Lecture 01 - 02 - 03

North South University
MBA Program
BUS 501: Business Mathematics

Lecture Plan
Lecture 01: (Linear equation and linear function, Quadratic Equation)
Lecture 02: (Break-‐even analysis and piecewise linear function)
Lecture 03: (System of linear equations and its business application)

Course Instructor: Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani
Professor
Department of Mathematics
Jahangirnagar University
Savar, Dhaka-‐1342.
E-‐mail: o sman.gani02@northsouth.edu
Mobile: 01712-‐280-‐992

Prepared by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 1
Lecture-‐01
Linear Equations and Functions

Brief Review
Natural Number: The set of all natural numbers is denoted by N and is defined by
N = {1, 2, 3, !! , + ∞} .
Integers: The set of integers consists of natural numbers (or positive integers), zero and the
negative integers. The set of all integers is denoted by Z and is defined by
Z = {−∞ !!,−2,−1,0,1,2,!! + ∞}
= {o, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, !!,±∞ } .
Rational Number: A number which can be expressed as a fraction of integers (assuming that the
5 −9
denominator is never zero) is called a rational number. For examples: , , 2, -‐2, 1.5, 1.52, 1.523,
2 2
0.3333……., 1.525252…….., 4 , 1.532532532….., etc.
Irrational Number: A number which can not be expressed as a fraction of two integers, is called an
irrational number. For examples: 2 , 3 , 5 , 3 7 , π , e, 1.01001000100001…….., 2.003000300003…….,
etc.
Real Number: The set of all rational and irrational numbers is called the set of all real numbers. It is
denoted by R. Therefore R = Q ∪ Qʹ′ .
Complex Number: The set of all complex numbers is denoted by C and is defined by
C = {a + ib : a, b ∈ R and i 2 = −1}, where a is called real part of complex number and b is called
imaginary part of complex number and 𝑖 is the imaginary unit.
For examples: 2 + 𝑖3, 2 − 𝑖3, 𝑖3, 2, 4 + 𝑖6 etc.
Imaginary Number: Square root of a negative number is called an imaginary number.
In other words, any number of the form: i b , where b ∈ R and i 2 = −1 is called an imaginary number.
For Examples: 2𝑖, − 2 , − 5 , − 3 etc.
Absolute value of a Number: The absolute value of a real number "a" is denoted by a and is defined by
the following way (i) If "a" is positive or zero than a = a (ii) If "a" negative, then a = −a. For example,
5 = 5, − 6 = −(−6) = 6.
Prime Number: An integer greater than 1 is prime if its factors only 1 and itself. The first few
primes are: 2, 3, 5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, ...........
Even Number: An Integer or whole number, which is divisible by 2 is called an even number and generally it
can be expressed in the form of 2n .
Odd Number: An integer or whole number is said to be odd number if it is not divisible by 2 and it can be
expressed in the form of (2n + 1).
Composite Number: An integer greater than 1 is composite if it’s factors not only 1 and itself. For
examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, ………………….
Linear equation (or first degree equation)
§ An equation of the form

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑐,
is called a linear equation in one variable 𝑥 , where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real
constants.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐,
is called a linear equation in two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real
constants.

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐,
is called a linear equation in two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦, where 𝑚 and 𝑐 are
real constants. The graph of any linear equation will be a straight line.
§ The graph of the linear equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, will be a straight

line.
§ The equation of the form

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐,
is called the general form of an equation of a straight line. Here, 𝑚
represents slope or gradient of the line and 𝑐 represents y-intercept of the
line.
Linear function
§ A linear equation of the form

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐,
is called a linear function of 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥, if for any single value of 𝑥
there is a single value of 𝑦. Here, the value of 𝑦 depends on the value of
𝑥. Therefore, 𝑥 is called an independent variable and 𝑦 is called a
dependent variable. And we say 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥 and we write
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
§ If 𝑥! , 𝑦! and 𝑥! , 𝑦! are two points on a line , then
!"#$ !! !!!
slope, 𝑚 = = .
!"# !! !!!
• Parallel Straight lines:

Two straight lines are said to be parallel if their slopes are equal.
For examples:
(i) Two straight lines 𝑦 = 𝑚! 𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑚! 𝑥 + 𝑐
are parallel if 𝑚! = 𝑚! .
(ii) The lines 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 7 and 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 12 are parallel.
• Perpendicular Straight lines:

Two straight lines are said to be perpendicular if the product of
their slopes is equal to -1.
For examples:
(i) Two straight lines 𝑦 = 𝑚! 𝑥 + 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑚! 𝑥 + 𝑐
are perpendicular if 𝑚! × 𝑚! = −1.
!
(ii) The lines 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 7 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 12 are perpendicular.
!
!
(iii) The lines 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 6 and 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 8 are perpendicular.
!
• Intercepts (x-intercept and y-intercept) of a straight line:

To get x-intercept of a given line, put 𝑦 = 0.
To get y-intercept of a given line, put 𝑥 = 0.
For examples:
(i) To get y-intercept of the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 8, we put 𝑥 = 0 in the
equation and we get 𝑦 = 8, which is 𝑦-intercept.
To get x-intercept of the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 8, we put 𝑦 = 0 in the

equation and we get 𝑥 = −8/3, which is 𝑥-intercept.
(ii) To get y-intercept of the line 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15, we put 𝑥 = 0 in

the equation and we get 𝑦 = 3, which is 𝑦-intercept.
To get x-intercept of the line 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15, we put 𝑦 = 0 in the

equation and we get 𝑥 = 5, which is 𝑥-intercept.
§ An equation of a straight line having slope 𝑚 and passes through

the point 𝑥! , 𝑦! is
𝑦 − 𝑦! = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥! ).
§ An equation of a straight line passes through two points 𝑥! , 𝑦!

and 𝑥! , 𝑦! is
!!!! !!!!
= .
!! !!! !! !!!
Cost Equation
The equation of straight line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is known as cost equation or
cost function, where 𝑦 = total cost, 𝑚𝑥 = variable cost, 𝑐 = fixed cost,
𝑚 = marginal cost or variable cost per unit, and 𝑥 = number of units.
Therefore we have the relationship
That is: total cost = variable cost + fixed cost
Page#17 (Exercise Problem)
Problem: Taxi fare from an airport to a nearby town is $𝟎. 𝟖 per
mile driven, plus $𝟐 for tolls. Let 𝒚 represent the fare and 𝒙 the
miles driven on one trip. Write the equation for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙.
Find the fare when the distance driven is 17miles.
Solution: The required cost equation is: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐,
⟹ 𝑦 = 0.8𝑥 + 2.
If the distance driven is 17 miles then, the fare is:
∴ 𝑦 17 = 0.8×17 + 2 = $15.6. (Ans)
Page#30 (Example Problem)

Problem: It costs $𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 to set up the presses and machinery needed
to print and bind a paperback book. After setup, its costs $𝟐 per
book printed and bound. Let 𝒙 represent the number of books made
and 𝒚 the total cost making this number of books. a) Write the
equation for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙. b) State the slope of the line, and
interpret this number. c) State the 𝒚-intercept of the line, and
interpret this number.
Solution: (a) The required cost equation for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 is:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐,
∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2500. (Ans)
(b) The slope of a straight (𝑚) line is the ratio between the vertical
change (rise) and the horizontal change (run) of any two points on the
line. If 𝑥! , 𝑦! and 𝑥! , 𝑦! are two points on a line , then
!"#$ !! !!!
slope, 𝑚 = = .
!"# !! !!!
In the case of business problem, the slope of a cost function indicates the
extra cost when an additional copy is made. The slope of a cost function
also known as marginal cost or variable cost per unit. The slope of the
above cost function is 2.
[Do not confuse with the average cost and marginal cost. For example, if
𝑥 = 100 books are made, then, 𝑦 100 = 2×100 + 2500 = $2700,
!"##
average cost per copy is: = $27.]
!""
(c) According to the cost equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2500, the 𝑦-intercept is

