Chapter 4 – Enzymes and metabolism

Name: ___________________________ Class: __________( )

A. Metabolism B. Action of enzymes C. Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions D. Applications
1. Anabolism 1. The role of enzyme in a 1. Temperature 1. Advantages
2. Catabolism reaction 2. pH 2. Limitations
3. Energy profile 2. Properties of enzymes 3. Inhibitors

A. Metabolism
Chemical reactions in our body = Metabolism
= +

1. Anabolism (p.2)

add glue

 from simple to complex: e.g. _____________________________________________________________________

2. Catabolism (p.2)

release glue

 from complex to simple: e.g. _____________________________________________________________________

3. Energy profile (p.3)

The energy change in anabolic and catabolic reactions

Activation energy: To light up a match, why is it necessary to strike

the amount of energy required to a match against the match box?
_____________ a reaction
 To provide ___________________________
for burning

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Chapter 4 – Enzymes and metabolism

B. Action of enzymes
1. The role of enzyme in a reaction (p.5)
Why building legos by hands is faster than by
collision?

 Lego pieces are put

 in

 by the specific active site of enzyme

Process of enzymatic reactions (p.5)

by bringing the substrate together

 the rate of reaction

Activation energy with or without enzyme (p.3)

Q: Why does the rate of reaction increase
when the activation energy is lowered?

 There are more substrate molecules

possess sufficient ______________ to
lower activation energy start the reaction.
 higher rate of reaction

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Chapter 4 – Enzymes and metabolism
 advantages / limitations in applications
2. Properties of enzyme (p.6-7)

2. The actions of enzyme are explained by _________________________ hypothesis:

 Enzyme only acts on substrates that fit its a key of specific shape fits only one lock
___________ of active site.  ______: substrates (structure changed)
 _____: enzyme (structure not changed)

1. Enzymes are 4. Enzymes are

 lower activation energy of reaction 5. ∴they are needed in a
 speed up metabolic reactions

3. Enzyme are in nature

 sensitive to temperature & pH
 ___________________ at high temperature and extreme pH

Denaturation (p.9-10) e.g. change in structure of proteins in egg white under

high temperature

 The change in the due to high temperature / extreme pH

 substrate can no longer
 permanent loss of function of enzyme

CE1990: Enzymes CANNOT work properly at high temperatures because

A. they are catalysts. B. they are proteins.

C. they work on specific substrates. D. they work best at 37C.

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Chapter 4 – Enzymes and metabolism

C. Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions

1. Temperature (p.8-9)
iii

ii
iv

i. at low temperature (p.8) iii. at optiumum temperature (p.8)

- enzymes are ______________
 low kinetic energy
 the chance of enzyme and substrate molecules
colliding with each other is low
ii. when temperature increases (p.8)
- activity of enzyme / rate of reaction increases
 more
 enzyme and substrate molecules collide with
each other more
 increase the chance of the formation of
__________________________________________
- ____________________ activity of enzyme / rate of
reaction
iv. at high temperature (p.9)
- activity of enzyme / rate of reaction decreases
 enzyme is ______________
 high temperature causes a change in the
of active site
 ____________ molecules can no longer fit into the active
site
 permanent loss of function of enzyme

CE1994: The effect of temperature on the activity of an Which of the following statements concerning salivary
enzyme called salivary amylase amylase is correct?

A. It is denatured at 0C.
B. Its activity increases steadily with a rise in
temperature.
C. It is most active at 60C.
D. It is killed at 80C.

CE1989: Which of the following statements about enzymes are true?

(1) Enzymes always work best at 37oC.
(2) Enzymes are not specific.
(3) Enzymes can speed up the breaking down of large molecules into small molecules.
(4) Enzymes can speed up the synthesis of large molecules from small molecules.

A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (4) only D. (3) and (4) only

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Chapter 4 – Enzymes and metabolism

DSE2014: Which of the following graphs correctly shows the changes in the amount of products in a reaction
catalyzed by a human enzyme at different temperatures?

