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 BASIC CONCEPTS: NUMBER SYSTEM

 The prerequisite of doing well in Math section is to have a strong basic concept. Following
are few basic concepts that will help you understand this section better. So before starting
the lecture, have a look at those!

 In the number line, if you move to the right from any certain point, the value will increase
gradually and vice versa.

 Real numbers are the values those include both positive and negative numbers such as
−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4.67….. etc.

 Whole Numbers are those numbers which have no fractions or decimals. (e.g. −1, −2, 0, 1
etc.)
 Natural numbers are the whole numbers used for counting (e.g. 1, 2, 3…..)
1
 A mixed number consists of a whole number and a fraction; e.g. 5 2 is a mixed number
1
which means 5 + 2

 Any number divided by zero (0) becomes undefined. So a fraction cannot have 0 as a
denominator.

 Consecutive integers are the integers that follow each other in order and have a certain
difference between every two of them.

 Square root of a negative number cannot be a real number.

 The greater the absolute value of a negative number, the smaller it actually is. (e.g.
−10 < −9 < −8 < −7)

 Squaring of any fraction between 0 and 1 results in a smaller number.

 Any number squared or raised to an even power is always positive.

 A prime number is that integer which has exactly two unique positive factors (1 and itself).

 1 is not considered as a prime number.

 There is no even number other than 2 which can be a prime.

 Any integer greater than 1 is a prime or can be written as a product of primes;

e.g. 30 = 2 x 3 x 5

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  There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100.

 The product of even number of negative numbers is positive; e.g. (−1)×( −2)×( −3)×( −4) =
24

 The product of odd number of negative numbers is negative; e.g. (−1)×( −2)×( −3) = −6

 If an expression has more than one set of parentheses, the inner parenthesis must be
removed first and then the rest others have to be worked out.

 If two quantities are directly proportional in any equation, then when one increases, the
other also increases.

 If two quantities are inversely proportional in any equation, then when one increases, the
other decreases.

INTEGERS

Properties of Integers:
Even-Odd: An even number is divisible by 2 and an odd number is not divisible by 2. All even
numbers end with the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 while odd numbers end in the digits 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. For
example the numbers 358, 90, 18, 98, 74, and 46 are even numbers. The numbers 67, 871, 475,
and 89 are odd numbers. It is important to remember the following facts:

# The sum of two even numbers is even, and the sum of two odd numbers is even, but the sum of
an odd and an even number is odd. Example: 4 + 8=12, 5 + 3 = and 7 + 2 = 9.

# The product of two odd numbers is odd, but the product of an even number and any other
number is an even number. Example: 3 5 = 15 (odd); 4  5 = 20 (even); 4  6 = 24 (even).

# Even numbers are expressed in the form 2k where k may be any integer. Odd numbers are
expressed in the form of 2k + 1 or 2k - 1 where k may be any integer. For example, if k = 17, then
2k = 34 and 2k + 1 =35. If k = 6, then we have 2k = 12 and 2k + 1= 13.

Divisibility: There are various tests to see whether an integer is divisible by any certain number.
These tests are listed below:

1. Any integer is divisible by 2 if the last digit of the number is a 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.

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2. Any integer is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
3. Any integer is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits of the number is
divisible by 4. (Since 100 is divisible by 4, you can ignore all multiples of 100.)
4. An integer is divisible by 5 if the last digit is either a 0 or a 5.
5. Any integer is divisible by 6 if it passes the divisibility tests for both 2 and 3.
6. Any integer is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8. (Since
1000 is divisible by 8, you can ignore all multiples of 1000.)
7. Any integer is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
8. Any integer is divisible by 10 if the last digit is a 0.
9. Any integer is divisible by 11 if the sum of the odd-placed digits from the right minus the sum
of the even-placed digits is either 0 or divisible by 11.
Factor: If a number P is divisible by a number Q, then Q is a factor of P. Again in this case, P will
also be divisible by all the factors of Q. For example, 60 is divisible by 12, so 12 is a factor 60. Again
60 is also divisible by 2, 3, 4, and 6 which all are factors of 12.
Prime Numbers: Although the traditional definition states prime number as an integer that is
divisible only by 1 and itself, the correct definition states a prime number is that integer which
has exactly two unique factors. The first few prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,
37..... Note that the number 1 is not considered as a prime number.
To determine if a number is a prime, follow these steps:
STEP 1: Determine a very rough approximate square root of the number.
STEP 2: Divide the number by all of the primes which are less than the approximate square root.
If the number is not divisible by any of these primes, then it is a prime. If it is divisible by any of
the primes, then it is not a prime.

Example: Is the number 97 prime?