$2500, that indicates the total cost when no books are made. i.e.,
𝑦(0) = 2 0 + 2500 = $2500.
The 𝑦-intercept of a cost function is also called fixed cost (cost of
making no units).
Problem: The total cost, y of producing x units is a linear function.
Records show that on one occasion 100 units were made at a total
cost $200, and on another occasion, 150 units were made a total cost
of $275. Write the linear equation for total cost in terms of the
number of units produced. What is the total cost if 250 units are
made?
Solution: Here, 𝑦 represents the total cost and 𝑥 represents the number
of units produced. So, we have two points
(100, 200) and (150, 275)
We know that, an equation of a straight line passing through two points
!!!! !!!!
𝑥! , 𝑦! and 𝑥! , 𝑦! is = .
!! !!! !! !!!
!!!"" !!!""
Therefore, we have , =
!""!!"# !""!!"#
!!!"" !!!"" !!!"" !!!""
⟹ = ⟹ =
!!" !!" !" !"
!!!"" !" !
⟹ = =
!!!"" !" !
⟹ 2𝑦 − 400 = 3𝑥 − 300
⟹ 2𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 100
3
⟹𝑦= 𝑥 + 50.
2
!
So, the required cost equation is: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 50
!
Second part:
The total cost of making 250 units is:
!
𝑦 250 = 250 + 50 = $425 (Ans)
!
Page # 34 (Exercise Problem)

Problem: A publisher asks a printer for quotations on the cost of
printing 1,000 and 2,000 copies of book. The printer quotes $4,500
for 1,000 copies and $7,500 for 2,000 copies. Assume that cost, 𝒚 is
linearly related to 𝒙, the number of books printed. a) Write the
coordinates of given points. b) Write the equation of the line. c)
What is the cost of printing 2,500 copies?
Solution: (a) The information given consists two points whose
coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) are in the order (units made, total cost). These are,
(1000, 4500) and (2000, 7500). (Ans.)
!! !!! !"##!!"## !"""
(b) The slope of the line is then, 𝑚 = = = =3
!! !!! !"""!!""" !"""
Now, picking one point, say (1000, 4500), and substituting in the point-
slope form of an equation of a line, 𝑦 − 𝑦! = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥! ), we get,
𝑦 − 4500 = 3 𝑥 − 1000 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1500. (Ans.)
(c) The cost of printing 2500 copies is then, 𝑦 = 3 2500 + 1500
⟹ 𝑦 = $9000. (Ans.)
Page # 37 (Problem Set 1-2)
Problem-32: As sales (x) changes from 100 units to 400 units, selling
expense (𝒚) changes from $75 to $150. Assume that the given data
establish the relationship between sales and selling expense as the two
change, and assume that the relationship is linear. Find the equation
of the relationship.

Solution: Let, sales (𝑥) changes from 𝑥! = 100 to 𝑥! = 400.
Selling expense (𝑦) changes from 𝑦! = 75 to 𝑦! = 150.
So, we have two points: (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) = (100, 75) and (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) = (400, 150).
!! !!! !"#!!" !"
Thus, slope, 𝑚 = = = = 0.25
!! !!! !""!!"" !""
Therefore, the required linear relationship between sales and selling

expense is of the following form:
𝑦 − 𝑦! = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥! ) ⟹ 𝑦 − 75 = 0.25(𝑥 − 100)
⟹ 𝑦 = 0.25𝑥 − 25 + 75 ⟹ 𝑦 = 0.25𝑥 + 50 (Ans.)
Page #37 (Problem Set 1-2)
Problem-33: As the number of units manufactured increases from
100 to 200, manufacturing cost (total) increases from $350 to $650.
Assume that the given data establish the relationship between cost
(𝒚) and number of units made (𝒙) and assume that the relationship
is linear. Find the equation of the relationship.
Solution: Here, 𝑦 represents total manufacturing cost and 𝑥 represents

number of units made. Therefore, we have two points (𝑥! ,𝑦! ) = (100,
350) and (𝑥! ,𝑦! ) = (200, 650).
!! !!! !"#!!"# !""
So, slope, 𝑚 = = = = 3.
!! !!! !""!!"" !""
Thus, the required linear equation of the relationship is:

𝑦 − 𝑦! = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥! ⟹ 𝑦 − 350 = 3 𝑥 − 100
⟹ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 50. (Ans.)
Page #37 (Problem Set 1-2)
Problem-35(a): If taxi fare (𝒚) is 50 cents plus 20 cents per quarter
mile, write the equation relating fare to number of miles traveled.

Solution: We know the cost equation for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 is:

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.
Here, fixed cost, 𝑐 = 50 cents = 0.5 dollar (since 1 dollar=100 cents)
Variable cost, 𝑚 = 20 cents per quarter mile
= 80 cents per mile = 0.80 dollar per mile.
Therefore, the cost equation for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 is: 𝑦 = 0.8𝑥 + 0.5.
Introduction to quadratic equations

An equation in one unknown quantity (let it be x ) in the form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is known as a quadratic equation, where a, b, c are
constants and a ≠ 0 while b and c may be zero. Here a is called the
coefficient of x 2 , b is the coefficient of x and c is a constant term. The
values of x which satisfy the equation are named as the roots of the
quadratic equation. The roots of the quadratic equation
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) are x = .
2a
Quadratic Equations
An equation, which contains the square of the unknown variable and no

higher power, is called a quadratic equation or an equation of the
second degree. An equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) is called a
quadratic equation or, an equation of the second degree, where a, b, c are
arbitrary constants, and a ≠ 0 while x is unknown. Here
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) is the general form of the quadratic equation. If b = 0,
then given equation reduces to ax 2 + c = 0. Such an equation is called a
pure quadratic equation. That is, an equation, which contains only the
square of the unknown and not the first power, is called a pure
quadratic equation. Example: 3x 2 = 15 . But if b ≠ 0 , then such an equation
is called complete or mixed quadratic equation, i.e. an equation which
contains the square as well as the first power of the unknown is called an
adfactor or complete or mixed quadratic equation. For examples: (i)
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (ii) 3x 2 + 5 x + 4 = 0 .
Sometimes, it is difficult to judge whether the given equation is

quadratic as in the following case:
5x + 1 + x = 3 or, 5x + 1 = 3 − x
Squaring on both sides, we get

5x + 1 = 9 + x − 6 x or, 4 x − 8 = −6 x
Squaring again, we have
16 x 2 + 64 − 64 x = 36 x or, 16 x 2 − 100x + 64 = 0
Thus this equation reduces to quadratic form and contains the square of
x and no higher power
SOLUTIONS OF A GENERAL QUADRATIC EQUATION
General methods of solving a quadratic equation are;

(a)Factorization Method
(b) Method of completing perfect square.
(a) Factorization Method: In this method the quadratic equation:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is first decomposed into two factors, say (Ax + b) × (Cx + D)
each of the first degree, and then equating them separately to zero to
find the values of the unknown variable x, i.e.
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ ( Ax + b)(Cx + D ) = 0
Then either Ax + B = 0, i.e. x = − B / A or, Cx + D = 0 i.e. x = -D/C
For example: Suppose we are interested to solve the equation:

x 2 + 16 x + 60 = 0
We have, x 2 + 16 x + 60 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + (10 + 6)x + 60 = 0
⇒ x 2 + 10 x + 6 x + 60 = 0 or, x(x + 10) + 6(x + 10) = 0
⇒ (x + 10)(x + 6) = 0
Thus, either x + 10 = 0, i.e. x = −10 or, x + 6 = 0, i.e. x = −6 .
Hence, the required roots are: x = −10 and − 6
(b) Method of Completing Perfect Square
Consider the general quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ ax 2 + bx = −c

Dividing both sides by the coefficient a(a ≠ 0) of x 2 , we get
2
2 b c 2 b ⎛ b ⎞ b2 c
x + x=− ⇒ x + 2× x× + ⎜ ⎟ − 2 = −
a a 2a ⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a a
2 2
⎛ b ⎞ b2 c ⎛ b ⎞ b 2 c b 2 − 4ac
⇒ ⎜ x + ⎟ − 2 = − ⇒ ⎜ x + ⎟ = 2 − =
⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a a ⎝ 2a ⎠ 4a a 4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
⇒ x+ =± (By taking square root on both sides)
2a 2a
b b 2 − 4ac b 2 − 4ac
⇒x=− ± = −b±
2a 2a 2a
Thus, the two roots, say α and β of the general equation are:
− b + b 2 − 4ac b 2 − 4ac
α= and β = − b −
2a 2a
Remark: To solve an equation by this method, reduce the given equation in the
standard form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and find the values of a, b and c. Put these values in these
values in the given formula and get the required roots.
For example: Solve the equation: 5x 2 + 9 x + 4 = 0

Solution: Given 5x 2 + 9 x + 4 = 0 Here a = 5, b = 9 and c = 4.
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
By substituting these values in the formula x= , we get
2a
− 9 ± 92 − 4 × 5 × 4 − 9 ± 81 − 80 − 9 ± 1
x= = =
2×5 10 10
− 9 +1 4 − 9 −1
∴x = = − or, = −1
10 5 10
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFICIENT OF A

