatigue. Dent Mater J 2012; 31(3): 389–93.

15. Bardsley S, Peters CI, Peters OA. The effect of three

rotational speed settings on torque and apical force with
Vortex rotary instruments in vitro. J Endod 2011; 37(6):
860–64.

16. Inan U, Aydin C. Comparison of cyclic fatigue

resistance of three different rotary nickel-titanium
instruments designed for retreatment. J Endod 2012; 38 (1):
108–11.

17. Lee M-H, Versluis A, Kim B-M, Lee C-J, Hur B, Kim H-C.
Correlation between experimental cyclic fatigue resistance
and numerical stress analysis for nickeltitanium rotary
files. J Endod 2011; 37 (8): 1152–7.

18. Gao Y, Shotton V, Wilkinson K, Phillips G, Johnson WB.

Effects of raw material and rotational speed on the cyclic
fatigue of ProFile Vortex rotary instruments. J Endod 2010;
36(7): 1205–9.

19. Haïkel Y, Serfaty R, Bateman G, Senger B, Allemann C.

Dynamic and cyclic fatigue of engine-driven rotary
nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. J Endod 1999; 25
(6): 434–40.

20. Plotino G, Grande NM, Testarelli L, Gambarini G.

Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating
instruments. Int Endod J 2012; 45: 614–8.

21. Plotino G, Grande NM, Melo MC, Bahia MG, Testarelli L,

Gambarini G. Cyclic fatigue of NiTi rotary instruments in
a simulated apical abrupt curvature. Int Endod J 2010; 43:
226–30.

22. Rodrigues RCV, Lopes HP, Elias CN, Amaral G, Vieira

VTL, De Martin AS. Influence of different manufacturing
methods on the cyclic fatigue of rotary nickel-titanium
endodontic instruments. J Endod 2011; 37(11): 1553–57. 23.
Plotino G, Grande NM, Sorci E, Malagnino VA, Somma F. A
comparison of cyclic fatigue between used and new Mtwo
Ni-Ti rotary instruments. Int Endod J 2006; 39(9): 716–23.
24. Kim HC, Yum J, Hur B, Cheung GSP. Cyclic fatigue and
fracture characteristics of ground and twisted
nickel-titanium rotary files. J Endod 2010; 36(1): 147–52.
25. Pedullà E, Plotino G, Grande NM, Pappalardo A,
Rapisarda E. Cyclic fatigue resistance of four
nickeltitanium rotary instruments: a comparative study.
Annali di Stomatologia 2012; 3 (2): 59–63. 26. Lopes HP,
Maia WM, Rodrigues N, Carvalho N, Nelson C, Lima EJ,
Cabral BE. Influence of curvature location along an
artificial canal on cyclic fatigue of a rotary
nickel-titanium endodontic instrument. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol Pral Radiol Endod 2011; 111: 792–96. 27.
Pereira ESJ, Rupinderpal S, Arias A, Peters OA. In vitro
assessment of torque and force generated by novel ProTaper
Next instruments during simulated canal preparation. J
Endod 2013; 39(12): 1615–19. 28. Gao Y, Gutmann JL,
Wilkinson K, Maxwell R, Ammon D. Evaluation of the impact
of raw materials on the fatigue and mechanical properties
of ProFile Vortex rotary instruments. J Endod 2012; 38(3):
398–401. 29. Montenegro-Santillán R, Alegre-Domingo T,
FausMatoses V, Faus-Llacer V. An in vitro comparison of
cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Universal and GT
series X files. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013;
18(3):e533–6. 30. Gambarini G, Grande NM, Plotino G, Somma
F, Garala M, De Luca M, Testarelli. Fatigue resistance of
engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium instruments produced
by new manufacturing methods. J Endod 2008; 34(8): 1003–5.
31. Plotino G, Testarelli, Al-Sudani D, Pongione G, Grande
NM, Gambarini G. Fatigue resistance of rotary instruments
manufactured using different nickel-titanium alloys: a
comparative study. Springer 2012; DOI
10.1007/s10266-012-0088-8. 32. Pedullà E, Grande NM,
Plotino G, Gambarini G, Rapisarda E. Influence of
continuous or reciprocating motion on cyclic fatigue
resistance of 4 different nickel-titanium rotary
instruments. J Endod 2013; 39(2): 258–61.
A biomechanical analysis of a maxillary
overdenture retained by divergent implant
attachments

Amid, R., et al. 2013. Effect of microthread design of

dental implants on stress and strain patterns: a
threedimensional finite element analysis. Biomed Tech
58(5): 457–67.

Ebadian, B., et al. 2012. Evaluation of stress distribution

of implant-retained mandibular overdenture with different
vertical restorative spaces: A finite element analysis. J
Dent Res 9(6): 741–7.

Geng J.P., et al. 2001. Application of finite element

analysis in implant dentistry: a review of literature. J
Prosthet Dent 85(6): 585–97.

Lin C.L., et al. 2010. Multi-factorial analysis of

variables influencing the bone loss of an implant placed
in the maxilla: Prediction using FEA and SED bone
remodeling algorithm. Journal of Biomechanics 43(4):
644–51.

Schneider, A.L. and G.M. Kurtzman. 2002. Restoration of

divergent free-standing implants in the maxilla. J Oral
Implantol 28(3): 113–16.

van Staden R.C., et al. 2008. Step-wise analysis of the

dental implant insertion process using the finite element
technique. Clin Oral Implants Res 19(3): 303–13.
Effects of micromovement on the strain
distribution of an implant supported
zirconia dental bridge structure during
loading: A 3D digital image correlation
and 3D finite element analysis

[1] Nemoto R, Nozaki K, Fukui K, Yamashita K, Miura H.

Effect of framework design on the surface strain of
zirconia fixed partial dentures. Dental Amterials Journal
2013; 32(2): 289–295. [2] Onodera K, Sato T, Nomoto S, Miho
O, Yotsuya M. Effect of connector design on fracture
resistance of Zirconia All-ceramic fixed partial dentures.
Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 2011; 52(2): 61–67. [3] Conrad H,
Seong WJ, Pesun I. Current ceramic materials and systems
with clinical recommendations: A sistematic review.
Journal of prosthetic dentistry (2007), vol 98 issue 5,
389–404. [4] Kou W, Kou S, Liu H, Sjogren G. Numerical
modeling of the fracture process in a three-unit
all-ceramic fixed partial denture. Dental Materials
23(2007) 1042–1049. [5] Bona A, Borba M, Benetti P, Duan
Y, Gridds J. Three-dimensional finite element modelling of
allceramic restorations based on micro-CT, Journal of
Dentistry 2013; 41: 412–419. [6] Fischer H, Weber M, Marx
R. Lifetime prediction of all- ceramic bridges by
computational methods. Journal of Dental Research
2003;82:238–42. [7] Onodera K, Sato T, Nomoto S, Miho O,
yotsuya M. Effect of connector design on fracture
resistance of zirconia all-ceramic fixed parial dentures.
Bull Tokyo Dent Coll (2011) 52(2): 61–67. This page
intentionally left blank
Comparative analysis of mandibular
symphysis plates

This page intentionally left blank

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the
inorganic composition of enamel

[1] Haywood, V.B., Heymann, H.O. Nightguard vital

bleaching. Quintessence Int. 1989; 20 (3): 173–6.

[2] Haywood, V.B., Heymann, H.O. Nightguard vital

bleaching: How safe is it? Quintessence Int. 1991; 22 (7):
515–23.

[3] Seghi RR, Denry I (1992) Effects of external bleaching

on indentation and abrasion characteristics of human
enamel in vitro. J Dent Res 71:1340–1344.

[4] Goldberg M, Grootveld M, Lynch E (2010) Undesirable and

adverse effects of tooth whitening products: a review.
Clin Oral Investig 14:1–10.

[5] Wiegand A, Vollmer D, Foitzik M, Attin R, Attin T

(2005) Efficacy of different whitening modalities on
bovine enamel and dentin. Clin Oral Investig 9:91–97.

[6] Attin T, Kocabiyik M, Buchalla W, Hannig C, Becker K.

Susceptibility of enamel surfaces to demineralization after
application of fluoridated carbamide peroxide gels. Caries
Res. 2003;37(2):93–9.

[7] Lewistein I, Fuhrer N, Churaru N, Cardash H. Effect of

different peroxide bleaching regimens and subsequent
fluoridation on the hardness of human enamel and dentin. J
Prosthet Dent. 2004;92:337–42.

[8] Hairu Nizan H.R., Lim C.T., Cheng H.K., Yap A.U.J.
Nanoindentation study of human premolar subjected to
bleaching agent. Journal of Biomechanics. 2005; 38:
2204–11.

[9] Napimoga, M.H., De Oliveira, R., Reis, A.F. et al. In

vitro antimicrobial activity of peroxide-based bleaching
agents. Quintessence Int. 2007; 38 (6): e329–33.

[10] Zinner, D.D., Duany, L.F., Chilton, N.W. Controlled

study of the clinical effectiveness of a new oxygen gel on
plaque, oral debrisand gingival inflammation. Pharmacol
Ther Dent 1970; 1: 7–15, apud Haywood, V.B., Heymann, H.O.
Nightguard vital bleaching: how safe is it? Quintessence
Int. 1991; 22 (7): 515–23.

[11] Shipman, B., Cohen, E., Kaslick, R.S. The effect of a

urea peroxidegel on plaque deposits and gingival status.
Periodontol. 1971; 42: 283–5. Apud Haywood, V.B., Heymann,
H.O. Nightguard vital bleaching: how safe is it?
Quintessence Int. 1991; 22 (7): 515–23.

[12] Nunes, V.H.S., Andrade A.O., Vilar, R.V., Moreira,

R.F., Hirata Jr, R., Monnerat, A.F., Carvalhaes, R.F. A
influência do peróxido de carbamida sobre a formação de
colônias de estreptococos do grupo mutans. Rev. bras.
odontol., Rio de Janeiro, v. 68, n. 1, p. 124–7, jan./jun.
2011. [13] Joiner A, Review of the effects of peroxide on
enamel and dentine properties Journal of Dentistry 35(12):
889–896. 2007. [14] Lee JH, Kim KM, Choi SH, Lee YK. Effect
of the simulated body fluid containing bleaching agent on
the hypersensitivity and surface microhardness of tooth.
Materials Letters. 2011; 65: 3502–3505. [15] Al-Salehi,
S.K.; Wood, D.J.; Hatton, P.V. The effect of 24 h non-stop
hydrogen peroxide concentration on bovine enamel and
dentine mineral content and microhardness. Journal of
Dentistry. 2007, 35, 845–850. [16] Efeoglu N, Wood DJ,
Efeoglu C. Thirty-five percent carbamide peroxide
application causes in vitro demineralization of enamel.
Dental Material. 2007; 23, 900–904. [17] Biodental
Engineering II—Natal Jorge et al. Taylor & Francis Group,
London, ISBN 978-1-13800131-2. 2014. Effects of Hydrogen
Peroxide on the inorganic composition of bovine enamel.
Moreira, R.M. et al. 163–166. [18] Biodental Engineering
II—Natal Jorge et. al. Taylor & Francis Group, London,
ISBN 978-1-13800131-2. 2014. X-ray fluorescence technique
to evaluate in vitro de/re mineralization in bovine enamel.
Calazans, F.S. et al. p. 135–138. [19] Klockenkamper, R et
al. X-ray Spectrom., 25, 156– 162, 1996. [20] Poorni S.,
Kumar, R.A., Shankar, P., Indira, R., Ramachandran, S.
Effect of 10% sodium ascorbate on the calcium: Phosphorus
radio of enamel bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide: An in
vitro quantitative energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis.
Comtemp. Clin. Dent. 2010. Oct-Dec; 1(4): 223–226. [21]
Driessens FC, Theuns HM, Borggreven JM & Van Dijk JW.
Solubility behavior of whole human enamel. Caries
Research. 1986; 20(2): 103–110. [22] Dawes C. What’s the
critical pH and why does a tooth dissolve in acid? J. Can.
Dent. Assoc. 2003; 69(11): 722–4. [23] Basting, R.T.,
Amaral, F.L.B., França, F.M.G., Flório, F.M. Clinical
comparative study of the effectiveness of and tooth
sensitivity to 10% and 20% carbamide peroxide home-use and
35% and 38% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleaching materials
containing desensitizing agents. Operative Dentistry, 2012,
37–4. [24] Cakir, F.Y., Korkmaz, Y., Firat, E., Oztas,
S.S., Gurgan, S. Chemical analysis of enamel and dentin
following the application of three different at-home
bleaching system. Operative Dentistry, 2011, 36–5, 529–536.
[25] Souza, R.O.A, Lombardo, G.H.L., Pereira, S.M.B.,
Zamboni, S.C., Valera, M.C., Araújo, M.A.M., Özcan, M.
Analysis of tooth enamel after excessive bleaching: A
study using scanning eléctron microscopy and energy
dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The International Journal of
Prosthodontics, 2010, 23(1), 29–32. [26] Khoroushi, M.,
Mazaheri, H., Manoochehri. Effect of CPP-ACP application
on flexural strength of bleached enamel and dentin
complex. Operative Dentistry, 2011, 36–4, 372–379. [27]
Gjorgiesvka, E., Nicholson, J.W. Prevention of enamel
demineralization after tooth bleaching by bioactive glass
incorporated into toothpaste. Australian Dental Journal,
2011, 56: 193–200. This page intentionally left blank
Integration of image processing and 3D
techniques to simulate aesthetic dental
treatments

Agoston, M.K. 2005. Computer Graphics and Geometric

Modeling: Implementation and Algorithms. Springer.

Alcañiz, M., Montserrat, C., Grau V., Chinesta, F., Ramón,

A. & Albalat, S. 1998. An advanced system for the
simulation and planning of orthodontic treatment. Medical
Image Analysis 2(1):61–77.

Dolphin Imaging and Management Solutions, 2005.

http://www.dolphinimaging.com.

Dougherty, G. 2009. Digital Image Processing for medical

applications. Cambridge University Press.

El-Bialy, A. & Kandil, A.H. 2004. Automatic orthodontic

clinical system. International Conference on Electrical,
Electronic and Computer Engineering: 358–363. Cairo:
Egypt.
Analysis of autoclave induced dimensional
changes on addition silicones

Lagenwalter E.M., Aquilino S.A. & Turner K.A. 1990 The

dimensional stability of elastomeric impresson materials
following disinfection. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
63(3): 270–276.

Martin N., Martin M. & Jedynakiewicz N. 2007. The

dimensional stability of dental impression materials
following immersion in disinfecting solutions. Dental
Materials 23: 760–8.