Solution: An approximate square root of 97 is 10. All of the prime numbers less than 10 are
2, 3, 5, and 7. Divide 97 by 2, 3, 5, and 7. No integer results, so 97 is a prime.

Example: Is the number 161 prime?

Solution: An approximate square root of 161 is 13. The prime numbers less than 13 are 2, 3,
5, 7 and 11. Divide 161 by 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11. 161 is divisible by 7 (161 ÷ 7 = 23), so 161 is not
a prime.

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 Class Practice

A B C D E

-2 -1 0 1 2

01. Of the five coordinates associated with points A, B, C, D, and E on the number line above, which
has the greatest absolute value?
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E

02. If g and h are both odd integers, which of the following must also be an odd integer?

a. g/h b. (g + h)2 c. hg + h d. (g - h)2 e. (gh)3

03. If x is an integer divisible by 15 but not divisible by 20, then x CANNOT be divisible by which
of the following?

A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 30 E. 150

04. The units digit of (13713) 47 is:

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7 (E) 9

05. If P is an even number, and Q and R are both odd, which of the following must be true?

a. P.Q is an odd number. b. Q – R is an even number. c. PQ – PR is an odd number

d. Q + R cannot equal P e. None of these

06. Which of the following represents the smallest possible value of (M – 1/2)2 if M is an integer?
a. 0.00 b. 0.25 c. 0.50 d. 0.75 e. 1.00

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 Home Work

01. If integers a and b are distinct factors of 30, which of the following CANNOT be a factor of 30?

I. ab + b2 II. (a + b)2 III. a + b

A. I only B. II only C. III only

D. I and II only E. I, II, and III

02. If n is an integer such that n > 9, which of the following could be the remainder
when (2+22+23+24+....+2n) is divided by 3?

I. 0 II. 1 III. 2

(A) Only I (B) Only II C) Only III

(D) Only I and III (E) I, II and III

3. How many integers n greater than 10 and less than 100 are such that, if the digits of n are
reversed, the resulting integer is n+9 ?

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8 (E) 9

4. If a, b, and c are integers and ab2/c is a positive even integer, which of the following must be
true?

I. ab is even II. ab > 0 III. c is even

A. I only B. II only C. I and II

D. I and III E. I, II, and III

05. If n is an integer greater than 7, which of the following must be divisible by 3?

(A) n(n-5)(n-2) (B) n(n+5)(n+3) (C) n(n+2)(n-1)

(D) n(n-4)(n-2) (E) None

06. If x is an integer, then x(x – 1)(x – k) must be evenly divisible by three when k is any of the
following values EXCEPT

(A)-4 (B)-2 (C)-1 (D) 2 (E) 5

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07. If n is an odd number, then which of the following best describes the number represented by
n2 + 2n + 1?
a. It can be odd or even. b. It must be odd. c. It must be divisible by four.

d. It must be divisible by six. e. Cannot be determined

08. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 11?

a. 30,217 b. 44,221 c. 59,403 d. 60,411 e. None of these

09. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 36?

a. 35,924 b. 64,530 c. 74,098 d. 152,640 e. 192,042

10. If E is an even number, and F is divisible by three, then what is the largest number by which
E2F3 must be divisible?
a. 6 b. 36 c. 54 d. 108 e. Cannot be determined

11. Which of the following numbers is a prime?

a. 147 b. 149 c. 153 d. 155 e. 161

12. How many prime numbers are there between 35 and 70?
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8 e. 9

13. If x is an odd number, what is the sum of next two odd numbers greater than 3x+1?
a. 3x + 3 b. 6x+8 c. 6x+6 d. 6x+5 e. 6x+4

14. The sum of four consecutive odd integers must be:

a. even, but not necessarily divisible by 4
b. divisible by 4, but not necessarily by 8
c. divisible by 8, but not necessarily by 16
d. divisible by 16
e. None of the above

15. If x and y are integers, for which of the following ordered pairs (x,y), is 2x + y an odd number?
a. 0, 2 b. 1, 2 c. 2, 1 d. 2, 4 e. 3, 0

16. The sum of five odd numbers is always:

a. even b. divisible by three c. divisible by five
d. a prime number e. None of these

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17. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 24?
a. 76,300 b. 78,132 c. 80,424 d. 81,234 e. 83,636

18. All numbers divisible by both 4 and 15 are also divisible by which of the following?

a. 6 b. 8 c. 18 d. 24 e. 45

19. How many prime numbers are there between 56 and 100?
a. 8 b. 9 c. 10 d. 11 e. None of these

20. If p is a prime number greater than 3, which of the following is NOT a factor of 6p?
a. p2 b. 6p c. 3p d. 2p e. 3

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