QUADRATIC EQUATION:
Consider general form of quadratic equation

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
We have two roots of this equation

− b + b 2 − 4ac b 2 − 4ac
α= and β = − b −
2a 2a
here a, b, c are said to be co-efficients.
Thus, the relationship between roots and co-efficients are : α + β = − b

a
c
and αβ =
a
co efficient of x
that is, sum of the roots = − and product of the roots =
co efficient of x 2
cons tan t term
coefficient of x 2
Example-28: Suppose 2 x 2 + 6 x + 16 = 0
−6
∴ Sum of the roots = = −3
2
16
and product of the roots = =8
2
NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION
We know the roots of the quadratic equation

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
2
ax + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) are: x=
2a
Here, D = b 2 − 4ac is called discriminant of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , the

nature of the roots depend on the value of b 2 − 4ac . Therefore
if
(i) b 2 − 4ac > 0 , then roots are real and unequal,
(ii) b 2 − 4ac < 0 , then roots are imaginary and unequal, and
−b
(iii) b 2 − 4ac = 0 , then both the roots are real and equal, i. e.
2a
(iv) If discriminant is positive and a perfect square then the roots of
equation (1) are real, rational and unequal. And if the
discriminant is positive but not a perfect square then the roots of
equation (1) are real, irrational and unequal.
(v) If b 2 − 4ac is a perfect square but any one of a or b is irrational
then the roots of equation (1) are irrational.
Note that:
Complex and irrational roots are conjugate, i.e.
(i) if one roots is 2+ 5, then other one will be 2− 5
(i) if one root is 3 + 2i , than other one will be 3 − 2i .

Lecture 02
Break-even Analysis
Piece-wise linear functions
Ø Break-even Analysis
Page#53(Example Problem)
Problem: A manufacture of compact discs (CDs) has a fixed cost of
$10,000 and variable cost of $7 per CD made. Selling price is $12 per
CD. (a) Find the revenue, cost, and profit functions. (b) What is the
profit if 2,800 CDs are made and sold? (c) What is the profit if 1,000
CDs are made and sold? (d) At what number of CDs made and sold
will the manufacturer break even? (e) At what sales volume
(revenue) will break-even occur?
Solution: Let us denote the number of CDs (number of quantity) made
and sold by 𝑥. Then, we have
revenue = price × quantity
⟹ 𝑅 𝑥 = 12𝑥 , which is the required revenue function.
We know, total cost = variable cost + fixed cost
⟹ 𝑦 𝑥 = 7𝑥 + 10000 , which is the required cost function.
Again, we know that,

profit = revenue − cost
⟹ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑥 − 𝑦(𝑥)
⟹ 𝑃 𝑥 = 12𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 10000
⟹ 𝑃 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 10000 , which is the required profit function.
(b) If 2800 CDs are made and sold, then the profit is
𝑃 2800 = 5 2800 − 10000 = $4000.
(c) If 1000 CDs are made and sold, then the profit is
𝑃 1000 = 5 1000 − 10000 = −$5000, which
indicates a loss of $5000.
(d) At break-even, profit will be 0 (zero). Thus
𝑃 𝑥 =0
⟹ 5𝑥 − 10000 = 0
⟹ 𝑥 = 2000 CDs.
(e) Finally, the break-even dollar volume of sales (revenue) is
𝑅 2000 = 12 2000 = $24000.
Page#54(Exercise Problem)
Problem: A manufacturer of cassette tapes has fixed cost of $60,000
and a variable cost of $6 per cassette produced. Selling price is $9
per cassette. (a) Find the revenue, cost and profit functions. (b)
What is the profit if 25,000 cassettes are made and sold? (c) What is
the profit if 18,000 cassettes are made and sold? (d) At what number
of cassettes made and sold will the manufacturer break-even? (e)
What is the break-even dollar volume of sales (revenue)?
Solution: Let us denote the number of cassettes (number of quantity)
made and sold by 𝑥. Then, we have
revenue = price × quantity
⟹ 𝑅 𝑥 = 9𝑥 , which is the required revenue function.

⟹ 𝑦 𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 60,000 , which is the required cost
function.
⟹ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑥 − 𝑦(𝑥)
⟹ 𝑃 𝑥 = 9𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 60,000
⟹ 𝑃 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 60,000 , which is the required profit function.
(b) If 25000 cassettes are made and sold, then the profit is
𝑃 25000 = 3 25000 − 60,000 = $15,000.
(c) If 18000 cassettes are made and sold, then the profit is
𝑃 18000 = 3 18000 − 60,000 = −$6000, which
indicates a loss of $6000.
(d) At break-even, profit will be 0 (zero). Thus

𝑃 𝑥 =0
⟹ 3𝑥 − 60000 = 0
⟹ 𝑥 = 20,000 cassettes.
(e) Finally, the break-even dollar volume of sales (revenue) is

𝑅 20,000 = 9 20,000 = $180,000. (Ans.)
Page#64 (Problem Set 1-5)

Problem-13: A manufacturer has a fixed cost of $60,000 and a
variable cost of $2 per unit made and sold. Selling price is $5 per
unit.
a) Find the revenue, cost and profit functions using 𝒒 for number
of units.
b) Compute profit if 25,000 units are made and sold.
c) Compute profit if 10,000 units are made and sold.
d) Find the break-even quantity.
e) Find the break-even dollar volume of sales (revenue).
f) Construct the break-even chart. Label the cost and revenue
lines, the fixed cost line, and the break-even point.
Solution: Given that, fixed cost (𝑐) = $60,000
Variable cost per unit (𝑚) = $2

Selling price (𝑝) per unit = $5
(a) We know, revenue = price × quantity
⇒ 𝑅(𝑞) = 𝑝𝑞
∴ 𝑅(𝑞) = 5𝑞 , which is the required revenue function.

⇒ 𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑞 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑦 𝑞 = 2𝑞 + 60,000 , which is the required cost function.

⟹ 𝑃 𝑞 = 𝑅 𝑞 − 𝑦(𝑞)
⟹ 𝑃 𝑞 = 5𝑞 − 2𝑞 − 60,000
⟹ 𝑃(𝑞) = 3𝑞 − 60,000 , which is the required profit function.
(b) Computing profit if 25,000 units are made and sold,
⇒ 𝑃 25,000 = 3 25000 − 60,000

⇒ 𝑃 25,000 = 75,000 − 60,000
⇒ 𝑃 25,000 = $15,000
∴ The profit is $15,000 if 25,000 units are made and sold.
(c) Computing profit if 10,000 units are made and sold,
⇒ 𝑃 10,000 = 3 10,000 − 60,000

⇒ 𝑃 10,000 = 30,000 − 60,000
⇒ 𝑃 10,000 = −$30,000;
This result indicates a loss of $30,000 if 10,000 units are made and sold.
(d) Finding the break-even quantity,
At break-even, Profit = 0,
!",!!!
⇒ 3𝑞 − 60,000 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑞 = 60,000 ⇒ 𝑞 =
!
∴ 𝑞 = 20,000.
∴ The break-even quantity is 20,000 units.
(e) Finding the break-even dollar volume of sales (revenue),
At break-even, Revenue = 5𝑞
⇒ 𝑅(20,000) = 5(20,000)
⇒ 𝑅(20,000) = 1,00,000
∴The break-even dollar volume of sales (revenue) is $100,000.
(f) Break-even chart,
5𝑞
𝑅 =
𝑒
𝑒 𝑛𝑢 0
Revenue & Cost 𝑣 0,0
0
𝑅𝑒 +6
𝑞
) =2
𝑦( 𝑞
𝑠𝑡
𝐶𝑜
𝑟 𝑜𝑓
𝑖𝑡
0) ↑𝑃
,00
00
0 ;1 ,
,00
(2 0
t
1,00,000 oin
n p
ve
k -‐e
r ea
B
60,000 𝑠 Fixed
Cost
𝑜𝑠
↓𝐿

0 No.
of units

20,000


variable cost of $20 per unit made and sold. Selling price is $50 per
unit.
a) Find the revenue, cost and profit functions using q for number
of units.
b) Compute profit if 10,000 units are made and sold.
c) Compute profit if 1,000 units are made and sold.
lines, the fixed cost line, and the break-even point.