Matyas J., Dao N., Caputo A. & Lucatorto F. 1990. Effects

of disinfectants on dimensional accuracy of impression
materials. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 64(1): 25–31.

Melilli D., Rallo A., Cassaro A. & Pizzo G. 2008. The

effect of immersion disinfection procedures on dimensional
stability of two elastomeric impression materials. Journal
of Oral Science 50(4):441–6.

Millar B.J. 1999. Dimensional stability of addition cured

silicone impressions following autoclave sterilization.
Journal of Dental Research 78(5).

Minagi S., Fukushima K., Maeda N., Satomi K., Ohkawa S.,
Akagawa Y., Miyake Y., Suginaka H. & Tsuru H. 1986.
Disinfection method for impression materials: Freedom from
fear of hepatitis B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 56(4): 451–54.

Muller-Bolla M., Lupi-Pégurier L., Velly A. & Bolla M.

2004. A survey of disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid
and silicone impressions in European Union dental schools:
Epidemiologic study. International Journal Prosthodontics
17:165–71.

Olin P., Holtan J., Breitbach R. & Rudney J. 1994. The

effects of sterilization on addition silicone impressions
in custom and stock metal trays. Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry 71(6): 625–30. Pang S. & Millar B. 2006.
Cross-infection control of impressions: a questionnaire
survey of practice among private dentists in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong Dental Journal 3:89–93. Peixoto R., Sander H.,
Couto P., Diniz L., Araújo P., Santos V. & Poletto L.
2007. Análisis de la eficacia de agentes químicos de
desinfección en materiales elastoméricos. Acta Odontológica
Venezolana 45(1):29–32. Pleasure M.A., Duerr E. & Goldman
M. 1959. Eliminating a health hazard in prosthodontic
treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Journal
of Prosthetic Dentistry 9:818–24. Powell G., Runnells R.,
Saxon B. & Whisenant B. 1990. The presence and
identification of organisms transmitted to dental
laboratories. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 64:235–7.
Pratten D., Covey D. & Sheats R. 1990. Effect of
disinfectant solutions on the wettability of elastomeric
impression materials. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
63(2): 223–7. Rios M., Morgano S., Stein S. & Rose L. 1996.
Effects of chemical disinfectant solutions on stability
and accuracy of dental impression complex. Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry 76(4): 356–62. Soares C.R. & Ueti M.
2001. Influence of different methods of chemical
disinfection on the physical properties of dies made of
gypsum type IV and V. Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira
15(4): 334–40. Tullner J., Commette J. & Moon P. 1988.
Linear dimensional changes in dental impressions after
immersion in disinfectant solutions. Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry 60(6): 725–8. Whipmix.com/product/leanrock-xl5/.
This page intentionally left blank
Relationship between implant primary
stability (torque and ISQ) and bone
density assessed by CBCT—clinical trial

3. Bayarchimeg D, Namgoong H, Kim BK, Kim MD, Kim S, Kim

TI, et al. Evaluation of the correlation between insertion
torque and primary stability of dental implants using a
block bone test. Journal of periodontal & implant science.
2013;43(1):30–6.

4. Turkyilmaz I, Aksoy U, McGlumphy EA. Two alternative

surgical techniques for enhancing primary implant
stability in the posterior maxilla: a clinical study
including bone density, insertion torque, and resonance
frequency analysis data. Clinical implant dentistry and
related research. 2008;10(4):231–7.

5. Marquezan M, Osorio A, Sant’Anna E, Souza MM, Maia L.

Does bone mineral density influence the primary stability
of dental implants? A systematic review. Clinical oral
implants research. 2012;23(7):767–74.

6. Salimov F, Tatli U, Kurkcu M, Akoglan M, Oztunc H,

Kurtoglu C. Evaluation of relationship between
preoperative bone density values derived from cone beam
computed tomography and implant stability parameters: a
clinical study. Clinical oral implants research. 2013.

7. Farre-Pages N, Auge-Castro ML, Alaejos-Algarra F,

Mareque-Bueno J, Ferres-Padro E, Hernandez-Alfaro F.
Relation between bone density and primary implant
stability. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal.
2011;16(1):e62–7.

8. Oh JS, Kim SG. Clinical study of the relationship

between implant stability measurements using Periotest and
Osstell mentor and bone quality assessment. Oral surgery,
oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology.
2012;113(3):e35–40.

9. Silva IM, Freitas DQ, Ambrosano GM, Boscolo FN, Almeida

SM. Bone density: comparative evaluation of Hounsfield
units in multislice and cone-beam computed tomography.
Brazilian oral research. 2012;26(6):550–6.

10. Cho IH, Lee YI, Kim YM. A comparative study on the
accuracy of the devices for measuring the implant
stability. The journal of advanced prosthodontics.
2009;1(3):124–8.
11. Kim JM, Kim SJ, Han I, Shin SW, Ryu JJ. A comparison of
the implant stability among various implant systems:
clinical study. The journal of advanced prosthodontics.
2009;1(1):31–6. 12. Fuster-Torres MA, Penarrocha-Diago M,
Penarrocha-Oltra D, Penarrocha-Diago M. Relationships
between bone density values from cone beam computed
tomography, maximum insertion torque, and resonance
frequency analysis at implant placement: a pilot study.
The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.
2011;26(5):1051–6. 13. Snijders RS, van Wijk AJ, Lindeboom
JA. A comparative study of the Osstell versus the Osstell
Mentor to evaluate implant stability in human cadaver
mandibles. Journal of oral rehabilitation.
2013;40(10):774–9. 14. Kim DS, Lee WJ, Choi SC, Lee SS, Heo
MS, Huh KH, et al. A new method for the evaluation of
dental implant stability using an inductive sensor.
Medical engineering & physics. 2012;34(9):1247–52. 15. Oh
JS, Kim SG, Lim SC, Ong JL. A comparative study of two
noninvasive techniques to evaluate implant stability:
Periotest and Osstell Mentor. Oral surgery, oral medicine,
oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.
2009;107(4):513–8. 16. Herrero-Climent M, Santos-Garcia R,
JaramilloSantos R, Romero-Ruiz MM, Fernandez-Palacin A,
Lazaro-Calvo P, et al. Assessment of Osstell ISQ’s
reliability for implant stability measurement: a
crosssectional clinical study. Medicina oral, patologia
oral y cirugia bucal. 2013;18(6):e877–82. 17. Al-Jetaily
S, Al-Dosari AA. Assessment of Osstell and Periotest(R)
systems in measuring dental implant stability (in vitro
study). The Saudi dental journal. 2011;23(1):17–21. 18.
Parsa A, Ibrahim N, Hassan B, van der Stelt P, Wismeijer D.
Bone quality evaluation at dental implant site using
multislice CT, micro-CT, and cone beam CT. Clinical oral
implants research. 2013. 19. Sim CP, Lang NP. Factors
influencing resonance frequency analysis assessed by
Osstell mentor during implant tissue integration: I.
Instrument positioning, bone structure, implant length.
Clinical oral implants research. 2010;21(6):598–604. 20.
Hiasa K, Abe Y, Okazaki Y, Nogami K, Mizumachi W, Akagawa
Y. Preoperative computed tomographyderived bone densities
in hounsfield units at implant sites acquired primary
stability. ISRN dentistry. 2011;2011:678729.
Fracture resistance of single-tooth
implant-supported

ANSYS® Academic Research. 2014. Release 15.0, Help System,

Element reference, ANSYS, Inc. Aramouni, Phillipe et al.
2008. Fracture resistance and failure location of
zirconium and metallic implant abutment. The journal of
contemporary dental practice, vol. 9, n.7, November. Aydın
et al. 2013. A single-tooth, two-piece zirconia implant
located in the anterior maxilla: A clinical report, The
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry; 109:70–74. Haraldson T.,
Carlsson G. E., Ingervall B. 1979. Functional State, bit
force and postural muscle activity in patients with
osseointegrated oral implant bridges. Acta Odontol Scan;
34: 195–206. Paphangkoravit J., Osborn J.W. 1997. The
effect of pressure on a maximum incisal bite force in man.
Arch Oral Biol; 42: 11–17. Willam, K.J., and Warnke, E.D.
1975. Constitutive Model for the Triaxial Behavior of
Concrete; Proceedings of International Association for
Bridge and Structural Engineering, Vol. 19, ISMES,
Bergamo, Italy, p. 174.
An electromagnetic tracker system for the
design of a dental superstructure

Al-Bakri IA, Hussey D, Al-Omari WM. 2007. The dimensional

accuracy of four impression techniques with the use of
addition silicone impression materials. J Clin Dent;
18:29–33.

Assunção WG, Britto RC, Ricardo Barão VA, Delben JA, dos
Santos PH. 2010. Evaluation of impression accuracy for
implant at various angulations. Implant Dent; 19:167–74.

Assuncao WG, Filho HG, Zaniquelli O. 2004. Evaluation of

transfer impressions for osseointegrated implants at
various angulations. Implant Dent; 13:358–66.

Borst CW. Tracker calibration using tetrahedral mesh and

tricubic spline models of warp. In: IEEE Virtual Real
2004; p. 19–26.

Branemark P-I, Zarb GA, Albrektsson T, Rosen HM. 1986.

Tissue-integrated prostheses. osseointegration in clinical
dentistry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 77:496–497.

Eckert SE, Meraw SJ, Cal E, Ow RK. 2000. Analysis of

incidence and associated factors with fractured implants:
a retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants.
15:662–7.

Goodacre CJ, Bernal G, Rungcharassaeng K, Kan JYK. 2003.

Clinical complications in fixed prosthodontics. J Prosthet
Dent; 90:31–41.

Hagedorn JG, Satterfield SG, Kelso JT, Austin W, Terrill

JE, Peskin AP. 2007. Correction of Location and
Orientation Errors in Electromagnetic Motion Tracking.
Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ. 16:352–366. Hardy
RL. 1971. Multiquadric equations of topography and other
irregular surfaces. J Geophys Res; 76:1905–1915. Kan JY,
Rungcharassaeng K, Bohsali K, Goodacre CJ, Lang BR. 1999.
Clinical methods for evaluating implant framework fit. J
Prosthet Dent; 81:7–13. Kindratenko V V. 2000. A survey of
electromagnetic position tracker calibration techniques.
Virtual Real. 5:169–182. Kolda TG, Lewis RM, Torczon V.
2003. Optimization by Direct Search: New Perspectives on
Some Classical and Modern Methods. SIAM Rev; 45:385–482.
Lee H, So JS, Hochstedler JL, Ercoli C. 2008. The accuracy
of implant impressions: a systematic review. J Prosthet
Dent; 100:285–91. Rusinkiewicz S, Levoy M. 2001. Efficient
variants of the ICP algorithm. In: Proc Third Int Conf 3-D
Digit Imaging Model [Internet]. [place unknown]: IEEE
Comput. Soc; [cited 2014 Jan 20]; p. 145–152. Sahin S,
Cehreli MC, Yalçin E. 2002. The influence of functional
forces on the biomechanics of implant supported
prostheses–a review. J Dent; 30:271–82. Sahin S, Cehreli
MC. 2001. The significance of passive framework fit in
implant prosthodontics: current status. Implant Dent;
10:85–92. Sorrentino R, Gherlone EF, Calesini G, Zarone F.
2010. Effect of implant angulation, connection length, and
impression material on the dimensional accuracy of implant
impressions: an in vitro comparative study. Clin Implant
Dent Relat Res; 12 Suppl 1:e63–76. Taubin G. 1991.
Estimation of planar curves, surfaces, and nonplanar space
curves defined by implicit equations with applications to
edge and range image segmentation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal
Mach Intell; 13:1115–1138. Wang T-M, Leu L-J, Wang J, Lin
L-D. 2002. Effects of prosthesis materials and prosthesis
splinting on peri-implant bone stress around implants in
poorquality bone: a numeric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac
Implants; 17:231–7. Zachmann G. 1997. Distortion correction
of magnetic fields for position tracking. In: Proc Comput
Graph Int: IEEE Comput. Soc. Press; p. 213–220. This page
intentionally left blank
Optimization of a perfusion bioreactor
for tissue engineering

Baldocchi, D. 2005. Lecture 16, Wind and Turbulence, Part

1, Surface Boundary Layer: Theory and Principles.
University of California, Berkeley, CA: USA.

Bártolo, P., Kruth, J., Silva, J., Levy, G., Malshe, A.,
Rajurkar, K., Mitsuishi, M., Ciurana, J., Leu, M.. 2012.
Biomedical production of implants by additive
electro-chemical and physical processes, CIRP
Annals—Manufacturing Technology, 61:635–655. Celik, I.B.
1999. Introductory Turbulence Modeling (Lectures). West
Virginia University. Morgantown, WV: USA. Ellis, M.,
Jarman-Smith, M. Chaudhuri, J.B. 2005. Bioreactor systems
for tissue engineering: a four-dimensional challenge. In
J. Chaudhuri & M. Al-Rubeai. Bioreactor for Tissue
Engineering: Principles, Design and Operation. 1–18.
Springer. Netherlands. Liu, Y., Lim, J. & Teoh, S. 2013.
Review: Development of clinically relevant scaffolds for
vascularised bone tissue engineering. Biotechnology
Advances (in press). Pörtner, R, S. Nagel-Heyer, C.
Goepfert, P.Adamietz and N.M. Meenen. 2005. Bioreactor
Design for Tissue Engineering, Bioscience and
Bioengineering J, 100:235–245. Vacanti JP, Langer R. 1999.
Tissue engineering: the design and fabrication of living
replacement devices for surgical reconstruction and
transplantation. Lancet 354(1): 32–134. Vickers, D., &
Thomas, C.K. 2013. Some aspects of the turbulence kinetic
energy and fluxes above and beneath a tall open pine
forest canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorolgy 181:
143–151. Yan, X., Chen, X.B. & Bergstrom, D.J. 2011.
Modeling of the Flow within Scaffolds in Perfusion
Bioreactors. American Journal of Biomedical Engineering.
1(2): 72–77. This page intentionally left blank
Reinforced PCL scaffolds with Eggshell
powder

Abdal-hay, A. Amna, T. & Lim, J. 2013. Biocorrosion and

osteoconductivity of PCL/nHAp composite porous film-based
coating of magnesium alloy. Solid State Sciences 18:
131–140.

Asghar, W., Kim, Y.-T., Ilyas, A., Sankaran, J., Wan, Y. &
Iqbal, S. 2012. Synthesis of nano-textured biocompatible
scaffolds from chicken eggshells. Nanotechnology 23.
DOI:10.1088/0957-4484/23/47/475601.

