Chapter 1 Real Numbers
Chapter 2 Polynomials
Chapter 3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Chapter 4 Quadratic Equations
Chapter 5 Arithmetic Progressions
Chapter 6 Triangles
Chapter 7 Coordinate Geometry
Chapter 8 Introduction to Trigonometry
Chapter 9 Some Applications of Trigonometry
Chapter 10 Circles
Chapter 12 Areas related to Circles
Chapter 13 Surface Areas and Volumes
Chapter 14 Statistics
Chapter 15 Probability
Chapter 1
“ Real Numbers ”
• The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite
number can be expressed ( factorised ) as a product of
primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the
order in which the prime factors occur.
• HCF : Product of the smallest power of each
common prime factor in the numbers.
• LCM : Product of the greatest power of each
prime factor, involved in the numbers.
• HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b
• Theorem 1.3 : Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2 ,
then p divides a, where a is a positive integer.
Theorem 1.4 : √𝟐 is irrational
Proof : Let us assume, to the contrary, that 2 is rational.
𝐫
So, we can find integers r and s (≠ 0) such that √2 = .
𝐬
Suppose r and s have a common factor other than 1. Then, we divide by the
𝐚
common factor to get √2 = where a and b are coprime.
𝐛
So, b√2 = a.
Squaring on both sides and rearranging, we get 2b2 = a2.
Therefore, 2 divides a2. Now, by Theorem 1.3, it follows that 2 divides a.
So, we can write a = 2c for some integer c.
Substituting for a, we get 2b2 = 4c2 , that is, b2 = 2c2 .
This means that 2 divides b2 , and so 2 divides b (again using Theorem 1.3 with p=2).
Therefore, a and b have at least 2 as a common factor.
But this contradicts the fact that a and b have no common factors other than 1.
This contradiction has arisen because of our incorrect assumption that 2 is rational.
So, we conclude that 2 is irrational.
• The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational
number is irrational.
• The product and quotient of a non-zero rational and
irrational number is irrational.
Chapter 2
“ Polynomials ”
• Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a
Polynomial
−𝒃
α+β=
𝒂
𝒄
αβ =
𝒂
−𝒃
α+β+γ =
𝒂
𝒄
αβ + βγ + γα =
𝒂
−𝒅
αβγ =
𝒂
To find the a Quadratic Polynomial whose sum and
product of zeroes are given
x2 – (α + β )x + αβ
Chapter 3
“ Pair of Linear Equations in
...............Two Variables ”
Graphical Representation :
• The lines will Intersect.
• The line will coincide.
• The lines are parallel
Algebraic Methods
(i) Substitution Method
(ii) Elimination Method
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
𝑎1 𝑏 1
(i) Intersecting then ≠
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(ii) Co-incident then = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
(iii) Parallel then
𝑎2
≠ =
𝑏2 𝑐2
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Chapter 4
“ Quadratic Equations ”
Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
-b + √ b2 - 4ac provided b2 – 4ac ≥ 0.
Quadratic formula =
2a
A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has :-
(i) two distinct real roots, if b2 – 4ac > 0
(ii) two equal roots, if b2 – 4ac = 0
(iii) no real roots, if b2 – 4ac < 0
Chapter 5
“ Arithmetic Progression ”
Arithmetic Progressions
An arithmetic progression (AP) is a list of numbers in which each term
is obtained by adding a fixed number d to the preceding term, except
the first term. The fixed number d is called the common difference.
The general form of an AP is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . .
In an AP with first term a and common difference d, the nth term is
given by :-
an = a + (n – 1) d
The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by :-
𝒏
S= [ 2a + ( n-1 ) d ]
𝟐
If l is the last term of the finite AP, say the nth term, then the
sum of all terms of the AP is given by :-
𝒏
S= [a+l]
𝟐
Chapter 6
“ Triangles ”
Theorem 6.1 : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points,
the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
Theorem 6.2 : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in
the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
Criteria for Similarity of Triangles
• AAA
• AA
• SSS
• SAS
Areas of Similar Triangles
• Theorem 6.6 - The ratio of the areas of two similar
triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
Pythagoras Theorem
• Theorem 6.8 :- In a right triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides.
• Theorem 6.9 :- In a triangle, if square of one side is
equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides,
then the angle opposite the first side is a right angle.
Chapter 7
“ Coordinate Geometry ”
• Distance Formula
The distance between the points P(x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) is :
PQ = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟐
The distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin is
..................................... 𝒙 2 + 𝒚 2)
• Section Formula
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining
the points A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ), internally, in the ratio m1 : m2 are :
𝑚1 𝑥2+𝑚2𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2+𝑚2𝑦1
𝑚1+𝑚2 , 𝑚1+𝑚2
The mid-point of the line segment joining the points P(x1 , y1 )
and Q(x2 , y2 ) is :
𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
2 , 2
Chapter 8
“ Introduction to
.............Trigonometry ”
Trigonometric Ratios
1) Sin 𝜃 2) Cos 𝜃 3) Tan 𝜃
𝑃 𝐵 𝑃
𝐻 𝐻 𝐵
4) Cosec 𝜃 5) Sec 𝜃 6) Cot 𝜃
𝐻 𝐻 𝐵
𝑃 𝐵 𝑃
Trigonometric Ratios of some specific angles
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
sin (90° – A) = cos A, cos (90° – A) = sin A,
tan (90° – A) = cot A, cot (90° – A) = tan A,
sec (90° – A) = cosec A, cosec (90° – A) = sec A,
Trigonometric Identities
• cos2 A + sin2 A = 1
• 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
• cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A
Chapter 10
“ Circles ”
Circles
Theorem 10.1 -- The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular
to the radius through the point of contact.
Theorem 10.2 -- The lengths of tangents drawn from an external
point to a circle are equal.
Chapter 12
“ Areas related to Circles ”
• Circumference of a circle = 2πr
• Area of a circle = πr2
𝛉
• Area of a sector of a circle = × πr2
𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝛉
• Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ = × 2πr
𝟑𝟔𝟎
• Area of segment of a circle = Area of the sector – Area
of the triangle.
Chapter 13
“ Surface Areas &
Volumes ”
Surface Areas and Volumes
Chapter 14
“ Statistics ”
Statistics
So, the mean x of the data is given by :-
Σ fixi
x =
Σ fi
upper class limit + lower class limit
Class Mark =
2
f1 – f0
Mode = l + × h
2f1 – f0 – f2
l = lower limit of the modal class.
f1 = frequency of the modal class.
f0 = frequency of the preceding class of the modal class.
f2 = frequency of the succeeding class of the modal class.
h = size of the class interval.
Modal class = class interval with highest frequency.
𝒏
– cf
𝟐 × h
Median = l +
f
l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f = frequency of median class,
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal).
Chapter 15
“ Probability ”
Probability of an event E, written as P( E ), is defined as :
P(E)= Number of outcomes favourable to E
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
For any event E,
P ( E ) + P ( E ) = 1, which gives us P( E ) = 1 – P( E )
where E stands for ‘ not E ’. E and E are called
complementary events.
• The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1
• The probability of an impossible event is 0
• The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such
that 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1
• An event having only one outcome is called an
elementary event. The sum of the probabilities of all
the elementary events of an experiment is 1
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