Solution: Given that, Fixed cost (𝑐) = $1,20,000

Variable cost per unit (𝑚) = $20
Selling price (𝑝) = $50
(a) Finding Revenue Function,
⇒ Revenue = price × quantity

⇒ 𝑅(𝑞) = 𝑝𝑞
∴ 𝑅(𝑞) = 50𝑞 , which is the required revenue function.
Finding Cost function,

⇒ Total cost = Variable cost + fixed cost
⇒ 𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑚𝑞 + 𝑐
∴ 𝑦 𝑞 = 20𝑞 + 1,20,000 , which is the required cost function.
Finding Profit Function,

⇒ Profit = Revenue − Cost
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 50𝑞 − (20𝑞 + 1,20,000)
∴ 𝑃 𝑞 = 30𝑞 − 1,20,000 , which is the required profit function.
(b) Computing profit if 10,000 units are made and sold,
⇒ 𝑃 10,000 = 30 10,000 − 1,20,000

⇒ 𝑃 10,000 = 3,00,000 − 1,20,000
⇒ 𝑃 10,000 = $1,80,000
∴ The profit is $1,80,000 if 10,000 units are made and sold.
(c) Computing profit if 1,000 units are made and sold,
⇒ 𝑃 1,000 = 30 1,000 − 1,20,000

⇒ 𝑃 1,000 = 30,000 − 1,20,000
⇒ 𝑃 1,000 = −90,000
∴ The minus sign indicates a loss of $90,000 if 1,000 units are made and
sold.
⇒ 30𝑞 − 1,20,000 = 0 ⇒ 30𝑞 = 1,20,000
!,!",!!!
⇒ 𝑞 = ∴ 𝑞 = 4,000
!"

(e) Finding the break-even dollar volume of sales,
At break-even, Revenue = 50𝑞 ⇒ 𝑅(4,000) = 50(4,000)
⇒ 𝑅(4,000) = 2,00,000
∴The revenue at the break-even point is $2,00,000
(f) Break-even chart,

𝑞
50
=
𝑅
𝑢 𝑒 ,00
0
0
Revenue & Cost 𝑣 𝑒𝑛 1,2
𝑅𝑒 𝑞+
= 20
𝑦 ( 𝑞)
𝑠𝑡
𝐶𝑜
𝑟 𝑜𝑓
𝑖𝑡
↑𝑃
0)
00
00
, 2
00
(40
t
2,00,000 p oin
n
ve
k -‐e
ea
Br

𝑠𝑠 Fixed Cost
↓ 𝐿𝑜

0 No.
o f u nits

4,000


Problem-15: A company has a linear total cost function and has
determined that over the next three months it can produce 1,000
units at a total cost of $3,00,000. This same manufacturer can
produce 2,000 units at a total cost of $4,00,000. The units sell for
$180 each.
a) Determine the revenue, cost and profit functions using q for
number of units.
b) What is the fixed cost?
c) What is the marginal cost?

Solution: Let, 𝑦 represents total cost and 𝑞 represents number of units.

So, according to the question we have, 𝑞! = 1000 , 𝑞! = 2000 ,
𝑦! = 300,000 and 𝑦! = 400,000. Selling price per unit is, 𝑝 = $180.
Revenue = selling price per unit × number of quantity

⇒ 𝑅(𝑞) = 𝑝𝑞 ∴ 𝑅(𝑞) = 180𝑞 , which is the required revenue
function.
Finding Cost function, To get the required linear cost function, we use
the following formula,
!!!! !!!!
⇒ =
!!!!! !!!!!
!!!""" !!!,!!,!!!
⇒ =
!"""!!""" !,!!,!!!!!,!!,!!!
!!!""" !!!,!!,!!!
⇒ =
!!""" !!,!!,!!!
!!!""" !!!,!!,!!!
⇒ =
! !""
⇒ 𝑦 − 3,00,000 = 100(𝑞 − 1,000)

⇒ 𝑦 − 3,00,000 = 100𝑞 − 1,00,000
⇒ 𝑦 = 100𝑞 − 1,00,000 + 3,00,000
∴ 𝑦 = 100𝑞 + 2,00,000 , which is the required cost function.
Determination of profit function,

Profit = Revenue − Cost
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 𝑅(𝑞) − 𝐶(𝑞)
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 180𝑞 − (100𝑞 + 2,00,000)
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 180𝑞 − 100𝑞 − 2,00,000
∴ 𝑃 𝑞 = 80𝑞 − 2,00,000 , which is the required profit function.
(b) From the cost function, the fixed cost is $2,00,000

(c) From the cost function, the marginal cost is $100
(d) Finding the break-even quantity:
⇒ 80𝑞 − 2,00,000 = 0 ⇒ 80𝑞 = 2,00,000
!,!!,!!!
⇒ 𝑞 = ∴ 𝑞 = 2,500
!"

(e) Finding the break-even dollar volume of sales, i.e., the revenue at
break-even: At break-even, Revenue = 180𝑞=180(25000)=$450,000.
∴The break-even dollar volume of sales revenue is $4,50,000.

units at a total cost of $5,50,000. This same manufacturer can
produce 20,000 units at a total cost of $6,00,000. The selling price
per unit is $5.50.
a) Determine the revenue, cost and profit functions using 𝒒 for
number of units.
b) What is the fixed cost?
c) What is the marginal cost?
e) What is the break-even dollar volume of sales?
lines, the fixed cost line and the break-even point.
g) What would be the company’s cost if it decided to shut down
operations for the next three months?
h) If, because of strike, the most the company can produce is
100,000 units should it shut down? Why or why not?
So, according to the question we have, 𝑞! = 10,000, 𝑞! = 20,000,
𝑦! = 5,50,000 and 𝑦! = 600,000. Selling price per unit is, 𝑝 = $5.50.


⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑞
∴ 𝑅(𝑞) = 5.50𝑞
Finding Cost function:
To get the required linear cost function, we use the following
formula as we have two points,
!!!! !!!!
⇒ =
!!!!! !!!!!
!!!",!!! !!!,!",!!!
⇒ =
!",!!!!!",!!! !,!",!!!!!,!!,!!!
!!!",!!! !!!,!",!!!
⇒ =
!!",!!! !!",!!!
!!!",!!! !!!,!",!!!
⇒ =
! !
⇒ 𝑦 − 5,50,000 = 5(𝑞 − 10,000)

⇒ 𝑦 − 5,50,000 = 5𝑞 − 50,000
⇒ 𝑦 = 5𝑞 − 50,000 + 5,50,000
∴ 𝑦 = 5𝑞 + 5,00,000 , which is the required cost function.
Finding Profit Function,
Profit = Revenue − Cost
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 𝑅(𝑞) − 𝐶(𝑞)
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 5.50𝑞 − (5𝑞 + 5,00,000)
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 5.50𝑞 − 5𝑞 − 5,00,000
∴ 𝑃 𝑞 = 0.50𝑞 − 5,00,000 , which is the required profit
function.
(b) From the cost function, the fixed cost is $5,00,000
(c) The marginal cost is $5
At break-even,
Profit = 0,
⇒ 0.50𝑞 − 5,00,000 = 0
⇒ 0.50𝑞 = 5,00,000
!,!!,!!!
⇒ 𝑞 =
!.!"
∴ 𝑞 = 10,00,000
∴ The break-even quantity is 10,00,000 units.
(e) Finding the revenue at break-even,
At break-even,
Revenue = 5.50𝑞
⇒ 𝑅(10,00,000) = 5.50𝑋10,00,000
⇒ 𝑅(10,00,000) = $55,00,000
∴The break-even revenue is $55,00,000.
(f) Try yourself.
(g) The cost with no operation is = Fixed cost = $500,000.
(h) At 𝑞 = 100000, Profit, 𝑃 𝑞 = −$450,000.
Which indicates a loss of $450,000. So, the company should not
shut down it’s operation because this loss is less than the fixed cost
$500000. (or, because loss with no operation is $500,000).
Page#68 (1.19 Review Problems)

variable cost of $1.60 per unit made and sold. Selling price is $2 per
unit. (a) Find the revenue, cost and profit functions using 𝒒 for
number of unit. (b) Compute the profit if 150,000 units are made
and sold. (c) Compute the profit if 80,000 units are made and sold.
(d) Find the break-even quantity. (e) Find the break-even dollar
volume of sales. (f) Construct a breakeven chart. Label the cost
revenue and fixed cost lines and break-even point.
Finding Revenue Function,
⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑞
∴ 𝑅 𝑞 = 2𝑞, which is the required revenue function.
Cost function, 𝑦(𝑞) = 1.6𝑞 + 40,000
Profit function: Profit = Revenue − Cost

⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 𝑅(𝑞) − 𝐶(𝑞)
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 2𝑞 − 1.6𝑞 − 40000
⇒ 𝑃 𝑞 = 0.4𝑞 − 40000
(b) Profit = 0.4(150000) - 40,000 = $20,000

(c) Profit = 0.4(80,000) - 40,000 = -$8000, which shows a loss of $8000.
(d) At break-even, Profit = 0 implies 0.4𝑞 − 40000 = 0

!""""
⟹𝑞= = 100000 units.
!.!
(e) The break-even dollar volume of sales (i.e., revenue at break-even

units) , 𝑅 100000 = 2 100000 = $200000.
(f) Try yourself.
Page#69 (1.19 Review Problems)

units at a total cost of $224,000. This same manufacturer can
produce 18,000 units at a total cost of $296,000. The selling price per
unit is $13.25. (a) Determine the revenue, cost and profit functions
using 𝒒 for number of units. (b) What is the fixed cost? (c) What is
the marginal cost? (d) What is the break-even quantity? (e) What is
the break-even dollar volume of sales? (f) What will profit be if the
company shuts down operations? (g) If, because of a strike, the
company will be able to produce only 10,000 units, should it shut
down for the next three months? Why or why not?
Solution: Try yourself.
Answer: (a) 𝑅 𝑞 = 13.25𝑞, 𝑦 𝑞 = 12𝑞 + 80,000, 𝑃 𝑞 = 1.25𝑞 − 80,000. (b) $80,000. (c)
$12. (d) 64,000 units. (e) $8,48,000. (f) Profit = -‐$80,000, which indicates a loss of $80,000. (g) If
the company produces 10,000 units, then Profit = -‐$67,500, which shows a loss of $67,500. So,
the company should not shut down it’s operation because the loss decreases from $80,000 to
$67,500.

Ø Piece-wise linear functions
Page-42 (Example problem)
Boston Gas Company charges its customers according to their usage
of gas as follows: a $6.71 customer charge, $0.7376 per “therm” for
the first 160 therms, and $0.6800 per therm for each therm over 160
therm. (a) Determine the cost function and draw its graph. (b) What
is the charge for using 120 therms? (c) What is the charge for using
200 therms? (d) How many therms were used if the total charge was
$355.93?
Solution: Let 𝑥 represents the number of therms used and 𝑦 represents
the cost function.
Then, the first part of the cost function for the use of first 160 therms is
given by
𝑦! = 0.7376𝑥 + 6.71; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 160. ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
Now, the cost of the first 160 therms is = 0.7376(160)+6.17=124.726.
The second part of the cost function for the use of more than 160 therms
is given by
𝑦! = 124.726 + 0.6800 𝑥 − 160
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.68𝑥 + 15.926; 𝑥 > 160. ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Putting equations (1) and (2) together, we get the required cost function
as follows:
0.7376𝑥 + 6.71, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 160,
(3) 𝑦=
0.68𝑥 + 15.926, 𝑥 > 160.
(b) If the customers uses 120 therms, then the charge for using 120
therms we will get from the first piece, which is
𝑦 120 = 0.7376 120 + 6.71 = 95.222 dollar
(c) If the customers uses 200 therms, then the charge for using 200
therms we will get from the second piece, which is
𝑦 200 = 0.68 200 + 15.926 = 151.926 dollar.
(d) Now if the charge is $355.93, the customer must have used more
than 160 therms. Since, the cost of the first 160 therms was determined
to be $124.726. So, from the second piece of the cost function, we have
355.93=15.926+0.68𝑥
!"".!"!!".!"#
⟹𝑥= = 500 therms. (Ans.)
!.!"
180
160
140
120 (160,124.726)
100
y
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
x
Page#45 (Exercise problem)

Boston Edison Company charges its customers according to their
usage of electricity. One rate it charges a particular class of user is
as follows: a basic monthly charge of $𝟑. 𝟑𝟓, 3.380 cents per kilowatt
hour (kwh) for the first 350 kwh and 5.634 cents per kwh for any
kwh in excess of 350.
a) Determine the cost function and draw its graph.
b) What are the total and average charges for using 200 kwh?
c) What are the total and average charges for using 400 kwh?
d) How many kwh were used if the total charge is $51.80?
Solution: Let 𝑥 represents the number of kwh used and 𝑦 represents the
cost function.
Then, the first part of the cost function for the use of first 350 kwh is
given by,
𝑦! = 0.0338𝑥 + 3.35; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 350 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)

( since 3.38 cents = 0.0338 dollar)
Now, the cost of the first 350 kwh is = 0.0338(350)+3.35=$15.18.
The second part of the cost function for the use of more than 350 kwh is
given by
𝑦! = 15.18 + 0.05634 𝑥 − 350
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.05634𝑥 − 4.539; 𝑥 > 350 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
as follows:
0.0338𝑥 + 3.35; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 350,
(3) 𝑦=
0.05634𝑥 − 4.539; 𝑥 > 350.
(b) If the customers uses 200 kwh, then the total charge for using 200
kwh we will get from the first piece, which is
𝑦 200 = 0.0338 200 + 3.35 = $10.11.
!"!"# !"#$%& !".!!

Average charge= = = $0.05055.
!"#$%& !" !"# !""
(c) If the customers uses 400 kwh, then the total charge for using 400
kwh we will get from the second piece, which is
𝑦 400 = 0.05634(400) − 4.539 = $17.997.
!"#$% !"#$%& !".!!"

!"#$%& !" !"# !""
(d) Now, if the charge is $51.80, the customer must have used more than
200 kwh. Since, the cost of the first 200 kwh was determined to be
$10.11. So, from the second piece of the cost function, we have
51.80 = 0.05634𝑥 − 4.539
!".!"!!.!"#
⟹𝑥= = 999.98 kwh. (Ans.)
!.!"#$%

Problem-20: Colonial Gas Company charges its customers
according to their usage of gas as follows: a $6 customer charge,
$1.180 per unit (100 cubic feet) for the first 20 units, and $ 0.806 per
unit for each unit over 20. (a) Determine the cost function and draw
its graph. (b) What are the total and average charges for using 15
units? (c) For using 50 units? (d) How many units were used if the
total charge is $73.93?
Solution: Let 𝑥 represents the number of units used and 𝑦 represents
the cost function.
Then, the first part of the cost function for the use of first 20 units is
given by
𝑦! = 1.18𝑥 + 6; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20. ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
Now, the cost of the first 20 units is = 1.18(20) + 6 = $29.6.
The second part of the cost function for the use of more than 20 units is
given by
𝑦! = 29.6 + 0.806 𝑥 − 20
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.806𝑥 + 13.48; 𝑥 > 20. ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
as follows:
1.18𝑥 + 6; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20,
(3) 𝑦=
0.806𝑥 + 13.48; 𝑥 > 20.
(b) If the customer uses 15 units, then the total charge for using 15 units
we will get from the first piece, which is
𝑦 15 = 1.18 15 + 6 = 23.70 dollar
!"#$% !"#$%! !".!"

!"#$%& !" !"#$% !"
(c) If the customer uses 50 units, then the charge for using 50 units we
will get from the second piece, which is
𝑦 50 = 0.806(50) + 13.48 = 53.78 dollar.
!"#$% !"#$%& !".!"

!"#$%& !" !"#$% !"
(d) Now, if the charge is $73.93, the customer must have used more than
20 units. Since, the cost of the first 20 units was determined to be $29.6.
So, from the second piece of the cost function, we have
73.93 = 0.806𝑥 + 13.48
!".!"!!".!"
⟹𝑥= = 75 units. (Ans.)
!.!"#

Problem-21: ComElectric charges its customers according to their
usage of electricity. One rate it charges commercial user is as
follows: a monthly customer charge of $ 6.00, $ 0.05973 energy
charge per kwh for the first 2,300 kwh, $0.02505 energy charge per
kwh in excess of 2,300 kwh, and $0.00048 conservation charge per
kwh. (a) Determine the cost function and draw its graph. (b) What is
the total and average charge for using 2000 kwh? (c) 4000 kwh?
(d) How many kwh were used if the total charge is $254.26?
Solution: Let 𝑥 represents the number of kwh used and 𝑦 represents the
cost function.
Then, the first part of the cost function for the use of first 2300 kwh is
given by,
𝑦! = 0.05973 + 0.00048 𝑥 + 6; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2300

(since conservation charge is $0.00048 per kwh)
𝑦! = 0.06021𝑥 + 6; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2300
Now, the cost of the first 2300 kwh is=0.06021 2300 + 6 = $144.483.
The second part of the cost function for the use of more than 2300 kwh
is given by
𝑦! = 144.483 + (0.02505 + 0.00048) 𝑥 − 2300
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.02553𝑥 + 85.764; 𝑥 > 2300 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
as follows:
0.06021𝑥 + 6; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2300,
𝑦=
0.02553𝑥 + 85.764; 𝑥 > 2300.
(b) If the customer uses 2000 kwh, then the total charge for using 2000
kwh we will get from the first piece, which is
𝑦 2000 = 0.06021(2000) + 6 = $126.42.
!"#$% !"#$%& !"#.!"