Balaz, P., Calka, A., Zorkovska, A. & Balaz, M. 2013,

Processing of Eggshell Biomaterial by Electrical Discharge
Assisted Mechanical Milling (EDAMM) and High Energy
Milling (HEM) Techniques. Materials and Manufacturing
Processes 28: 343–347.

Chen E.-C. & Wu T.-M. 2007. Isothermal crystallization

kinetics and thermal behavior of poly(3-caprolactone)/
multi-walled carbon nanotube composites. Polymer
Degradation and Stability 92: 1009–1015.

Chouzouri, G. & Xanthos, M. 2007, In vitro bioactivity and

degradation of polycaprolactone composites containing
silicate fillers. Acta Biomaterialia 3: 745–756.

Chuenjitkuntaworn, B., Inrung, W., Damrongsri, D.,

Mekaapiruk, K., Supaphol, P. & Pavasant, P. 2010.
Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds:
Preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo
biological responses of human primary bone cells. Journal
of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: 242–251.

Domingos M., Chiellini F., Cometa S., De Giglio E.,

Grilo-Fernandes E., Bártolo P. & Chiellini E. 2011.
Evaluation of In Vitro Degradation of PCL Scaffolds
Fabricated Via BioExtrusion—Part 2: Influence of Pore Size
and Geometry. Virtual and Physical Prototyping 6:157–165.

Elzein, T., Nasser-Eddine, M., Delaite, C., Bistac, S. &

Dumas, P. 2004. FTIR study of polycaprolactone chain
organization at interfaces. Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 273: 381–387.

Esfahani, S., Nouri-Khorasani, S., Lu, Z., Appleyard, R. &

Zreiqat, H. 2010. The influence hydroxyapatite nanoparticle
shape and size on the properties of biphasic calcium
phosphate scaffolds coated with hydroxyapatite-PCL
composites. Biomaterials 31: 5498–5509.

Gao Y. & Xu C. 2012. Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate over

waste eggshell catalyst, Catalysis Today 190: 107–111.

Ho, W.-F., Hsu, H.-C., Hsu, S.-K. Hung, C.-W. & Wu, S.-C.
2013. Calcium phosphate bioceramics synthesized from
eggshell powders throught a solid state reaction. Ceramics
international 39: 6467–6473.

Kang, J., Chen, L., Okubayashi, S. & Sukigara, S. 2012.

Preparation of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibers
with Water-Soluble Eggshell Membrane and Catechin. Journal
of Applied Polymer Science 124: E83–E90. Kim B., Yang S. &
Lee J. 2013. A polycaprolactone/cuttlefish bone-derived
hydroxyapatite composite porous scaffold for bone tissue
engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part
B—Applied Biomaterials DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33075. Kolambkar,
Y., Dupont, K., Boerckel, J. Huebsch, N., Mooney, D.,
Hutmacher, D. & Guldberg, R. 2011. An Alginate-based
Hybrid System for Growth Factor Delivery in the Functional
Repair of Large Bone Defects. Biomaterials 32(1): 65–74.
Liu J., Reni L., Wei Q., Wu J.L., Liu S., Wang Y.J. & Li G.
2011. Fabrication and characterization of
polycaprolactone/calcium sulfate whisker composites,
Express Polymer Letters, 5(8): 742–752. Martínez-Abad, A.,
Sánchez, G., Fuster, V., Lagaron, J. & Ocio, M. 2013.
Antibacterial performance of solvent cast polycaprolactone
(PCL) films containing essential oils. Food Control 34:
214–220. Melchels, F., Domingos M., Klein T., Malda J.,
Bártolo P. & Hutmatcher D. 2012. Additive Manufacturing
of Tissues and Organs. Progress in Polymer Science
37:1079–1104. Monteiro, M., Chávez, F., Sebastião, P. &
Tavares, M. 2013. 1 H NMR relaxometry and X-ray study of
PCL/ nevirapine hybrids. Polymer testing 32: 553–566. Mota
C., Puppi D., Chiellini F. & Chiellini E. 2012. Additive
manufacturing techniques for the production of tissue
engineering constructs. Journal of Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine DOI: 10.1002/ term.1635. Ni P., Ding,
Q., Fan, M. Liao, J., Qian, Z., Luo, J., Li, X., Luo, F.,
Yang, Z. & Wei, Y. 2014. Injectable thermosensitive
PEG-PCL-PEG hydrogel/acellular bone matrix composite for
bone regeneration in cranial defects. Biomaterials 35:
236–248. Park J.-W., Bae S.-R., Suh J.-Y., Lee D.-H., Kim
S.-H., Kim H. & Lee C.-S. 2007. Evaluation of bone healing
with eggshell-derived bone graft substitutes in rat
calvaria: a pilot study, Journal of Biomedical Materials
Research Part A, DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31768. Santos, R.,
Almeida, H. & Bártolo, P. 2014. Overview on additive
manufacturing techniques for scaffold-based cartilage
tissue engineering. High Value Manufacturing Bártolo et
al. (eds), Taylor & Francis group, London. 127–136. ISBN
978-1-138-00137-4. Sariibrahimoglu, K., Leeuwenburgh, S.,
Wolke, J., Yubao, L. & Jansen, J. 2012. Effect of calcium
carbonate on hardening, physicochemical properties, and in
vitro degradation of injectable calcium phosphate cements.
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 100A(3):
712–719. Sousa, I., Mendes, A. & Bártolo, P. 2013. PCL
scaffolds with collagen bioactivator for applications in
Tissue Engineering. Procedia Engineering 59: 279–284. Wu,
S.-C., Tsou, H.-K., Hsu, H.-C., Hsu, S.-K., Liou, S.-P. &
Ho, W.-F. 2013. A hydrothermal synthesis of eggshell and
fruit waste extract to produce nanosized hydroxyapatite.
Ceramics International 39: 8183–8188.
Optimizing regions for characterization
of thermal images in medical applications

interpretation of the overall thermal data. In the

medical area, as in others, even small variations

or non-optimized ROI’s in temperature values can

change and affect the results. By comparing one

side with the other, it may be possible to detect sub

clinical problems before they are clinically relevant,

any significant asymmetry of more than 0.7 ºC can

be defined as abnormal and may indicate a physi

ologic or anatomical variant in the loco-motor sys

tem (Hildebrandt et al, 2010). Others considered

recovery when the temperature difference (e.g.

between knee) was below 0.5 ºC (Gabrhel et al,

2012). The degree of similarity for two ROI to be

considered thermal symmetrical does not normally

deviate by no more than 0.5 ºC with standard devi

ation of no more than 0.3 ºC (Vardasca et al, 2012;

Gabrhel et al, 2012).

5 CONCLUSIONS

Medical thermography is being used more often as

an auxiliary tool for a more accurate diagnose in

certain diseases and disorders, namely, neurologi

cal disorders, vascular diseases and urology prob

lems and also in detection of injuries and mass

fever screening. Current thermography processing

software has some limitations mainly because it

is developed for general applications and doesn’t

allow the identification of ROI’s with a specific

anatomic shape. In this research, the limitations of

the regular geometric shapes for the thermal evalu

ation, was overcome by the development of a user

friendly application. This application allows the

selection of any ROI, independently of its geomet

ric shape; performs an optimization of the ROI in

order to undergo a precise analysis and addition

ally allows the statistical comparison of different

thermal images in an easy way and useful way to

be used by the medical community.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge the support of the Strategic

Project (PEST-OE/EME/UI4044/2013) funded by the

Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology.

Table 3. Statistical measurements of the face image

before and after optimization. Centigrade Maximum Minimum

Average

Before optimization 40.7460 23.1340 37.2421

After optimization 40.7460 24.4610 37.4695

Differences 0.0000 1.3270 0.2274

Mechanical behavior of dentures clasps in
acetal resin and cobalt-chromium: A
numerical analysis

Mahmoud, A.A.A., Wakabayashi, N. & Takahashi, H. 2007.

Prediction of permanent deformation in cast clasps for
denture prostheses using a validated nonlinear finite
element model. Dental materials: official publication of
the Academy of Dental Materials 23(3): 317–324.

Sandu, L., Faur, N. & Bortun, C. 2007. Finite element

stress analysis and fatigue behaviour of cast
circumferential clasps. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 97:
39–44.

Scepanovic, M., Tihacek-Sojic, L., Tasic, M., Mitrovic,

R., Todorovic, A. & Trifkovic, B. 2013. Finite element
analysis in defining the optimal shape ans safety factor
of retentive clasp arms of removable partial denture.
Vojnosanitetski pregled 00: 21–21. Tannous, F., Steiner,
M., Shahin, R. & Kern, M. 2012. Retentive forces and
fatigue resistance of thermoplastic resin clasps. Dental
materials: official publication of the Academy of Dental
Materials 28(3): 273–278. Thomas, S.A. & Nandini, V.V.
2011. Acetal Resin—a Quantum Leap in Aesthetic Restorative
Dentistry. International Journal of Clinical Dental
Science 2(4): 56–59. Wu, J.C., Latta, G.H. Jr., Wicks,
R.A., Swords, R.L. & Scarbecz, M. 2003. In vitro
deformation of acetyl resin and metal alloy removable
partial denture direct retainers. The Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry 90(6): 586–590. This page
intentionally left blank
Gingiva Assessment Tool—a clinical
decision support system to evaluate the
esthetic risk for gingiva-shade ceramics
in a fixed dental prosthesis

Couto Viana, P. & Correia A. & Kovacs Z. 2014. Purpose of

aesthetic risk assessment in prosthetic rehabilitations
with gingiva-shade ceramics. Int J Esthet Dent (in press).

Coutinho, Clara. 2011. Metodologia de investigação em

ciências sociais e humanas: teoria e prática. Coimbra:
Almedina. Friedman, Charles P. 1995. Where’s the Science
in Medical Informatics? J Am Med Inform Assoc 2(1):
65–67. Mendonça, E. 2004. Clinical decision support
systems: perspectives in dentistry. J Dent Educ 68(6):
589–97.
Geometric and structural comparison of
anatomic models

Jans, G., Vander Sloten, J., Gobin, R., Van der Perre, G.,
Van Audekercke, R., Mommaerts, M., 1999. “Computer-aided
craniofacial surgical planning implemented in CAD
software”. Computer Aided Surgery, 4(3):117–128.

Kuiper, J.H., 1993. “Numerical Optimization of Artificial

Hip Joint Designs”. PhD Thesis. University of Nijmegen.

Lohfeld, S., Barron, V., McHugh, P.E., 2005. “Biomodels

of Bone: A Review”, Annals of Biomedical Engineering,
33(10):1295–1311.

Martin, R.B., Burr, D.B., Sharkey, N.A., 1998. “Skeletal

Tissue Mechanics”, Springer-Verlag.

Ruben, R.B., Fernandes, P.R., Folgado, J., 2012. “On the

optimal shape of hip implants”, Biomechanics,
45(2):239–246.

Starly, B., Fang, Z., Sun, W., Shokoufandeh, A., Regli,

W., 2005. “Three-Dimensional Reconstruction for
Medical-CAD Modeling”, Computer-Aided Design &
Applications, 2(1–4):431–438.

Sun, W., Starly, B., Nam, J., Darling, A., 2005. “Bio-CAD
modeling and its applications in computer-aided tissue
engineering”, Computer-Aided Design, 37:1097–1114.

Zeibak, R., Freitas, D., Almeida, H.A., Bártolo, P.J.,

2013. “3D Comparison between Mimics and Invesalius Bone
Reconstruction Models”, 5th Portuguese Congress on
Biomechanics, edited by Natal Jorge et al. 683–687.
Finite element analysis of bio-inert mass
effect on stress reduction in bone-dental
implant interface

Abu-Hammad, O.A., Harrison, A., Williams, D. 2000. The

effect of a hidroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene stress
distributor in a dental implant on compressive stress
levels in surrounding bone. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
15(4), 559–64.

Babbush, C.A., Kirsch, A., Mentag, P.J., Hill, B. 1987.

Intramobile Cylinder (IMZ) two stage osteointegrated
implant system with the intra mobile element (IME): Part
1. Its rationale and procedure for use. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants 2, 203–16.

Baggi, L., Cappelloni, I., Di Girolamo, M., Maceri, F.,

Giuseppe V. 2008. The influence of implant diameter and
length on stress distribution of osseointegrated implants
related to crestal bone geometry: A threedimensional finite
element analysis. J Prosthet Dent 100 (6), 422–31.

Benaissa, A., Merdji, A., Ould Chikh, B., Meddah, H.M.,

Bachir Bouiadjra, B, Aminallah, L. 2012. The effect of
overloads intensity on stress distribution in dental
implant by 3D finite element method. Journal of Modelling
and Simulation of Systems 3(1), 42–50.

Bozkaya, D., Muftu, S., Muftu, A. 2004. Evaluation of load

transfer characteristics of five different implants in
compact bone at different load levels by finite elements
analysis. J Prosthet Dent 92, 523–30.

Choi, B.H. 2000. Periodontal ligament formation around

titanium implants using cultured periodontal ligament
cells: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
15(2), 193–96.

Dalkiz, M., Zor, M., Aykul, H., Toparli, M., Aksoy, S.

2002. The three-dimensional finite element analysis of
fixed bridge restoration supported by the combination of
teeth and osseointegrated implants. Implant Dentistry
11(3), 293–300.

Djebbar, N., Serier, B., Bachir Bouiadjra, B., Benbarek,

S., Drai, A. 2010. Analysis of the effect of load
direction on the stress distribution in dental implant.
Mater Des 31, 2097–101.

Eraslan, O., Sevimay, M., Usumez, A., Eskitascioglu, G.

2005. Effects of cantilever design and material on stress
distribution in fixed partial dentures: a finite element
analysis. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 32(4), 273–78.

Falcon-Antenucci, R.M., Pellizzer, E.P., Carvalho, P.S.P.,

Goiato, M.C., Noritomi, P.Y. 2010. In�uence of Cusp
Inclination on Stress Distribution in Implant- Supported
Prostheses. A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis.
Journal of Prosthodontics 19, 381–86.

Geng, J.P., Xu, D.W., Tan, K.B., Liu, G.R. 2004. Finite
element analysis of an osseointegrated stepped screw
dental implant. J Oral Implantol 30, 223–33.

Geramy, A., Morgano, S.M. 2004. Finite element analysis of

three designs of an implant supported molar crown. J
Prosthet Dent 92(5), 434–40.

Giesen, E.B., Ding, M., Dalstra, M., van Eijden, T.M.