CE2005 (modified): Catalase catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water:

5cm3 of solution and 1cm3 of catalase solution were mixed and maintained at the same 30oC, and the amount of
oxygen released was recorded for 5 minutes. The same experiment was repeated at 40oC.

i. For the experiment conducted at 40oC, the amount of oxygen did not increase after the 1st minute
∵ All hydrogen peroxide was .
* The amount of enzyme does / does not change during the reaction.

ii. The initial rate of oxygen production at 40oC is higher than that at 30oC because
A. catalase is denatured at the lower temperature.
B. oxygen is less soluble at the higher temperature.
C. more active sites are present in the enzyme molecules at the higher temperature.
D. the substrate molecules have more kinetic energy at the higher temperature.

iii. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the graph?

A. At 30oC, the rate of reaction was higher at the 5th minute.
B. At both temperatures, the amount of oxygen released in 5 minutes was the same.
C. At both temperatures, the time for the breakdown of all hydrogen peroxide was the same.
D. All active sites of the enzymes were occupied at the end of the experiment.

iv. On the above graph, draw the result if the experiment was conducted at 80oC.

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Chapter 4 – Enzymes and metabolism

2. pH (p.9)
i

ii ii

iii. at optiumum pH (p.9) iv. at unsuitable pH (p.9)

- maximum activity of enzyme / rate of reaction
- activity of enzyme / rate of reaction decreases
 enzyme is _______________
 unsuitable pH causes a change in the shape of active site
 substrate molecules can no longer fit into the active site
 permanent loss of function of enzyme

CE2006: i. The rates of the reactions catalysed by enzymes A and

B are equal at

A. pH 4. B. pH 5.
C. pH 6. D. pH 7.5.

ii. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of

the graph?

A. Enzyme A is found in gastric juice.

B. Enzyme B is more active than enzyme A.
C. The optimum pH value for enzyme B is 1.8.
D. Enzyme A is more active than enzyme B at pH 4.
iii. In the above study, it is important to keep the temperature at which the reactions occur constant because

A. temperature affects enzyme activity.

B. the enzyme becomes inactive at low temperatures.
C. the enzyme becomes denatured at low temperatures.
D. temperature should be the same for control experiments.

3. Inhibitors (p.15)
Chemicals that the rate of enzymatic reactions.
 e.g. cyanide, heavy metals

D. Applications
1. Advantages of using enzymes over traditional methods (p.22)
Enzymes can speed up reactions [notes p.3 property 1] Enzymes are specific in action [notes p.3 property 2]
 reduce production time  reduce unwanted products
 allows mass production
Most enzymes work at moderate conditions Enzymes are reusable and needed in small amount only
 lower production cost - reduce production cost [notes p.3 property 4 & 5]
∵ high temperature / pressure requires higher cost

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Chapter 4 – Enzymes and metabolism

2. Limitations of using enzymes over traditional methods (p.22)

Enzymes are sensitive to temperature & pH Enzymes are affected by inhibitors
[notes p.3 property 3]  the containers for enzymatic reactions must be
 production process requires suitable temperature and pH clean and free of inhibitors

Practice
Ordinary washing powder does not remove egg stains from clothes easily. These stains, however, can be removed by
biological washing powder. Below is some information given on a packet of biological washing powder:

Ingredients :
－ Protease 0.2%
－ Detergent 15%
Directions :
－ Soak clothes in a solution of the washing powder for several hours before washing.
－ Use warm water for best results.
－ Do not use water at temperatures above 60C.
Cautions :
－ Do not use with silk and wool.
－ Rinse your hands well after contact with this product.

i. Explain why the biological washing powder can remove egg stains from clothes more easily. (3)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Suggest a way to shorten the soaking time. Explain your answer. (2)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

iii. Why is it not advisable to use this washing powder with water at temperatures above 60C? (1)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________