!"#$%& !" !"# !"""
(c) If the customer uses 4000 kwh, then the total charge for using 4000
kwh we will get from the second piece, which is
𝑦 4000 = 0.02553(4000) + 85.764 = $187.884.
!"#$% !"#$%& !"#.!!"

!"#$%& !" !"# !"""
(d) Now, if the charge is $254.26, the customer must have used more
than 200 kwh. Since, the cost of the first 200 kwh was determined to be
$10.11. So, from the second piece of the cost function, we have
254.26 = 0.02553𝑥 + 85.764
!"#.!"!!".!"#
⟹𝑥= = 6600 kwh. (Ans.)
!.!"##$

Problem-22: The 1990 U.S. federal tax rate for single individuals
was as follows: 15 percent on an adjusted gross income (AGI)
between $0 and $19450; $2917.50 plus 28 percent on the excess over
$19,450 on an AGI between $19,450 and $47,050; and $10,645.50
plus 33 percent on the excess over $47,050 on an AGI between
$47,050 and $97,620. (a) Determine the tax function and draw its
graph. (b) How much tax would a single individual pay on an AGI
of $15,000? (c) On an AGI of $35,000? (d) On an AGI of $85,000?
(e) What was the individual’s AGI if taxes are $10,071.50?
Solution: Let 𝑥 represents the adjusted gross income (AGI) and 𝑦
represents the tax function.
Then, the first part of the tax function for the first $19450 AGI is given
by,
𝑦! = 0.15𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 19450 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
!"
(since 15% = = 0.15)
!""
[The tax of the first $19450 AGI = 0.15(19450) = $2917.5; which is

given in the question]
The second part of the tax function for the more than $19450 AGI is
given by
𝑦! = 2917.50 + 0.28(𝑥 − 19450)
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.28𝑥 − 2528.5; 19450 < 𝑥 ≤ 47050 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
The third part of the tax function for the more than $47050 AGI is given
by
𝑦! = 10645.5 + 0.33(𝑥 − 47050)
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.33𝑥 − 4881; 47050 < 𝑥 ≤ 97620 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Putting equations (1), (2) and (3) together, we get the required tax
function as follows:
0.15𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 19450,
𝑦 = 0.28𝑥 − 2528.5; 19450 < 𝑥 ≤ 47050,
0.33𝑥 − 4881; 47050 < 𝑥 ≤ 97620.
(b) If a single individual has AGI $15000, then the total tax for AGI
$15000 we will get from the first piece of the tax function, which is
𝑦 15000 = 0.15(15000) = $2250.
(c) If a single individual has AGI $35000, then the total tax for AGI
$35000 we will get from the second piece of the tax function, which is
𝑦 35000 = 0.28 35000 − 2528.5 = $7271.5
(d) If a single individual has AGI $85000, then the total tax for AGI
$85000 we will get from the third piece of the tax function, which is
𝑦 85000 = 0.33 85000 − 4881 = $23169.
(e) Here, given taxes are $10071.5, we have to find the corresponding
AGI, i.e. 𝑥 from the tax function. This tax lies in the second piece of the
tax function, since third piece start at tax $10645.5, we have
10071.5 = 0.28𝑥 − 2528.5
!""#!.!!!"!#.!
⟹𝑥= = 45000.
!.!"
i.e., the corresponding AGI is $45000.

Problem-23: The 1990 U.S. Federal tax rate for married couples was
as follows: 15 percent on an adjusted gross income (AGI) between
$0 and $32,450; $4867.50 plus 28 percent on the excess over $32,450
on an AGI between $32,450 and $78,400; and $17,733.50 plus 33
percent on the excess over $78,400 on an AGI between $78,400 and
$162,770. (a) Determine the tax function and draw its graph. (b)
How much taxes would a married couple pay on an AGI of $15000?
(c) On an AGI of $35,000? (d) On an AGI $85,000? (e) What was the
couple’s AGI if taxes are $8,381.50?
Solution: Let 𝑥 represents the adjusted gross income (AGI) and 𝑦
represents the tax function.
Then, the first part of the tax function for the first $32,450 AGI is given
by,
𝑦! = 0.15𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 32450 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
!"
(since 15% = = 0.15)
!""
[The tax of the first $32450 AGI is = 0.15(32450) = $4867.50; which is

given in the question]
The second part of the tax function for the more than $32450 AGI is
given by
𝑦! = 4867.50 + 0.28(𝑥 − 32450)
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.28𝑥 − 4218.5; 32450 < 𝑥 ≤ 78400 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
The third part of the tax function for the more than $78,400 AGI is given
by
𝑦! = 17733.5 + 0.33(𝑥 − 78400)
⟹ 𝑦! = 0.33𝑥 − 8138.5; 78,400 < 𝑥 ≤ 162,770 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Putting equations (1), (2) and (3) together, we get the required tax
function as follows:
0.15𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 32450,
𝑦 = 0.28𝑥 − 4218.5; 32450 < 𝑥 ≤ 78400,
0.33𝑥 − 8138.5; 78400 < 𝑥 ≤ 162770.
(b) If a married couple has AGI $15000, then the total tax for the AGI of
$15000 we will get from the first piece of the tax function, which is
𝑦 15000 = 0.15(15000) = $2,250.
(c) If a married couple has AGI $35000, then the total tax for AGI of
$35000 we will get from the second piece of the tax function, which is
𝑦 35000 = 0.28(35000) − 4218.5 = $5,581.5.
(d) If a married couple has AGI $85000, then the total tax for AGI of
$85000 we will get from the third piece of the tax function, which is
𝑦 85000 = 0.33(85000) − 8138.5 = $19,911.5.
(e) Here, given taxes are $8,381.50, we have to find the corresponding
AGI of the married couple, i.e., 𝑥 from the tax function. This tax lies in
the second piece of the tax function, since third piece start at tax
$17733.5, so we have
8381.5 = 0.28𝑥 − 4218.5
!"!#.!!!"#$.!
⟹𝑥= = $45000.
!.!"
i.e., the corresponding AGI is $45000.
Lecture-03
System of Linear Equations
Problem: Solve the following system of linear equations:
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕,
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔.
by the method of elimination.

Solution: The given linear system is
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 17 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 16 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Now, 3×(1) – (2) implies: 7𝑦 = 35 ⟹ 𝑦 = 5.

Putting the value of 𝑦 in (1), we get 𝑥 + 15 = 17 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2.
So, the required solution of the given system is: 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2,5 or
𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 5.

Problem: Solve the following system of linear equations:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟐,
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐
by the method of elimination.

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Now, 5×(1) – 2× (2) implies: 7𝑦 = −14 ⟹ 𝑦 = −2.

Putting the value of 𝑦 in (1), we get 2𝑥 − 6 = 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 8 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4.
So, the required solution of the given system is: 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4, −2 or

𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = −2.
Notes:
1. After elimination if an equation of the system converted to 0 = 𝑏,
then the given system has no solution. In this case, the given lines
are parallel.
2. A system is inconsistent, if it has no solution.
3. A system is consistent, if it has solution.
4. After elimination if an equation of the system converted to 0 = 0,
then the given system has unlimited number of solutions (or,
infinitely many solutions). In this case, the given lines are
coinciding each other.
Problem-1: Solve the following system of linear equations:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓,
𝟑. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟔, by the method of elimination.
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
3.2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 6 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Suppose we choose to eliminate the variable 𝑦.
Now, 8×(1) – 5× (2) implies 16𝑥 + 40𝑦 − 16𝑥 − 40𝑦 = 120 − 30
⟹ 0 = 90.
Thus, the original system is now converted to
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
0 = 90 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
Equation (4) cannot be true. Therefore, the given system has no solution.
Problem-2: Solve the following system of linear equations:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓,
𝟑. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒, by the method of elimination.
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
3.2𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 24 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
Suppose we choose to eliminate the variable 𝑦.
Now, 8×(1) – 5× (2) implies 16𝑥 + 40𝑦 − 16𝑥 − 40𝑦 = 120 − 120
⟹ 0 = 0, which is true.
Thus, the original system is now converted to
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
0 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
Equation (4) is a true statement. Therefore, the given system has
unlimited number of solutions.
Now, we have a single equation, 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15
!
So, the solutions are: 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 arbitrary.
!
! !"
Or, the solutions are: 𝑥 = − 𝑦+ , 𝑦 arbitrary.
! !
Page#81(Exercise Problem, Unique Solution)