2001. Mechanical properties of cancellous bone in the
human mandibular condyle are anisotropic. J Biomech 34(6),
799–803. Heckmann, S.M., Winter W, Meyer, M., Weber, H.P.,
Wichman, M.G. 2001. Overdenture attachment selection and
the loading of implant and denture bearing area. Part 2: A
methodical study using �ve types of attachment. Clinical
Oral Implants Research 12, 640–47. Himmlová, L.,
Dostálová, T., Kácovský, A., Konvicková, S. 2004.
Influence of implant length and diameter on stress
distribution: a finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent
91(1), 20–5. Hoshaw, S.J., Brunski, J.B., Cochran, G.V.B.
1994. Mechanical loading of Brånemark implants affects
interfacial bone modeling and remodeling. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants 9(3), 345–60. Jung, Y.C., Han, C.H.,
Lee, K.W. 1996. A 1-year radiographic evaluation of
marginal bone around dental implants. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants 11(6), 811–8. Koca, O.L.,
Eskitascioglu, G., Usumez, A. 2005. Three dimensional
finite element analysis of functional stresses in
different bone locations produced by implants placed in
the maxillary posterior region of the sinus floor. J
Prosthet Dent 93, 38–44. Li, T., Kong, L., Wang, Y., Hu,
K., Song, L., Liu, B., Li, D., Shao, J., Ding, Y. 2009.
Selection of optimal dental implant diameter and length in
type IV bone: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.
Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38, 1077–83. Lídia, C., Ramos,
A., Simões, A. 2004. Finite element analysis of a dental
implant system with an elastomeric stress barrier, summer
bioengineering conference, June 25–29, Sonesta Beach
Resort in Key Biscayne, Florida. Lin, D., Li, Q., Li, W.,
Duckmanton, N., Swain, M. 2010. Mandibular bone remodeling
induced by dental implant. J Biomech 43(2), 287–93. Misch,
C.E., Bidez, M.W. 2007. A scientific rationale for dental
implant design. In: Misch, C.E., editor. Contemporary
implant dentistry , 3rd edition, St Louis, Mosby, pp.
329–44. Natali, A.N., Pavan, P.G. 2002. A comparative
analysis based on different strength criteria for
evaluation of risk factor for dental implants. Comput
Methods Biomech Eng 5, 127–33. Natali, A.N., Pavan, P.G.
2003. Numerical approach to dental biomechanics. In:
Natali, A.N. editor. Dental biomechanics, Taylor &
Francis, London, pp. 211–39. Papavasiliou, G., Kamposiora,
P., Bayne, S.C., Felton, D.A. 1996. Three-dimensional
finite element analysis of stress distribution around
single tooth implants as a function of bony support,
prosthesis type, and loading during function. J Prosthet
Dent 76(6), 633–40. Schwartz-Arad, D., Yaniv, Y., Levin,
L., Kaffe, I. 2004. A radiographic evaluation of cervical
bone loss associated with immediate and delayed implants
placed for fixed restorations in edentulous jaws. J
Periodontol 75(5), 652–7. Yokoyama, S., Wakabayashi, N.,
Shiota, M., Ohyama, T. 2005. Stress analysis in edentulous
mandibular bone supporting implant-retained 1-piece or
multiple superstructures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
20(4), 578–83. This page intentionally left blank
Ideal spacing according to different
types of cement—Everest system (KaVo®)

[2] Ayad, M.F., S.F. Rosenstiel, & M. Salama. 1997.

Influence of tooth surface roughness and type of cement on
retention of complete cast crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 77(2):
p. 116–21.

[3] Ayad, M.F. 2009. Effects of tooth preparation burs

and luting cement types on the marginal fit of extracoronal
restorations. J Prosthodont. 18(2): p. 145–51.

[4] Bruce, W.L. & L. Stevens. 1989. Strength properties

of three zinc phosphate cements mixed to two different
consistencies. Aust Dent J. 34(2): p. 132–5.

[5] Cano-Batalla, J., J. Soliva-Garriga, M.

CampilloFunollet, C.A. Munoz-Viveros, & L. Giner-Tarrida.
2012. Influence of abutment height and surface roughness on
in vitro retention of three luting agents. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants. 27(1): p. 36–41.

[6] Carter, S.M. & P.R. Wilson. 1996. The effect of

diespacing on crown retention. Int J Prosthodont. 9(1): p.
21–9.

[7] Chan, N.C. & D.J. Setchell. 1997. Die relief, seating
methods and fit of full crowns. Singapore Dent J. 22(1):
p. 29–34.

[8] Christensen, G.J. 1993. The rise of resin for

cementing restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 124(10): p.
104–5.

[9] Cruz, M.A., J.A. Sorenson, & W.K. Johnson. 2008.

Effect of venting and seating techniques on the cementation
of complete coverage restorations. Oper Dent. 33(6): p.
690–5.

[10] Eames, W.B., S.J. O’Neal, J. Monteiro, C. Miller,

J.D. Roan, Jr., & K.S. Cohen. 1978. Techniques to improve
the seating of castings. J Am Dent Assoc. 96(3): p. 432–7.

[11] Fakiha, Z.A., L.A. Mueninghoff, & K.F. Leinfelder.

1992. Rapid mixing of zinc phosphate cement for fixed
prosthodontic procedures. J Prosthet Dent. 67(1): p. 52–8.

[12] Grajower, R., I. Lewinstein, & C. Zeltser. 1985. The

effective minimum cement thickness of zinc phosphate
cement for luted non-precious crowns. J Oral Rehabil.
12(3): p. 235–45.

[13] Grajower, R., Y. Zuberi, & I. Lewinstein. 1989.

Improving the fit of crowns with die spacers. J Prosthet
Dent. 61(5): p. 555–63.

[14] Hill, E.E. & J. Lott. 2011. A clinically focused

discussion of luting materials. Aust Dent J. 56 Suppl 1:
p. 67–76.

[15] Johnson, G.H., L.R. Hazelton, D.J. Bales, & X. Lepe.

2004. The effect of a resin-based sealer on crown
retention for three types of cement. J Prosthet Dent.
91(5): p. 428–35.

[16] Johnson, G.H., X. Lepe, H. Zhang, & J.C. Wataha.

2009. Retention of metal-ceramic crowns with contemporary
dental cements. J Am Dent Assoc. 140(9): p. 1125–36.

[17] KaVo, KaVo Everest [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0., 2002.

[18] Lee, H.H. & R.J. Ibbetson. 2000. Effect of die relief
on the seating, fit and retention of cast gold crowns
cemented on human teeth. Singapore Dent J. 23(1): p. 6–11.

[19] Magni, E., M. Ferrari, R. Hickel, & N. Ilie. 2010.

Evaluation of the mechanical properties of dental
adhesives and glass-ionomer cements. Clin Oral Investig.
14(1): p. 79–87.

[20] McKenna, J.E., N.J. Ray, G. McKenna, & F.M. Burke.

2011. The effect of variability in the powder/liquid ratio
on the strength of zinc phosphate cement. Int J Dent.
2011: p. 679315. [21] Nakamura, T., K. Wakabayashi, S.
Kinuta, H. Nishida, M. Miyamae, & H. Yatani. 2010.
Mechanical properties of new self-adhesive resin-based
cement. J Prosthodont Res. 54(2): p. 59–64. [22] Olivera,
A.B. & T. Saito. 2006. The effect of die spacer on
retention and fitting of complete cast crowns. J
Prosthodont. 15(4): p. 243–9. [23] Pameijer, C.H. 2012. A
review of luting agents. Int J Dent. 2012: p. 752861. [24]
Pearson, G.J. & A.S. Atkinson. 1987. Effects of temperature
change on the working and setting characteristics of
water-based dental cements. Dent Mater. 3(5): p. 275–9.
[25] Piemjai, M. 2001. Effect of seating force, margin
design, and cement on marginal seal and retention of
complete metal crowns. Int J Prosthodont. 14(5): p. 412–6.
[26] Saskalauskaite, E., L.E. Tam, & D. McComb. 2008.
Flexural strength, elastic modulus, and pH profile of
self-etch resin luting cements. J Prosthodont. 17(4): p.
262–8. [27] Sheets, J.L., C. Wilcox, & T. Wilwerding.
2008. Cement selection for cement-retained crown technique
with dental implants. J Prosthodont. 17(2): p. 92–6. [28]
Shillingburg, H.T., R. Jacobi, & S.E. Brackett,
Biomechanical Principles of Preparations, in Fundamentals
of tooth preparations for cast metal and porcelain
restorations, H.T. Shillingburg, R. Jacobi, and S.E.
Brackett, Editors. 1987, Quintessence Pub. Co.: Chicago.
p. 13–41. [29] Silva, C.F.C., Tratamento da superfície
interna de coroas fundidas em NI-Cr. Sua Influência na
retenção, in Faculdade de Medicina Dentária 1997,
Universidade do Porto: Porto. [30] Smith, B.G. 1970. The
effect of the surface roughness of prepared dentin on the
retention of castings. J Prosthet Dent. 23(2): p. 187–98.
[31] Squier, R.S., J.R. Agar, J.P. Duncan, & T.D. Taylor.
2001. Retentiveness of dental cements used with metallic
implant components. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 16(6):
p. 793–8. [32] Van Nortwick, W.T. & L. Gettleman. 1981.
Effect of internal relief, vibration, and venting on the
vertical seating of cemented crowns. J Prosthet Dent.
45(4): p. 395–9. [33] Wang, C.J., P.L. Millstein, & D.
Nathanson. 1992. Effects of cement, cement space, marginal
design, seating aid materials, and seating force on crown
cementation. J Prosthet Dent. 67(6): p. 786–90. [34]
White, S.N., Z. Yu, & V. Kipnis. 1992. Effect of seating
force on film thickness of new adhesive luting agents. J
Prosthet Dent. 68(3): p. 476–81. [35] Wilson, P.R. 1993.
The effect of die spacing on crown deformation and seating
time. Int J Prosthodont. 6(4): p. 397–401. [36] Wu, J.C.
& P.R. Wilson. 1994. Optimal cement space for resin luting
cements. Int J Prosthodont. 7(3): p. 209–15. [37] Yim,
N.H., F.A. Rueggeberg, W.F. Caughman, F.M. Gardner, & D.H.
Pashley. 2000. Effect of dentin desensitizers and cementing
agents on retention of full crowns using standardized
crown preparations. J Prosthet Dent. 83(4): p. 459–65.
Time dependent constitutive model for a
biopolymer derived from castor oil
polyurethane

Arruda, E.M. & Boyce, M.C., 1993a. Evolution of plastic

anisotropy in amorphous polymers during finite straining.
Int. J. Plast., 9: 697–720.

Arruda, E.M. & Boyce, M.C., 1993b. A three- dimensional

constitutive model for the large stretch behavior of
rubber elastic materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 41:
389–412. Bardenhagen, S.G. et al. 1997. Three-dimensional,
finite deformation, viscoplastic constitutive models for
polymeric materials. Mech. Mater., 25: 235–253. Bergström,
J.S. & Boyce, M.J. 1998. Constitutive modeling of the large
strain time-dependent behavior of elastomers. Mech Phys
Solids, 46: 931–954. Bergström, J.S. et al. 2002.
Constitutive modeling of ultra-high molecular weight
polyethylene under largedeformation and cyclic conditions.
Biomaterials, 23: 2329–2343. Dafalias, Y.F., 1991.
Constitutive model for large viscoelastic deformations of
elastomeric materials. Mech. Res. Commun., 18: 61–66.
Drozdov, A.D. & Gupta, R.K. 2003. Constitutive equations in
finite viscoplasticity of semicrystalline polymers. Int. J.
Solids Struct., 40: 6217–6243. Fancello, E., Ponthot, J.P.,
Stainier, L. 2006. A variational formulation of
constitutive models and updates in non-linear finite
viscoelasticity. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 65: 1831–1864.
Ferneda, A. et al. 2006. Compression Tests of Castor Oil
Biopolymer. Mat. Res., 9(3): 327–334. Harren, S.V. 1995.
Toward a new phenomenological flow rule for
orientationally hardening glassy polymers. J. Mech. Phys.
Solids. 43: 1151–1173. Hasan O.A. & Boyce, M.C. 1995. A
Constitutive Model for the Nonlinear Viscoplastic Behavior
of Glassy Polymers. Polym. Eng. Sci. 35: 331–344. Hausler,
K. & Sayir, M.B. 1995. Nonlinear viscoelastic response of
carbon black reinforced rubber derived from moderately
large deformations in torsion. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 43:
295–318. Holzapfel, G. 1996. A new viscoelastic
constitutive model for continuous media at finite
thermomechanical changes. Int. J. Solids Struct. 33:
3019–3034. Johnson, A.R., Quigley, C.J., Freese, C.E. 1995.
A viscohyperelastic finite element model for rubber.
Comput. Methods. Appl. Mech. Eng. 127: 163–180. Lubarda,
V.A., Benson, D.J., Meyers, M.A. 2003. Strain-rate
effects in rheological models of inelastic response. Int.
J. Plast. 19: 1097–1118. O’Dowd, N.P. & Knauss, W.G. 1995.
Time dependent large deformation of polymers. J. Mech.
Phys. Solids. 43: 771–792. Ohara, et al. 1995. Estudo
experimental da biocompatibilidade do polímero poliuretano
da mamona implantada intra-óssea e intra-articular em
coelhos. Act. Ort. Bras., 3 (2): 62–68. Reese, S. &
Govindjee, S. 1998. A theory of finite viscoelasticity and
numerical aspects. Int. J. Solids Struct. 35: 3455–3482.
Rubin, M.B. 1987. An elastic-viscoplastic model exhibiting
continuity of solid and fluid states, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 9:
1175–1191. Vieira, A.C. et al. 2014. Constitutive modeling
of biodegradable polymers: Hydrolytic degradation and
time-dependent behavior. Int. J. Solids Struct., 51:
1164–1174. Zdunek, A.B. 1993. Theory and computation of the
steady state harmonic response of viscoelastic rubber
parts. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 105: 63–92.
IL1 gene cluster polymorphisms and
peri-implant disease

This page intentionally left blank

Quality evaluation of websites with
information on child dental trauma in
Portuguese language

Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Dental trauma. In: Pine C,

editor. Community Oral Health. London: Elsevier Science
Limited; 2002. p. 94–9.

Bennett GG, Glasgow RE. The delivery of public health

interventions via the Internet: actualizing their
potential. Annu Rev Public Health. 2009;30:273–92.

Biermann JS, Golladay GJ, Greenfield ML, Baker LH.

Evaluation of cancer information on the Internet. Cancer.
1999;86(3):381–90. Boyer C, Baujard V, Geissbuhler A.
Evolution of health web certification through the HONcode
experience. Studies in health technology and informatics.
2011;169:53–7. Casey RP, Bensadigh BM, Lake MT, Thaller SR.
Dentoalveolar trauma in the pediatric population. J
Craniofac Surg. 2010;21(4):1305–9. Chestnutt IG.
Internet-derived patient information on common oral
pathologies: is it readable? Prim Dent Care.
2004;11(2):51–4. Cline RJ, Haynes KM. Consumer health
information seeking on the Internet: the state of the art.
Health Educ Res. 2001;16(6):671–92. Dutra FT, Marinho AM,
Godoi PF, Borges CM, Ferreira EF, Zarzar PM. Prevalence of
dental trauma and associated factors among 1- to
4-year-old children. J Dent Child (Chic).
2010;77(3):146–51. Fahy E, Hardikar R, Fox A, Mackay S.
Quality of patient health information on the Internet:
reviewing a complex and evolving landscape. The
Australasian medical journal. 2014;7(1):24–8. Fox S, Rainie
L. Medical Library Association about smart healthsearch
strategies and good Web sites. Washington DC: Pew Internet
& American Life Project; 2002 [cited 2014 14th January].
Available from: http://www.
pewinternet.org/∼/media/Files/Reports/2002/PIP_
Vital_Decisions_May2002.pdf.pdf. Fox S. Online Health
Search 2006. Washington DC: Pew Internet & American Life
Project., 2006. Glendor U. Epidemiology of traumatic dental
injuries—a 12 year review of the literature. Dent
Traumatol. 2008;24(6):603–11. Goettems ML, Azevedo MS,
Correa MB, Costa CT, Wendt FP, Schuch HS, et al. Dental
trauma occurrence and occlusal characteristics in Brazilian
preschool children. Pediatr Dent. 2012;34(2):104–7. Health
on the Net Foundation [updated 2013; cited 2014 14th
January]. Available from: http://www.hon.ch/. Internet
World Stats: Usage and Population Statistics 2001 [updated
March 2014; cited 2014]. Available from:
http://www.internetworldstats.com/. Irwin JY, Thyvalikakath
T, Spallek H, Wali T, Kerr AR, Schleyer T. English and
Spanish oral cancer information on the internet: a pilot
surface quality and content evaluation of oral cancer web
sites. J Public Health Dent. 2011;71(2):106–16. Kummervold
PE, Chronaki CE, Lausen B, Prokosch HU, Rasmussen J,
Santana S, et al. eHealth trends in Europe 2005–2007: a
population-based survey. J Med Internet Res.
2008;10(4):e42. Leite F, Correia A. Quality evaluation of
websites with information on childhood dental caries in
Portuguese language. Rev Odonto Cienc. 2011;26(2):116–20.
Lewis MP. Ethnologue: Languages of the world sixteenth
edition. Dallas, Tex: SIL International Online version:
http://www ethnologue com. 2009. Lopez-Jornet P,
Camacho-Alonso F. The quality of internet information
relating to oral leukoplakia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir
Bucal. 2010;15(5):e727–31. Malmgren B, Andreasen JO, Flores
MT, Robertson A, DiAngelis AJ, Andersson L, et al.
International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines
for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 3.
Injuries in the primary dentition. Dent Traumatol.
2012;28(3):174–82.

Marinho ACMR, Manso MC, Colares V, de Andrade DJC.

Prevalência de traumatismo dentário e fatores associados
em adolescentes no concelho do Porto. Revista Portuguesa
de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentária e Cirurgia
Maxilofacial. 2013;54(3):143–9.

Monteiro G, Correia A, Leite-Moreira J. Quality Evaluation

with Information on Oral Cancer in Portuguese Language.
Computer Based Medical Systems 2013; Porto, Portugal.
2013.

Morahan-Martin JM. How internet users find, evaluate, and

use online health information: a cross-cultural review.
Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004;7(5):497–510.
Numerical analysis of a teeth
restoration: A meshless method approach

Atluri S.N. and Zhu T., A new meshless local PetrovGalerkin

(MLPG) approach in computational mechanics. Computational
Mechanics, (1998). 22(2): p. 117–127. Belinha J., Jorge
R.M.N., and Dinis L.M.J.S., Bone tissue remodelling
analysis considering a radial point interpolator meshless
method. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements,
(2012) 36(11):1660–1670. Belinha J., Jorge R.M.N., and
Dinis L.M.J.S., A meshless microscale bone tissue
trabecular remodelling analysis considering a new
anisotropic bone tissue material law. Computer Methods in
Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, (2013). 16(11):
1170–1184. Belytschko T., Lu Y.Y., and Gu L., Element-Free
Galerkin Method. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, (1994). 37: p. 229–256. Belytschko
T., Krongauz Y., Organ D., Fleming M., and Krysl P.,
Meshless Methods: an overview and recent developments.
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,
(1996). 139(1): p. 3–47. Braun J. and Sambridge M., A
numerical method for solving partial differential
equations on highly irregular evolving grids. Nature,
(1995). 376: p. 655–660. Cueto E., Doblaré M., and Gracia
L., Imposing essential boundary conditions in the natural
element method by means of density-scaled -shapes.
International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, (2000). 49(4): p. 519–546. Cueto E., Sukumar
N., Calvo B., Cegoñino J., and Doblaré M., Overview and
recent advances in the Natural Neighbour Galerkin Method.
Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, (2003).
10(4): p. 307–387. Delaunay B., Sur la sphére vide. A la
memoire de Georges Voronoï. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
Otdelenie Matematicheskih i Estestvennyh Nauk, (1934). 7:
p. 793–800. Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., Analysis
of 3D solids using the natural neighbour radial point
interpolation method. Computer Methods in Applied
Mechanics and Engineering, (2007). 196: p. 2009–2028.
Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., Analysis of plates
and laminates using the natural neighbour radial point
interpolation method. Engineering Analysis with Boundary
Elements, (2008a). 32: p. 267–279. Dinis L., Jorge R.N.,
and Belinha J., Radial Natural Neighbours Interpolators:
2D and 3D Elastic and Elastoplastic Applications, in
Progress on Meshless Methods—Computational Methods in
Applied Sciences, Ferreira A.J.M., et al., Editors.
(2008b), Springer. Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J.,
The Natural Neighbour Radial Point Interpolation Method:
Dynamic Applications. Engeneering Computations, (2009a).
26(8): p. 911–949. Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J.,
Large Deformation Applications with the Radial Natural
Neighbours Interpolators. Computer Modelling in
Engineering and Sciences, (2009b). 44(1): p. 1–34. Dinis
L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., An Unconstrained
Third-Order Plate Theory applied to Functionally Graded
Plates using a Meshless Method. Mechanics of Advanced
Materials and Structures, (2010a). 17: p. 1–26. Dinis L.,
Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., A 3D Shell-Like approach using
a Natural Neighbour Meshless Method: isotropic and
orthotropic thin structures. Composite Structures, (2010b)
92(5): p. 1132–1142.

Table 1. Mechanical properties of the anatomical

structures.

Anatomical

structure Young’s modulus E (GPa) Poisson’s ratio

Pulp 0.02 0.45

Dentin 18.60 0.31

Enamel 41.00 0.30

Cementum 41.00 0.30

Trabecular bone 1.37 0.30

Cortical bone 13.70 0.30

Gum 0.0689 0.45

Periodontal ligament 0.0689 0.45

Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., Composite Laminated

Plates: A 3D natural neighbour radial point interpolation
method approach. Journal of Sandwich Structures and
Materials, (2010c). 12(2): p. 119–138.

Farah J.W., Craig R.G. and Sikarskie D.L., Photoelastic

and finite element stress analysis of a restored
axisymmetric first molar. Journal of Biomechanics. (1973)
6(5): p. 511–514.

Ferreira A.J.M., A formulation of the multiquadric radial

basis function method for the analysis of laminated
composite plates. Composite Structures, (2003). 59(3): p.
385–392.
Ferreira A.J.M., Roque C.M.C., Jorge R.M.N., and Kansa
E.J., Static deformations and vibration analysis of
composite and sandwich plates using a layerwise theory and
multiquadrics discretizations. Engineering Analysis with
Boundary Elements, (2005). 29(12): p. 1104–1114.

Ferreira A.J.M., Roque C.M.C., and M.P.A.L.S., Analysis

of composite plates using higher-order shear deformation
theory and a finite point formulation based on the
multiquadric radial basis function method. Composites Part
B: Engineering, (2003). 34(7): p. 627–636.

Geng J., Tan K. and Liu G., Application of finite element

analysis in implant dentistry: A review of the
literature. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. (2001) 85(6):
p. 585–598.

Gu Y.T., Meshfree methods and their comparisons.

International Journal of Computational Methods, (2005).
2(4): p. 477–515.

Hardy R.L., Theory and applications of the

multiquadrics—Biharmonic method (20 years of discovery
1968–1988). Computers and Mathematics with Applications,
(1990). 19: p. 127–161.

Kansa E.J., A scattered data approximation scheme with

applications to computational fluid-dynamics—I & II.
Computers and Mathematics with Applications, (1990). 19:
p. 127–161.

Liu W.K., Jun S., and Zhang Y.F., Reproducing Kernel

Particle Methods. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Fluids, (1995). 20(6): p. 1081–1106.

Liu G.R. and Gu Y.T., A Point Interpolation Method for

Two-Dimensional Solids. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, (2001). 50: p. 937–951.

Liu G.R., Dai K.Y., Lim K.M., and Gu Y.T., A point

interpolation meshfree method for static and frequency
analysis of two-dimensional piezoelectric structures.
Computational Mechanics, (2002). 29(6): p. 510–519.

Liu G.R., A Point Assembly Method for Stress Analysis for

Two-Dimensional Solids. International Journal of Solid and
Structures, (2002). 39: p. 261–276.

Liu G.R., Mesh Free Methods, Moving beyond the Finite

Element Method. (2002): CRC Press.

Liu G.R., Gu Y.T., and Dai K.Y., Assessment and

applications of interpolation methods for computational
mechanics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, (2004). 59: p. 1373–1379.

Manfredini D., Winocur E., Guarda-Nardini L. and Lobbezoo

F., Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review
of the literature. Journal of orofacial pain. (2013) 27(2):
p. 99–110. Monaghan J.J., Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics:
Theory and Applications to Non-Spherical Stars. Monthly
Notices of the Astronomical Society, (1977). 181: p.
375–389. Poiate I.A.V.P., Vasconcellos A.B., Mori M. and
E.P. Jr., 2D and 3D finite element analysis of central
incisor generated by computerized tomography. Computer
Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (2011) 104: p.
292–299. Sibson R., A vector identity for the Dirichlet
tesselation. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society, (1980). 87: p. 151–155. Sibson R., A
brief description of natural neighbor interpolation.
Interpreting Multivariate Data, in V. Barnett (ed.),
(Wiley, Chichester), (1981): p. 21–36. Sergio R., Idelsohn
S., Oñate E., Calvo N., and Del Pin F., The Meshless
Finite Element Method. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, (2003). 58(6): p. 893–912. Sukumar
N., Moran B., and Belytschko T., The natural element method
in solid mechanics. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, (1998). 43(5): p. 839–887. Sukumar
N., Moran B., Semenov A.Y., and Belikov V.V., Natural
neighbour Galerkin methods. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, (2001). 50(1): p. 1–27.
Thresher R.W. and Saito G.E., The stress analysis of human
teeth. Journal of Biomechanics. (1973) 6(5) September
1973, p. 443–449. Tiago C.M. and Leitão V.M.A., Application
of radial basis functions to linear and nonlinear
structural analysis problems. Computers & Mathematics with
Applications, (2006). 51(8): p. 1311–1334. Traversoni L.,
Natural Neighbour Finite Elements. Int. Conf. on Hydraulic
Engineering Software, Hydrosoft Proc., Computational
Mechanics Publications, (1994). 2: p. 291–297. Voronoï
G.M., Nouvelles applications des paramètres continus à la
théorie des formes quadratiques. Deuxième Mémoire:
Recherches sur les parallélloèdres primitifs, J. Reine
Angew. Math., (1908). 134: p. 198–287. Wang J.G. and Liu
G.R., A Point Interpolation Meshless Method based on
Radial Basis Functions. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, (2002a). 54: p. 1623–1648. Wang
J.G. and Liu G.R., On the Optimal Shape Parameters of
Radial Basis Functions used for 2-D Meshless Methods.
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,
(2002b). 191: p. 2611–2630. Weinstein A., Klawitter J.,
Anand S. and Schuessler R., Stress analysis of porous
rooted dental implants. Journal of Dental Research.
(1976) 55(5): p. 772–777. Young F., Williams K., Draughn R.
and Strohaver R., Design of prosthetic cantilever
bridgework supported by osseointegrated implants using the
finite element method. Dental Materials. (1998) 14(1): p.
37–43. This page intentionally left blank
The bone tissue remodelling analysis in
dentistry using a meshless method

Atluri S.N. and Zhu T., A new Meshless Local PetrovGalerkin

(MLPG) approach in computational mechanics. Computational
Mechanics, (1998). 22(2): p. 117–127.

Beaupré G.S., Orr T.E., and Carter D.R., An approach for

time dependent bone modelling and remodelling. Theoretical
development. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, (1990a).
8(5): p. 651–661.

Beaupré G.S., Orr T.E., and Carter D.R., An approach for

time dependent bone modelling and remodelling. A
preliminary remodelling simulation. Journal of Orthopaedic
Research, (1990b). 8(5): p. 662–670.

Belinha J., Jorge R.M.N., and Dinis L.M.J.S., Bone tissue

remodelling analysis considering a radial point
interpolator meshless method. Engineering Analysis with
Boundary Elements, (2012) 36(11):1660–1670.

Belinha J., Jorge R.M.N., and Dinis L.M.J.S., A meshless

microscale bone tissue trabecular remodelling analysis
considering a new anisotropic bone tissue material law.
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical
Engineering, (2013). 16(11): 1170–1184.

Belytschko T., Lu Y.Y., and Gu L., Element-Free Galerkin

Method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, (1994). 37: p. 229–256.

Belytschko T., Krongauz Y., Organ D., Fleming M., and

Krysl P., Meshless Methods: an overview and recent
developments. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
Engineering, (1996). 139(1): p. 3–47.

Braun J. and Sambridge M., A numerical method for solving

partial differential equations on highly irregular
evolving grids. Nature, (1995). 376: p. 655–660.

Carter D.R. and Hayes W.C., The compressive behavior of

bone as a two phase porous structure. Journal of Bone and
Joint Surgery, (1977). 59(A): p. 954–962.

Carter D.R. and Spengler D.M., Mechanical properties and

composition of cortical bone. Clinical Orthopaedics and
Related Research, (1978). 135: p. 192–217.