Problem-2: Solve the following system of linear equations
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒,
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑,
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓.
Solution: The given system is as follows:
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Now, (2) – 2× (1) implies: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3 − 8
⟹ −3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5
⟹ 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
Again, (3) – (1) implies: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5 − 4
⟹ −3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
⟹ 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (5)
Now, (5) – (4) implies: 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1 − 5
⟹ −3𝑧 = −6
∴ 𝑧 = 2.
!!!
Putting 𝑧 = 2 in (4) we get 𝑦 = = 1.
!
Putting 𝑧 = 2 and 𝑦 = 1 in (1) we get 𝑥 = 4 − 1 − 2 = 1.
Therefore, the solution of the given system is 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1, 1, 2 .
Page#85(Exercise Problem, No Solution)

Problem: Prove that the following system is inconsistent:
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟓,
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟔,
𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟖.
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 8 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Now, 2× (2) – (1) implies: 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 12 − 5

⟹ 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 7
⟹ 5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 7 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
Again, (3) - 3×(2) implies: 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 8 − 18

⟹ 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −10
⟹ −5𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −10
⟹ 5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 10 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (5)
Now, (5) – (4) implies: 0 = 3, which is impossible.
So, the given system is inconsistent.
Page#85(Exercise Problem, Unlimited number of Solutions)

Problem: Prove that the following system is inconsistent:
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟒,
𝟓𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 = 𝟐𝟎,
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟖.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 20 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Now, (2) – 5×(1) implies: 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7𝑧 − 5 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 20 − 20
⟹ 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7𝑧 − 5𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0
⟹ −6𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 16
⟹ 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
Again, (3) - 2×(1) implies: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8 − 8

⟹ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
⟹ −3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
⟹ 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (5)
Now, (5) – (4) implies: 0 = 0, which is possible.
Thus, the original system becomes

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (6)
3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0
Method-01: (𝒛 arbitrary)
!
Now let 𝑧 is arbitrary, so we have 𝑦 = 𝑧 and 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 − 𝑧
!
1
⟹𝑥 =4− 𝑧−𝑧
3
!"!!!
⟹ 𝑥 = .
!
𝑧 arbitrary
!"!!!
Therefore, the required general solution is: : 𝑥= !
!
𝑦 = ! 𝑧.
To get a particular solution let 𝑧 = 3, so we have 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1.

So, a particular solution of the given system is 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = (0, 1, 3).
Method-02: (𝒚 arbitrary)
Now let 𝑦 is arbitrary. So we have 𝑧 = 3𝑦 and 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 − 𝑧
⟹ 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 − 3𝑦
⟹ 𝑥 = 4 − 4𝑦
𝑦 arbitrary
Therefore, the required general solution is: 𝑥 = 4 − 4𝑦
𝑧 = 3𝑦.
To get a particular solution let 𝑦 = 1, so wee have 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 3.

So, a particular solution of the given system is 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = (0, 1, 3).
Note: To consider 𝑥 arbitrary, first you need to eliminate either 𝑦 or 𝑧

from the equations (1), (2) and (3).

Problem: A gasoline company wants to provide a customer with
2000 liters of 85 octane gasoline with a vapor pressure index of 25.
To do this, the supplier must mix three kinds of gasoline to form an
appropriate mixture at a minimum cost. Regular unleaded gasoline
costs $0.30 per liter and has an octane rating of 80 with a vapor
pressure index of 30. Premium unleaded gasoline costs $0.33 per
liter with an octane rating of 90 and a vapor pressure index of 20.
Super unleaded gasoline costs $0.40 per liter and has an octane
rating of 100 with a vapor pressure index of 10. What amount of
each gasoline should be mixed?
Solution: Let, the number of liters of regular gasoline is = 𝑥,

the number of liters of premium gasoline = 𝑦 and the number of liters of
super gasoline = 𝑧.
So, the cost function 𝐶 𝑖𝑠, 𝐶 = 0.30𝑥 + 0.33𝑦 + 0.40𝑧 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (∗)
The first condition to be satisfied is that the mixture contain precisely
2,000 liters so,
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
The second condition to be satisfied is that the octane rating be 85 so,
80𝑥 + 90𝑦 + 100𝑧 = (85)(2,000)
Or dividing by 10,
8𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 17,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
The third condition to be satisfied is that the vapor pressure index be 25
so,
30𝑥 + 20𝑦 + 10𝑧 = (25)(2,000)
Or dividing by 10,
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Eliminating 𝑧 from 1 , 2 and(3) we get,
10×(1) − (2) ⟹ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
(1) − (3) ⟹ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (5)
Since 4 and 5 are same, the system has unlimited number of
solutions and one variable (either 𝑥 or 𝑦) need to consider as arbitrary.
Let 𝑥 arbitrary, so we have from (4), 𝑦 = 3,000 − 2𝑥
Putting the value of 𝑦 in 1 , 𝑧 = 2000 − 3000 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 1000.
Thus, the general solution is:
𝑥 arbitrary
𝑦 = 3,000 − 2𝑥,
𝑧 = 𝑥 − 1000.
Since, 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 can not be negative, so the required general solution is
1,000 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,500
𝑦 = 3,000 − 2𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑥 − 1,000
So, the cost function (*) becomes:
𝐶 = 0.30𝑥 + 0.33 3,000 − 2𝑥 + 0.40 𝑥 − 1,000
= 0.30𝑥 + 990 − 0.66𝑥 + 0.40𝑥 − 400
∴ 𝐶 = 0.04𝑥 + 590, which indicates that the cost increases when 𝑥 increases.
So, in order to minimize cost, we should use the lowest possible value of
𝑥. Since, 𝑥 is arbitrary in the range 1,000 to 1,500, we choose 𝑥 = 1,000
and compute the corresponding values of 𝑦 and 𝑧. Therefore,
𝑥 = 1,000 liters of regular unleaded gasoline
𝑦 = 1,000 liters of premium unleaded gasoline
𝑧 = 0 liters of super unleaded gasoline
So, the minimum cost is = 0.04 1,000 + 590 = $630
Answer. 1,000 liters of regular unleaded gasoline, 1,000 liters of premium unleaded gasoline
and 0 liters of super unleaded gasoline. The minimum cost is $630
Page#92 (2.8 Problem Set 2-2)

Problem-1: If 𝒙 liters of regular gasoline, which costs $𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 per
liter, are to be mixed with y liters of regular unleaded gasoline, at
$𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 per liter, to obtain 1,000 liters of mixture worth (cost) $0.60
per liter, how much of each gasoline should be used?

Solution: According to the question, we have the following linear system:
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
0.50𝑥 + 0.66𝑦 = 600 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From equation (1), we have : 𝑦 = 1,000 − 𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
Putting the value of 𝑦 from equation (3) in equation (2), we get

0.50𝑥 + 0.66 1,000 − 𝑥 = 600
⟹ 0.50𝑥 + 660 − 0.66𝑥 = 600
⟹ −0.16𝑥 = 600 − 660
⟹ −0.16𝑥 = −60
!!" !" !"""
⟹ 𝑥 = = = ∴ 𝑥 = 375 liters
!!.!" !.!" !"
Putting value of 𝑥 in equation (3), 𝑦 = 1000 − 375, ∴ 𝑦 = 625 liters

Therefore, 375 liters of regular and 625 liters of regular unleaded
gasoline should be used.
Answer. 375 liters of regular and 625 liters of regular unleaded gasoline should be used

Problem-2: We plan to invest 𝒙 dollars in Acme Company bonds,
which pay 6.5 percent interest, and 𝒚 dollars in Star Company
bonds, which pay 9 percent interest. If $50,000 is to be invested and
we require that $4000 interest be received, how much should be
invested in each bond?