Carter D.R., Fyhrie D.P., and Whalen R.T., Trabecular bone

density and loading history: regulation of connective
tissue biology by mechanical energy. Journal of
Biomechanics, (1987). 20(8): p. 785–794.

Carter D.R., Orr T.E., and Fyhrie D.P., Relationship

between loadingt history and femoral cancellous bone
architecture. Journal of Biomechanics, (1989). 22(3): p.
231–244.

Cowin S.C. and Hegedus D.H., Bone remodeling I: A theory

of adaptive elasticity. Journal of Elasticity, (1976). 6:
p. 313–326.

Cowin S.C., Optimisation of the strain energy density in

linear anisotropic elasticity. Journal of Elasticity,
(1994). 34: p. 45–68.

Cueto E., Doblaré M., and Gracia L., Imposing essential

boundary conditions in the natural element method by means
of density-scaled -shapes. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, (2000). 49(4): p.
519–546.

Cueto E., Sukumar N., Calvo B., Cegoñino J., and Doblaré
M., Overview and recent advances in the Natural Neighbour
Galerkin Method. Archives of Computational Methods in
Engineering, (2003). 10(4): p. 307–387. Delaunay B., Sur
la sphére vide. A la memoire de Georges Voronoï. Izv.
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdelenie Matematicheskih i Estestvennyh
Nauk, (1934). 7: p. 793–800. Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and
Belinha J., Analysis of 3D solids using the natural
neighbour radial point interpolation method. Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, (2007). 196:
p. 2009–2028. Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J.,
Analysis of plates and laminates using the natural
neighbour radial point interpolation method. Engineering
Analysis with Boundary Elements, (2008a). 32: p. 267–279.
Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., Radial Natural
Neighbours Interpolators: 2D and 3D Elastic and
Elastoplastic Applications, in Progress on Meshless
Methods—Computational Methods in Applied Sciences,
Ferreira A.J.M., et al., Editors. (2008b), Springer. Dinis
L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., The Natural Neighbour
Radial Point Interpolation Method: Dynamic Applications.
Engeneering Computations, (2009a). 26(8): p. 911–949.
Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., Large Deformation
Applications with the Radial Natural Neighbours
Interpolators. Computer Modelling in Engineering and
Sciences, (2009b). 44(1): p. 1–34. Dinis L., Jorge R.N.,
and Belinha J., An Unconstrained Third-Order Plate Theory
applied to Functionally Graded Plates using a Meshless
Method. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures,
(2010a). 17: p. 1–26. Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha
J., A 3D Shell-Like approach using a Natural Neighbour
Meshless Method: isotropic and orthotropic thin
structures. Composite Structures, (2010b) 92(5): p.
1132–1142. Dinis L., Jorge R.N., and Belinha J., Composite
Laminated Plates: A 3D natural neighbour radial point
interpolation method approach. Journal of Sandwich
Structures and Materials, (2010c). 12(2): p. 119–138.
Doblaré M. and García J.M., Anisotropic bone remodelling
model based on a continuum damage-repair theory. Journal of
Biomechanics, (2002). 35(1): p. 1–17. Ferreira A.J.M., A
formulation of the multiquadric radial basis function
method for the analysis of laminated composite plates.
Composite Structures, (2003). 59(3): p. 385–392. Ferreira
A.J.M., Roque C.M.C., Jorge R.M.N., and Kansa E.J., Static
deformations and vibration analysis of composite and
sandwich plates using a layerwise theory and multiquadrics
discretizations. Engineering Analysis with Boundary
Elements, (2005). 29(12): p. 1104–1114. Ferreira A.J.M.,
Roque C.M.C., and M.P.A.L.S., Analysis of composite
plates using higher-order shear deformation theory and a
finite point formulation based on the multiquadric radial
basis function method. Composites Part B: Engineering,
(2003). 34(7): p. 627–636. Gibson L.J., The mechanical
behaviour of cancellous bone. Journal of Biomechanics,
(1985). 18: p. 317–328. Goldstein S.A., The mechanical
properties of trabecular bone: dependence on anatomic
location and function. Journal of Biomechanics, (1987).
20: p. 1055–1061.

Gu Y.T., Meshfree methods and their comparisons.

International Journal of Computational Methods, (2005).
2(4): p. 477–515.

Huiskes R., Weinans H., Grootenboer H.J., Dalstra M.,

Fudala B., and Sloof T.J.J.H., Adaptive bone- remodeling
theory applied to prosthetic-design analysis. Journal of
Biomechanics, (1987). 20(11–12): p. 1135–1150.

Hardy R.L., Theory and applications of the

multiquadrics—Biharmonic method (20 years of discovery
1968–1988). Computers and Mathematics with Applications,
(1990). 19: p. 127–161.

Jacobs C.R., Levenston M.E., Beaupre G.S., Simo J.C., and

Carter D.R., Numerical instabilities in bone remodelling
simulations: the advantages of a node-based finite element
approach. Journal of Biomechanics, (1995). 28(4): p.
449–459.

Jacobs C.R., Simo J.C., Beaupré G.S., and Carter D.R.,

Adaptive bone remodeling incorporating simultaneous density
and anisotropy considerations. Journal of Biomechanics,
(1997). 30(6): p. 603–613.

Kansa E.J., A scattered data approximation scheme with

applications to computational fluid-dynamics—I & II.
Computers and Mathematics with Applications, (1990). 19:
p. 127–161.

Liu W.K., Jun S., and Zhang Y.F., Reproducing Kernel

Particle Methods. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Fluids, (1995). 20(6): p. 1081–1106.

Liu G.R. and Gu Y.T., A Point Interpolation Method for

Two-Dimensional Solids. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, (2001). 50: p. 937–951.

Liu G.R., Dai K.Y., Lim K.M., and Gu Y.T., A point

interpolation meshfree method for static and frequency
analysis of two-dimensional piezoelectric structures.
Computational Mechanics, (2002). 29(6): p. 510–519.

Liu G.R., A Point Assembly Method for Stress Analysis for

Two-Dimensional Solids. International Journal of Solid and
Structures, (2002). 39: p. 261–276.

Liu G.R., Mesh Free Methods, Moving beyond the Finite

Element Method. (2002): CRC Press.

Liu G.R., Gu Y.T., and Dai K.Y., Assessment and

applications of interpolation methods for computational
mechanics. International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, (2004). 59: p. 1373–1379.

Lotz J.C., Gerhart T.N., and Hayes W.C., Mechanical

properties of metaphyseal bone in the proximal femur.
Journal of Biomechanics, (1991). 24(5): p. 317–329.

Martin R.B., Determinants of the mechanical properties of

bones. Journal of Biomechanics, (1991). 24(1): p. 79–88.

Monaghan J.J., Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics: Theory and

Applications to Non-Spherical Stars. Monthly Notices of
the Astronomical Society, (1977). 181: p. 375–389.

Pettermann H., Reiter T., and Rammerstorfer F.G.,

Computational simulation of internal bone remodeling.
Archives in Computational Methods in Engineering, (1997).
4(4): p. 295–323.

Prendergast P.J., Finite element models in tissue mechanics

and orthopaedic implant design. Clinical Biomechanics,
(1997). 12(6): p. 343–366. Rice J.C., Cowin S.C., and
Bowman J.A., On the dependence of the elasticity and
strength of cancellous bone on apparent density. Journal
of Biomechanics, (1988). 21(2): p. 155–168. Rossi J.M. and
Wendling-Mansuy S., A topology optimization based model of
bone adaptation. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and
Biomedical Engineering, (2007). 10(6): p. 419–427. Sibson
R., A vector identity for the Dirichlet tesselation.
Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical
Society, (1980). 87: p. 151–155. Sibson R., A brief
description of natural neighbor interpolation. Interpreting
Multivariate Data, in V. Barnett (ed.), (Wiley,
Chichester), (1981): p. 21–36. Sergio R., Idelsohn S.,
Oñate E., Calvo N., and Del Pin F., The Meshless Finite
Element Method. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, (2003). 58(6): p. 893–912. Sukumar
N., Moran B., and Belytschko T., The natural element method
in solid mechanics. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, (1998). 43(5): p. 839–887. Sukumar
N., Moran B., Semenov A.Y., and Belikov V.V., Natural
neighbour Galerkin methods. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, (2001). 50(1): p. 1–27.
Tiago C.M. and Leitão V.M.A., Application of radial basis
functions to linear and nonlinear structural analysis
problems. Computers & Mathematics with Applications,
(2006). 51(8): p. 1311–1334. Traversoni L., Natural
Neighbour Finite Elements. Int. Conf. on Hydraulic
Engineering Software, Hydrosoft Proc., Computational
Mechanics Publications, (1994). 2: p. 291–297. van der
Meulen M.C.H. and Huiskes R., Why mechanobiology?: A survey
article. Journal of Biomechanics, (2002). 35(4): p.
401–414. Voronoï G.M., Nouvelles applications des
paramètres continus à la théorie des formes quadratiques.
Deuxième Mémoire: Recherches sur les parallélloèdres
primitifs, J. Reine Angew. Math., (1908). 134: p. 198–287.
Wang J.G. and Liu G.R., A Point Interpolation Meshless
Method based on Radial Basis Functions. International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, (2002a). 54:
p. 1623–1648. Wang J.G. and Liu G.R., On the Optimal Shape
Parameters of Radial Basis Functions used for 2-D Meshless
Methods. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and
Engineering, (2002b). 191: p. 2611–2630. Weinans H.,
Huiskes R., and Grootenboer H.J., The behaviour of
adaptive bone-remodelling simulation models. Journal of
Biomechanics, (1992). 25(12): p. 1425–1441. Wolff J., The
Law of Bone Remodeling (Das Gesetzder Transformationder
Knochen, Hirschwald,1892). (1986), Berlin Heidelberg New
York: Springer. Zioupos P., Cook R.B., and Hutchinsonc
J.R., Some basic relationships between density values in
cancellous and cortical bone. Journal of Biomechanics,
(2008). 41: p. 1961–1968.
Dental tissue classification using
computational intelligence and digital
image analysis

Anuradha, K., & Sankaranarayanan, K. 2012. Detection of

Oral Tumor based on Marker Controlled Watershed Algorithm.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 52(2),
15–18. doi:10.5120/8173-1486.

Avci, D., Leblebicioglu, M.K., Poyraz, M., & Dogantekin,

E. 2014. A New Method Based on Adaptive Discrete Wavelet
Entropy Energy and Neural Network Classifier (ADWEENN) for
Recognition of Urine Cells from Microscopic Images
Independent of Rotation and Scaling. Journal of Medical
Systems, 38(2), 7. doi:10.1007/s10916-014-0007-3

Baelum, V., Hintze, H., Wenzel, A., Danielsen, B., &

Nyvad, B. 2012. Implications of caries diagnostic
strategies for clinical management decisions. Community
Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 40(3), 257–66.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2011.00655.x

Bovik, A.C. 2009. The Essential Guide to Image Processing.

San Diego: Academic Press, Elsevier.

Christoudias, C.M., Georgescu, B., & Meer, P. 2002.

Synergism in low level vision. In Object recognition
supported by user interaction for service robots: Vol. 4,
150–55. IEEE Comput. Soc. doi:10.1109/ ICPR.2002.1047421

Comaniciu, D., & Meer, P. 2002. Mean shift: a robust

approach toward feature space analysis. IEEE Transactions
on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(5),
603–619. doi:10.1109/34.1000236

Diniz, M.B., Rodrigues, J.A., Hug, I., Cordeiro, R. de

C.L., & Lussi, A. 2009. Reproducibility and accuracy of
the ICDAS-II for occlusal caries detection. Community
Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 37(5), 399– 404.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00487.x

Duda, R.O., Hart, P.E., & Stork, D.G. 2012. Pattern

Classification Vol. 2012, 680. John Wiley & Sons.

Fielding, A.H. (Ed.). 1999. Machine Learning Methods for

Ecological Applications 37–87. Boston, MA: Springer US.
doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5289-5

Gomez, J., Zakian, C., Salsone, S., Pinto, S.C.S., Taylor,

A., Pretty, I.A., & Ellwood, R. 2013. In vitro performance
of different methods in detecting occlusal caries lesions.
Journal of Dentistry, 41(2), 180–6.
doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2012.11.003

Gonçalves, H., Gonçalves, J.A., & Corte-Real, L. 2011.

HAIRIS: a method for automatic image registration through
histogram-based image segmentation. IEEE Transactions on
Image Processing : A Publication of the IEEE Signal
Processing Society, 20(3), 776–89.
doi:10.1109/TIP.2010.2076298

Jabarouti, M., & Soltanian-Zadeh, H. 2011. Artificial

Neural Networks—Methodological Advances and Biomedical
Applications. (K. Suzuki, Ed.). InTech.