Solution: We have the investment in Acme Company bonds = $𝑥
and the investment in Star Company bonds = $𝑦
Interest on Acme’s bond for $𝑥 investment is = $ (𝑥 x 6.5%) = $ (𝑥 x

0.065) = $ 0.065𝑥
Interest on Star’s bond for $𝑦 investment is = $ (𝑦 x 9%) = $ (𝑦 x 0.09)
= $ 0.09𝑦
Therefore, according to the question,

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
0.065𝑥 + 0.09𝑦 = 4,000 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From equation (1), 𝑦 = 50,000 − 𝑥 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)

Putting equation (3) in equation (2), we have
⟹ 0.065𝑥 + 0.09 50,000 − 𝑥 = 4,000
⟹ 0.065𝑥 + 4500 − 0.09𝑥 = 4,000
⟹ −0.025𝑥 = 4,000 − 4,500
⟹ −0.025𝑥 = −500
!!""
⟹𝑥= ∴ 𝑥 = $20,000.
!!.!"#
Putting the value of 𝑥 in equation (3),
⟹ 𝑦 = 50,000 − 20,000 ∴ 𝑦 = $30,000.
Thus, the investment should be $20,000 in the Acme Company bonds
and $30,000 in the Star Company bonds.
Answer. Invest $20,000 in Acme and $30,000 in Star.

Problem-5: A mixture of pellets is to be made containing 𝒙 regular
pellets, 𝒚 large pellets and 𝒛 extra large pellets. Cost, weight and
volume data for each type of pellet are shown in the table. Is it
possible to make mixture of 45 pellets at a cost of 85 cents if the
mixture is to have 120 weight units and 130 volume units? If so, how
many each type of pellet should be in the mixture?
Pellet Type Number of Cost per Weight Volume
Pellets Pellet in Units per Units per
Cents Pellet Pellet
Regular 𝒙 2 1 4
Large 𝒚 3 2 2
Extra large 𝒛 1 4 3
Solution: According to the question we have
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 85 … … … … … … … . 1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 120 … … … … … … … (2)
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 130 … … … … … … … 3
We need to check whether the solution of (1), (2) and (3) satisfies
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 45 or not.
Now, 2×(2) - (1) implies: 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 240 − 85

⟹ 𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 155 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
Again, 2×(1) – (3) implies: 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 40 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (5)
Now, (4) +7 × (5) implies: 29𝑦 = 435 ⟹ 𝑦 = 15 pellets.
Putting the value of 𝑦 in (4) we get, 𝑧 = 20 pellets.

Putting the values of 𝑦 and 𝑧 in (1) we get, 𝑥 = 10 pellets.
Since, the solution of (1), (2) and (3) satisfies 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 45.

Thus, it is possible to make a mixture of 45 pellets.
Therefore, in the mixture, there should be 10 regular pellets, 15 large

pellets and 20 extra large pellets.
Answer. 𝑥 = 10 pellets, 𝑦 = 15 pellets and 𝑧 = 20 pellets.

Problem-10: The table shows the numbers of hours require in each
of three departments to make a unit of various products named A,
B, and C. For example, product B required 1 hour of time in
Department I, 3 hours in Department II and 7 hours in Department
III.
Hours Required per unit of product
Department A B C
I 1 1 9
II 1 3 7
III 2 7 13
(a) Find the numbers of units of A, B and C that could be made if

Department I has 75 hours available, Department II has 65 hours
available and Department III has 125 hours available.
(b) If profits per unit of A, B and C are, respectively, $20, $30 and
$40, what is the maximum profit and the composition of the
maximum-profit combination of outputs?
Solution: (a) Let, 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 represent the number of units of the

products A, B and C respectively. So, according to the question, we have
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 75 … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 65 … … … … … … … 2
2𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 125 … … … … … … … 3
Now, (2) – (1) implies: 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −10
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
Again, (3) – 2× (1) implies:

2𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 13𝑧 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 18𝑧 = 125 − 150
⟹ 5𝑦 − 5𝑧 = −25
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (5)
Since equations (4) and (5) are same, so the system has unlimited
number of solutions.
Now, the original system becomes:

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 75
𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5
Let z is arbitrary, so we have 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 5 and from the first equation
we have 𝑥 = 75 − 𝑦 − 9 = 75 − 𝑧 − 5 − 9𝑧 = 80 − 10𝑧.
So the general solution is:

𝑧 arbitrary
𝑥 = 80 − 10𝑧
𝑦 =𝑧−5
Since, 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 cannot be negative. Therefore, the solution should

be
5≤𝑧≤8
𝑥 = 80 − 10𝑧
𝑦 =𝑧−5
Therefore the general solution is: 𝑧 units of C, 5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 8; 𝑥 units of A,
where 𝑥 = 80 − 10𝑧; and 𝑦 units of B, where 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 5.
(b) Here, according to the question, the profit function, P, is given by
𝑃 = 20𝑥 + 30𝑦 + 40𝑧
= 20 80 − 10𝑧 + 30 𝑧 − 5 + 40𝑧
= 1600 − 200𝑧 + 30𝑧 − 150 + 40𝑧
= 1450 − 130𝑧
This profit function indicates that, to maximize profit 𝑧 need to be
minimum. So, 𝑧 should be 5 and the corresponding values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are
𝑥 = 80 − 50 = 30 and y = 5 − 5 = 0.
Thus, the maximum profit is = 20(30)+30(0)+40(5)

= 600+0+200
= $800.
Answer. (a) 𝑧 units of C, 5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 8; 𝑥 units of A, where 𝑥 = 80 − 10𝑧; and 𝑦 units of B,
where 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 5.
(b) Maximum profit = $800. And the composition of the maximum-‐profit combination of outputs
are 30 units of A, no B and 5 units of C.

Lecture 01 - 02 - 03

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 01 - 02 - 03

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

For examples: 2 + 𝑖3, 2 − 𝑖3, 𝑖3, 2, 4 + 𝑖6 etc.

For Examples: 2𝑖, − 2 , − 5 , − 3 etc.

§ An equation of the form

§ An equation of the form

§ An equation of the form

§ The graph of the linear equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, will be a straight

§ The equation of the form

§ A linear equation of the form

§ If 𝑥! , 𝑦! and 𝑥! , 𝑦! are two points on a line , then

• Parallel Straight lines:

• Perpendicular Straight lines:

• Intercepts (x-intercept and y-intercept) of a straight line:

To get x-intercept of the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 8, we put 𝑦 = 0 in the

(ii) To get y-intercept of the line 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15, we put 𝑥 = 0 in

To get x-intercept of the line 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 15, we put 𝑦 = 0 in the

§ An equation of a straight line having slope 𝑚 and passes through

§ An equation of a straight line passes through two points 𝑥! , 𝑦!

Page#30 (Example Problem)

(c) According to the cost equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2500, the 𝑦-intercept is

Page # 34 (Exercise Problem)

Therefore, the required linear relationship between sales and selling

Solution: Here, 𝑦 represents total manufacturing cost and 𝑥 represents

Thus, the required linear equation of the relationship is:

Solution: We know the cost equation for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥 is:

Introduction to quadratic equations

An equation, which contains the square of the unknown variable and no

Sometimes, it is difficult to judge whether the given equation is

Squaring on both sides, we get

SOLUTIONS OF A GENERAL QUADRATIC EQUATION

General methods of solving a quadratic equation are;

For example: Suppose we are interested to solve the equation:

(b) Method of Completing Perfect Square

Consider the general quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ ax 2 + bx = −c

For example: Solve the equation: 5x 2 + 9 x + 4 = 0

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFICIENT OF A

Consider general form of quadratic equation

We have two roots of this equation

here a, b, c are said to be co-efficients.

Thus, the relationship between roots and co-efficients are : α + β = − b

We know the roots of the quadratic equation

Here, D = b 2 − 4ac is called discriminant of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , the

(i) if one root is 3 + 2i , than other one will be 3 − 2i .

⟹ 𝑅 𝑥 = 12𝑥 , which is the required revenue function.

We know, total cost = variable cost + fixed cost

⟹ 𝑦 𝑥 = 7𝑥 + 10000 , which is the required cost function.

Again, we know that,

⟹ 𝑃 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 10000 , which is the required profit function.

We know, total cost = variable cost + fixed cost

(d) At break-even, profit will be 0 (zero). Thus

(e) Finally, the break-even dollar volume of sales (revenue) is

Page#64 (Problem Set 1-5)

Solution: Given that, fixed cost (𝑐) = $60,000

Variable cost per unit (𝑚) = $2

We know, total cost = variable cost + fixed cost

Again, we know that,

(b) Computing profit if 25,000 units are made and sold,

⇒ 𝑃 25,000 = 3 25000 − 60,000

⇒ 𝑃 10,000 = 3 10,000 − 60,000

Page#64 (Problem Set 1-5)

Solution: Given that, Fixed cost (𝑐) = $1,20,000

⇒ Revenue = price × quantity

Finding Cost function,

Finding Profit Function,