Kang, J., & Ji, Z. 2010. Dental plaque quantification

using mean-shift-based image segmentation. In 2010
International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control
and Automation (3CA): Vol. 1, 470–73. IEEE.
doi:10.1109/3CA.2010.5533758

Kondo, T., Ong, S.H., & Foong, K.W.C. 2004. Tooth

segmentation of dental study models using range images.
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 23(3), 350–62.
doi:10.1109/TMI.2004.824235 Koutsouri, G.D., Berdouses, E.,
Tripoliti, E.E., Oulis, C., & Fotiadis, D.I. 2013.
Detection of occlusal caries based on digital image
processing. In 13th IEEE International Conference on
BioInformatics and BioEngineering: 1–4. IEEE.
doi:10.1109/BIBE.2013.6701708 Lisboa, P.J.G. 2002. A review
of evidence of health benefit from artificial neural
networks in medical intervention. Neural Networks, 15(1),
11–39. doi:10.1016/ S0893-6080(01)00111-3 Mazurowski, M.A.,
Habas, P.A., Zurada, J.M., Lo, J.Y., Baker, J.A., &
Tourassi, G.D. 2008. Training neural network classifiers
for medical decision making: the effects of imbalanced
datasets on classification performance. Neural Networks:
The Official Journal of the International Neural Network
Society, 21(2–3), 427–36. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2007.12.031
Meer, P., & Georgescu, B. 2001. Edge detection with
embedded confidence. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis
and Machine Intelligence, 23(12), 1351–1365.
doi:10.1109/34.977560 Møller, M.F. 1993. A scaled conjugate
gradient algorithm for fast supervised learning. Neural
Networks, 6(4), 525–33. doi:10.1016/S0893-6080(05)80056-5
Nassar, D.E.M., & Ammar, H.H. 2007. A neural network system
for matching dental radiographs. Pattern Recognition,
40(1), 65–79. doi:10.1016/j.patcog. 2006.04.046 Neuhaus,
K.W., Nyvad, B., Lussi, A., & Jaruszewski, L. 2011.
Evaluation of perpendicular reflection intensity for
assessment of caries lesion activity/inactivity. Caries
Research, 45(4), 408–14. doi:10.1159/000330530 Perez, A.A.,
Gonzaga, A., & Alves, J.M. 2001. Segmentation and
analysis of leg ulcers color images. In Proceedings
International Workshop on Medical Imaging and Augmented
Reality: 262–266. IEEE Computer. Soc.
doi:10.1109/MIAR.2001.930300 Ruiz, L.A., Recio, J.A.,
Fernández-Sarría, A., & Hermosilla, T. 2011. A feature
extraction software tool for agricultural object-based
image analysis. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,
76(2), 284–96. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2011.02.007 Said,
E.H., Nassar, D.E.M., Fahmy, G., & Ammar, H.H. 2006. Teeth
Segmentation in Digitized Dental X-Ray Films Using
Mathematical Morphology. IEEE Transactions on Information
Forensics and Security, 1(2), 178–189.
doi:10.1109/TIFS.2006.873606 Shivakumar, K., Prasad, S., &
Chandu, G. 2009. International Caries Detection and
Assessment System: A new paradigm in detection of dental
caries. Journal of Conservative Dentistry : JCD, 12(1),
10–6. doi:10.4103/0972-0707.53335 Stelt, P.F., Linden,
L.W.J., Geraets, W.G.M., & Alons, C.L. 1985. Digitized
image processing and pattern recognition in dental
radiographs with emphasis on the interdental bone. Journal
of Clinical Periodontology, 12(10), 815–21.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1985. tb01358.x Veredas, F., Mesa,
H., & Morente, L. 2010. Binary tissue classification on
wound images with neural networks and bayesian classifiers.
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 29(2), 410–27.
doi:10.1109/ TMI.2009.2033595
Influence of composite temperature on the
marginal seal in dental restorations

This page intentionally left blank

Raman Confocal Microscopy to study
aesthetic restorative materials

Alnazzawia, A. & Wattsa, D. 2012. Simultaneous

determination of polymerization shrinkage, exotherm and
thermal expansion coefficient for dental resin composites.
Dental Materials, 28: 1240–1249.

Beuna, S. et al. 2012. Physical, mechanical and rheological

characterization of resin-based pit and fissure sealants
compared to flowable resin composites. Dental Materials,
28: 349–359.

Crame, N. et al. 2011. Recent advances and developments in

composite dental restorative materials. Journal of Dental
Research, 90: 402–416.

El-Saftya, S. et al. 2012. Nanomechanical properties of

dental resin-composites, Dental Materials, 28: 1292–1300.

Goncalves, F. et al. 2011. Bis-GMA/TEGDMA ratio and filler

content effects on shrinkage stress. Dental Materials, 27:
520–526.

Jan, W. et al. 2013. A six-year prospective randomized

study of a nano-hybrid and aconventional hybrid resin
composite in Class II restorations. Dental Materials, 29:
191–198.

Leprince, J. et al. 2011. Investigating filler morphology

and mechanical properties of new low-shrinkage resin
composite types. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 37:
364–376.

Satterthwaitea, J. et al. 2012. Effect of resin-composite

filler particle size and shape on shrinkage-stress.
Dental Materials, 28: 609–614.
Biomechanical analysis of typical
structured dental implants and
surrounding bone tissues

4 DISCUSSION

So far, the thread structured implants are commer

cially available in the market and overwhelmingly

used in the clinic. However there are still many

problems induce the high failure rate of plant

ing, such as high stress distribution in bone and

breakdown of implant and fixed screw. As the

structure of implant design has a decisive role on

interface force transmission, the study research on

the stress and deformation distribution in whole

dental implant systems and surrounding bone tis

sues. Then propose the different structures design

comparing to verify if the distribution has been

improved. In the same oral condition, for simulate vertical

and buccolingual oblique loads during chewing.

The good results should be all parts of system are

not be at the risk of failure strength of the materi

als. Then the transmission of force to bone with the

implant must be lower, because overloading could

easily cause deterioration of osseointegration. The results

showed that the custom-made struc

tured dental implant placed directly into the extrac

tion socket (vertical direction) showed a more

reasonable stress distribution in the bone-implant

interface in surrounding bone after osseointegra

tion (i.e. lower magnitude of von Mises stress and

micro-motion in the boned bone-implant interface)

as compared with the thread structured implant. As the

loading angel degree increased, the value

of force in horizonal direction increased. The

results showed that value of stress distribution in

cortical bone was increased huge for custom-made

structured model while little changed for thread

structured model. The stress distribution in cancel

lous bone was little changed for both thread and

custom-made structured models. The stress distri

bution of all parts in two types implant systems

increased, however the values of stress in thread

dental implant systems were much higher than

in custom-made dental implant. In addition, the

maximum stress existed in fixed screw. At the

same time, that values of deformation displace

ment distribution in cortical bone and cancellous

were decreased for thread structure model while

increased for custom-made structure model. The

deformation displacement of all parts in two types

implant systems increased, however the increment

values were much more in cortical bone. In a word, the

custom-made structured implant

may suffer from further advantages in stress and

deformation distribution in the surrounding bone

tissues after osseointegration. Specifically, because

of the groove in the neck of thread implant, the

stress distribution in cortical bone is lower. So

the neck of custom-made implant should be

optimized. This page intentionally left blank

Characterization of trabecular bone
morphology by isolation and construction
of cubic models using computerized
microtomography

Liu XS, Sajda P, Saha PK, Wehrli FW, Bevill G, Keaveny TM,
and Guo XE. 2008. “Complete volumetric decomposition of
individual trabecular plates and rods and its
morphological correlations with anisotropic elastic moduli
in human trabecular bone.” J Bone Miner Res 23, 2:
223–235.

Liu XS, Bevill G, Keaveny TM, Sajda P, and Guo XE. 2009.
“Micromechanical analyses of vertebral trabecular bone
based on individual trabeculae segmentation of plates and
rods.” J Biomechanics 42, 3: 249–256.

Lorensen, WE and Cline, HE. 1987. Marching cubes: A high

resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. In
Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer
Graphics and interactive Techniques M.C. Stone, Ed.
SIGGRAPH ’87. ACM, New York, NY, 163–169.

Müller R. 2002. The Zürich experience: one decade of

three-dimensional highresolution computed tomography. Top
Magn Reson Imaging 13: 307–322.

Müller R, Rüegsegger P. 1997. Micro-tomographic imaging for

the nondestructive evaluation of trabecular bone
architecture. Stud Health Technol Inform 40: 61–79.

Müller R, Hildebrand T, Rüegsegger P. 1994. Non invasive

bone biopsy: a new method to analyse and display the
three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone. Phys Med
Biol 39: 145–164.

Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. NIH

Consens Statement Online 2000 March 27–29; [last cited
2009, 03, 23]; 17(1): 1–36.

Parfitt AM, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche

H, Meunier PJ, Ott SM, Recker RR. 1987. Bone
histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols,
and units. Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry
Nomenclature Committee. J Bone Miner Res 2: 595–610.
Parfitt AM, Mathews CH, Villanueva AR, Kleerekoper M,
Frame B, Rao DS. 1983. Relationships between surface,
volume, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging
and in osteoporosis. Implications for the microanatomic and
cellular mechanisms of bone loss. J Clin Invest 72:
1396–1409. Stauber M, Müller R. 2006. Volumetric spatial
decomposition of trabecular bone into rods and Plates. A
new method for local bone morphometry. Bone 38: 475–484.
Stauber M, and Muller R. 2007. “A sensitivity analysis of
the volumetric spatial decomposition algorithm.” Computer
Methods In Biomechanics And Biomedical Engineering 10, no.
1: 25–37. Stauber, M, L Rapillard, GH van Lenthe, P Zysset,
R Müller. 2006. Importance of Individual Rods and Plates
in the Assessment of Bone Quality and Their Contribution
to Bone Stiffness. J Bone Miner Res 21: 586–595. Thomsen
JS, Ebbesen EN y Mosekilde L. 2002. Agerelated differences
between thinning of horizontal and vertical trabeculae in
human lumbar bone as assessed by a new computerized
method. Bone 31(1): 136–142. Wald MJ, Vasilic B, Saha PK,
and Wehrli FW. 2007. “Spatial autocorrelation and mean
intercept length analysis of trabecular bone anisotropy
applied to in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.” Medical
Physics 34, 3: 1110–1120. This page intentionally left
blank
Optimization of the procedure for
obtaining DPSCs by means of fragile
fracture in clean room conditions

Cobo F, Concha A. 2007. Environmental microbial

contamination in a stem cell bank. Lett Appl Microbiol.
44(4):379–86.

d’Aquino R, De Rosa A, Laino G, Caruso F, Guida L, Rullo

R, Checchi V, Laino L, Tirino V, Papaccio G. 2009. Human
dental pulp stem cells: from biology to clinical
applications. Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 15;312B(5):408–15.
doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21263

d’Aquino R, De Rosa A, Lanza V, Tirino V, Laino L,

Graziano A, Desiderio V, Laino G, Papaccio G. 2009. Human
mandible bone defect repair by the grafting of dental pulp
stem/progenitor cells and collagen sponge biocomplexes.
Eur Cell Mater. 12;18:75–83.

d’Aquino R, Tirino V, Desiderio V, Studer M, De Angelis GC,

Laino L, De Rosa A, Di Nucci D, Martino S, Paino F,
Sampaolesi M, Papaccio G. 2011. Human neural crest-derived
postnatal cells exhibit remarkable embryonic attributes
either in vitro or in vivo. Eur Cell Mater. 22;21:304–16.
Gronthos S, Shi, S, Bartold PM. 2006. Ovine periodontal
ligament stem cells: isolation, characterization, and
differentiation potential. Calcif Tissue Int.
79(5):310–7. Janicki P, Boeuf S, Steck E, Egermann M,
Kasten P, Richter W. 2011. Prediction of in vivo bone
forming potency of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal
stem cells. Eur Cell Mater. 20;21:488–507. Jo YY, Lee HJ,
Kook SY, Choung HW, Park JY, Chung JH, Choung YH, Kim ES,
Yang HC, Choung PH. 2007. Isolation and characterization
of postnatal stem cells from human dental tissues. Tissue
Eng. 13(4):767–73. Lanfranchi A, Porta F, Chirico, G. 2009.
Stem cells and the frontiers of neonatology. Early Hum
Dev. 85(10 Suppl):S15–8. doi:
10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.005 Mangano C, Paino F,
d’Aquino R, De Rosa A, Iezzi G, Piattelli A, Laino L,
Mitsiadis T, Desiderio V, Mangano F, Papaccio G, Tirino V.
2011. Human dental pulp stem cells hook into biocoral
scaffold forming an engineered biocomplex. PLoS One.
11;6(4):e18721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018721
Mitsiadis TA. Old concepts, current knowledge, new
challenges. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 312B(4): 247–8. doi:
10.1002/jez.b.21281. Mitsiadis TA, Barrandon O, Rochat A,
Barrandon Y, De Bari C. 2007. Stem cell niches in mammals.
Exp Cell Res. 1;313(16):3377–85. Porta F, Forino C, De
Martiis D, Soncini E, Notarangelo L, Tettoni K, D’Ippolito
C, Soresina R, Shiha K, Berta S, Baffelli R, Bolda F, Bosi
A, Schumacher FR, Lanfranchi A, Mazzolari E. 2008. Stem
cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies. Bone
Marrow Transplant. 41 Suppl 2:S83–6. doi: 10.1038/
bmt.2008.61 Ritter M, Schwedler J, Beyer J, Movassaghi K,
Mutters R, Neubauer A, Schwella N. 2003. Bacterial
contamination of ex vivo processed PBPC products under
clean room conditions. Transfusion. 43(11):1587–95. Shi S,
Gronthos S. 2003. Perivascular niche of postnatal
mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow and dental
pulp. J Bone Miner Res 18(4):696–704.
Evaluation of collagen fibers orientation
around different connection implants

Buser, D.; Warrer, K.; Karring, T. Formation of a

periodontal ligament around titanium implants. J
periodontol, indianapolis, v. 61, n. 9, p. 597–601, 1990.

Buser, D.; Weber, h.p.; Donath, K.; Fiorellini, J.P.;

Paquette, D.W.; Williams, R.C. Soft tissue reactions to
non-submerged unloaded titanium implants In beagle dogs. J
periodontol, indianapolis, v. 63, n. 3, p. 225–35, mar.
1992.

Comut, A.A.; Weber, H.P.; Shortkrpff, S; Cui, F.Z.,

Spector, M. Conective Tissue orientation around dental
implants in a canine model. Clin oral impl res,
Copenhagen, v. 12, p. 433–40, 2001.

Degidi, M.; Piatelli, A.; Scarano, A.; Shibli, J.A.; Iezzi,

G. Peri-implant Collagen fibers around human cone morse
connection implants under polarized light. A report of 3
cases. Int j periodontics restorative dent, in press, 2011.

Moon, I.S; Berglundh, T.; Abrahamsson, I.; Linder, E.;

Lindhe, J. The Barrier between the keratinized mucosa and
dental implant: an experimental study in The dog. J clin
periodontol, copenhagen, v. 26, p. 658–63, 1999.

Myshin, H.L.; Wiens, J.P. Factors affecting soft tissue

around dental implants: a Review of the literature. J
prosthet dent, st louis, v. 94, n. 5, p. 440–4, nov. 2005.

Nentwig, G.H. The ankylos implant system: concept and

clinical application. J oral Implantol, abington, v. 30,
n. 3, p. 171–77, 2004.

Nevins, M.; Kim, D.M.; Jun, Sang-ho.; Guze, K.; Schupbach,

P; Nevins, M. Histologic evidence of a connective tissue
attachment to laser microgrooved abutments: a canine
study. Int j periodontics restorative dent, chigago, v. 30,
n. 3, p. 245–55, 2010. Rompen, E.; Domken, O.; Degidi, M.;
Pontes, A.E.F.; Piattelli, A. The effect Of material
characteristics, of surface topography and of implant
components and Connections on soft tissue integration: a
literature review. Clin Oral Implant Res, Copenhagen, v.
17, p. 55–67, 2006. Supplement 2. Ruggeri, A.; Franchi,
M.; Marini, N.; Trisi, P.; Piatelli, A. Supracrestal
circular collagen fiber network around osseointegrated
nonsubmerged titanium Implants. Clin Oral Implant Res,
copenhagen, v. 3, n. 4, p. 169– 75, dec. 1992. Ruggeri, A.;
Franchi, M.; Trisi, P.; Piatelli, A. Histological and
ultrastructural findings of gingival circular ligament
surrounding osseointegrated nonsubmerged Loaded titanium
implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, Lombard, v. 9,
p. 636–43,1994. Schierano, G.; Ramieri, G.; Cortese, M.;
Aimetti, M.; Preti, G. Organization of the connective
tissue barrier around long-term loaded implant Abutments
in man. Clin Oral Implant Res, Copenhagen, v. 13, p.
460–64, 2002. Weber, H.P.; Cochran, D.L. The soft tissue
response to osseointegrated dental Implants. J Prosthet
Dent, St Louis, v. 79, n. 1, p. 79–89, jan. 1998.
Evaluation of the bone formation on
titanium implants electrically
stimulated: Study in dogs

Table 2. Results of the measurement of peripheral bone

area.

Group Mean Std Dev

A − 10 μA* 24,269.70 10,953.08

B − 20 μA** 44,751.68 15,304.34

C − Control* 18,490.84 7,139.48

*Lower contact of the bone area. **Greater of the bone

area. When comparing the areas of group A (10 μA) and

group C (control), which showed no statistical difference

(p > 0.05). This page intentionally left blank

Thermal residual stresses in functionally
graded dental restorations

This page intentionally left blank

Study of the porcelain powder injection
parameters for the production of zirconia
reinforced porcelain composites

[9] Li J, Liao H and Hermansson L, 1996. Sintering of

partially-stabilized zirconia and partially- stabilized
zirconia-hydroxyapatite composites by hot isostatic
pressing and pressureless sintering. Biomaterials 17:
1787–1790.

[10] Kelly JR, Denry I 2008, Stabilized zirconia as a

structural ceramic: an overview. Dental Materials 24:
289–298.

[11] Kaveh E, Toh S, Ikoma Y, Horita Z, 2011. Plastic

deformation and allotropic phase transformations in
zirconia ceramics during high-pressure torsion, Scripta
Materialia 65: 974–977. [12] Aia J, Zhoua G, Zhanga H,
Liua P, Wanga S, 2014. Mechanical properties and
microstructure of two-dimensional carbon fiber reinforced
zirconia composites prepared by hot-pressing. Ceramics
International 40: 835–840. [13] Scherrera SS,
Cattani-Lorentea M, Yoonb S, Karvonenb L, Pokrantb S,
Rothbrustc F, Kueblerd J 2013. Post-hot isostatic
pressing: A healing treatment for process related defects
and laboratory grinding damage of dental zirconia? Dental
Materials 29: e180–e190.
A finite element study of the Quad-helix
appliance deformation when submitted to a
force

Table 1. Comparison of stresses, strains and deformations

for the two types of appliances for a length of 25 mm.

Quad-helixde 25 mm Equivalent-stress Von-Mises (MPa)

Directional deformation (mm) Equivalent elastic stain
(με)

Quad-helix fixed 0,9 mm Remanium 346,8 5 20763 0,9 mm

Remaloy 466,11 5,9 25976

Quad-helix removable 0,9 mm Remanium 733,49 7,6 38034 0,9

mm Remaloy 687,65 6,7 39618 This page intentionally left
blank
Evaluation of orthodontic forces applied
by the Quad-helix apparatus

[1] Hass, A.J. 1965. The treatment of maxillary deficiency

by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod;
35(3):200–17.

[2] Hass, A.J. 1970. Palatal expansion: just the beginning

of dentofacial orthopedics. Am J Orthod; 57:219–55.

[3] Hass, A.J. 1961. Rapid expansion of the maxillary

dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal
suture. Angle Orthod; 31(2):73–90.

[4] Lebret, L.M.L. 1965. Changes in the palatal vault

resulting from expansion. Angle Orthod; 35(2): 97–105.

[5] Linder-Aronson, S.L.J. 1979. The skeletal and dental

effects of rapid maxillary expansion. Br J Orthod; 6:
25–9.

[6] McNamara, J.A. 2000. Maxillary transverse defiency.

Am J Orthod; 117(5):567–70.

[7] McNamara, J.A. 2006. Long-term adaptations to changes

in the transverse dimension in children and adolescents:
An overview. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop;
129(4,1):S71–4.

[8] Profit, W.R. et al. 2008. Ortodontia contemporânea. 4

a ed. São Paulo: Mosby; p. 403–59.

[9] Cotton, L.A. 1978. Slow maxillary expansion: skeletal

versus dental response to low magnitude force in macaca
mulatta. Am J Orthod; 73:1–23.

[10] Storey, E. 1973. Tissue response to the movement of

bones. Am J Othod; 64:229–47.

[11] Bell, R.A. 1982. Are view of maxillary expansion in

relation to rate of expansion and patient’s age. Am J
Orthod; 81(1):32–7.

[12] Bishara, S.E. & Staley, R.N. 1987. Maxillary

expansion: clinical implications. Am J Orthod; 91(1):3–14.

[13] Isaacson, R.J. & Ingram, A.H. 1964. Forces produced

by rapid maxillary expansion. Part II. Forces present
during treatment. Angle Orthod; 34:261–70.
[14] Isaacson, R.J. et al. 1964. Forces produced by rapid
maxillary expansion. Part I. Design of the force measuring
system. Angle Orthod; 34:256–60. [15] Andrew, B. et al.
2008. Stress distribution and displacement analysis during
an intermaxillary disjunction—A three-dimensional FEM study
of a human skull. J Biomec; 41:376–82. [16] Provatidis,
C. et al. 2007. On the FEM modeling of craniofacial
changes during rapid maxillary expansion. Med Engin Phys;
29:566–79. [17] Bell, R.A. & LeCompte, E.J. 1981. The
effects of maxillary expansion using a Quad-helix
appliance during the deciduous and mixed dentition. Am J
Orthod; 79:152–61. [18] Urbanilak, J.A. et al. 1988.
Effects of appliance size, arch wire diameter, and alloy
composition on the in vitro force delivery of the
Quad-helix appliance. Am J Orthod; 94(4):311–6. [19]
Jarabak, J.R. & Fizzeli, J.A. 1972. Technique and
treatment with lighwire edewise apliance. 2 a ed. St.
Luis: Mosby. [20] Hicks, E.P. 1978. Slow maxillary
expansion: a clinical study of the skeletal versus dental
response to low-magnitude force. Am J Orthod; 73:67–76.
[21] Petren, S. et al. 2011. Early correction of posterior
crossbite—a cost-minimization analysis. Eur J Orthod;
47(1):1–8. [22] Jones, S.P. & Waters, N.E. 1989. The
Quad-helix maxillary expansion appliance: Part 1. Eur J
Orthod; 169–78. [23] Bench, R.W. 1998. The Quad-helix
appliance. Sem Orthod; 4(4):231–7. [24] Langlade, M.
1993. Terapêutica ortodóntica. 3 a ed. São Paulo: Santos
Editora; p. 1–79. [25] Romanyk, D.L. et al. Review of
maxillary expansion appliance activation methods:
engineering and clinical perspectives. J Dent Biomech doi:
10.4061/2010/496906. [26] Popov, E.P. & Balan T.A. 1998.
Engineering Mechanics of solids. 2º ed. Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River; p. 59–90. [27] Menghini, P. & Merlati,
G. 2011. Metallurgia e merceologia in ortognatodonzia:
metallurgia dei fili ortodontici. Pavia: Biblioteca Delle
Scienze;. p. 45–57. [28] Profitt, R.W. et al. 2007.
Ortodontia Contemporânea 4 a ed. Elsevier; p. 307–65. [29]
Petrén, S. et al. 2003. A systematic review concerning
early orthodontic treatment of unilateral posterior cross
bite. Angle Orthod; 73:588–96. [30] Chaconas, S.J. 1977.
Orthopedic and orthontic applications of the Quad-helix
appliance. Am J Orthod; 72:422–8. This page intentionally
left blank
Degradation modelling of bio-polymers
used as dental scaffolds

Anderson, J.M. & Shive, M.S. 1997. Biodegradation and

biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres. Advanced
Drug Delivery Reviews 28(1): 5–24.

Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. & Friedman, J. 2008. The

elements of Statistical Learning. Springer.

Hollister, S.J. 2005. Porous scaffold design for tissue

engineering. Nature Materials 4(7): 518–524.

Hoque M.E., Yong, L.C. & Ian, P. Mathematical modeling on

degradation of 3d tissue engineering scaffold materials.
Regenerative Research 1(1) 2012 58–61.

Pitt, C.G. & Zhong-wei, G. 1987. Modification of the rates

of chain cleavage of poly (∈-caprolactone) and related
polyesters in the solid state. Journal of controlled
release 4: 283–292.

Prime, R.B., Bair, H.E., Vyazovkin, S., Gallagher, P.K. &

Riga, A. 2009. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). In J.D.
Menczel & R.B. Prime (eds), Thermal analysis of polymers.
Fundamentals and applications: 241–318. San José: John
Wiley & Sons. Sandino, C., Planell, J.A. & Lacroix, D.
2008. A finite element study of mechanical stimuli in
scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of
biomechanics 41: 1005–1014. Sauerbrunn, S. & Gill, P.
Decomposition kinetics using tga. TA Instrument technical
note nº75. Thermal analysis application brief. Estimation
of polymer lifetime by TGA decomposition kinetics. TA
Instrument technical note nº125. Vyazovkin, S., Burnham,
A.K., Criado, J.M., PérezMaqueda, L.A., Popescu, C. &
Sbirrazzuoli, N. 2011. Thermochimica Acta 520, 1–19.
Yuhang Chen, Shiwei Zhou, Qing Li. 2011. Mathematical
modeling of degradation for bulk-erosive polymers:
Applications in tissue engineering scaffolds and drug
delivery systems. Acta Biomaterialia 7, 1140–1149.
Preliminary inertial study of body
postures during dental procedures

Åkesson, I. & Balogh, I. & Hansson, G.-Å. 2012. Physical

workload in neck, shoulders and wrists/hands in dental
hygienists during a work-day. Applied Ergonomics 43(4):
803–11.

Åkesson, I. & Hansson, G.-Å. & Balogh, I. & Moritz, U. &

Skerfving, S. 1997. Quantifying workload in neck,
shoulders and wrists in female dentists. International
Archives of Occupational Environmental Health 69(6):
461–74.

Batchelor, P.A. & Sheiham A. 2004. Grouping of tooth

surfaces by susceptibility to caries: a study in 5–16
year-old children. BMC Oral Health 4(1): 2.

Finsen, L. & Christensen, H. & Bakke, M. 1998.

Musculoskeletal disorders among dentists and variation in
dental work. Applied Ergonomics 2: 119–25. Hayes, M. &
Cockrell, D. & Smith, D.R. 2009. A systematic review of
musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals.
International Journal of Dental Hygiene 7(3): 159–65.
Jonker, D. & Rolander, B. & Balogh, I. 2009. Relation
between perceived and measured workload obtained by
long-term inclinometry among dentists. Applied Ergonomics
40(3): 309–15. Leggat, P.A. & Kedjarune, U. & Smith, D.R.
2007. Occupational health problems in modern dentistry: a
review. Industrial Health 45(5): 611–21. Morse, T. &
Bruneau, H. & Dussetschleger, J. 2010. Musculoskeletal
disorders of the neck and shoulder in the dental
professions. Work 35(4): 419–29. NRC (National Research
Council and the Institute of Medicine), 2001.
Musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace: low back and
upper extremities. Panel on musculoskeletal disorders in
the workplace. Commission on Behavioral and Social
Sciences and Education. National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C. Petersen, P.E. 2003. The world oral health
report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the
21st century—the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health
Programme. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 31
(Suppl. 1):3–24. Roetenberg, D. & Luinge, H. & Slycke, P.J.
2009. Xsens MVN: full 6 Dof human motion tracking using
miniature inertial sensors. Xsens Technologies Technical
Report. Valachi, B. & Valachi, K. 2003. Preventing
musculoskeletal disorders in clinical dentistry.
Strategies to address the mechanisms leading to
musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of the American Dental
Association 134: 1604–1612.
All-ceramic CAD-CAM Maryland bridge—a
numerical stress analysis

Bonfante, E.A., et al., Effect of framework design on

crown failure. European journal of oral sciences, 2009.
117(2): p. 194–9.

Chevaleir, J. What future for zirconia as a biomaterial?

Biomaterials, 206. 27: p. 535–543.

De Backer, H., et al., A 20-year retrospective survival

study of fixed partial dentures. The International journal
of prosthodontics, 2006. 19(2): p. 143–53.

Imanishi, A., T. Nakamura, and T. Ohyama, 3-D Finite

element analysis of all-ceramic posterior crowns. Journal
of oral rehabilitation, 2003. 30(8): p. 818–22.

Magne, P., Paranhos M., Magne, M., Belser, U., Fatigue

resistance and failure of novel-design anterior single
tooth implant restorations. Influence of material slection
for type III veneers bonded to zirconia abutments. Cli.
Oral Impl. Res. 2010, 22: p. 195–200.

Manicone, P.F., P. Rossi Iommetti, and L. Raffaelli, An

overview of zirconia ceramics: basic properties and
clinical applications. Journal of dentistry, 2007. 35(11):
p. 819–26.

Quinn, G.D., Studart, A.R., Hebert, C., Verhoef, J.R.,

Arola, D., Fatigue of zirconia and dental bridge
geometry: Design implication. Dental Biomaterials, 2010.
26 p: 1133–1136.

The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, The Journal of

Prosthetic Dentistery 94(1).
Evaluation of the effects produced by
different insertion torques on the
internal surface of the neck of different
implants systems

Dentistry is a branch of medicine with its own

particularities and very diverse

areas of action, which means that it can be considered as

an interdisciplinary

field. Currently the use of new techniques and technologies

is receiving much

attention.

BIODENTAL ENGINEERING III contains contributions from 13

countries, which

were presented at BIODENTAL 2014, the 3 rd International

Conference on

Biodental Engineering (Póvoa do Varzim, Portugal, 22-23

June 2014). They

provide a comprehensive coverage of the state-of-the-art in

this area, and

address issues on a wide range of topics:

• Aesthetics

• Bioengineering

• Biomaterials

• Biomechanical disorders

• Biomedical devices

• Computational bio-imaging and visualization

• Computational methods

• Dental medicine

• Experimental mechanics

• Signal processing and analysis

• Implantology

• Minimally invasive devices and techniques

• Orthodontics

• Prosthesis and orthosis

• Simulation

• Software development

• Telemedicine

• Tissue engineering

• Virtual reality

BIODENTAL ENGINEERING III will be of interest to academics

and others

interested and/or involved in biodental engineering.

BIODENTAL ENGINEERING III R.M. Natal Jorge J.C. Reis Campos
Mário A.P. Vaz Sónia M. Santos João Manuel R.S. Tavares
EDITORS